Dysfunctional Behaviors within the Group

To earn success in a company, being a leader, it is important that there is coordination with every members, each of the workers may contribute to the success of the company. With female friends that the researcher has, she felt secured and protected every time they go out. Since she is a Muslim, she is more secured that nobody will discriminate or harm her within the community that they are in. She felt the sense of belongingness and her friends are present every time she needs them. Just the same she is always there when someone needed her help.

Sometimes her decisions, for instance in a particular situation, are influenced by her other friends. Another thing that the researcher observed in her female friends behavior is that whenever one of her friends for instance, commits a mistake or her behavior become unpleasant or unacceptable, she or one of the member of the group try to approach the person, talk to the person and try to correct the behavior of the one who commits the mistakes in a nice way. By doing that they not only help their friend but also make a strong bond to the friendship that they have.

In terms of dealing with unacceptable behavior of an individual monitoring her feelings while confronting and at the same time correcting the behavior is important. Responses of the leader of a group are more effective when reason balances the energy of negative emotions like for instance anger, frustration or fear (Konen and Elliot, 1999). Positive group behavior such as encouraging others, being nice to other members of the group being a good listener or being supportive to other members, should be developed (Chalmers and Nason, 2008).

There are a lot of dysfunctional behaviors that may ultimately harm both individuals as well as the organization. These dysfunctional behavior like for instance in an organization or company are “motivated behavior by an employee or group of employees that have negative consequences for individual or group of individual within the organization or the organization itself” (Griffin, O’Learry-Kelly and Collins, 1998, p. 67).

Within the workplace the researcher have observed job neglect of employees, and sometimes there are employees who are intentionally working slowly and a lot of time are wasted which greatly affect the company were the researcher is currently working. With these acts of other employees the company is having difficulty in beating the deadlines which oftentimes causes the clients to become angry and decide not to render anymore the company’s service, which in turn causes the delays of payments of the projects and eventually effect also other employees payment for their monthly salary.

These kinds of behavior of employees should be addressed immediately in order for the company to be successful and productive. Discrimination within the workplace is also observed, which is not good for the company, since the individual that is being discriminated tend to associate herself away from the others, which in turn affect her performance in the company, hence she become unproductive.

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Research Paper on Child Behavior

 Many people have studied the effect of academic achievement and later career success. The focus of this paper will be on the work of Greg Duncan of Northwestern University and L Rowell Huesmann of the University of Michigan. These findings can help parents, teachers and behavioral scientists help disruptive students. The study shows that the way children act at a young age will reflect later in life and interfere with their ability to learn. I will also be using information found in five other sources throughout this paper.

These sources include information on attachment issues in psychopathology and intervention, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder and conduct disorder and BPA tied to behavior problems within girls just to name a few (Atkinson, 2004). Childhood behavior has been slowly deteriorating over the past 28 years since I was a toddler. Growing up in the 80s it was socially acceptable to pk your child and children were taught to respect elders. Now children are oblivious to the respect that parents deserve and everything centers on their own needs.

Throughout this paper many things have been explored such as: attachment issues in psychology, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with ADHD and conduct disorder, dealing with disrespect in your teenager, the seven keys to child obedience and how children’s bad behavior gives insight to academic achievements. New Research Suggest “New research suggests that children entering school with behavior problems, as a rule, can keep pace with classroom learning, but persistent behavior problems can be a strong indicator of how well these students adapt to the work world” .

With this being said there are two separate studies resulting in two separate results when researching kindergartners and younger children compared to adolescents and 8th graders. “One study examined data from six large-scale studies of almost 36,000 preschoolers in which the same subjects were observed repeatedly over time. The research included two national studies of U. S. children, two multi-site studies of U. S. children, one study of children from Great Britain and one study of children from Canada” .

There was various research techniques used in finding the results from all of the different studies. “Surprisingly, difficulty getting along with classmates, aggressive or disruptive behaviors, and sad or withdrawn behaviors in kindergarten did not detract from academic achievement in childhood and early adolescence” . There were several indicators studied, including picking fights, interrupting the teacher and defying instructions. Kindergartners that were involved in these acts did surprisingly well in 5th grade math and English, while keeping pace with well behaved children. Another CAPCA study, which examined older children, found such a connection. According to CAPCA investigator Rowell Huesmann, persistent behavior problems in eight-year-olds are a powerful predictor of educational attainment and of how well people will do in middle age” . Childhood behavior has been slowly deteriorating over the past 28 years since I was a toddler. Growing up in the 80s it was socially acceptable to pk your child and children were taught to respect elders. Now children are oblivious to the respect that parents deserve and everything centers on their own needs.

Children of the current generation are losing the respect and behavior that was drilled into people of past generations. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of today’s society to increase awareness on the development of our children’s behavior and also to explain why harsh punishment can get children on track. The intended audience of this paper is current parents and expecting parents. The secondary audience will be future parents of our generation. I will be the voice of parents of our generation and future parents. Dealing With Disrespect In Your Teenager

Disrespect can start small and turn into something much more serious if not tended to. It can become the way the child relates to family and friends; it can even be passed from generation to generation. Most parents do not stop this behavior for fear that it will effect the parent child relationship when they may actually be effecting the way the child relates to people in the future. “As any parent of a 13-year old knows, disrespect can be displayed by the roll of their eyes, an arrogant attitude, a sideways look, a turned back, cutting or barbed comments, sarcasm, pouting, or raging.

And nowadays, it can include popping in the iPod ear buds, texting on the cell phone or playing the video game instead listening to a parent” . There is no hiding the sting of disrespect when your child shows signs of it and there is no need to point it out to the child because they know exactly what they were doing. The Seven Keys To Child Obedience Learning obedience is an important part of early child development. Obedience is the main tool parents use to train their children.

Through obedience your child will use things he or she needs later in adulthood that force obedience upon a child will soon create resentment within their children, which will eventually lead to rebellion. According to Hareyan (2005), “Although you can punish a child for not obeying, this will not foster any long-term obedience. When the child reaches his teen years and becomes more independent, punishment will only serve to destroy the already faltering parent child relationship”. There are seven steps to getting your child to want to obey you.

