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Abstract

The case assessment guidebook is mainly about how to collect physical evidence in rape victims. There are mainly categories in examining rape victims the  first  category is ,adult clinical protocol where the victim needs to go for a medical check up. The second category is genital trauma where if there are bruises it is possible to prove rape. The third  category  is child clinical  where a child needs to report the matter within 72 hours because evidence is lost later than that. The fourth category is male victims is growing in an alarming rate and there is a special kit for male victims. The last one is evidence collection. Where all the evidence collected is analyzed to come up with evidence that is conclusive. The rationale in having all these categories is simply that they all assist in coming to the conclusion of whether the victim was raped or not. It is essential to have a rape kit as this is where all the evidence collected is always kept. The guidebook shows how physical evidence is collected and analyzed by the forensic laboratory.

 Table of contents

Abstract 2

Introduction. 4

Types of Rape. 4

Categories of evidence employed in the profile Construction. 5

Rationale for the inclusion and prioritization of each category. 7

Conclusion. 9

References. 10

Intoduction
The case assessment guidebook is where all the research data pertaining to sexual cases are recorded and reviewed. The main objective of the guidebook is to assess the findings, techniques utilized and to create a guidebook for the police. Data is mostly acquired from the police and the lawyers, the data is mostly about the physical evidence gathered by medical personnel (Gaensslen& Lee, 2002, p.1). Investigators were keen on finding out how the victim’s physical evidence is   gathered, and if the medical personnel approved of them. The investigators used a few locations in some parts of US to find out how the physical evidence is gathered (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.1).

The investigators got in touch with the police, forensic laboratory as that is where all physical evidence is researched and amplified .They developed questionnaires for the police and the lawyers. They were collecting data for the purpose of finding out how the police deal with rape cases and how they treat physical evidence. To find facts about the rape kit’s physical evidence, how they handled the physical evidence. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.1)What kind of techniques they use in testing victims and how they manage the cases. The investigation was never finished as they were too many variations in the selected areas. The objective was to find obvious rules to create concise techniques and implement them. The conclusions and recommendations was that the investigation varied in a lot of ways and it was not possible to arrive to a conclusion about that matter (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.1).

Types of Rape
Rape is an offense of physical and sexual violence. There are many kinds of rapes. The first type is sexual assault where the rapist is someone you usually know and trust it is also referred to as date rape.  Where, the rapist usually knows your vulnerable (Word press, 2007).  Submissive rape is where the victims do not fight back so that they do not get hurt. Drug facilitated rape is where by the drug is put in your drink when you have gone out to a neighbors party or out clubbing (Word process, 2007).This kind of rape is difficult to prove as the drugs side effect is loss of memory.  The victim does not remember much. (Word process, 2007). , Acquaintance rape is more like date rape victims are usually raped by some one they know. The rapists usually use force.

There are two types of child sexual abuse.  The first one is child abuse, where a child is neglected, beaten or psychologically tortured. The second type is dating and domestic violence, where the motivation is usually to show the victim that they are in control (Rainn, 2008).  Hate crimes usually happen due to the victim’s beliefs, color of skin, sexual preference, where you were born. Incest is sexual assault among relatives. Male sexual assault is usually never reported but it happens. The victims need care and understanding (Rainn, 2008). Partner rape is mostly between marriages or people cohabiting together. The victim does not usually comply with there partner’s sexual advances so they rape them. Sexual harassment is where by the victim is told in order for them to get a raise or promotion they have to sleep with there bosses. Sexual exploitation by helping professionals is where there is physical contact between for example a lawyer and a client. Others are stalking and stranger rape.

