Astronaut

Apollo 13 a space drama, Directed and produced by Ron Howard and was made in 1995. It was made to look as realistic as possible without it being a documentary; no original footage from the launch was used, apart from a few embedded images like in the news on TV. Howard used many different techniques to achieve realism: editing, camera angles, special effects and historic words phases and speeches, but before he even started filming he had a good idea of the astronauts backgrounds, the flight plan and the exact events that happened on the mission.

He spent a long time with the astronaut Jim Lovel researching the events. Very near the start of the film there is a scene with Gene drinking tea and smoking, this is realistic because it shows a regular man with normal qualities, the stress of the job is getting to him and the tension comes through to the audience. You can tell Howard is trying to keep his characters very normal. Following this is the control room scene where Howard shows different members of the crew and goes through them in turn giving close ups of them.

Using a close up shot of the crew members brings forward the fact that they are working hard and again the tension of the launch comes across very strong. The launch was a very realistic part of the film and Howard put a lot of work into it. With the combination of special effects and different camera angles, the shuttle and the surrounding look incredibly real. He starts off with a low angle shot of the shuttle and pans all the way to the top; the special effects come in when it ignites, and the flames from the bottom of the shuttle.

As the shuttle starts to shake, the camera moves to a crane shot right on the tip of the shuttle and as the rocket breaks away from the supports the camera spirals down the shuttle just missing the broken parts, this seems very realistic and the dizziness of the spiraling could be recreating what the astronauts are feeling. Throughout the film there is a focus on heroism and patriotism, this is shown at the launch where there is a long shot of about 80 people sitting on a small stadium.

There is a highflying American flag above them and the music of dead American military heroes playing. For a lot of American people watching that were around at the time of the original launch, this could be like it was all happening again. The camera then switches to a close-up of the two wives, and their different feelings, one is crying for joy and the other is looking up at the shuttle in amazement. This scene seems very realistic as you could imagine this happening at the real launch, it gives us different points of view from the two different individuals.

When the oxygen tank explodes 56 hours after takeoff Howard must use special effects to recreate the explosion, as he cannot film from in space outside of a shuttle, and would have been incredibly difficult to recreate it using the KC135. In this scene and during the film Howard tries to keep it as realistic as possible by using exact phrases from within the film “Houston, we have a problem” is a very famous one, and by recreating the astronauts exact moves and plans from the original mission. Howard doesn’t always use real-time like in the final scene on the countdown to when the shuttle should renter the atmosphere.

There is a 4-minute countdown and the first 4 minutes are actually 2, but the last minute is in real-time. I think this is a good idea as at this moment – the climate of the film, the audience are waiting for what’s going to happen, there is a lot of tension, and leaving this tension for a whole 4 minutes, it would slowly drift away and the audience would lose interest. One technique used was weightlessness, in many of the scenes Howard needed to have the feel of weightlessness and he was lucky that NASA let him use their aeroplane KC135.

This is a normal plane but not like a passenger aircraft, it has no seats and the insides are built to look like that of a shuttle. This plane was taken to huge altitudes and dropped to give the feeling of weightlessness; real astronauts used this in their training. Howard had to get 3 men and a camera crew onto the plane, and film good quality realistic scenes. I feel that this is a major part in the making of he film and the film couldn’t be made well without it.

Apollo 11 Mission The Apollo 11 mission was the first man mission to land on the Moon. The Apollo 11 team left Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32UTC. The mission’s team included Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Commander Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Eugene “Buzz” Aldrin Jr. After being in orbit for 72 hours, Armstrong and Aldrin climbed into the Lunar Module, named the Eagle, and prepared for their descent to the Lunar surface. The Lunar Module “Eagle” consisted of two parts: the descent stage and the ascent stage.

The descent stage had the engine used to land on the Moon, four legs, a storage area for experimental gear and a ladder for the crew to climb down to the Moon’s surface. The descent stage module also served as the launch platform for the ascent stage module when it was time to leave the Moon’s surface and reunite with the Command Service Module. The two Apollo 11 astronauts landed on the Moon at 4:18pm EDT on July 20, 1969 at a site called Mare Tranquillitatis. This site was chosen for many factors which included: smoothness, approach, propellant requirements, free return, and slope.

The Lunar Module was equipped with cameras that would provided live television coverage of Armstrong’s first steps onto the moon at 10:56pm EDT and proclaimed: “That’s One Small Step for Man, One Giant Leap for Mankind”. At 11:16 p. m. EDT, Buzz Aldrin stepped out of the Lunar Module and joined Neil Armstrong on the Moon’s surface. During the time the astronauts were on the surface of the Moon they collect about forty- seven pounds of Lunar surface materials. This material was collected for later analysis by scientists back on Earth.

Armstrong and Aldrin stated in communication with Houston that they notice that the Moons gravity was very different than that on Earth. They had to move slowly by leaping of hopping with both feet to keep their balance. Some of the items the astronauts left on the Moon’s surface were an American flag as a reminder of their accomplishments, a disc that contained 73 messages from around the world, a patch from Apollo 1, medals from Russian cosmonauts, and the U. S. symbol that was an eagle carrying an olive branch.

The two astronauts were on the Moon for about 2 hours 30 minutes before successfully connecting back with the command ship. After the successful landing, walking, and return to the command ship, Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin prepared for the trip back to Earth after spending 128 hours in space. The decent to Earth took place on July 24, 1969. The astronauts landed in the Pacific Ocean east of Wake Island 195 ? hours after launch. Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin were than quarantined due to landing on the Moon and also the fear that they may have brought back some undiscovered pathogens while they were there.

After a three week long quarantine the astronauts were released. On August 13, 1969 the three astronauts excited to be released were met by crowds of cheering Americans. There were parades to honor the astronauts in cities like New York, Chicago and LA on the same day of their release from quarantine. Apollo 11 mission objective was accomplished. They had safely landed men on the Moon and brought them back to Earth again. This mission made many things possible for the future of space travel and what was to come. Works Cited “Apollo 11. ” Lunar science and exploration.

