Accounting

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this report is to help me prepare for a career as a chartered in Canada, specifically in a firm in Montreal. I would like to graduate from John Molson School of Business with a grade point average that is higher than three so that I can then apply to the CA program and become a chartered accountant. Before I do all that, I need to get as much information as possible about the job and about the business field in general. In this report I will be using many different sources that will help me gain the information and the experience that I need.

The first source is a book called “Successfully Managing your Accounting Career” by Henry Labus. “Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financial Consulting” is the blog that I will be using for this report from: http://www. montrealfinancial. ca/blog/. Accountants World Do More Do better is the discussion forum from: //www. accountantsworld. com/newforums/. The newsletter that I will be using is called The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter (www. accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips. com). “Issues in Accounting Education” is the peer reviewed journal that I am using for this report (http://aaahq. rg/pubs/issues. htm). As a primary source, my friend Michael Lewin will be available to help me in my career. The charitable organization I would like to volunteer for is the synagogue Hekhal Shalom. As an additional source I found the” Association Canada” (http://0-site. ebrary. com. mercury. concordia. ca/lib/concordia/docDetail. action? docID=10413264) repertoire where I can find association that have to do with the accounting job in Canada. A bar graph demonstrates how Montreal is the best city for continuing my education after my bachelor so that I can become a CA.

A survey is also provided so that chartered accountants in Montreal can actually help me by telling me what they went through. Purpose Statement The purpose of this report is to help me prepare for a career as a chartered accountant in Canada, specifically in a firm in Montreal. BOOK REFERENCE Title: Successfully Managing Your Accounting Career Author: Henry Labus Date and Location of Publication: 1988 URL: http://www. flipkart. com/successfully-managing-your-accounting-career-book-0471633887 Description

This book is about how life would be when I become an accountant; it basically explains everything there is to know about living the life of an accountant; such as: career planning, balancing home and career life, what is going on in the accounting fields. Justification This is the most relevant book for my specific carer search because it gives me a head up on what is coming up in my career plans and it gives me insight on the job itself and shows me what it is like. Most accountants have a hectic lifestyle and this book should show me how to balance my career and my personal life. BLOG

Title: Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financial Consulting Author: Ronika Khanna, Chartered Accountant and Chartered Financial Analyst URL: http://www. montrealfinancial. ca/blog/ Date & Time Last Viewed: Sunday November 7, 2010 Date of Most Recent Post: Thursday, November 4, 2010 Description This blog gives me general information about what is going on in the accountancy field and in business in general. It has many different categories that allow me to easily browse the blog. The author post fun and interesting information about accounting and financial related issues.

Justification This is the most relevant blog for my specific career search because if I read the post that the author is making, it can give me a better understanding of the field that I am looking forward to work in. I can learn many different things that not everyone is aware of and that way I can have competitive advantage knowledge in my field. DISCUSSION FORUM Title: Accountants World Do More Do better URL: http://www. accountantsworld. com/newforums/ Date & Time Last Viewed: Friday November 5, 2010 Date of Most Recent Post: Friday November 5, 2010

Moderated: Not Indicated Description This discussion forum informs me about many different topics in accountancy such as: auditing, ethics, taxation, technology, financial planning and much more. It shows me the full discussion about the topic that I choose and it is very easy to understand. Justification This is the most relevant discussion forum for my specific career search because, I can learn about every different aspect of the field; in order to become a chartered accountant in Montreal, I need to know as much as I can, and get as much help as I can get.

It is also a great networking tool and an easy way to find different opinions from professionals in the accounting workforce. NEWSLETTER Title: The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter Author: N/A Subscription URL: http://www. accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips. com/accounting-basics-newsletter. htm Frequency of Distribution: Weekly Date & Time Last Viewed: Friday November 5, 2010 Date of Most Recent Issue: Sunday November 7, 2010 Description This online newsletter sends weekly e-mails about all sorts of different subjects that directly relate to my future career plans.

It gives me marketing opportunities in the accounting industry; it shows me how to get involved in the business world and how to sell myself as a professional. Justification This is the most relevant newsletter for my specific career search because it only sends me valuable information about the accounting job but it also gives me tips and ideas of how to make myself work and shape me for my future profession. This newsletter keeps me up to date with news in the industry. PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL Journal Title: Issues in Accounting Education

Publisher: American Accounting Association Subscription Coordinates: http://aaahq. org/pubs/issues. htm, then click on submission information and it shows you exactly what to do to subscribe. Description This peer review journal is very focused on the accounting field. It describes many issues that have to do with students in the accounting major and it illustrates different factors that affect the student accounting career choice. It reviews many journals that regard the accountancy field and more specifically the chartered accounting career. Justification

This peer reviewed journal is most relevant to my job search because I am still in school and I don’t know what the future of my education can be like, so this peer review journal can help me learn about how a student behaves and copes with all the problems before I find my job, and I could read about many topics that have to do with my career choice. PRIMARY SOURCE Description My primary source is my friend Michael Lewin. He was a John Molson student that is currently working as a chartered accountant in Montreal, which is exactly what I would like to do.