Categories of evidence employed in the profile Construction
Clinical examination is the proof that is required to profile construction of cases. The first category of clinical examination is the adult clinical /medical protocol. All the   sexual assaults are required to be reported in the emergency rooms. Where, examination is done to collect physical evidence with the victim’s permission. The physical evidence is then photographed .Accurate and concise history of the victim is needed and also the details of the rape. The past of someone can influence the medical process as well as the results of forensic tests. Drug –enhanced rape is difficult to prove as the side effect are loss of memory or loss of consciousness it’s popular among the youth as the drug is often used in social gathering like a party, or bars scenarios. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.1).The drugs normally used are flunitrazepam, gamma-hyroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine and benzodiazephines

 The possible detection of these drugs could be used as evidence in a court of law. Victims need to be tested for STDS. It is not easy to prove that the victim got the prior disease or pregnant in the course of being raped. As one could be carrying the virus of the STDS and does not know it. Those who tested negative but later were found to be pregnant at least had a case. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.1). Some findings purport that the failure of seminal fluid on vaginal swabs does not necessarily mean that rape did not occur.  Follow –ups are not considered to be of importance unless the victim’s results show she is infected with STD or pregnant .Follow-ups are not associated with physical evidence.

The second category of clinical examination is genital trauma or injury. There is information about genital trauma or injury. According to (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13) nuclear stain assists in documenting genital trauma. They had two groups one was the controlled group and the other one was the rape victims. They compared the two groups one group had consented to sex. The other group was rape victims who had been assaulted within 48 hours.  The rape victims had signs of trauma as the dye had stained the underlying layers of epithelia compared to the controlled group who had superficial vulvar vaginal skin layers (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13).

The third category of the clinical examination was the child /medical protocols. Children are mostly shy about sexual matters and may take longer periods to confide in someone. When they find that courage to finally talk to someone the physical evidence is mostly lost (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13).  For, evidence to be conclusive it has to be  collected  within 72 hours prior to the rape of the child (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13).The fourth category of the clinical examination  is Male victims,   these kind of sexual assault often happens in  jail.

The fifth category of the clinical examination is evidence collection. The gathering of physical evidence is significant area in the examination of rape. A rape kit is all physical evidence that is gathered from the victim after the sexual assault (Gaensslen & Lee, 2001, p.13). The rape kit includes genital trauma presentation but is not limited to it. A rape kit constitutes of blood sample, saliva sample, vaginal, oral and anal swabs, smears, pubic hair standards and pubic hair. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13). The rationale for collecting pulled pubic hair is that it is less traumatizing The rationale of collecting pubic hair assists in physical evidence  as in another investigation it was found out that males mostly transferred more pubic hair than women.(Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.15).

Rationale for the inclusion and prioritization of each category
The first category is the adult clinical medical protocol. The rationale of including it in the prioritization is that, Physical evidence taken from the victim is crucial and should be taken within 48 hours so that evidence is not lost. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13) The victim should consent to the collection of the physical evidence. Without the permission of the victim it is pointless to continue with collection of physical evidence.

The second category is genital trauma or injuries. Here the rationale of including it in the prioritization is, to establish if really there was a rape. There must be evidence such as genital trauma or injury (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13). The forensic laboratory deals with analyzing the physical evidence gathered. The color of the genital injuries may indicate how long they have been there.  The vaginal and anal  smears are analyzed to look for  motile sperms and if they exist. It indicates that there was recent sexual encounter. Sperms are motile for only a couple of hours after ejaculating. All the rape kit contents are analyzed in the laboratory. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.13).  The third category is child/medical protocol and the rationale of including it is that, the medical personnel definitely use different techniques in acquiring the needed physical evidence. The fact is child clinical examination and adult clinical examination are not the same as they would require different types of methods to collect the physical evidence (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.11). Hence conventional medical examinations do not apply here as it does to adults. (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.14).

The fourth category is male victims and it’s rationale for inclusion is that. It is a rare form of sexual assault but according to statistics the figures are astounding. They have special rape kits for male victims to make  accommodations  in collecting their physical evidence (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.15).  The fifth category is evidence collection, the justification of this inclusion is that this physical evidence is crucial in making of a case in a court of law. Rape kits are made in such a way that it assists the medical personnel in collecting the physical evidence and makes there work easier (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.18).There are two ways that of categorizing biological evidence. The first one is individualization this is done through DNA typing where examination is of biological evidence (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.18). The other one   is identification, this is mainly used for identifying semen or body fluids. Identification for semen and saliva is cut out for further investigations. These investigations show presence of semen.  (Gaensslen & Lee, 2002, p.18).