Lunar and Planetary Institute. 26 Sept. 2008 . This website source offered the detailed information of the whole Apollo 11 Mission from the take off to the landing on the Moon and back to Earth again. The specifics of every aspect of the astronaut’s activities such as experiments, the first steps, details on the landing sites. There were also a variety of pictures of the Apollo 11 Mission and its crew. I found this site very useful because of the great amount of detailed information about what the astronauts went through and how long it took them to complete this mission. Apollo 11. ” Science Channel. Comcast Cable. 99, Rockford. 28 Sept. 2008. During this broadcast you witnessed the Apollo 11 crew member Neil Armstrong making his first steps and the famous words that were spoken “One small step for man one giant leap for mankind. “It was amazing to see the actual footage from the original broadcast of the first steps on the Moon. I found it exciting to be transported to the actual event in history. Garner, Joe. “Apollo 11 MAN WALKS ON MOON. ” We Interrupt This Broadcast.

By Joe Garner, Walter Cronkite and Bill Kurtis. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 1998. 68-72. The area of the book that pertained to Apollo 11 Mission told of the take off from Earth and the close call when landing on the Moon. Many of the details in this book were covered more thoroughly in my other resources. There was only one fact that I obtained from this book that was not mentioned in anything else I had read, that was about the plaque left on the Moon. Weaver, Kenneth F. “The Flight of Apollo 11. ” National Geographic Dec. 1969: 752-87.

This article tells of the landing in great detail, the events that took place while on the Moon as well as the technology that was used on Earth and in space for this mission. Also included in this article was how this feet had changed the outlook for the future of space travel for the better and how landing on the Moon and safely returning to Earth. I found this article to be one of the most informative resources I used in writing my paper. Wilford, John N. “MEN WALK ON THE MOON. ” New York Times 21 July 1969: 1-2. This newspaper article told the readers about Armstrong’s first steps on the Moon.

Also it told of the items collected from the Moon’s surface for future scientific experiments back on Earth. Finally the article told of the Presidents words of congratulations and pride in the accomplishments and advancements the astronauts made in the vision of future and in peace for all mankind. The New York Times newspaper article summarized key points of the Apollo 11 Mission which informed millions of people that may have missed the broadcast of the events on July 21,1969. I found this newspaper showed how important the Apollo 11 Mission was to the world and how this event changed history.

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to fly in space or work on the crew at NASA that helps the astronauts get home safely? These two jobs both use many of the laws of physics. In fact, almost everything they do involves physics. Apollo 13 is a movie that epitomizes what those jobs are like and how much physics is required. The three main laws of physics in the movie were Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, Newton’s First Law, and Newton’s Third Law.

One main law in Apollo 13 was Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, defined as F=Gm1m2r2, where G=6. 7? 10-11. The first main scene in which this law was needed was when NASA decided that it would be best for the crew to take a free-return trajectory back to Earth. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation was needed to figure out the net force and its direction on the Apollo 13 spacecraft as it followed its path. NASA made sure that Apollo 13 would make it back to Earth and not be lost in space. Another scene in which Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation was needed was when the Apollo 13 crew needed to execute a burn.This law helped them calculate the forces acting on them by other planetary objects, and therefore how much force their burn needed to apply.

By simply adding together force vectors NASA could predict the exact location at any time of the Apollo 13 spacecraft. The third scene in which this law was required was when Jim Lovell stated that they “just put Sir Isaac Newton in the driver’s seat” after NASA had ordered them to power down both the LEM and the Command Module.What Jim Lovell was stating was that since now they couldn’t do anything to control the ship the only thing guiding them to Earth were Newton’s laws, especially Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. If Newton’s laws were to fail then the Apollo 13 crew would have had no chance of getting home. To sum it up, three scenes in Apollo 13 that used or showed Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation were when Jim Lovell said that they “just put Sir Isaac Newton in the driver’s seat”, NASA decided that a free-return trajectory was the best way to bring the Apollo 13 crew back home, and when Apollo 13 needed to execute a burn to adjust its course.Another prevalent physics law in Apollo 13 was Newton’s First Law, which states that a body will persist in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force. In most scenes of Apollo 13 that show the spacecraft in space this law was visually demonstrated.

The Apollo 13 spacecraft was always in uniform motion unless it was acted on by another external unbalanced force. The most significant force in space that would act on the spacecraft was that of gravity.Gravity from other large masses, such as the Earth, Moon, and Sun, acted as the external unbalanced force which changed the spacecraft’s speed and direction. If all the gravity in space were to suddenly disappear and the net force on the spacecraft were to be zero then the Apollo 13 ship would simply adhere to its uniform motion tangent to its original path. Another group of scenes in which Newton’s First was displayed was when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft while in space.It is quite easy to tell from watching how the astronauts moved around in 0g that they were exhibiting Newton’s First Law. If an astronaut in the movie applied a force in one direction to move in the other that astronaut would then move at a constant velocity (in relation to the ship) as soon as that force was removed.

On the contrary, if no force were applied, the astronaut would remain at rest in relation to the ship. Overall, Newton’s First Law was shown in Apollo 13 when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft and when the spacecraft traveled through space.The third law that was very important in Apollo 13 was Newton’s Third Law which states to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The first main scene in which Newton’s Third Law was demonstrated was when the Apollo 13 crew had to execute a burn. By firing the main engine, they released gas particles into space, therefore applying an equal and opposite force on the ship. The burn was used to break free of the Earth’s gravity and to adjust the spacecraft’s trajectory slightly in order to make it home.Another main scene in which Newton’s Third Law was displayed was when the astronauts were in space, and they needed to move around in their spacecraft.

In order to move, the astronauts had to apply a force in one direction in order to have a reaction force applied on them in the opposite direction. In 0g the astronauts could use their hands to push on other surfaces and move them in the opposite direction. The third main scene in which Newton’s Third Law was demonstrated was when the Apollo 13 spacecraft ejected small amounts of gases to adjust the trajectory of the ship by fine amounts.By ejecting small amounts of gases the ship was exerting a force in one direction and receiving an equal force in an opposite direction, and therefore changing its path. By releasing just the right amount of gases the spacecraft could change its trajectory to make it home safely. Looking at the whole, Newton’s Third Law was exhibited by the spacecraft when it ejected gas particles into space, when it executed a burn, and when the astronauts moved around in their spacecraft. Many laws of physics were used in the movie Apollo 13.

These laws helped to enforce the realistic feeling that this movie gave to its viewers. Not only were Newton’s Laws included but others were also used in smaller quantities, including Kepler’s laws and kinematic equations. Ultimately, the three commonly used laws in Apollo 13 were Newton’s First Law, Newton’s Third Law, and Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.