He is a reliable source because every time I need help or if I have a question about school, he will always help me. Justification This is the most relevant primary source for my specific career search because I know this man for a long time and he is very reliable, we come from the same high school as well as the same college, therefore he knows exactly what I have to go through in order to become what I want to be. CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION Title: Hekhal Shalom Synagogue Contact Coordinates: Rabbi Ronen Abitbol 825 Rue Gratton, Saint-Laurent H4M 2G4, QC (514-831-4530) Description

This organisation is a place where Jewish people come to pray and study the bible. This is a charitable organization that helps Jewish people be more in touch with their religious side. It also helps young Jewish kids learn and study about the bible. This organisation gets a lot of donations from people who go there and it spends a lot of money for people that don`t have the financial capabilities to be happy. From my end, I can volunteer to help with the accounting department of this organization by doing the basic book keeping or data entry so that I can be working with people who know the field and gain more experience.

Justification This is the most relevant charitable organization for my specific career search because I actually go there to pray and study, therefore it would be a good deed for me to volunteer and give my time to the community and also it will allow me to learn and get the on hand experience that I am looking for in order to pursue my career plans. ASSOCIATION Source: Association Canada (http://0-site. ebrary. com. mercury. concordia. ca/lib/concordia/docDetail. action? docID=10413264) Description

This source is the association repertoire of Canada; where I can find any association that I am looking for, including accounting associations. In order to get as much information as possible I looked up an association that is relevant to my career choice. Justification This is the most relevant association repertoire for my specific job search because when I find all these different associations, I can contact them (either electronically or in person) so that I can ask questions about my future career plans.

Since this is a Canadian association repertoire, it is easy for me to find the information I need because I want to work in Montreal. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this report states what I need to do to launch my career and help me gain as much information and experience as I can before I graduate and become a chartered accountant in the city of Montreal. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abitbol, Ronen. “Volunteer Work At Hekhal Shalom. ” Personal interview. Associations Canada, 2010 Le Repertoire Des Associations Du Canada. Toronto, Ont. : Grey House Pub.

Canada, 2010. Ebrary. Concordia, 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Canada. Institue De La Statistique Quebec. Institue De La Statistique Quebec. Gouvernement Du Quebec, 17 Feb. 2010. Web. 7 Nov. 2010. Interview. Accountants World Do More Do Better. 05 Nov. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . Issues in Accounting Education (2010). American Accounting Association. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Khanna, Ronika. Web log post. Montreal Financial: Small Business Accounting and Financial Consulting. 04 Nov. 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2010. . Labus, Henry.

Successfully Managing Your Accounting Career. New York: Wiley, 1988. Print. Lewin, Michael. “How to Become a Charted Accountant in Montreal. ” Personal interview. The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter. The Accounting and Bookkeeping Tips Newsletter. 07 Nov. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. . APPENDIX Figures Source:http://www. stat. gouv. qc. ca/donstat/societe/education/etat_scolr/tab3_niv_sco_2006. htm Justification I found a set of statistics that shows how many diplomas above bachelor level are completed in Montreal and in other cities in Quebec.

The statistics in this figure will help me prepare for my career because, I can see that Montreal is the city where higher levels of education (such as chartered accountant) are mostly distributed and therefore I can keep studying in Montreal because I know that it is the better city to study in. SURVEY -Intro Paragraph Hello, I am a currently studying accounting at the John Molson School of Business in Montreal. This survey is given to you so that you can help me gain all the information and resources that I need in order to become a charted accountant in the city of Montreal. -Respondents

This survey will be distributed mostly to accountants that are currently working in Montreal. It can also be distributed to teacher of the accounting field. -Justification The main reason why I want this survey to be distributed to the specific respondents is simply because they all had to go through the same process and they know all the problems and solutions. The responses from this group of people can help me in my career because I would like to follow their footsteps and with the information that they give me I can learn a lot of things. 1) What is the best school to do the CA program? – Concordia b – McGill c – HEC d – Other _______________ 2) How would you rate working as an accountant on a day to day basis (1 being the best, 5 being the worst)? _____________ 3) Which field is more interesting and profitable; auditing or taxation? _____________ 4) What do you recommend I do if my GPA is lower than 3. 0? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5) What is the best city in Canada to work as a chartered accountant? a – Vancouver