Conclusion
Circumstantial evidence is where by there is not enough physical evidence, to put away a rapist is more of hear say. Is when someone is actually holding a gun but the person could be innocent (Smith, 2009) Victims usually are afraid to report sexual assaults mainly they blame themselves and know think it is there fault. They  can not identify the rapist.(Frasier, 2006).In order for a rapist to be convicted there must be physical evidence that the jury will believe without a shadow of doubt (Rosenthal, 2005) according to (Chester, 2009) what does not kill you only makes you stronger. The case guide book is a very important key area in identifying how physical evidence is gathered and investigated by the forensic laboratory. It’s essential in that they could learn how to improve the technique s used in gathering the data. Victims who had assistance from their lawyers were more likely to have there statements recorded by the police (Campbell, 2006).

References
Campbell, R. (2006).Rape survivors’ experiences with the Legal and medical

Systems Violence Against women, 12(1), p30-45,16p.

Chester, M. (2009). Abyys 2 hope: A rape survivor’s zigzag into the open. Retrieved

            On July 2009.Available at

http://abyss2hope.blogspot.com/

Frasier, R.  (2006). Rape myth acceptance and deterrents to rape reporting among

women. Dissertation Abstracts International: The Sciences and Engineering, Vol66 (8-B), pp.4481.

Gaensslen, R. E., & Lee, H.C., (2002). Sexual assault evidence: National

assessment & guide book. Retrieved on 26th July. Available at

 www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/191837.pdf

Rainn. (2008). Types of sexual Assault: Rainn Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network.

Retrieved on 24th July 2009. Available at

 http://www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault

Rosenthal, R. (2005).  Jurors in Rape Cases: Putting the Complainant on Trial. Retrieved

on 25th July. Available at

http://www.e-psychologist.org/index.iml?mdl=exam/show_article.mdl&Material_ID=72

Smith S. E. (2009).What is circumstantial evidence? Retrieved on July 25th 2009.

            Available at

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-circumstantial-evidence.htm

Word Press. (2008). Dealing with rape. Retrieved on 25th July 2008. Available at

http://www.dealingwithrape.com/?page_id=15

Title of the Research The title of this research is “Obedience of soldiers to authority depicted in Saving Private Ryan novel by Max Allan Collins” 1. 2 Field and Object of the study The field of study in this research is literature while the object of this research is novel entitled Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins. This research focuses on how chosen soldiers who got order to save Ryan respond and obey the superior authority.

Also, this research will apply sociological psychology of obedience criticism theory and use psychological approach. 1. Background of the study Obedience in the community can not be separated from the culture. Obedience to rules formed by human could still be considered by moral parameters of each individual, as well as obedience to the rules and values of religion in public life, moral constraints and considerations make us able to make obedience become unstable, it is different with its laws which firm, obedience to the rule of law can not be contested by any.

In military, obedience to the authority of superior is the highest oath for subordinate soldier. According to lieutenant colonel Kenneth H. Winker in his paper on Air University, all American military personnel have made a promise to obey in the form of the enlistment oath or the commissioning oath. (Winker, 1981). Every order, without exception, still in the environment of military and governmental, must be obeyed without asking, hesitating, or do refusing.

One will be punished or at least not rewarded if he does not obey. While this may be true and may sometimes provide sufficient reason (on teleological grounds) for complying with orders or regulations, nonetheless, it provides grounds only for compliance (not obedience) and only in those instances where the disobedience will be noted. We are more interested in an obedience based on the authority of the superior than in a compliance due to the superior’s ability to give rewards and punishments.

We are interested in a moral obligation to obey even when no rewards or punishments are involved and when disobedience will not even be noted. (CB. Brian M. Barry, Political Argument. 1965: 84) One thing for sure, obedience to the authority of superior would be rewarded although in the military, the difference of performance would not always be rewarded, and, the refusing to the authority of superior will got rank dropped even loss the trust, for breaking the oath, therefore, obedience is perfect, could not be undermined by mere refusal.

As the researcher takes obedience in military, the object for this research is a novel entitled Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert Rotate, also filmed in Hollywood by well- known director, Steven Spielberg who make many succeed movies, such as Jurassic about eight soldier being a squad who got order from the supreme head, president Abraham Lincoln to save a mere soldier named James Ryan. This order comes up when three other brothers of Ryan killed in battlefield as his family Just has them as children for their parent’s; actually his family is only Ryan and his mother.