Mission Robert Marino October 24, 2010 I. Introduction and Thesis Apollo 11 departed from Cape Kennedy, Florida Complex-39 at 9:32a. m. on July 16, 1969. The Lunar Module named Eagle landed in the Sea Tranquility at 4:18 p. m. EDT. The mission was simple: put a man on the Moon and return. The mission was a great success and the command and service module Columbia returned back to Earth on July 24, 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. Neil Alden Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the Lunar Surface and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin was the second, because of this mission we have a better understanding of the Moon. NASA, n. d. ). II. Lunar Mission a) Perform a manned lunar mission and return safely to Earth. b) “During their stay on the Moon, the astronauts setup scientific experiments, took photographs and took lunar samples. (Greyzeck, 2010). ” III.

Apollo 11 Discoveries a) Apollo 11 mission was full of scientific activities. b) “The astronauts carried out the planned sequence of activities that included deployment of a Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment, collection of a larger sample of lunar material, panoramic photographs of the region near the anding site and the lunar horizon, close up photographs of in place lunar surface material, deployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR) and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP), and collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surface. (NASA. n. d. ). ” c) Lunar Dust Detector IV. Apollo Mission Broadcast a) “Apollo 11 was recorded at three tracking stations on Earth in Goldstone, California, Honeysuckle Creek, and Parkes in Australia. (Leonard, 2010). ” V. Conclusion a) Apollo 11 was a major accomplishment is the history of space exploration for the

United States. Apollo 11 departed from Cape Kennedy, Florida Complex-39 at 9:32a. m. on July 16, 1969. The Lunar Module named Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility at 4:18 p. m. EDT. The mission was simple: put a man on the Moon and return. The mission was a great success and the command and service module Columbia returned back to Earth on July 24, 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. Neil Alden Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the Lunar Surface and Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin was the second, because of this mission we have a better understanding of the Moon. (NASA, n. d. ).

The mission to the moon was not just about getting there and putting a man on the surface but was also about collecting scientific data and returning safely to earth. “Six hours after landing at 4:17 p. m. EDT, Neil A. Armstrong took the “Small Step” into our greater future when he stepped off the Lunar Module, named “Eagle,” onto the surface of the Moon, from which he could look up and see Earth in the heavens as no one had done before him. (NASA, 2002). “During their stay on the Moon, the astronauts set up scientific experiments, took photographs, and collected lunar samples (Greyzeck, 2010). Apollo 11 was the first mission where man walked on the moon and came back to Earth. The Apollo 11 mission’s spacecraft was named the Command and Service Module (CSM). It was made of two distinct units, the Command Module (CM), which housed the crew, the spacecraft operations systems, and held the re-entry equipment. The other unit was the Service Module (SM) which was what carried most of the consumables, which are, oxygen, water, helium, fuel cells, and fuel. It also held the main propulsion system(Greyzeck, 2010). The Apollo 11 mission was a mission full of scientific activities.

The Apollo mission carried back 46 pounds of Lunar Rock along with other lunar soil samples. “The astronauts carried out the planned sequence of activities that included deployment of a Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment, collection of a larger sample of lunar material, panoramic photographs of the region near the landing site and the lunar horizon, close-up photographs of in place lunar surface material, deployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR) and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP), and collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surface. NASA Top, 2003) (NASA. n. d. )”. “One of the major surprises from study of the record of neon from the sun in lunar soil samples was evidence for two solar gas components with distinct isotopic compositions. ( Nevills, 2007). ” There were many lunar samples brought back on the Apollo mission, of the samples two of them were basalts and breccias. Basalts are solidified rock from molten lava. Basalts were found at the Eagle landing site and are approximately 3. 6 to 3. 9 billion years old. Breccias are rocks that have been broken up and formed back together in different forms.

The moon is changing due to the fact that it is being hit by meteors and breccias are constantly changing and forming. Many volcanic regions on earth have breccias. (Lunar and Planetary Institute, 2010). “Prior to the Apollo landings, it was thought that there would be a heavy dust layer deposited on the experiment packages during Lunar Module ascent and possibly from other long term sources. This experiment was designed to measure this dust layer deposition and was performed on Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15.

On Apollo 11, it was attached to the passive Seismic Experiment and measured the power output from a set of solar cells. The dust accumulation proved to be much lower than expected, and the results from this experiment were also used to monitor the long term degradation of solar cells from radiation and thermal effects. This was considered to be engineering rather than a scientific experiment. ” (Lunar and Planetary, 2010). One of the advancement from the Apollo 11 mission was the ability to watch a satellite broadcast from space on live television.

One of the difficulties of live lunar feed was that the signal NASA was trying to read came from Galileo spacecraft, and was supposed to have been transmitted by a big satellite. The plan was that NASA had large radio antennas to capture live feed. The radio antennas were stationed at Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek. When it came time to receive the signal the radio antennas were on the wrong side of the earth. (Technology Television, 2010). The rush was on to figure out how to broadcast the lunar event.

The engineers figured out that they need to send the signal to smaller antennas and then from those smaller antennas feed the rest of the United States. The problem was that these antennas were not capable of receiving a weak signal, so the engineers decided to reduce the signal from the MFSN station, so it could pick up the signal to send to the television. The problem with doing that was it created poor signal quality unlike it would have been with the satellite they had powered by batteries on the moon.

What needed to be done was the engineers had to keep the minimum required power on the radio transmitters so that it did no weaken the batteries too quickly. Another problem arose with the weak signal; it was not compatible with the ground equipment. To combat this problem MSFN needed to convert the signal so the picture on the televisions was in the right size and quality. The final solution was to record the event with a camera and feed the broadcast to the United States. (Technology Television, 2010). The crew of Apollo 11 returned to earth on July, 24 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. EDT and was picked up by the recovery ship U.