These steps according to the author are, “ loving concern for the child, sincere respect for the child, patients, speak softly, make moderate demands, follow through and be free with yes but not with no” . History of Childhood Behavior Problems in Biological Relatives “Frick assessed the history of childhood behavior problems in the biological relatives of over 100 outpatient boys aged 7 to 12 years with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD)” (Frick P, 1991 p1). Frick did this in order to see if these two disorders were something that is hereditary and passed down from relatives. The mothers, fathers, and other biological relatives of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to have a history of childhood ADHD but not problems of antisocial behavior or substance use in their childhood” (Frick P, 1991 pg1).

ADHD is something that can be passed on through relatives but substance use or abuse was not a result of relatives having ADHD. This does not mean there will not be substance use but the study shows that it is not a result of family ADHD. “Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity was similarly associated with a family history of ADHD”. On the other hand fathers of children with CD were more likely to have a history of CD and substance abuse, these results didn’t seem to change with the difference in race or social status. These results provide support for the independence of ADHD and CD being a clinical syndrome and not something inherited” (Frick P, 1991 p1). Attachment Issues In Psychopathology The report conducted by Atkinson and Goldberg report reviews and compares empirical findings on attachment and childhood behavior problems in normal, at-risk, and clinical studies.

The report concludes that as we move along a continuous risk to clear diagnosis, the likelihood of attachment decreases and the likelihood of controlling, disorganized, and insecure attachment increase. Because these are normally rare patterns and, in the case of the disorganized and insecure-other categories, not clearly defined strategies, this is consistent with the notion that clinic samples include attachment patterns that fall outside of the established schemes.

Further differentiation within these categories based on clinic samples may prove to be more useful than are the normatively derived classification schemes in linking attachment and psychopathology (Atkinson, 2004). Conclusion Throughout this paper many things have been explored such as: attachment issues in psychology, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with ADHD and conduct disorder, dealing with disrespect in your teenager, the seven keys to child obedience and how children’s bad behavior gives insight to academic achievements.

With this information parents may have learned some new information about Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder and Conduct Disorder, new ways to handle obedience with your children or the lack of obedience and the seven keys to child obedience. With this information childhood obedience can be improved throughout the world.

Reference

  1. Atkinson L. & Goldberg S. (2004). Attachment Issues In Psychopathology And Intervention.
  2. Duncan, G. , & Huesmann, L. R. (2007, November 26). Children’s bad behavior gives insights to academic achievement and later career success. Retrieved from: https://www. nsf. gov/news/news_summ. jsp? rg=NSF;amp;cntn_id=110709;amp;preview=false
  3. Frick P. ;amp; Lahey B. ;amp; Christ MA. ;amp; Loeber R. ;amp; Green S. (1991). History of Childhood Behavior Problems in Biological Relatives of Boys With Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder And Conduct Disorder.
  4. Gregston M. (2010) Dealing With Disrespect In Your Teenager. Parenting Todays Teen. Retrieved from: file:///Users/michaellarson/Documents/english%20comp%20II/Parent%20Tips%20from%20Mark%20Gregston%20»%20Dealing%20With%20Disrespect%20In%20Your%20Teenager. webarchive
  5. Hareyan A. (2005) The Seven Keys To Child Obedience. EmaxHealth. retrieved from: http://www. emaxhealth. com/20/1788. html

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Inappropriate Behavior in the Workplace

Inappropriate Behavior
What civil rights laws may prohibit Marwan’s conduct with his fellow co-worker? “The definition of sexual harassment stated in the EEOC Guidelines and accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court is “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature,” which implicitly or explicitly make submission a term or condition of employment; make employment decisions related to the individual dependent on submission to or rejection of such conduct, or have the purpose or effect of creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment (Kubasek, 2009, p. 600).” Do those laws apply to his conduct toward the park guest?

Yes, they do insomuch as his unwanted sexual advances created an “intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment (Kubasek, 2009, p. 600).” Sexual harassment can be claimed by someone other than the person being harassed, and “…could be anyone affected by the offensive conduct (EEOC, nd).” When investigating charges of sexual harassment, the EEOC takes circumstances and context into account and therefore a well-documented pattern of behavior will aid a case against an abusive employee, whoever the abuse is directed at (EEOC, nd). Sexual harassment laws view the incident from the mindset of the victim, not the harasser, and therefore the attention being intended as complimentary rather than offensive is an invalid defense. In Ellison v. Brady (9th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1991), the court rejected the ‘reasonable person’ standard as being male-biased and found that “if a “reasonable woman” would find the conduct severe and pervasive enough to alter the terms and conditions of employment such that an offensive environment was created, then sexual harassment can be found (Schickman, nd).” However, since the employee is not in a position of authority over the park guests, he may not be liable for creating a hostile or intimidating environment even though there was unwanted physical contact. In LeGrand v. Area Resources for Community and Human Services, an employee accused someone in the employ of his same employer but who was not associated directly with the plaintiff of sexual harassment and creating a hostile environment. Although the accused’s actions were found to range “from crass to churlish and were manifestly inappropriate (8th Circuit Court of Appeals, 2004)”, they were deemed non-actionable hostile work environment sexual harassment. Did Marwan commit sexual harassment?

Yes he did in that he made unwanted sexual advances and verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature (EEOC, nd). The law does not prohibit isolated incidents that aren’t very serious (EEOC, nd), the pattern set by the employee of offensive and abusive behavior does qualify as a crime under sexual harassment law. When investigating a case of sexual harassment, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission will take all circumstances into account and evaluate on a case-by-case basis. Given the employee’s behavior towards multiple females, employees and non-employees, and the repeated abuse of whatever authority the employee believes is held over customers and coworkers, it seems reasonable that in this case the EEOC would find evidence of illegal sexual harassment (EEOC, nd). If so, what type?

By stating that he could have his coworker fired he was committing quid pro quo sexual harassment, in which he gave his coworker reason to believe that her continued employment was contingent on consenting to his advances (Kubasek, 2009). He was also creating an intimidating, offensive and hostile work environment (Kubasek, 2009), in that he was attempting to use his questionable authority over his coworker in order to coerce his coworker into intimate relations and in stating that if she did not consent he would have her fired. In Henson v. Dundee, the court found that, “Sexual harassment which creates a hostile or offensive environment for members of one sex is every bit the arbitrary barrier to sexual equality at the workplace that racial harassment is to racial equality. Surely, a requirement that a man or woman run a gauntlet of sexual abuse in return for the privilege of being allowed to work and make a living can be as demeaning and disconcerting as the harshest of racial epithets (9th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1982).” What is the legal nature of Marwan’s employment?