{TOPIC} AN ASSESSMENT OF TREASURY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BASED ON ITS REVENUE. BY: NAME: ONIFADE AYOMIDE OLUWATOBA MATRIC NO: 09/SMS02/015 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT THAT IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING FACULTY OF AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. SC) HONS IN ACCOUNTING. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the study CHAPTER TWO 2. 0Literature Review CHAPTER THREE 3. 0Research Methodology

CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0Data Presentation and analysis CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0Summary 5. 1Conclusion. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Local government in any nation like Nigeria is an entity through which government and its policies are carried to the grass root. The government body of such an entity is selected or otherwise locally selected. It constitutes an integral party of a country overall political structure. The creation of local government is made by the law of the state government with intention of bringing government to the people.

It is clearly understand that even if the machinery of the state government stops franchising law and order will still prevail, if local council in Nigeria continues to exist. According to Okoli (1998) local government exist to fell the gasp which the national government is to remote to fell, it bring the national government closer to the people and make its impact feet in all the nooks and cronies of the society. By implication the national government through thus medium caters for the grassroots. Local government plays vital roles in the development of the country.

It can also be maintained that should local government machinery ground to a half, there is bound to be chosen and confusion. They are the overall of authority and it is through them that the provision of all facilities and services aimed at giving the people higher standard of living and maintenance of law and order can be made. Accordingly attempts have been made at different stages of the country political life to modify the local administrative system and to make them perform their role and function.

But in spite of these efforts, the local government authorities continue to exhibit evidences of poor performance. Thus had led to the federal government affairs and eventual entrenchment of the system in the country’s constitution. According to Gbenga (2001) local government can be defined as the process through which government and its policies are carried to the grassroots, and stressed that during the early stage of local government in Nigeria (Gowon) which lasted from 1967-1975 the different state operated different system of local government.

In the Northern state, the emirs retained some of their powers and influence because the counselors appointed by the military Governors where traditionally and spiritually expected to defer to the authority of the emirs. The Eastern state and in the Midwest states abandoned the councilor system adopted the French system of decantation. In the west state Governor who had initially posted sole administration of local government areas where forced by the tax revolts of the late 1960s to reintroduce local government participation.

Mustapha (2003)local government also become conduct pipe for cooting of national treasury for instance, elite cline of local government Chairman called the “Association of local government of Nigeria (ALGON) reportedly mandate the maximum military leader to deduct local government funds for the purchase of two Toyota land-cruiser jeeps for all LGA chairman, while the other belong to the police to facilitate effective policy and combat of armed robbery. Harriman (2006) local government is not creatures of state government, but one of the tiers of government of this country.

Every effort should be made to allow local government councils to operate with prestige and not as beggar. Therefore, the provision of funds and its disbursement in local government to perform its stated roles. So, importance of sound and effective management of the treasuring of a local government authority cannot be over stressed. Without effective treasuring management, the policies adopted by alocal authority in a great variety of field may not be successfully implemented comprehensive arrangement are therefore in force in all states for exercise of internal and external control over the treasuring of local government authority.

But very little and in some cases, virtually no regard has been paid to the need for effective, progressive management of treasuring of local government authority. The management of treasury in the local government should be taken as a tool for controlling the activities of local authority in the country. Without proper and effective management of fund of a local government, the overall affair of the local government will be properly managed, as there will be no constant payment of staff salary, maintenance of law and order, provision of infrastructural facilities and execration of capital project.

The treasuring management is a type of control exercise by the management within an organization. It is very important where the size of the organization is high and where the government of a state found it very difficult to have direct contact with the routine operation of the organization. 1. 1STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Large scale misappropriation of fund in public offices has now becomes a common practices in the society. And the local government is not exempted.