He must be returned to his family whatever way, even it could sacrifices other soldiers. Psychology for the chosen savior soldiers is analyzed, how they respond to this authority. 1. 4 Research Question Based from the background of the research, the research questions that will lead the research are: 1 . How do the chosen soldiers respond a simple order for saving the fourth James Ryan in Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins? 2. What are the effects of obeying the authority for saving Ryan in Saving Private Ryan by Max Allan Collins? 1. Research Purpose The purposes of this research is to answer the research question and to give conclusion about the research based on the title of the research, further explanation for the purpose of the research would lead reader to understand the problem case of the research, they are: 1. To find out the psychological respond of the chosen soldier to the authority for saving Ryan in Saving Private Ryan. 2. To find out how the effects of the obedience of soldiers to superior authority in the story. 1. Research Limitation The research limitation make the researcher focus on the purpose of the research.

Limitation contains characteristics of methodology that influenced the application of the results that support the establishment of internal and external validity of the data. In this research, researcher will focus on social psychology, and most of them would described in agency and obedience theory by Stanley Amalgam while other would described about psychology in common, psychology of soldier in military this research, the researcher will analyze Saving Private Ryan novel by Max Allan Collins focus on the obedience of the soldiers in the story.

In this section will be explained about the theory used and also other data that support the research. 2. 1 Psychology in General Psychology directed toward the will or toward the mind specifically in its conceive function (Merriam Webster Dictionary), Conation itself refers to the intentional and personal motivation of behavior (e. G. , the proactive direction, energize, and persistence of behavior. (Hut, 1999). Psychology comes from Greek words, psyche which meaner the soul’ and logos meaner the study of a subject’, so that the psychology is the study of human behavior (Aimed, 2009: 72).

Psychology has traditionally identified and studied three components of mind: cognition, affect, and conation (Hut, 1996; Talon, 1997). Cognition refers to the process of coming to know information. It is generally associated with the question of “what” (e. G. , what happened, what is going on now, what is the meaning of that information. ) Affect refers to the emotional interpretation of perceptions, information, or knowledge. It is generally associated with one’s attachment (positive or negative) to people, objects, ideas, etc. D asks the question “How do I feel about this knowledge or information? ” Conation refers to the connection of knowledge and affect to behavior and is associated with the issue of “why. ” It is the personal, intentional, playful, deliberate, goal-oriented, or striving component of motivation, the proactive (as opposed to reactive or habitual) aspect of behavior (Bandmaster, Barbarously, Maureen ; Dice, 1998; Moons, 1986). It is closely associated with the concept of volition, defined as the use of will, or the freedom to make choices about what to do (Kane, 1985; Michel, 1996).

It is absolutely critical if an individual is to successfully engage in self-direction and self-regulation. 2. 2 Psychology in Literature Psychology and literature can be considered as bounded aspect, which, literature as mother study, contains many theories and analysis such as social, moral, philosophy, critics, and the most important thing, literature always use human as the main subject for all the conflict as the reflection of other problems and theories used in analysis of literature. Human itself has psychological system that can be explained and analyzed towards the conflicts and problems in the literature.

Mcneil and Rubin stated about psychology understanding, “Human behavior is nothing less than the substance of our lives – our actions, our thoughts, our attitudes, our moods, even our hopes and dreams… The as a science and profession is two fold ; first, to provide better answers to psychological questions than the “everyday psychologist” faces; and second to help people make use of these answers in shaping their own lives” (Mcneil and Rubin, The Psychology of Being Human. 994: 4) Literary works mostly reflect the behavior of human, in other words the forms of human can be seen through literary works. Psychology can be studied beyond the actions, thoughts attitudes, moods, hopes and dreams of human, and all of that can be found in literary works, considering that complex story work like novel narrates and describes characters behavior in a specific way. The psychology studies divide into four; they are General Psychology, Child Psychology, Social-psychology and Organizational Psychology.