The nature of the employment is most likely ‘at will’, in which the employer and employee are free at any time to terminate the employment (Kubasek, 2009). If the employment manual laid out grounds for termination and did not include ‘at will’, there is a possibility that a court would rule that the
employee reasonably took the printed manual at face value, although in this particular case the employer would be able to counter with misconduct which is also assumed to be in said manual under just cause for termination (Kubasek, 2009). What actions and steps should Studio Five take against Marwan? In Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., the court determined that circumstances were to be taken into account when determining whether a work environment was made hostile or abusive and some of those circumstances were the frequency, the severity, and the physical or verbal nature of the harassment (Kubasek, 2009). Given that the employee’s conduct in this situation met all of those criteria in that it was frequent, threatening and physical, discipline should not be considered and the employment should be immediately terminated.

Explain what actions you considered and why you either recommend or reject them. Given the severity of the employee’s actions I do not recommend intervention in the form of discipline or counseling. Repeat offenses and the attempted intimidation of a coworker are a pattern of behavior that cannot be excused and the customers as well as the coworkers who were touched and spoken to inappropriately should bring suit against the individual, if for no other reason than to establish a record of the behavior that in the future may be used as evidence should it be demonstrated in another workplace in the future. Discuss Marwan’s allegation that he is being discriminated against based on his disability and what response Studio Five may have to that allegation. Given the fact that the employer was unaware of his disability and the fact that the firing was on grounds of misconduct, not poor job performance, this will be a difficult charge for the employee to prove. The employer has grounds to terminate the employee based on his sexual harassment of customers and coworkers, and there is little evidence of a mixed motives case based on the employee’s disability, which was an unknown factor and not interfering with his job performance (Kubasek, 2009). The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1991 requires employers to not discriminate against the disabled “in any aspect of the employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment (EEOC, nd).” The employee did not bring his disability to the employer’s attention nor did he request or need accommodations and the employer can easily prove that the disability was not
a factor in the grounds for termination. What would each of them have to prove in court?

The employee would have to prove that his disability was a factor in his termination, which will be difficult based on the fact that his termination was due to misconduct, not poor job performance. The employer will have to prove that his disability was not a factor in his termination, which was reasonably based on evidence from customer and coworkers of his misconduct and will not be difficult. “§ 2000e-5(g)(2)(B) requires an employer to “demonstrate that [it] would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor” in order to take advantage of the partial affirmative defense (Kubasek, 2009, p. 606)” and the employer can easily prove in court that they would have fired the employee based on misconduct alone. If the female employee sues Studio Five Theme Park, what defenses can Studio Five use? The employer can use ignorance of the situation as a defense, as well as their swift handling of the situation once it was brought to their attention. Although precedence has been set for liability regardless of knowledge in quid pro quo sexual harassment cases, on the grounds of a hostile work environment pleading ignorance may be an effective defense strategy (Kubasek, 2009). In Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (11th Circuit Court of Appeals, 1997), it was found that, “An employer is directly liable for hostile environment sexual harassment if it knew, or upon reasonably diligent inquiry should have known, of the harassment and failed to take immediate and appropriate corrective action.” In this case the employee committing the misconduct was terminated as soon as the action was brought to the employer’s attention by a coworker complaint. His behavior in the past had not been reported and therefore the company is most likely not liable.

However, this defense may be more or less effective depending on the company’s sexual harassment policy; in one finding the court ruled that, “…we reject petitioner’s view that the mere existence of a grievance procedure and a policy against discrimination … must insulate petitioner from liability. … Petitioner’s general nondiscrimination policy did not address sexual harassment in particular, and thus did not alert employees to their employer’s interest in correcting that form of discrimination. Moreover, the bank’s grievance procedure apparently required an employee to complain first to her supervisor. Since [the supervisor] was the alleged perpetrator, it is not altogether surprising that respondent failed to invoke the procedure and report her grievance to him. Petitioner’s contention that respondent’s failure should insulate it from liability might be substantially stronger if its procedures were better calculated to encourage victims of harassment to come forward. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1986).” Are they liable for Marwan’s conduct even if they were unaware of and did not approve of Marwan’s actions? This is a confusing point in legal terms. Quid pro quo cases tend to not rely on the company’s knowledge of the situation, although hostile environment cases do (Kubasek, 2009), so the two charges may be settled separately if both are brought against the company for the employee’s behavior. In one case an employer was determined to not be liable for an employee’s offensive behavior because it took immediate corrective action. “…a finding of hostile environment will not result in vicarious liability if the employer can prove that it “exercised reasonable care to prevent and correct promptly any sexual harassment, and… the employee unreasonably failed to take advantage of any preventative or corrective opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise…(5th Circuit Court of Appeals, 2000).” However, in another case the Court of Appeals found that an employer is liable for the behavior of a supervisory employee whether or not the company was aware of the behavior. “The court held that a supervisor is an “agent” of his employer for Title VII purposes, even if he lacks authority to hire, fire, or promote, since “the mere existence — or even the appearance — of a significant degree of influence in vital job decisions gives any supervisor the opportunity to impose on employees (U.S. Supreme Court, 1986).” That being said, the Supreme Court also stated in the same ruling that, “As to employer liability, we conclude that the Court of Appeals was wrong to entirely disregard agency principles and impose absolute liability on employers for the acts of their supervisors, regardless of the circumstances of a particular case (U.S. Supreme Court, 1986).”

If Marwan was a member of a union that had a collective bargaining agreement with Studio Five, would that change any of your previous answers? If the employee was a member of a union they most likely have strict misconduct policies in place, and the employee would have to refer to the union rules and regulations to determine if there was a case against termination under the circumstances. However, most workplaces and unions have strict no tolerance policies against sexual harassment and the chances of the employee having a reasonable case are slim. The investigative process on the employer’s part would be much more complex if the employee is a member of a group with a collective bargaining agreement. Some of the recommended steps in such a case include identifying the nature of the complaint, determining whether an investigation is warranted, determining who should conduct the investigation (if charges are criminal or civil), and after conducting the investigation determining reasonable discipline and reporting decisions to the appropriate parties. The investigation itself must be handled differently in cases of union members being involved; for instance, a union representative may be present during interviews, even if the accused employee declines union representation (Comstock, Barrett, 2007). What types of company policies, procedures, and actions should businesses employ to avoid harassment of their employees?