Thus had led to performance in terms of services rendered to the people in spite of this modification there still exist a poor performance which is evidence in the case of the local government. This ineffectively can be traced to some factors of which poor treasuring management is one. So in this study, we will consider what constitute on effective treasury management and also how inefficiency in the treasury can be avoided. 1. 2OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study was undertaken to provide: a)an attempt to closely look at how assessment is the treasury management, roblem and remedies in local government council in relation to the performance of roles and functions of their areas of authority. b)The length of area to which the treasury management process can contribute to the success or otherwise of a local affairs. c)What roles needs to be played by both the top level and lower level management for treasury management process to succeed in local government authority. d)The federal and state government involvement towards the attachment of defectives treasury management in a local government authority. )An overview of treasury management operation in local authorities f)An analysis of best practice and g)A basis for local governments to examine their own procedures to evaluate their performances so that improvements can be introduced where necessary. In view of the importance of treasury management in a local government is enumerated above, it is necessary also to look up into the treasury management procedure and practice employed by modern local government authority in order to accomplish their goals.

Accordingly, this study will make an appraisal of the treasury management policy and practices employed by Ado local government concerned with a view of determining: A. To what extent has the proper treasury management helped the local government in performing the specific function of the local government? B. What procedure and techniques are employ by the local government in monitoring the effective treasury management? C. What principles difficulties are been faced by both management and lower level staff in treasury management planning and implementing?

D. What condition is necessary in a board government to ensure effective treasury management? E. What (if any) are the probable causes of deviation in the planned and actual operation of treasury management and how they are redressed? F. What roles are being played by the treasurer of a local government in treasury management? 1. 3SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study focuses on treasury management system as a means of promoting proper accountability within an organization with a particular reference to Ado local government.

This study will perform test and review the internal control system and the internal check that already exist in the organization. There will be careful study of the operation of the following division. ?Finance/Treasury Division ?Audit Division ?Budget and Planning Division ?Chairman / Sole Administrator 1. 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The outcome of this research work will be useful to the organization under reference because if the recommendation were adopted loopholes and other weakness in the existing internal control system would be exposed.

This will urge the management to strengthen or if necessary build a new comprehensive treasury management which would promote proper accountability within an organization. The research work will also serve as a valuable document for students, business executives, middle management staff and other people who wish to consolidate their knowledge on treasury management. The result will also be essential to all government officers who are presently witnessing large scale of misapplication of fund and poor accountability. 1. 5DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION The following are working hypothesis, which would be tested.

Null and alternative hypothesis which are usually denoted by Ho and Hi, Ho: a)That well qualified personnel are employed as accounting staff and should be well – motivated in term of salaries and other fringe benefit. b)That proper internal control of the treasury management would improves staff warmth, skill and knowledge. c)That an effective treasury management is capable of executing materials frauds and error and also promotes proper accountability in an organization. d)That effective treasury management will enable the local government affairs its objective and standard. )The effective treasury management promotes effectives management funds. f)That management ensures reliability accounting information and document. In this study, the following questions were asked with a view of finding solution to the operation of the treasury management process. a)How important is treasury as a unit of operation in the performance of local government function and roles. b)What roles must treasurer play in the attachment of standard treasury management in the local government? c)What are the contribution of the state and the federal government toward attachment of treasury management standard in all the local government? )What are the causes of proper treasury management failure? e)What are the causes of derivation in planned and actual operation. 1. 6DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Treasurer: he is the head of the treasury department, he manages and control the finance of the local authority. He keeps record of all money received or spent. 2. Auditor: he sees to the check and balance of all financial transaction of the local government. 3. Vote Book: it is use in recording all expenditure and liabilities incurred by the vote controller entrusted with the management of fund of the department. . Petty Cash Book: this is an imprest book, which is kept to meet expenditure of items whose payment voucher cannot be presented immediately. 5. Capital pay office responsible for physical cash and cheque payment of wages and salaries, pension and contract. 6. Receiving Cashier: responsible of collection of cash from outsiders who make payment on fines, licenses etc and also revenue granted by revenue collector. 7. Financial Account Unit: involved in preparation of final account as well as other financial statement of local government.

August 21, 9999 XYZ University International Admissions Office XYZ Street, London, UK Dear Sir/Madam: I am a senior consultant at Alpha Beta Pvt Ltd. , and would like to pursue ACCA course at XYZ University. I am very much interested to make a career in the field of Accounting and Finance which has always intrigued me on the magic of numbers and their impact on business and society at large. And I found that my interest lies in Accounting/Assurance, where I can best use my numeracy and analytical skills.

I would like to pursue my further education in Accounting with a global qualification as ACCA which would provide me an excellent start in core accountancy skills there by helping me build a successful career in finance. Also the work experience, I gained in Human Resources in management level would put me in a superior position to better comprehend some of the management level papers of ACCA course. After all my research on where to study for ACCA, I found XYZ University to be the best place to study and prepare for an ACCA global qualification.