S. S Hornet in the Pacific Ocean. The three Apollo 11 astronauts were kept in what is called a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) until August 10th to make sure that they did not bring back any unknown bacteria from the moon. Apollo 11 was a major accomplishment is the history of space exploration for the United States. Reference Grayzeck, E. (2010, July/August 23). Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM). In Apollo 11, Retrieved from http://nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/nmc/masterCatalog. do? sc=1969-059A Lunar and Planetary Institute. (2010). Apollo 11 Mission. Retrieved August 22, 2010, from http://www. pi. usra. edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ NASA. (n. d. ). Mission Summary. In Apollo 11. Retrieved from http://www. nasm. si. edu/collections/imagery/apollo/as11/a11sum. htm Nevills, A. (2007, November/December 23). Genesis Findings Solve Apollo Lunar Soil Mystery. In Apollo 11. Retrieved from http://www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/genesis/media/ Technology Television Quality. (n. d. ). Clavius. Retrieved September 5, 2010, from http://www. clavius. org/tvqual. html Leonard, D. (2006) Tale of the TV Tapes: Apollo 11 Mission Archive Mystery Unspools. Retrieved from http://www. space. com

The Apollo 13 mission was a significant historical event, because of the dangerous repercussions that followed the explosion of the oxygen tank on Apollo 13. The story in which the astronauts Lovell, Swigert, and Haise surviving these errors during the flight is truly incredible.

In the movie Apollo 13, the creators depicted most of the events involving the crew’s adventure to and from space quite accurately. Although creating most events successfully the creators of Apollo 13 failed in many regards when it came to the creation of the plans the crew used to survive, and the small details that were missed, involving the crew in the process of flying the space shuttle and surviving the accident.

The movie Apollo 13 was an extremely well made film in accordance with American history. Although the creators of the movie missed a few details along the way they definitely did their research on the events which occurred on the Apollo 13 mission. The movie accurately portrayed all main events, even including the personal lives of the astronauts and their families.

Although Apollo 13 lacked some detail, it was able to simplify what happened in the movie to create an easier viewing experience. This gave the viewer to get at least, a basic understanding of what happened on the incredible Apollo 13 mission.

The movie Apollo 13, presents a number of incredible events. In the film the main characters are Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert, who were the astronauts on the Apollo 13 mission. It is also important, however, to remember another astronaut Ken Mattingly who was replaced by Swigert for the mission.

Lovell is the leader, who takes command of his team of astronauts. In actuality him and his crew were not originally scheduled to fly to the moon until the Apollo 14 mission, but were moved up on the schedule due to the previous crew leader receiving an ear infection.

Unfortunately only a couple days before the launch it is found that Mattingly was exposed to measles and forced to stay off the Apollo 13 flight and replaced with Swigert from the back up crew. A few days later Lovell and his crew take off on the Apollo 13 mission.

At first all is well until the second oxygen tank explodes, causing many problems for the crew; the most potent problem being that the crew was losing oxygen fast. Luckily, due to much ingenuity by the crew and mission control, the crew is able to arrive safely to earth without the deaths of any astronauts.

Although flawed in the technical events, there are many realities that the movie Apollo 13, successfully presents. One of these realities being the representation of supporting details. An example of this is seen when the creators of the movie had Lovell’s wife fearing that her husband might die on the Apollo mission. This fear was something real that Lovell’s wife in actuality experienced, in which the creators portray quite accurately by showing the nightmare she had of her husband’s death.

Another example of an accurate supporting detail was how the creators were able to describe Mattingly’s inability to fly on Apollo 13 due to his exposure to German measles. The movie Apollo 13, Is also quite precise when it comes to presenting the dates and places of important events revolving around the Apollo 13 mission. This is shown when the creators precisely show an accurate date and place of launch which was at Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970.

Another important date and location that was accurately presented was where the lunar module landed which was, in the Pacific Ocean, on April 17, 1970. Finally, the creators also accurately showed the behavior of the astronauts on the mission, which can be seen in numerous virtues including the fear and courage of all astronauts on the mission. The creators of Apollo 13, made a majestic achievement in accurately portraying the number of events surrounding Apollo 13 with the depth of the story that they were trying to represent.

Despite the realities the creators were able to show, they failed to demonstrate the development of the plans the Apollo 13 crew used to survive. In the movie it displays mission control developing the plan to make the resources of the lunar module last for three men for four days, even though in reality NASA had a preliminary lifeboat already simulated, whereas in the movie, to increase drama, made it seem as though mission control had made up the plan on the spot.

Also in the movie there was an error with the carbon dioxide filter in which the movie made seem as if mission control solved the problem, but in actuality they had called in a former astronaut, Joe Kerwin (Universe Today, Mattingly). Unfortunately these flaws made Apollo 13 less accurate, but it is still important to recognize that this movie is still the most accurate portrayal of Apollo 13 seen thus far.

In the movie Apollo 13, the creators also failed in a few regards when it came to the details of what happened on Apollo 13. One of these errors is first seen when Swigert receives orders from mission control to mix the oxygen and hydrogen tanks.

In the movie immediately after he does this the crew hears a loud bang, whereas in truth they did not in fact hear the bang until a couple minutes after the mixing of the tanks had taken place. One of the most shocking facts however is that Al Shepherd was not moved back to Apollo 14 because of an ear infection, but in fact because of his lack of training, and NASA trying to allow him more time to train before actually heading off into space.

Another flaw seen is that the crawler which carries the Saturn V out to the launch pad in the movie was surprisingly pretty quiet despite the fact that the crawler, in reality, is extremely noisy. Another anomaly that comes into play, is in the movie the Apollo 13 launch starts immediately as the countdown reaches zero, however in the real event, Apollo 13 launched before the countdown reached zero. Another small flaw one might notice is that given the times during the movie it can be seen that the phases of the moon are wrong. Also relating to the moon, one more defect is seen when the astronauts point to the moon and say, “That’s our destination the Sea of Tranquility” (Apollo 13).

Although unfortunate that the creators of Apollo 13 missed these details, they still did an incredible job accurately depicting the events of mission within the time they were given for the movie (Philip Chien).

The reviewer chose the movie, Apollo 13 for quite mediocre reasons. The first reason the reviewer decided Apollo 13 as a research topic was that the reviewer had already seen the movie and thought by chance he might get away with not having to go through the trouble of watching a new movie which was quite foolish on the reviewer’s part given the technical depth of the actual event and the movie itself. Although the reviewer chose the movie on account of mostly foolish reasons he redeems himself with the notion that he knew that Apollo 13 was a huge historical event involving a great land mark for American ingenuity given the great minds it took to survive the accident.

Also, in retrospect, the reviewer was quite pleased with the movie as a whole not only was it for the most part extremely precise, but also the costumes matched the legitimate uniforms of the Apollo 13 crew almost perfectly (Google Images). Overall, the reviewer thought the film was extremely relevant to American history, and given its accuracies was a very entertaining movie.