According to federal law, an employer has met their obligations regarding sexual harassment in the workplace if they take all reasonable steps to prevent harassment from occurring, and take reasonable action once it has occurred (Schickman, nd). One of the steps possible to prevent sexual harassment from occurring is to post the company’s sexual harassment policy, which should include information such as: a statement of the policy, definition of sexual harassment, non-retaliation policy, specific procedures for prevention, a transparent investigation and remediation procedure, reporting procedure and timely reporting requirements (Schickman, nd). References

Casiano v. AT;T (6/12/00), 5th Circuit Court of Appeals, No. 99-50992 http://www.plainsite.org/flashlight/case.html?id=1288386
Comstock, Theodore, Barrett, Christina (10/07) Investigating Allegations of Employee Misconduct, New Hampshire School Boards Association
http://www.nhsba.org/documents/InvestigatingComplaintsofEmployeeMisconduct.pdf Faragher v. City of Boca Raton (6/26/98), U.S. Supreme Court No. 97-282 http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/97-282.ZO.html

Henson v. Dundee (1982), 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, No.80-8527
http://openjurist.org/682/f2d/897/henson-v-city-of-dundee
Kubasek, Nancy (2009), Legal Environment of Business (5th ed). Pearson Learning Solutions,
http://digitalbookshelf.argosy.edu/books/0558228925/id
LeGrand v. Area Resources for Community and Health Services (11/15/04), 8th Circuit Court of Appeals, No. 04-1284
http://www.leagle.com/decision/20051492394F3d1098_11372
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, (6/19/86), U.S. Supreme Court No. 84-1979
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0477_0057_ZO.html Schickman, Mark (nd) Sexual Harassment: The Employer’s Role in Prevention – General Practice, Solo ; Small Firm Division Technology ; Practice Guide, American Bar Association http://www.americanbar.org/newsletter/publications/gp_solo_magazine_home/gp_solo_magazine_index/w96shi.html United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (nd)

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Animal Sexual Behavior

Table of contents

Talking about human sexuality last year, I was asked whether the different sexual orientations could be found in animals other than humans. Well, the answer was “yes”. But sexual orientation is just a bit of the big whole called sexual behavior. That is why in this occasion I am going to talk about animal sexual behavior. To put you in context, the study of animal sexuality is a rapidly developing field. It used to be believed that only humans and a handful of other species performed sexual acts other than for procreation, and that animals’ sexuality was instinctive.

Current understanding is that a wide range of species appear both to masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so; in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim; and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1,500 species.

Sex for Pleasure

Do animals get pleasure from sex? Science cannot say for sure what animals do or do not find “pleasurable”. However, current understanding suggests that anything an animal does that furthers its own survival is pleasurable; in order to make sure the animal keeps doing it. That includes sexual intercourse.

They say it is nature’s way of ensuring the continuation of the species. Remember that the only purpose of the clitoris is to give pleasure, and nearly all female mammals have a clitoris. Nevertheless, very few animals have sex purely for pleasure, rather than for procreation. That is to say that, though most of animals do get pleasure from sex, not all of them will have sex just for the sake of it.

Types of Activities

Autoestimulation or Masturbation

Petter Bockman of the Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo commented that: “Masturbation is common in the animal kingdom. There are plenty of animals who will masturbate when they have nothing better to do. Masturbation has been observed among primates, deer, killer whales and penguins, and we’re talking about both males and females. They rub themselves against stones and roots. Orangutans are especially inventive. They make dildos of wood and bark. ”

Oral Sex

Auto-fellating or licking, sucking and/or nuzzling by a male of his own penis in animals is documented in goats, primates, hyenas, bats and sheep, among others.

Cross Species Sex

Many animals are sexual opportunists, partaking in sexual relations with individuals of visibly distinct species. This is more visible in domesticated species and animals in captivity, because in the wild, the two species would normally not share enough common territory to provide adequate opportunity for much cross-species sexual activity. Hybrid offspring can result from two organisms of distinct but closely related parent species, although the resulting offspring is not always fertile. This is the case of the mule (jack/mare cross), the hinny (horse/jenny cross), the tiglon (tiger/lioness cross) and the liger (lion/tigress cross).

Prostitution

In some penguin species, the females, even when in a committed relationship, will exchange sexual favors with strange males for the pebbles they need to build their nests. Prostitution was also observed among chimpanzees, which trade food for sex.

Sexual Imaginary Viewing

Problems with encouraging pandas to mate in captivity have been very common. However, showing young male pandas “panda pornography” is widely credited with a recent population boom among pandas in zoos. It shows that pandas, as well as most of primates, really value the images and are able to put sexual meaning on them.

Necrophilia

Necrophilia in animals is where a living animal engages in a sexual act with a dead animal. It has been reported in cane toads and ducks.

Homosexual Behavior

No species has been found in which homosexual behavior has not been shown to exist, with the exception of species that never have sex at all. Homosexual behavior in animals refers to the documented evidence of homosexual and bisexual behavior in animals other than humans. Birds: Black swans: An estimated one-quarter of all black swans pairings are homosexual and they steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs. More of their cygnets survive to adulthood than those of different-sex pairs, possibly due to their superior ability to defend large portions of land. The same reasoning has been applied to male flamingo pairs raising chicks.

Gulls: 10 to 15 percent of female western gulls in some populations in the wild exhibit homosexual behavior. Mallards: form male-female pairs only until the female lays eggs, at which time the male leaves the female. Mallards have rates of male-male sexual activity that are unusually high for birds, in some cases, as high as 19% of all pairs in a population. Penguins: Male penguin couples have been documented to mate for life, build nests together, and to use a stone as a surrogate egg in nesting and brooding. Vultures, ibises and pigeons.

Amazon Dolphin

The Amazon River dolphin or boto has been reported to form up in bands of 3–5 individuals enjoying group sex. The groups usually comprise young males and sometimes one or two females. Sex is often performed in non-reproductive ways, using snout, flippers and genital rubbing, without regards to gender. In captivity, they have been observed to sometimes perform homosexual and heterosexual penetration of the blowhole, a hole homologous with the nostril of other mammals, making this the only known example of nasal sex in the animal kingdom.