I am excited about XYZ’s world class teaching commitment towards accounting for which it has been known for many years and I am keenly looking forward to be a part of XYZ. At 10+2 level, my concentration was in Maths, Physics and Chemistry, which has strengthened my analytic skills. And my work experience all these years in Operations and Human Resources has broadened my understanding of the economics of business growth and development. And my work experience with Alpha Beta and Sigma Omega over the last four years gave me the experience and confidence to work in a dynamic, fast-paced organization where learning uickly and attention to details are instrumental to success. As a member of the recruitment operations, I had chance to interact with senior management from global firms like Invesco Ltd, Franklin Templeton, Cognizant Technology Solutions and Capgemini which has further aided my business understanding. And acquiring global financial qualification like ACCA would surely help in enhancing my finance and business understanding along with my analytical skills using which I can make a mark for myself with the support and guidance from XYZ.

In order to gain hands on basics in Accounting before I start ACCA course with BPP, I have registered myself with The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which is the awarding body for Chartered Accountants in India, with which I am studying Fundamentals of Accounting along with General Economics, Mercantile Law and Quantitative Aptitude. Thank you for your consideration. I very much look forward to the opportunity to get trained for my ACCA qualification by XYZ. Sincerely, ABC GYC

Career in Accounting Tammy Doll Everest University Online September 2012 Career in Accounting I have always wanted a career in Accounting. I was always good in math and keeping things organized. Although it is not what my parents wanted for me. They wanted me to become a nurse. There are quite a few steps that I must take to become an accountant. Through minimal education requirements and continued education I will better myself and grow within my career. As an Accountant I would have a multitude of responsibilities depending on what field that I decided to go in.

There are several fields I could go into, Auditing in which I would go into a business or to an individual and do a complete audit on their financial history. There is a Budget Analysis career option in which I would be responsible for the financial plans of a business. Another career field would be Management Accounting which is basically running a business, deciding when and where to spend the money. The career that I would like to have in the accounting field would be to become a Certified Public Accountant.

A certified public accountant is responsible for preparing and auditing annual financial statements. I would also be responsible for completing tax returns for businesses and personal income taxes. (Accounting coach, 2004-2012) There are several things that I have to accomplish before I get my CPA. First I must get my Associates degree in accounting, which will allow me to get some experience. Then I will go for my bachelor’s degree. Just a bachelor’s degree in accounting is not enough to qualify for my CPA license. Accounting coach, 2004-2012) I would need to have 150 college credits and also pass an ethics exam in order to sit for the CPA exam. Different states have different requirements to maintain my CPA license, but generally I would have to take so many higher education credits per year to recertify. To get where I want to be there is a lot of steps that I must climb, I am up to the challenge. There is a wide range of opportunities for me, depending on the degree I obtain in Accounting.

Just having an associate’s degree in accounting certifies me to be a bookkeeper or an accounting clerk. The salary I could expect to make is $18,000 to $40,000 per year. Going on with my dream and pursuing my bachelor’s degree and ultimately my CPA I could earn $40,000 to $80,000 per year depending on experience. (Accounting coach, 2004-2012) Accountants must be well organized and be knowledgeable of financial documents. They must also be trustworthy, honest, have strong communication skills and be very attentive to detail. (Ford) Smith, 2012). It is also very helpful that I am knowledgeable of using Excel and similar computer programs, because spreadsheets are the core of accounting organization. After completing this paper and doing extra research, I still want a career in Accounting. I have a lot of hard work ahead of me. Organization and math was always one of my stronger qualities. I am ready to better myself through and be the best that I can be in my career. References

Accounting Coach. (2004-2012). CPA requirements, accounting jobs and opportunities. In Accounting Coach (Ed. ), Retrieved from http://www. Accountingcoach. com/careers/CPA-requirement. html Careers in business. In (1997). Careers in Accounting. Retrieved from http://www. Career-in- Accounting. com (Ford) Smith. (2012). Traits, skills, and personal characteristics for an accountant. In Retrieved from http://www. chron. com/traits-skills-personal-characteristics-accountants-9716. html

Running Head: Accountants Accountants Stacy Frank CGD 218 Mike Miers September 24, 2012 Accountants In my opinion Accountants are inspiring for people. They help can help you with financing and anything else such as tax etc. Accountants make sure that they give you the help you need before they let you get out of their eyesight. I myself also wanted to work at a bank. I always had plans on going to college and get my degree to become the Accountant I wanted to become. There are many different people in life who do things that can benefit others by helping them in so many ways.