As the object of this research is a novel about war, focusing in obedience of soldier to authority in military, the social psychology theory is used. Furthermore, this lead to description of psychology of soldier in military in neural and the obedience theory by Stanley Amalgam, then, the analysis in order to get the purpose of this research will mix those data. 2. 3 Psychology of Soldier Psychology or psychic or mental is the most important basic aspect in order to Join military, rather than physic and strength.

Psychology can lead a soldier change the behavior in war, as their Job is to protect or attack a country (sees). Actually, the most appearing mental stressed and disorder is come from the military. The violence in war is variable, murder, assassination, decimation, daughter, homicide, and other killing manners and terms’ is become their daily diet. Outside killing, rape, persecution, etc, then it slowly affect to the psychological disorder.

In Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PETS) case, Michele K analyzed the physical violence in signs and the * Assault Sexual or physical abuse Childhood neglect Car or plane crashes Terrorist attacks Sudden death of a loved one Rape Kidnapping Common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PETS) Anger and irritability Guilt, shame, or self-blame Substance abuse Suicidal thoughts and feelings Feeling alienated and alone Feelings of mistrust and betrayal Depression and hopelessness

Physical aches and pains Basically, in military there are 2 divisions in general for military psychologist develop and work in the soldier psychology, they are Operational Psychology division and Health, Organization, and Occupation Psychology division. Operational psychology is the use of psychological principles and skills to improve a military commander’s decision making as it pertains to conducting combat and/or related operations. (Stall ; Stephenson, 2006: 18(4)).

Military psychologists perform work in a variety of areas, to include operating mental health and family counseling clinics, performing search to help select recruits for the armed forces, determining which recruits will be best suited for various military occupational specialties, and performing analysis on humanitarian and peacekeeping missions to determine procedures that could save military and civilian lives. Some military psychologists also work to improve the lives of service personnel and their families.

Other military psychologists work with large social policy programs within the military that are designed to increase diversity and equal opportunity. (Division 19 Society for Military Psychology, 2009) In military, there is Military Human Resource Development. In USA, based on the report of SADIE F. IDENTIFIED, staff manager on American Psychological Association (PAP), from congressional briefing at military,there are 3 subfields: Human factor, training, recruitment, and retention.

Human Factors. Retired Cool. Gerald P. Krueger, PhD, presented results of ongoing studies of the performance-degrading effects of clothing designed to protect soldiers from chemical and biological weapons. In a study published in Military Medicine (Volvo. 166, No. 2), and Military Psychology (Volvo. 9, No. ), Krueger reported that two types of common military gear–M-40 gas masks, which are air-filtration headgear currently being used by the U. S. Litany in Iraq, and the Battledress Overpayment, a protective layer of clothes worn over a standard military uniform–impair many routine activities such as walking, smelling and breathing, though they effectively protect the wearer from chemical and biological interactions, psychological research on training is also crucial to the military, reported Cool. Robert Roland, Used, of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University in Washington, D. C. He said DoC)-funded psychological research has helped military commanders develop Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training.

Recruitment. Other promising research in the SERE area is designed to help military commanders and trainers identify factors that improve service members’ ability to respond to high-stress combat and captivity situations. Stress-hardy individuals, said Roland, exhibit measurable differences from their peers on variables such as heart-rate, self perception and cognitive processes. Retention. Besides recruiting, another important aspect of military human resource management is retaining enlistees. Howard M.

Weiss, PhD, head of the department of psychological sciences and co-director of the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University, summarized some of the institute’s findings on ways in which the military can encourage re-enlistment. Commitment to the military, says Weiss, is central to predicting re-enlistment, and for married soldiers, spousal commitment is also important. In light of this finding, Weiss and his colleagues are developing measurements of military member and spousal commitment and examining the effects of quality of life on military commitment and retention.

Ultimately, reported Weiss, this research will aid the military in increasing the retention rates of trained soldiers. 2. 4 Psychology of Obedience (Amalgam’s Theory of Obedience to Authority) 2. 4. 1 Obedience in general Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of “social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. (Coalman, 2009). Obedience is a kind of the consistency of a human to follow the rule or the authority that is given from the public agreement or the superior.