The creators of Apollo 13 were very thorough when it came to important events, but were lacking when it came to the details of the splendid Apollo 13 mission. Regardless of its deficiencies when it came to detail, the makers of Apollo 13 spared no expense to get the main ideas across while still keeping the audience interested.

The ingenuity of this should not be over looked, for what is the point of history if no one cares enough to learn it, which is exactly what the creators of the movie did by giving Americans the motivation to learn about our own history by making the learning enjoyable. Therefore, the movie Apollo 13 accomplishes its goal perfectly by successfully teaching history.

Apple has submitted a proposal to Unicode to add five new emoji professions, including an artist, firefighter, pilot, astronaut and judge.

The renderings, and  by Emojipedia, include men and women in each role for a total of 10 new emoji options.

Emoji have become increasingly important for mobile users. But in order for them to become universally accepted by all services and platforms, they need to be approved by Unicode, a consortium made up of some of the world’s largest companies, including Apple, Google and others.

Unicode itself is short for universal character encoding and is maintained by the Consortium. It’s the standard by which text data is transmitted over technology.

“Unicode covers all the characters for all the writing systems of the world, modern and ancient,” the Consortium says. “It also includes technical symbols, punctuations and many other characters used in writing text. The Unicode Standard is intended to support the needs of all types of users, whether in business or academia, using mainstream or minority scripts.”

Once emoji are submitted to the Consortium, they are either accepted or denied. If accepted, they become part of Unicode and therefore capable of being interpreted by the billions of devices worldwide that use it.

Man is curious by his nature and space travel is utter most curiosity for mankind. Few in million people got chance to sort their curiosity but what about rest millions?? When a common man would be able to fulfill his dream destination?? Millions of questions pertain in mind but there was no answer for this couple of years ago.However, the distant dream of exploring space by common man turned into reality by the introduction of space industry. People would like to experience space travel for various reasons. This paper aim to give brief idea about space tourism industry, its emerging trends and how much it is commercial viable and what are the risk factors involved in it followed by the conclusion.

Further the paper aim to discuss potential of space tourism and forecasting the expected revenue and estimating the investment costs for developing space tourism. INTRODUCTIONSpace tourism encapsulates the notion that paying passengers will have the opportunity to travel beyond Earth’s atmosphere and experience orbital flights, prolonged stays in rotating space hotels and participate in research, entertainment and even sport. However, it is important to emphasize that this concept will necessitate a paradigm shift in how space is perceived, constituting not only the journey but also forming the destination. Space tourism for a literal understanding of the term may be split into two words, space and tourism. Space has been defined by many dictionaries as: A boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and has relative position and direction. ” Merriam-Webster dictionary “The infinite extension of the three-dimensional region in which all matter exists. ” Free dictionary.

com “The empty area outside the earth’s atmosphere, where the planets and the stars are. ” (Cambridge Dictionaries, 2000). The word space invigorates the enthusiasm in any curious individual towards the darkness of the universe, not literally but, one tries to see the light beyond this darkness.Curiosity gets the better of us. With all due respect to the people who believe in the saying curiosity kills, it’s after all curiosity that got mankind reach the heights it has. Space exploration, aerodynamics, technology, communication, satellites, orbits and the list goes on-and-on are all attributed to curiosity and enthusiasm for aviation and space exploration. Space is a term that can refer to various phenomena in science, mathematics, and communications.

In astronomy and cosmology, space is the vast 3-dimensional region that begins where the earth’s atmosphere ends.Space is usually thought to begin at the lowest altitude at which satellites can maintain orbits for a reasonable time without falling into the atmosphere. This is approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) above the surface. Although the frontier between the atmosphere and space is not officially defined, it is generally accepted that space begins 100 km from the surface of the earth. Tourism Tourism derivates from the word “tour” which means a journey in a circuit[1]. where the most essential word is circuit which signifies a return journey to the origin point.Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who “travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited”. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2007, there were over 903 million international tourist arrivals, with a growth of 6. 6% as compared to 2006.International tourist receipts were USD 856 billion in 2007 in India. [2] The first terrestrial vehicle penetrated the orbit surrounding Earth over three decades ago, yet since this time space has remained strictly within the domain of national governments and professional Astronauts. Over the course of human history there has always been a strong drive to explore and travel to new and exciting places.

Space exploration has captured the imagination of the general public for the last 30 years; it is only natural that people are now beginning to ask if and when they too might venture into space.Space and tourism have both developed at an equally rapid pace, and the potential of both together is definitely going to grow further. Although human spaceflight is currently the privilege of a few space-exploring nations, recent advances in space technology and entrepreneurship are about to change the status quo. China, with the assistance of Russian technology, was able to place an astronaut in space in 2003 in a fraction of the time that it took other space powers, such as the USA and USSR, to do this. The first credible private space-tourist venture is already a reality.The first space tourist, Denis Tito, flew in 2001 in a government vehicle, although his flight was privately funded, whilst in 2004 the first spaceship became a reality. Thus, • Space tourism: providing services for humans to access and experience space for adventure and recreation • Space tourist: a person who travels to and experiences space for adventure and recreation (also space traveler, space client, space passenger).

Essentially space tourism is of 2 types 1. Sub orbital 2. Orbital Sub orbital As the word suggests, Sub orbital flight, is a flight short of orbit altitude.Currently priced at around US $1,00,000, a sub orbital flight would take a tourist to an altitude of about 100 Km above the earth on a trajectorial path, at the peak of which one would experience zero gravity and can see the earth’s curvature and the hollow black space around. The spacecraft will probably shut off its engines well before reaching maximum altitude, and then coast up to its highest point. During a few minutes, from the point when the engines are shut off to the point where the atmosphere begins to slow down the downward acceleration.This flight now requires a training of about a week.

[3] On return from the sub orbital flight the tourist would be awarded with an astronauts wing. Technically an astronauts wing is awarded to those who have reached an altitude of 62 Miles or more. [pic] Figure 1: space ship2 slung beneath the white Knight2, As seen in the above picture the flight would be in a aircraft with rocket engines which would be carried by a carrier aircraft to an altitude of 50,000 Ft from where it would be jettisoned and leave for the sub orbital with the aid of rocket power achieving a speed of Mach 3. in the process. As the rocket fuel would finish so would the ascent and at the top of the trajectory the spaceship would reach its Max. altitude where the real fun would begin (Zero gravity). the spacecraft would then come back to earth and would make conventional landing either on the origin airport or any other alternate airport chosen for the purpose.