American Bison

Courtship, mounting, and full anal penetration between bulls has been noted to occur among American Bison. Also, mounting of one female by another is common among cattle. Bonobo: The Bonobo, which has a matriarchal society, unusual amongst apes, is a fully bisexual species—both males and females engage in heterosexual and homosexual behavior, being noted for female-female homosexuality in particular. About 60% of all sexual activity in this species is between two or more females. Bonobos use sex to divert attention and to defuse tension.

Elephants

African and Asian males will engage in same-sex bonding and mounting. Such encounters are often associated with affectionate interactions, such as kissing, trunk intertwining, and placing trunks in each other’s mouths. Unlike heterosexual relations, which are always of a fleeting nature, the relationships between males may last for years. Asiatic elephants in captivity devote roughly 45% of sexual encounters to same-sex activity Giraffes: Mounting between male giraffes males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling: up to 94% of mounting incidents take place between two males.

Japanese Macaque

With the Japanese macaque same-sex relations are frequent, though rates vary between troops. Females will form “consortships” characterized by affectionate social and sexual activities. Sheep: homosexuality in male sheep (found in 8% of rams) is associated with a region in the rams’ brains which is half the size of the corresponding region in heterosexual male sheep. Spotted hyenas, bottlenose dolphins, whales, deer, polecats and lions. Others: Dragonflies: Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. About 80 % of sexual coupling occurs between males.

Sources

  1. Bagemihl, B. 1999. Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin’s Press. 752 pp. de Waal, F. M. B. &
  2. R. Ren (1988): Peacemaking among Primates. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts).
  3. Roughgarden, J. 2004. Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People. University of California Press. Berkeley CA. 474 pp Sommer, V ;amp;
  4. P. L Vasey (2006): Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

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Consumer Traits and behaviors

Eduardo Becerra, Irinia Gomez, Takeshia Seeden
PSY/322
November 4, 2013

Earnest Broussard
University of Phoenix

Consumer Traits and Behavior Paper
Today’s users are demonstrating a fantastic desire for new services and products. It has created possibilities for users, marketing providers and companies too eventually approve or disapprove latest ideas. For users to help and view their behaviors in making correct decisions, thorough research is required to support different roles and thoughts for product development. The goals of this article is to get insight into user experiences, by finding out likes, dislikes and unmet requirement associated with satisfaction. When client satisfaction decreases, users have less excitement for repeating experiences which no more provide the same satisfaction. The experiences under consideration are the issues associated with personality, complaints, purchasing, and services. Up to now, the articles on service failure and recovery have tended to be centered on bricks-and- mortar shops. In this research the connections between service failures, user complaint behaviors, and service recovery anticipations in an online setting were examined. Data were gathered from 252 answerers in a questionnaire survey.

Outcomes of several regression analysis demonstrate that character traits when it comes to Type A and locus of control might moderate the connections between eservice failures, user complaint behaviors, and service recovery anticipations. When eservice failures happen, Type A and internally driven users participate in ambitious complaint behaviors and anticipate higher service recovery initiatives. On the other hand, Type B and externally driven users have a tendency to bear e-service failures and avoid complaining. Lastly, theoretical and managerial ramifications are talked about.” Identify at least three psychological processes and three social processes that may influence consumer behavior Three psychological processes that influence consumer behavior is motives attitude and beliefs. Motives can be defined as the drive which leads to a person buying a curtain product or service. Beliefs and attitude can be highly influential to a consumer. Beliefs according to psychological processes can be defined as the way a person thinks about different product. There are many psychological reasons why we choose to buy items and how we choose them. One of the reasons is trait superstition. As consumers we have certain superstitions that help us decide rather to buy or to walk away from an item. For example a poll conducted in 2003 by Harris Poll revealed that 31% of those surveyed believed in astrology. In 2004 the Science and Engineering Indicators report, the National Science Institute Foundation reported that 30% of Americans read their horoscope occasionally and 15% read their horoscope very often. Superstition also influences high-involvement decisions. Many Americans believe that the number 7 is lucky. The number of weddings increased dramatically in 7/7/07 in the United States. The strong belief for this number makes everyone question their superstition. Others use superstition to their advantage like in Europe and Asia. The Taiwanese consumers were willing to spend up to 15% more on a product because it ended in the lucky number 8. The Chinese culture feels the same way. The Chinese Olympic Games began on 8/8/08 because of the superstition with the number 8. It has even help the stock market because consumers felt better about buying stock that ended with an 8. Another number that has had an effect on consumer sales is the number 13. On Friday the 13th businesses have reported a loss due to the consumer’s superstition for avoiding travel and work on this day.

Explain the importance of understanding the influence of psychological and social processes on marketing communications Consumer behavior is important when creating marketing communication messages. Understanding psychological and social processes help to develop the best marketing plan possible. When business do not understand the mind of their target audience they do not generate the type of responses they initially hoped.

The psychological reasons why people comfort themselves when buying products they don’t need is often overlooked. Many American feel they need things but in reality they just want them. Consumers will go into debt to buy an item they want to personally have. The joy of seeing it in the house or having friends see them with it is worth it all for them. So many consumers feel a great sense of comfort in consumer goods that are popular or in demand because they feel like they can do or have things that others cannot. Social Processes on Marketing Behavior

Most consumers’ reasons for buying goods are because friends or family may want them or have them already. Consumers have said that the reason for buying products is because of someone they know really wants the product or they want to be the first of the group to have it. This provides a great sense of gratitude and joy for the consumer group to know that they were the first to have the product. This brings out the competitive trait in the consumer. Many will go out of their way to get things others want just so that they can be envied. This makes them feel like a leader or trend setter to the group. The approval of products from friends, family or people in general plays a strong role in consumer purchase. Many people buy brands instead of a product that fits their needs. For instance let’s use the iPhone or iPad. Many consumers buy the iPhone because it is what their friends or family have or what is sold the most. The iPad goes in the same category because it is expense and limited to the capabilities of the product like the iPhone. The Samsung phones and tablets are just as capable and even more then the Apple products but consumers buy the brand not the product. Other tablets cost less and function more like a computer but are overlooked by the loyal Apple consumers. Psychological Processes on Marketing Communication