Your enjoyment is your fun and pride. Everyone have their own way of doing what is right and there are so who don’t care what they do. You have to strive for the best in order to be the best and you have to do perfect in whatever you do. Accountants do a great job when it comes to financing, tax reparations, records, and investors. They are on point when it comes to their work. They have a lot of paperwork to do but as long as you do what is asked of you to do then you are going to get your job done.

It is amazing when you can find a bank that will allow you to get loans for important things that you need to get for yourself and help you out with things such as your utility bills and other things that need to be gotten. Everyone needs a little help in life. There are times when people struggle and they wonder how they are going to make it. There is something in me that make me feel so sorry for people like that. My thing about that is I try to help them in every which way. I plan to become an accountant in the future. There are many aspects of being an accountant.

Accountants become the measurement, disclosure, and also the provision when benefiting with business. I will be able to precede financial information, investors, and tax authorities in life. You have to give life your all even though there are things that may follow. Accountants have to be very skilled workers for the job. You have to know what you are doing and you have to have experience. No matter what you do you have to have the ability Accountants to show what you can do on that job. Accountancies are people who are in charge of a lot of things in life.

Your dreams are all that matter and you have to do your best to reach them. Sometimes people love to see others down, but you don’t get nowhere being that way. Accountants are required to follow a set of rules and regulations at the workplace. Those rules and regulations are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. A company is allowed analyze financial performance of the business. There are many words that follow accountancy and they are listed as a combination of skills and pride. A business should be recognized as a symbol for help and need.

Accountancies have good salaries each year. Salary| $32,259 – $60,787| | | Bonus| $0. 00 – $5,088|   | | Profit Sharing| $485. 53 – $5,891| | | Total PayXTotal Pay combines base annual salary or hourly wage, bonuses, profit sharing, tips, commissions, overtime pay and other forms of cash earnings, as applicable for this job. It does not include equity (stock) compensation, cash value of retirement benefits, or the value of other non-cash benefits (e. g. healthcare). | $30,070 – $61,937| | | This is good for the market and the people who have job as an accountant.

You have to be able to benefit yourself in so many ways and you have to do what is best for you in the future. You have to strive for the best in order to be the best and you have to do perfect in whatever you do. Accountants There are a lot of things and pictures that support accountancies. This is known as visual communication and the purpose is to get a message sent out to the audience showing their work and skills. REFERENCE Accountants Ryan, W. (2012). Visual literacy: learning to see. Bridgepoint Education.

The Association of Chartered certified Accountants is a accepted British statutory accounting organic structure responsible in making certified comptrollers worldwide. It is one among the fastest turning accounting organic structures with about 140000 members and 404000 affiliates every bit good as pupils from 170 states. This information is harmonizing to the March 2010 statistics. The caput office is situated in London and the administrative office in Glasgow. Furthermore the institute has a broad web affecting 80 staff offices around the universe. the institute is the laminitis organic structure of the Consultative commission of accounting organic structures and the International federation of comptrollers The term Chartered in the making given by the institute was granted by the Queen in the twelvemonth 1974. Persons who wish to be called certified public comptrollers should keep the grade given by the institute. Furthermore they should follow to and ordinances framed by the institute. The Association of authorised public comptrollers is one of the subordinates of the ACCA ( ACCA- The planetary organic structure of professional comptrollers. 2010 ) .

The Certified public comptrollers or CPA is the certified organic structure of public comptrollers in the US. In US merely persons holding qualified CPA grade is authorized to certify and scrutinize fiscal statements. How of all time many provinces in the US have a lower grade of comptrollers that are below the normal CPA. The public comptrollers in the US belong to the national society of public comptrollers. As per the jurisprudence prevailing, other individuals who are non CPA ‘s are prohibited from utilizing the appellation of a public comptroller. The chief maps of CPA ‘s includes confidence services, fiscal consultancy services etc. they are besides an of import individual in the income revenue enhancement country ( American institute of CPA ‘s. 2010 ) .

In Australia, it is the Institute of hired comptrollers of Australia which performs all the statutory maps of an accounting organic structure. It has more than 50000 members and over 12000 pupils worldwide. The institute is besides the laminitis of the Global accounting confederation. The institute was formed as per the royal charter in 1928 ( Chartered Accountants, The spirit of being figure one. 2010 ) .