Sub-orbital tourist flights will initially focus on attaining the altitude required to qualify as reaching space. The flight path will probably be ither vertical or very steep, with the spacecraft landing back at its take-off site. The future of sub orbital flights could reduce the intercontinental flight times to fraction of what they are today and provide a platform for biotechnology and medical sciences. Orbital Tourism A rocket launch to the orbit on a Soyuz rocket and a Reusable Launch Vehicle RLV, attached to it like the space shuttle Columbia, where one would dock into the International Space Station (ISS) and stay there for a week or more.Though only a handful of tourists have been to the ISS paying a price of about US $20Mn. The orbital experience is totally different from that of sub orbital in the sense that one would experience zero gravity throughout the stay, orbit the earth and see the sun rise every 90 Mins. Eat and live like astronauts do and the best feature is the pioneer.

But the flight does not come with its own requirements in terms of health and fitness. Flying to space requires a high level of fitness due to the amount of stress on the body due to the absence of gravity.The orbital trip would require from one to undergo a rigorous training for about 6 months so as to familiarize with zero gravity living, maneuvering and also some operational functions and controls in the ISS. SPACE TOURISM: POPULARITY The space has always been a fascination for man. Everybody like gazing at the stars and the moon, the panoramic formations they make in the black space, twinkling and lighting the earth. One would wonder what it would be like, to go closer to the stars and the moon. How does the earth look form the space? Economic BenefitsThe great potential in terms of revenues that could be generated though not in the short term but in the longer run space tourism would practically see more travelers pouring in due to the reduced costs of launch.

A lot of Research and development has been taking place since the time the wright brothers have invented the airplane. It remains an inescapable economic fact that, unless government space expenditure stimulates the growth of services which the public wish to buy, this so-called “investment” is merely consumption, which destroys the public’s savings rather than grows them.If space agencies’ expenditure was as effective as normal commercial investment, there would already be a $1 trillion/ year commercial space industry – rather than a mere 1/50 of this. At a time when unemployment is high and rising worldwide specifically due to the lack of new industries and the ongoing recession, the development of a new industry rivaling passenger air travel, would be of far greater economic value than space agencies’ activities. [4] Medical Tourism A lot of research has been going on In order to develop medicines and promote micro biology in zero gravity.Bacteria formation is rapid in the space. Media The phenomenal popularity over several decades of space fiction stories both on television and in films.

Live-action US television shows such as “Lost in Space” and “Star Trek”; animated Japanese television series such as “Space Battleship Yamato” and “Mobile Suit Gundam”, and British television puppet-shows such as “Thunderbirds” have all achieved record ratings and have maintained their popularity for a decade or more[5]. Many space-fiction films have also been major box-office successes.So perhaps the wide potential market for space tourism services is not so very “surprising”? It is well known that the Apollo project had a unique stimulating effect in encouraging record numbers of young Americans to study engineering and science. Both that one-off event and recent media interest in Dennis Tito’s flight and Scaled Composites’ sub-orbital activities suggest strongly that growing availability of space tourism activities, and corresponding growth of employment in the nascent space travel service industry, will spark a new boom in young peoples’ interest in science, engineering and particularly aerospace .In addition to the views, living in weightlessness is endlessly fascinating: every activity of daily life becomes transformed into a new experience. The Japanese astronauts Dr Mukai and Dr Mohri recently clarified some important points about this. It is popularly believed that travelling to space is stressful and will be spoiled by “space sickness”[6].

But Dr Mukai has explained that travelling to and from space is not at all stressful and anyone could go, and Dr Mohri has explained that “space sickness” is just a form of motion-sickness which is prevented by normal “travel-sickness” medicines.Consequently guests in orbital hotels will be able to fully enjoy daily life in “zero-gravity”. One of the most important lessons of business, though not a law of nature, is that being the first company to successfully provide a new service to the general public gives great advantage in dominating a new industry. Names such as Edison, Xerox, IBM, Coca-Cola, Thomas Cook, are all testimony to this. CURRENT AND EMERGING TRENDS IN SPACE TOURISM Current trends in space tourismSpace travel is scheduled to begin from the year 2010 and virgin galactic is planned to ignite the first rocket to sub orbit with passengers. Virgin galactic’s – spaceship2 and its white knight 2 carrier craft which is being built by the scaled composites unit owned by Burt Rutan, whereas the spaceship 2 is yet to be tested its rocket engines have been tested with satisfactory results the white knight 2 has already completed several hours of flight tests to set its parameters[7] . The spaceship 2 is slated to make its virgin flight on Dec 7.

[8]Mojave air and spaceport has been granted the licence to handle spaceship 2 type horizontal launch vehicles after it had submitted an application earlier this year. [9] space plane being built by XCOR, “Lynx”, has completed its rocket tests. They already have 30 reservations for the sub orbital flight and would begin the test flight on Lynx Mach 1 in the mid 2010 and are aalso planning on second Lynx mach 2 a year and a half later i. e. if things go smoothly for the Lynx M1. They are firing the 5K18 engines to the full power now and have come out with pretty good results.They are also working on the concepts for a two stage fully reusable launch vehicle for the orbital trip.

[10] Spaceport Sweden is being planned along with setting up a space campus ‘kiruna[11]’ in the view of creating an awareness among people and students towards the space activities. As well as European Union funded projects that will start later this year such as FAST20XX the Swedish Space Corporation has calculated that Space Exploration Technologies’ Falcon 1 could allow the Swedes to launch satellites from their most northern territory without dropping rocket stages onto their neighbours.It turns out that they almost have the spaceport ready and have adopted a flexible legal policy by adapting FAA, REASA, European safety and environment norms and other policies into their organization. They have also plans for a two stage orbital launch vehicle if demand is favorable. The Swedish SpaceX Corporation has the lowest cost launch orbital launch rocket which gives it immense potential for the orbital flight sector. Rocket plane has come with a unique business plan of space weddings. With its spacecraft still in developmental stages information is scarce on it plans.

The Other Avenues Being Developed for space exploitation are intercontinental travel which would reduce the time from several hours to minutes. A lot of people have expressed their desire to be buried in space and honeymooning In orbit has been a fascination. There are plans to even explore the medicinal values of space and the effect it would have on infrastructural development in the form of concrete reinforcement. Point to point space travel[12] allows a travel from one point in space to another. It could either be moving from on orbit to another, or travel from one space station to another.EMERGING TRENDS Space tourism has created a buzz among the earthlings. With its attractive features it has been able to drag the attention of the people towards space as a venue for a exotic destination.