Marketing targets groups of people instead of one person at a time. Marketing is developed to target either one group or multiple groups at a time to better their odds of sales. Company’s target certain groups of consumers because they have studied their buying habits and can assure sales with those groups. They have developed a formula to tell them what kind of people we are by asking them what kind of potato chip they prefer. They ask random questions and can develop an approach to target a group on the responses giving. If you ever notice when watching TV or reading a magazine there are multiple advertisements for one company in are targeted for every group. Companies have found a way to reach each group and a way that they can understand or relate to the message they are sending out. They know what works with a certain group in that is why different ads or commercials are played on different magazines in TV channels. Companies research their consumers to be able to interact with them and to relay their message effectively so that consumers will buy their goods. Research pays off because companies have a better idea on how to get the groups attention and have them eager to buy the product. Consumer Behavior and Traits

Consumer Behavior and traits play a big role in our society on an everyday life. As per CliffNotes.com, “Tradition includes the values, behaviors, products, along with other features common to the people in a specific group or society. By tradition, people as well as groups specify themselves, comply with society’s shared ideals, and contribute to society. Therefore, tradition contains several social factors: language, traditions, ideals, norms, mores, principles, tools, technologies, goods, companies, as well as establishments. “All users live under social and cultural restrictions. Any behavior contrary to the cultural set up of the society the user resides in is not accepted socially. Consequently, that consumer’s behavior will be affected by the tradition. Tradition is the most basic reason for a person’s desires as well as behavior. When kids are growing up, they find out basic ideas, requirements, as well as values from their loved ones along with other important groups. Advertisers as well as marketers are always trying in order to notice “cultural shifts” which might indicate new or “revamped” goods that may be desired or required by users

or to enhanced requirement. A good example would be, “the cultural change towards increased worry about physical fitness has generated possibilities (and today industries) servicing buyers who want to purchase low calorie meals, fitness center memberships, fitness equipment, and activity or health-related vacations and so on. At the same time, because there is a growing desire for “leisure time,” it has led to the increased requirement for comfort goods as well as services for example microwaves, prepared foods and direct marketing service companies for example Online banking and insurance.

Society creates rules in order to require acceptable behavior. There are 2 fundamental types of law: natural law as well as positive law. Natural law has been accepted all through history like a general body of principles of good conduct as well as justice common to all humans. This idea increased from man’s observation of the operation of the rules of nature as well as their consistency. Positive law, on the other hand, includes rules created by the leaders of a country or community. The spiritual part of community also motivates ethical development in order to assist guarantee acceptable behavior Consumer Temptations

This informative article involved the way a consumer’s attraction might, in most cases, be expensive. Attraction is generally the cause of most users buying decisions. Additionally, it explains as well as checks the theory that since users should expend willpower in order to oppose attraction, they might make positive attributions regarding themselves once they effectively oppose attraction. It examines the connection between the psychic costs of succumbing to, as well as the advantages of resisting, attraction when selecting from choice sets which contain both vice (e.g., having burgers, browsing the web) and virtue (e.g., having broccoli, reading this report) alternatives. This article explains how users can be viewed as discriminating once they value the variations between substitutes in a marketplace, particularly when inspecting these variations are expensive. The writer discusses how users will use quantity, quality, as well as price while making buying decisions. It shows that users become more price or cost conscious when they have more than one option since costs are easier to compare than to quality. The article has the point that users unsure concerning the significance of quality in a market interpret a remarkably dense variety (many alternatives in a given quality interval) like an indication that they are expected, as well as should themselves expect, in order to be more selective in their decisions of value. We seize this concept in a theory of inferred sensitivity to quality variations.

Social and Cultural Settings Influence Consumer Behavior
Cultural values affect every aspect of a person’s life. “The cultural value system includes cultural elements that people have in common with the group to which they belong, as well a Idiosyncratic values unique to that individual” (Nayeem, 2012, para 7). “To better understand Consumer behavior researchers need to define cultural differences. Culture is generally accepted By marketing researchers as one of the most important underlying determinants of consumer Behavior” (de Mooij, 2010).

Reasons Consumers Interpret Marketing Messages Differently
Marketing messages can be an effective way to communicate with consumers if they are conveyed correctly. When consumers see product like chocolate and they are compelled by the advertising. A consumer may want to buy chocolate even if it was not there intension. Most consumers view marketing message differently simply because they are not interest in the product. Most of the time marketers do not send positive feeling about the product they are marketing. If a consumers sees a milk advertising and there is no cow only a chicken he or she may not want that brand of milk because they do not feel comfortable with the way it is being advertised. This is why research should be done on consumer behavior so people will receive a clear and concise message. “One way for marketers to know if their message is being convey correctly by the feedback they receive from consumers” (Elmore, 2011). In conclusion consumer behave plays a major factor on their purchasing decisions. When big business want their products to generate sales they conduct different studies to aid in consumer needs. Consumer behavior is important when creating marketing communication messages. Understanding psychological and social processes help to develop the best marketing plan possible.

References
De Mooij, M. (2010). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Asia-Pacific, Singapore Elmore, N. (2011). Understanding Your Target Market – Targeting Different Social Classes – Value Segmentation. Enzine Articles, 3(9), 20. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-Your-Target-Market—Targeting-Different-Social-Classes—Value-Segmentation Shu-Ling, L. (2011) The effects of sales promotions strategy, Products appeal and consumer traits on reminder impulse buying behavior. International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol 35, (5). Pp. 601 Nayeem, T. (2012). Cultural influences on consumer behavior. International Journal of Business and Management, 7(21), 78-91. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1353608736?accountid=458

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Consumer behaviour in recession

The recent recession began in December 2007 and produce from the Aqua’s advance racket, mortgages were being proposed to people who simply could not afford to include one. As a result the property market collapsed and the economic down turn rapidly spread to the rest of the world’s financial system, therefore there is now a worldwide recession. With the banking world in turmoil there have been effects for other industries. For example, the car industry is one of the most terrible hit industries because banks are now being particularly alert about lending capital.

This means that whilst a customer may wish a new car they are unable to fulfill those deeds because there is no way of them generating the resources which would allow them to make the purchase. This can be demonstrated by the fact Toyota has suffered a loss of $4. 4 billion. It is Toast’s first loss in 59 years which added highlights how bad the recent recession is. Furthermore, the fall down of the property market has not Just changed the behavior of consumers in this industry although, it has also had knock on affects.

For example, because less people are being contributed mortgages, due to the fact a 20-30% deposit is needed, there is usually less demand for new houses to be built because they basically would not be bought in the current climate. The sale of fewer houses then affects furnishing stores as there are hardly any consumers who need new furniture. Therefore, it is important to realize that consumer behavior is related between industries. Impact of recession on consumer Consumer behavior will also change during a recession depending on demographics which include age, gender and occupation.