Breach of misdemeanor instances

The institutes of hired comptrollers across the Earth have stricter regulations for its members for maintaining subject. The institutes expect each and every member to follow these regulations and stick on to professional morals without any via medias. In malice of these stricter regulations, there have been misdemeanors by its members besides. One major instance of misdemeanor is that of Mr. Stephen Charles Peck, FCA, who is a hired comptroller in Britain. The member was found guilty of conveying disrepute to the institute and profession. He was apt under disciplinary action under the byelaw  .On July 24th 2008, the Grantham Magistrates tribunal convicted Mr. Peck on the charges that he obtained fiscal aid under the rural endeavor ordinances 2000, on the footing of a false and deceptive statement. After many hearings, it was found that Mr. Peck was guilty in making such an act which polluted his profession. However the tribunal admitted that there were no existent purposeful efforts by the individual to make such Acts of the Apostles, he did that as a consequence of condemnable foolhardiness every bit good as irresponsibleness. Mr Peck was imposed a conditional discharge of 12 months and was besides ordered to pay costs amounting to 10437 lbs. Mr batch was badly reprimanded under the misdemeanor of bylaw  .he was asked to pay a mulct of 2000 lbs and costs amounting to 2300 lbs.Under the Torahs of the British chartered comptrollers institute, if a individual is found to hold committed an act or a default that is likely to convey disrepute on the institute and profession every bit good as if there is breach of ordinances, such individual is apt for penalty. He may be suspended and his pattern certification may be withdrawn ( Disciplinary orders and regulative deciscions.2009 ) .

Breachs of codification of behavior have been reported from US besides. In another dramatic instance, a CPA from Greenwich was barred from carry oning his professional responsibilities and his certification was withdrawn by the Connecticut province board of Accountancy. This was because the CPA withheld the client ‘s revenue enhancement records. The CPA who committed this offense was John.P. Vancho. He was ordered to give up his certification and to pay 1000 dollars as punishment. It is interesting to observe that AICPA has disciplined 327 instances of breach of behavior by its members during the clip period of 1998- 2008. Out of this bulk of instances are involved with registering false returns with income revenue enhancement section. All these misdemeanors invite rigorous punishments as in the instance of JohnVancho ( Dan.2004 ) .

In Australia, the ICAA ( institute of hired comptrollers in Australia ) and the CPA ( certified practising comptrollers ) are the of import organic structures which frame the codification of behavior. They have stricter regulations and ordinances that govern the accounting field of that state. Non conformity with the codification invites disciplinary proceedings including remotion of licenses every bit good as payment of compensation to the client. In a deceitful pattern, an comptroller in a reputed concern house was found guilty of cabaling with others by assisting them to hedge 27.78 million Australian dollars during 1999 and 2006. The accountant Mr. Thomson used false papers intentionally to conceal existent net incomes generated by his clients through this action, he ensured that his clients need non pay the needed revenue enhancements to the Australian authorities. Harmonizing to the regulations and guidelines framed by the Australian institute of certified comptrollers, those comptrollers who indulge in such unethical patterns are apt for probe and prosecution under the jurisprudence. The comptroller was arrested by the Australian constabulary and revenue enhancement governments ( Accountant jailed over portion in fraud. 2008 ) .

The Australian institute of hired comptrollers is a rigorous legal organic structure which takes all necessary stairs to guarantee that the highest professional ethical criterions are maintained by its members. For implementing this, rigorous legal commissariats are applied by the institute on its members. Those who fail to follow with these criterions will be forced to confront disciplinary actions that may change harmonizing to the grade of misdemeanor committed. The institute is non a regulator or tribunal but has a major function in putting high criterions for its members. The Australian institute ‘s disciplinary procedure is just, strict every bit good as independent. Breachs of behavior are capable to independent hearing by the professional behavior court. The non-satisfied member besides has the chance to near the appeal court. The results of the court are printed in the institute ‘s magazines and its on-line versions.

Different types of countenances that the court is authorized to enforce are cancellation of rank up to a period of five old ages, backdown of the right to public pattern, infliction of mulcts up to 100000. And other countenances such a remedial preparation and extra quality reappraisal of the members pattern. In the above instance, the comptroller was reprimanded by the institute and he was made apt. The liability was in the nature of condemnable liability. Furthermore the institute temporarily cancelled the comptroller ‘s rank besides ( Annual study on professional behavior. 2007 ) .

Another predominant accounting establishment in the planetary accounting scenario is the Institute of hired comptrollers of India. The institute was established in the twelvemonth 1949 under the hired accountant act of 1949. It is a statutory organic structure for the ordinance of hired comptrollers in India. It is now the 2nd largest accounting organic structure in the whole universe. Its part ranges from instruction, professional development every bit good as care of high ethical, scrutinizing and accounting criterions.