The avenue that was open only to few is now being thrown open to the general public[13]. Space tourism not just restricted to sub orbital flights or a simple stay at the ISS but its horizons are being expanded to unfathomable limits like the space hotel by Bigelow aerospace, or future concepts for constructions in space , harnessing the unlimited solar power and transmitting it to earth[14].And that’s not it: astrology can gain a lot from space tourism more over for the adventurous there is sky diving from space and many more space related activities. With the dawn of the Private Space Race, where private interests are enthusiastically pursuing the space tourism industry, the competitive spirit in the realm of space has reemerged. This is particularly important for two reasons[15]. First, space tourism will make the dream of spaceflight – one that has lingered for millennia – a reality for our generation.Moreover, the Private Space Race has the potential to spur a similar surge of growth and innovation in space-related activities as was experienced during and after the Space Race.

With millions of dollars in revenue that could be generated space tourism is a opportunity to invest in, in the market. With time the cost of launch and legal procedures related to space activities would come down and become simpler making it affordable and less cumbersome procedural wise.With inter-city travel being made possible travel times would decrease but eventually this would require a different type of communication as there is no air in space and also different operational procedures like approach into a traffic zone or departure. A lot of technological advances would be evidences by this phenomena. The ticket prices to space would eventually decrease from an astronomical amount of US $ 20 Mn to a few Million dollars[16] and so would the case be for the sub orbital flight with a prices subsidization from US $ 1,00,000 to a few thousand dollars making it affordable for all.AVENUES OF DEVELOPMENT IN SPACE TOURISM Apart from furthering the journey to distant places like Mars and other planets or the galaxies space has a lot more potential for science like medicines, infrastructural development, astronomical research and also astrology. There are many more avenues to be exploited in space but that’s left to the minds inquisitiveness and curiosity.

There are several concepts of new space industries waiting to be developed, many of which are hindered by the high cost of sending materials, objects, or people into space.Lower cost access to space, driven by the pursuit of the space tourism industry, may hold the key to developing these opportunities further. Intercity Sub-orbital Travel: Imagine flights from Los Angeles to Tokyo in 40 minutes, or from Los Angeles to Paris in 38 minutes. Sub-orbital travel is already capable of flights from one part of the world to another in short periods of time[17]. For instance, Virgin Galactic has mentioned that its’ first sub-orbital vehicle could also be used to make super-fast intercity trips.If the cost of sub-orbital flights drop significantly, intercity flight may have potential applications for high urgency cargo flights, urgent military responses, or even business or commercial travel where passengers experience the excitement of space while traveling from continent to continent[18]. Space Manufacturing: Space manufacturing is the production of manufactured goods in space.

As one can imagine, the manufacturing environment in space, which typically includes conditions of microgravity and hard vacuum, is inherently different from earth-based manufacturing environments.This space environment can allow for manufacturing processes that are not possible or cost-effective on earth, or are more effective than earth-based manufacturing processes[19]. For example, a microgravity environment allows for bacteria to build faster and denser, and antibiotics to grow at an “enhanced” level, which can be a large benefit to pharmaceutical companies looking to increase yields and lower costs[20]. Manufacturing in space also minimizes the risk of environmental harm to the Earth or other planets, especially with respect to hazardous processes.The energy costs of sending materials required to build manufacturing facilities is a significant barrier to this industry; hence, low cost access to space will greatly contribute to the development of this industry. Space Mining: Space mining is the mining of astronomical objects in space. Asteroids, meteoroids, the Moon and planets may yield precious metals, water, iron, and perhaps even substances yet to be discovered.

Some estimates indicate that Space Mining could be a $10 billion industry by 2030. Lower cost access to space would enable space mining to be a more realistic space activity.Space-based Solar Power Satellites: Space-based solar power has the potential to supply a significant percentage of the world’s electricity demand[21]. In space, the energy from the sun is available at all times. Additionally, satellites in space do not have to contend with clouds and other atmospheric interferences. As a result, satellites in space can collect up to eight times more energy than terrestrial solar cells. Delivering hundreds of gigawatts of solar-generated electric power to Earth would require the construction of a system of orbiting satellites, and would therefore also require millions of tons of components in Earth orbit.

Therefore, low cost access to space is a requirement for this space industry to become a reality[22]. How would they benefit us? No one would have predicted that space-related research and activities would lead to the discovery of several products and technologies we take for granted here on earth. MRI technology, which provides doctors with detailed images of the internal structure of the human body, was developed from an image enhancement technique created to improve the sharpness of moon photographs.The insulin pump, which automatically delivers precise amounts of insulin to diabetics, is based on technology used by the Viking craft that landed on Mars. Ski goggles, which offer fog-free sight, were adapted from astronaut’s helmet designs[23]. What new discoveries will result from the Private Space Race? Perhaps the development of spacecraft for space tourism may lead to new insights in materials science, or contribute to advancements in fuel technology applicable to air and terrestrial transportation vehicles.Perhaps the challenge of designing and constructing hotels in the unique environment in space will provide insights into more effective and efficient ways of designing and constructing buildings, which may then be applied to terrestrial architecture.

While it is quite early to speculate what new products, processes, and technologies might emerge from activities related to the development of the space tourism industry, it is nonetheless worthwhile noting that the implications of space tourism will not be limited to activities in space; our home planet will benefit as well.SPACE TOURISM IN INDIA India is a land with abundant resources be it technology, manpower or space research. With its 335 unused airports and airstrips and a worthy population counting in crores India can with ease start off its own space tourism business but the only impediment would be the time taken to unhurdle the legal impediments in the country and some more time to gather the technology and train personnel for a new and risky activity. India has one of the most stringent standards for pilots and aircrafts and it makes for better personnel and equipment of international standards.Be it IT or space we have engineers and managers for every field. We have our own space research center in ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) which has lunar launch capable rockets and technology. Recently it even overcame the problem of its chandrayan mission by using its resources to navigate the satellite and further extending its life and that of the mission and also has spotted water on moon which an achievement.