Research conducted by Price Water House Coopers put forwards the most influenced age group is the 60-65+ ear olds who are retired or come up to retirement, followed by 18-24 year olds, then 45-60 year olds and ultimately 25-44 year olds be likely to be the least affected by the downturn. The worst affected are the 60-65+ year olds because the I-J government implements an economic policy. This means the government regulates the money supply and interest rates to direct the economy.

As Pap’s rely on their savings to supplement their pension it means in the current incidents they are earning significantly less money than they were in prior years because interest rates are errantly at 0. 5% contrasted with 4. 5% in 2005. This clearly has huge affects on their buying behavior because they are forced to create cuts which they may not want to make but have to go through requirement due to major reduced disposable profits. With idleness soaring during a recession this affects consumer behavior as individuals become more alert about their spending due to the fear of unemployment or unemployment.

During the current recession it is the 18-24 year olds who are bearing the most with unemployment. However, with unemployment rates presently at 7. % the increase in cautiousness, and the alarm of unemployment is not isolated to purely this age group as individuals who have seen friends, family or colleagues lose their Jobs share the same sentiments and fears that they could be next. This has a huge impact on consumer confidence and therefore consumers will look to reign in their spending.

Consumers adjust their frame of mind to being more adjusted towards saving money rather than spending money because of the uncertainty which surrounds their future. This involves the consumer’s behavior towards products. Luxury products such as top of the range food, cars, clothes and perfumes etc are similarly to see sales drop spectacularly as consumers look for methods of decreasing their spending whilst maximizing how far their budget goes. For example, an average family may choose to the drop brand level of food for their weekly shop.

So rather than buying the Deco’s finest variety they would buy the Tests Value range. Research proposes that on average you can save 33% for each product for a one level drop. For a family hit by the recession this would be a major avian and this emphasizes how when times are hard value is the most vital factor for the consumer and their behavior will return this. During a recession many consumers are forced to down grade their preferences in order to make living monetary viable. By staring at the performance of Domino’s pizza it is evident to spot that consumers are changing their activities.

Domino’s pizza recorded a 20% rise in returns for the first half of 2009. This is an outcome of cash strapped families opting to stay in and order takeaways as a form of a treat rather than eating out at saturates and pubs. This means the restaurants and pubs are experiencing the brunt of the change in the recession as equal to 75% of British family say they will avoid equally eating and drinking out of the house. This does not however mean that households are cutting alcohol out of their life. Instead British households are choosing to drink at home with the average spend per household thought to be 35 per week.

So the consumers behavior is changing in the form of where they purchase their products rather than what they are purchasing in this case. Conclusion On the whole, it is enormously vital to recognize that consumer behavior is affected by the recession. However it must be noted that the changes in consumer behavior are very much charge on the industry and products concerned. This is underlined by the aforementioned points, so for example the car industry, construction and property market were the most unhelpfully affected even as industries which allow diversion benefit from the recession I. E. The entertainment sector and the cinema.

Finally, consumer behavior will evermore face affected. It will be affected pending what stage tot the elite cycle the country is at, therefore the only way to reduce the adverse affects and take benefit of the positive affects is for businesses to be flexible. These way businesses have the best opportunity of helping consumers to get equilibrium in the homeostasis see-saw which is more and more difficult to achieve in a recession as consumers face more limitations. Referencing Essays. Co. UK [online]. (2003 – 2014). Available from: . [Accessed 30 march 2014]. Wisped [online]. (28 March 2014). Available from: . [Accessed 30 march 2014].

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Consumer Behavior Essay Example

Table of contents

This Assignment is in continuation with the assignment 1 regarding the social behaviours. In this assignment the social behavior related to tobacco smoking is selected and discussed. It is a type of behavior that is more common and is at peak today especially among teenagers. The framework applied for this behavior is the elaboration likelihood model. In the end recommendations to tackle the issue are outlined with the help of the 4Ps of product marketing. Here three strategies are recommended which focus on the product, placement and promotion.

The social issue selected for the assignment is tobacco smoking. It is a practice in which tobacco is burned and the vapours are inhaled or tasted. According to a survey in the year 2000 smoking is practiced by about 1. 22 billion people causing 1. 2 million deaths in the European region. Today it has become a common trend especially among the teenagers in their language it’s a fashion to smoke. Although about seventy percent of the smokers say that they want to quit smoking only ten to twenty percent are successful. (Bonas, S, 2005)

Another common reason to why people smoke because of addiction because everyone is aware of the after affects and the consequences of smoking but they still smoke as they are addicted to it. Smoking causes emphysema, cancer and heart diseases. All theses shorten life by 10 or more year. Smoking is one of those habits that are easy to start but difficult to break. It consists of nicotine which is highly addictive like nicotine and other drugs which make the body and mind becomes so used to it that the person needs it to feel normal. Different people smoke because of different reasons.

Some people start it because they think it is cool, or because their friends and family members do while teenagers smoke because it is fashion. Smoking is unhealthy for the body and the environment of not just the smoker but of other people also. Human body does not need tobacco and other chemicals whose high doses can kill a person. The affects of smoking are usually long term; people who are regular smoker may experience many problems such as more risk of illness, bad skin, greater risk of injury and slow healing, bad breath and reduced athletic performance.

(Hirsch, L, 2010) According to a survey in 2004 the total cigarette production was 5. 5 trillion units and in other words 868 cigarettes per man, woman and child on the planet. It is a fact that Smoking is a health risk for both the smoker himself and the second hand receiver of smoke. Tobacco is considered as the second major cause of death today. It is responsible for about five million deaths each year. It is assumed that by the year 2020 if the same smoking patterns will continue than it will cause ten million deaths.

Smoking greatly influences the atmosphere and the environment and causes air, water and land pollution so it is considered as a direct contributor to pollution. The chemicals present in the cigarettes are very harmful and are released and breathed out in the atmosphere which causes different diseases related to the lungs. The cigarette butts left out on the ground takes about twenty-five to twenty-six years to decompose which pollutes the land and plants ultimately. Similarly some of the cigarette butts are dumped into water which are eaten up by the fishes and other water animals and causes their death.