The institute imposes rigorous disciplinary action on its members for non-compliance of its regulations and ordinances. For this intent it has formulated a disciplinary commission which is specially entrusted to look into such instances. For those members who were found guilty, regulations and punishments under subdivision 21 of the hired comptrollers act would be applied. These individuals will be for good disqualified from service harmonizing to order of the high tribunal connected in this respect. The penalty may change harmonizing to the nature of misconduct. It can be a rebuke, impermanent suspension of rank or lasting remotion along with infliction of mulct. In a dramatic instance of misconduct by a practicing chartered comptroller in Pune, Mr. R.D. Pawar, who was found guilty of serious misconduct, the institute applied the subdivision 21 and the hired comptroller was removed for good from the members list. Another member, Mr. L.N.Mittal was removed for 1 twelvemonth for his disciplinary misdemeanors by the institute. He was found guilty of assisting a client in hedging revenue enhancement. The hired comptroller was located in Gujarat. The institute was once more in the intelligence late when a immense corporate cozenage affecting transnational company Satyam computing machines was surfaced. The histories of Satyam computing machines were forged with the aid of their hearers M.S Price H2O Coopers. The cozenage was brought into visible radiation and the company and their hearer ‘s were found guilty for the misconduct. The institute banned Price H2O Coopers from practising anyplace in India ( List of instances as on 5th May, 2010. 2010 ) .

All the planetary accounting organic structures have framed rigorous regulations to cover with disciplinary misdemeanors by its members. Although the regulations and punishments are similar between all these organic structures, there are fluctuations in the strength and process of convicting among these organic structures. For ACCA and CPA, there is a rigorous codification of behavior. The institute of certified comptrollers in Australia have gone farther by adding the clause of civil and condemnable liability apart from the normal punishments imposed by the institute. As far the Institute of hired comptrollers of India is concerned, it has one of the lengthiest Acts of the Apostless, i.e. the hired accounting act for disposal. Breaches of professional behavior are scanned by the disciplinary commission before the finding of fact is given. The common regulations followed by all these accounting organic structures include lasting remotion from the members list, impermanent suspension, censuring, remedial preparation etc.

It is rather clear that all the accounting organic structures are seeking hard for bettering the services and professional behavior worldwide. For their better and enhanced public presentation, the undermentioned suggestions are deserving observing. They are reconstructing unity for all professional comptrollers ; this includes keeping downrightness and truthfulness, and maintaining good concern relationships with clients. It is besides indispensable to keep objectiveness because it creates an duty on all the professional comptrollers ne’er to compromise their judgement on the footing of prejudice, struggle, involvements etc.

All professional comptrollers should hold professional competency and due attention. This is really much of import for keeping the professional cognition every bit good as accomplishment at the coveted degrees. Furthermore based on this cognition, the clients and employees should have expert and efficient service. When professional services are provided, it is besides of import to move diligently in conformity with the proficient and professional service.

The professional comptrollers should be to the full cognizant of the recent concern developments and proficient alterations taking topographic point across the Earth. They could execute aptly merely if they have the up-to-date cognition. The institutes should besides take necessary stairss to guarantee that the professional comptroller receives proper developing so as to enable himself to present expert and satisfying services. It besides of import to do consciousness among the clients that there are built-in restrictions to the services given by the comptroller.

Another of import facet that has to be earnestly considered is the construct of confidentiality. This rule refrains the comptroller from unwraping confidential information outside the house. He should keep secrecy even under societal conditions.

The demand of keeping confidentiality should go on even after the dealingss ends with the client. Even when the comptroller changes his profession, the confidentiality should be restored. He can nevertheless unwrap information if the jurisprudence permits him to make so and if the permission is given by the client. Last but non the least, the professional comptrollers should be imposed a codification of professional behaviour to be followed on. This would enable them to follow with different Torahs and processs and avoid any action that would truly discredit their profession ( Professional functions and responsibilitiesof different professional groups 2006 ) ..

Decision

Professional organic structures like ACCA, CPA, AICA, ICAI etc have become planetary accounting organic structures. With the growing of the concern environment, the demand for effectual and true accounting merchandises and services is on the big. Furthermore the growings of concern have besides resulted in addition of unethical patterns of profiteering. Men and concern are governed by greed entirely now. To get the better of this inauspicious state of affairs and protect the involvements of investors, authorities and the common adult male universe broad, it is of import to hold a nice jurisprudence and ordinance coupled with lucidity and honestnes. All these institutes can fall in together and achieve these aims.