Infrastructure facilities are no problem in India as there as 135 unused airports which can be converted into space ports by after considering their feasibility.Its only when the regulatory impediments are smoothened that the commercialization of the space travel can be made possible in India. For the purpose a strong lobby must be created which would satisfy the people that this would be both economically and socially and internationally beneficial for the country. It would be close battle between the benefits and risks involved in the business and in order to bring in the requisite laws the benefits have to overpower the risks. And about the prime resource i. e. the tourists let’s take a tour through the market study conducted on the HNIs in India.

The HNIs were considered under the following criteria: Sub orbital tourism 1. Income > 3 crores 2. Net worth > 15 Crores As the time passes and the prices come down more and more people would be able to afford the journey. RISKS “Those who are involved suffer .. but what about the general public??? ” Risk being an inherent nature of a higher degree of a new venture is not an excuse, waiving off the liabilities or fears submerged in the innocent people who neither can pay nor are fully aware that a spacecraft can crash land on their terraces any time.It’s a very volatile business and could be compared to the business Concorde offered, only luxury for the few privileged.

Being such an expensive venture itself is a risk for the amount at stake, leave alone the losses but it would put a dark cloud over the other companies that have already invested millions in developing business. One hurdle towards that task is that different people have different perspectives on what risk is and how to deal with it. The technical risk involved with flying a suborbital vehicle can often be very different than the risk perceived by those watching the flight, or those responsible for regulating such flights.For example, at a press conference last week, Burt Rutan said he didn’t consider SpaceShipOne’s suborbital flight in June its riskiest flight[24]. First flight into sub orbit The flight was the first of two planned launch attempts to win the $10 million Ansari X Prize, a competition designed to spur construction of reusable manned spacecraft. While successful, the flight had its share of danger, when SpaceShipOne went into an unexpected roll near the top of its trajectory, spinning some 20 times[25]. The incident, combined with a control issue during a previous SpaceShipOne flight, highlights the risk inherent in space travel.

That risk, present during the entire Space Age, could grow as the industry is privatized. Burt Rutan, the engineer behind SpaceShipOne, told SPACE. com in a Sept. 23 telephone interview that there is “no way” that SpaceShipOne would be as safe as a 747 jetliner. Instead, he said, he and his team are aiming at achieving the safety rates of the early airliners. This isn’t like flying airplanes, or United. What they are doing is hard.

Preparing for the new risks can mean adjustments as a culture and as a society.Despite the increased risk, people will pay for a ride that goes fast and a ride that goes high, analysts say[26]. For example, adventure seekers and mountaineers pay upwards of $100,000 to scale mountains such as Everest or the challenging K2, knowing they might not return. On a regular airplane, McCurdy said, the risk of not making it to your destination is about 1 in 10 million, while on a military combat mission the odds are about 1 in 23,000. Military risk levels, rather than the current 1 in 50 for human spaceflight, could be a good target for Rutan’s and other spacecraft, he added.The rockets that would be used in space travel would be hybrid ones and not thoroughly tested in the sense, the number of flights hours undergone. There would always be a fear in the minds of the public, which of course would be fed in by the critics, that the engines might blast or give up mid way but then they must be explained that when in atmosphere these spacecrafts would glide and would comfortably make it to an airport closest and there is danger in everything activity does even breathing is no longer safe with the amount of pollution.

People tend to compare X planes with the spaceships .. here as X planes were for experimental purpose the later are for commercial purpose and need to be safer and economically efficient. Most of the failures in X planes are listed as due to explosion or some other catastrophic engine failure. That wouldn’t seem to be an issue with hybrid based rockets. In an abort situation, the X planes were capable of jettisoning fuel, a whole new argument about the difficulty of jettisoning fuel or oxidizer from a hybrid rocket. This completely misses the point; you wouldn’t ‘need’ to dump the fuel or oxidizer from a hybrid rocket to avoid an explosion.

There’s a fundamental safety difference between an engine running on LOX & kerosene and one running on nitrous oxide & rubber. If we run our numbers right intuitively, suborbital flight should seem a bit dangerous. I myself wouldn’t risk it for any thing less than a moon or asteroid excursion. Actually I hope the fear of death doesn’t stop them! Another thing worth mentioning despite Burt Rutan’s notion that orbital tourism will be the next step suborbital flights and orbital flights are totally different animals.A reusable cost effective orbital machine is really an out there concept. Sure we’d all love to see it but suspect we’ll have to wait for a space elevator which to me seems much more sane (! ). And of course not to forget the transportation and storage of rocket fuels which is itself a risky activity and substance.

Cryogenic storage of the rocket is very important and the transfers would be more recurring as the business would gain momentum. The handling of the machines rockets and the aircrafts would have to be performed by well trained personnel.The companies following would have be on close watch on the mistakes from the previous ones and learn in order to make this business live or risks itself could kill the new and budding industry. The aviation industry learned from its mistakes and has developed, so will the space industry. CONCLUSION If space tourism develops as I suggest, it will have a number of important implications for the rest of the world. First, if one million tourists per year are paying $10,000 for an orbital trip in 20 years time, commercial investment is likely to be rapid, leading to a market of perhaps 20 million passengers per year within a further 20 years.Second, of the changes taking place in the world, one of the most important for humanity is economic growth in the developing countries, where living standards are generally very low.

As current and emerging trends in Space Tourism has created a buzz among the earthlings. With its attractive features it has been able to drag the attention of the people towards space as a venue for a exotic destination. The avenue that was open only to few is now being thrown open to the general public.As there are many more avenues to be exploited in space but that’s left to the minds inquisitiveness and curiosity. There are several concepts of new space industries waiting to be developed, many of which are hindered by the high cost of sending materials, objects, or people into space. India is a land with abundant resources be it technology, manpower or space research. India has one of the most stringent standards for pilots and aircrafts and it makes for better personnel and equipment of international standards.

Moreover, Space Tourism is an expensive venture itself is a risk for the amount at stake, leave alone the losses but it would put a dark cloud over the other companies that have already invested millions in developing business. One hurdle towards that task is that different people have different perspectives on what risk is and how to deal with it. The technical risk involved with flying a suborbital vehicle can often be very different than the risk perceived by those watching the flight, or those responsible for regulating such flights.Therefore,the aviation industry learned from its mistakes and has developed, so will the space industry.en.

wikipedia. org/wiki/British_television_science_fiction www. msnbc. msn.

com/id/18056610/http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Space_manufacturinghttp://www.

thespacereview. com/article/239/1http://www. space. com/missionlaunches/spacetourism_future_040930.

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