Today smoking is a major issue that is under concern because of its hazardous affects on the environment and the population. But at the same time it is noted that more and more people are getting involved in smoking and ultimately the number of smokers is increasing. To stop this increasing trend work is being done by the Governments of different countries, NGOs and different health and environmental organizations to create awareness and the sense of responsibility among the people that they should try to stop the smokers from smoking. Theory/ model / framework

The model chosen and selected to apply on the smoking issue is the elaboration likelihood model. This model was developed by R. E. petty and J. T Caccioppo in the 1980s. It is a model of persuasion that shows how attitudes are formed and changed. The model states two routes with the help of which persuasive messages are forwarded or conveyed. The two routes are: The Central Route: the messages being sent via this route should be complete and straight forward. It is very important that the messages have high receiver involvement this means that the receiver must have interest and relation with the subject under consideration.

In case of the smoking issue it is very important to convey the hazards because of smoking to the smokers in a way that not only them but others are also affected by smoking. Once a feeling or the attitude of the smoker is changed that is if they have understood that it really is hazardous than they’ll try not to smoke and change the habit. This route creates a permanent change in the attitude or feeling. For this route only the persuasion message is needed that is well defined, persuasive and interesting for the receiver that he understands it and get the meaning and the purpose of it.

Also that the receiver applies to it. The peripheral Route: this route is complete opposite to the central route this involves low receiver involvement and motivation. It basically involves the role of marketing, public relation and advertising. It focuses on everything other than the message itself. In case of the smoking issue this can be done with the help of advertisements including celebrities showing that they are healthy and fit because they do exercise and workouts. This will indirectly reflect the idea that smoking is injurious to health if the smokers will quit smoking they will also be fit and healthy. It is very important to influence the thinking automatically because there is no receiver involvement present in this route (Anonymous, n. d).

Recommendations

The issue of tobacco smoking is a major issue of the century which affects not only the person who smokes but also other people and the environment. It is also affecting other living beings (the animals, plants and sea animals) directly or indirectly. But now different organizations, NGOs and the government are raising voice against this issue. Different campaigns are being run and articles are being written to make people aware of the hazardous affects of tobacco smoking.

It has become very important for the smokers to understand that they must quit this habit and it will eventually kill them. For this purpose new products are developed by different companies which include the herbal and tobacco free cigarettes. In this regard strategies related to 4Ps are recommended the four Ps include the strategies related to product, price, placement and promotion these are also called the marketing mix strategies. Marketing mix is considered as a set of tools that are controllable and can be used to produce a response among the customers.

The marketing mix strategy for herbal or tobacco free cigarettes and quit smoking idea is discussed below:

  • Product: in order to make people stop taking tobacco cigarettes different companies are now coming up with the idea of having tobacco free or herbal cigarettes. These help the smokers a lot in quitting smoking. It makes the smoker feel that he is holding the tobacco cigarette and is inhaling that but the composition is different. It acts as an alternative to tobacco smoking. A company named honey rose is selling herbal cigarettes that helps the smokers to quit smoking. They provide a whole stop smoking plan with the herbal cigarettes. (Honey rose products Ltd, n. d)
  • Placement: it is very important to place the herbal cigarette at every store, pharmacy, or retailers store so that it is available to everyone who wants or needs help to quit smoking. This will help a lot in reducing the number of smokers in the world. It is important to place it worldwide because smoking is a common practice around the whole world and not just in any part of the world.
  • Promotion: the most important part in the social issue related to smoking can be played by the promotion. By putting in campaigns showing that smoking is not good for health and the environment. Also it could be promoted by showing famous celebrities (actors, athletes or politicians) telling that they don’t smoke and this is the reason for their health, fitness and success. One major promotion strategies that companies are using today is that they are sponsoring different events in the case of smoking events could be sponsored by the government, NGOs and the different public welfare organizations with the statements like “ Smoking is injurious for health” or “Save the environment by quitting smoking”.

Companies that are making the herbal cigarettes can also sponsor events. It is also be promoted by different TV shows, skits and dramas that smoking is not good it can kill you in the long run. People should be told that smoking can not only harm humans but also the animal, trees and the whole eco system as many tree are cut down to make the fuel for the tobacco’s procedure and they chemicals from the procedure effects the crops and the trees also.

These strategies will help in promoting the idea of quit smoking and changing the product (tobacco cigarettes) and move on to the other (herbal cigarettes) that is not harmful for health and will help in the process of quitting tobacco cigarettes. As a lot of people die because of tobacco this has become very important to make them aware of the hazardous effects of smoking and its side effects on not only them but others around them. These strategies will be a useful asset in doing so.

References

  1. Anonymous, n. d, the elaboration likelihood model. Available from <http://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:L2TL0o3IdjkJ:www. fisherhouse. com/courses/elaboration_likelihood. pdf+elaboration+likelihood+model&hl=en&gl=pk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGP790HoHEzeBYv3dJz_jS2JfEjTnCaIN7OO2ZDRSfKa017JDzlZ30s7dGUptIePI1cdZizX0L1MkltKHA05ElvRMQX1tNZs2_FWNksNm2GA5KS4pao9ziJpLpGcJOTUR1L_Ba&sig=AHIEtbRtxu3xqpHY5BqQ7bkLGSZ5zB8J1Q> [Accessed May, 15, 2010]
  2. Bonas, S, 2005, Smoking: psychological and social influences. net doctor. Available from < http://www. netdoctor. co. uk/smoking/psychologicalinfluences_000509. htm> [Accessed May, 15, 2010]
  3. Hirsch, L, 2010, Smoking. Teens health. Available from <http://kidshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/tobacco/smoking. html# > [Accessed May, 15, 2010]
  4. Honey rose products Ltd, n. d, tobacco free cigarettes, Available from < http://www. honeyrose. co. uk/index. html> [Accessed May 15, 2010]
  5. Kotler, P & Armstrong, G, 2004, Principles of Marketing. Tenth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Available from < http://university-essays. tripod. com/marketing_mix. html>[Accessed May 15, 2010]
  6. McCarthy, n. d. , the marketing mix. Available from<http://dis. shef. ac. uk/sheila/marketing/mix. htm>[Accessed April 16, 2010]
  7. McLaren, W, 2007, Smoking Environment and social Impacts. Tree Hugger. Available from < http://www. treehugger. com/files/2007/02/smoking_environ. php> [Accessed May, 15, 2010]
  8. Ygoy, 2009, how smoking affects the environment. Available from < http://smoking. ygoy. com/smoking-and-the-environment/

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