Obedience usually based on two moral effects, when someone take vow to obey superior authority or rules, he/she must do it thou any hesitate, question, and refuses, penthouses it contrary to his/her belief in the truth to the authority itself. Those effects are sin and virtue; sin appeared when the order from superior is aimed to bad things, like killing people for money. Whereas, virtue appeared when the order from superior is aimed for the shake of public protection, killing people to avoid many other people being killed like terrorism. . 4. 2 Stanley Amalgam and His Theory of Obedience to Authority The psychology of obedience actually has been analyzed by New Yorker social psychologist Stanley Amalgam. He was born in 1933. He graduated from James Monroe High School in 1950, along with fellow classmate and future social psychologist, Phil Zanzibar. Amalgam published Obedience to Authority in 1974 and was awarded the annual social psychology award by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) for his life’s work but mostly for his work with obedience.

Luckily, Amalgam also focuses on the obedience to authority in environment of military; he seeks all the problems of psychological within obedience and how the soldier responds the order and what the effect which would arose if they obey the authority. According to Amalgam, every human has the dual capacity to function as an individual exercising his or her own moral Judgment and the capacity to make their own moral decisions based on their personal character. What is still a mystery is this, what own moral Judgment?

It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we value so highly in the individual are the very properties that create destructive organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. (Obedience to Authority, 1974, p. 188). In war, mostly,the authority given reportedly to attack, defense, saving, medic, report, assassin, and other basic orders that in morality case, those authority refers to virtue that if the soldiers obey, it would have positive results.

However, in other cases, the authority which leads to sin also appeared in the war, Such as My Alai incident in Vietnam, where 350 unarmed civilization killed by American soldiers because of their superior authority. 2. 4. 3 Obedience to Authority Experiments Image Information: E: Experimenter T: Teacher L: Learner The participants in the Amalgam experiment were 40 men recruited using newspaper ads. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4. 50. Amalgam developed an intimidating shock generator, with shock levels starting at 30 volts and increasing in 1 5-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts.

The many switches were labeled with terms including “slight shock,” “moderate shock” and “danger: severe shock. ” The final two switches were labeled simply with an ominous “XX. ” Each participant took the role of a “teacher” who would then deliver a shock to the “student” every time an incorrect answer was produced. While the participant leveled that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the student was actually a confederate in the experiment who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the learner plead to be released or even complain about a heart condition.

Once the 300-volt level had been reached, the learner banged on the wall and demented to be released. Beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a further shock. Most participants asked the experimenter whether they should continue. The experimenter issued a series of commands to prod the participant along: 1. “Please continue. ” 2. “The experiment requires that you continue. ” 3. “It is absolutely essential that you continue. ” 4. You have no other choice, you must go on. ” Results of the Amalgam Experiment The level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver was used as the measure of obedience. How far do you think that most participants were willing to go? When Amalgam posed this question to a group of Yale University students, it was predicted hat no more than 3 out of 100 participants would deliver the maximum shock. In reality, 65% of the participants in Amalgam’s study delivered the maximum shocks. Of the 40 participants in the study, 26 delivered the maximum shocks while 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels.

It is important to note that many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught and angry at the experimenter. Yet they amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, all subjects were debriefed at the end of the experiment to explain the procedures and the use of deception. However, many critics of the study have argued that many of the artisans were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Amalgam later surveyed the participants and found that 84% were glad to have participated, while only 1% regretted their involvement. 2. 4. Factors That Increase Obedience According to Amalgam, there are some circumstances that make obedience level is high, thus, the highest circumstances are: * Commands were given by an authority figure rather than another volunteer * The experiments were done at a prestigious institution * The authority figure was present in the room with the subject * The learner was n another room * The subject did not see other subjects disobeying commands In everyday situations, people obey orders because they want to get rewards, because they want to avoid the negative consequences of disobeying, and because they believe an authority is legitimate.

In more extreme situations, people obey even when they are required to violate their own values or commit crimes. Researchers think several factors cause people to carry obedience to extremes: * People Justify their behavior by assigning responsibility to the authority rather than themselves. * People define he behavior that’s expected of them as routine. * People don’t want to be rude or offend the authority. People obey easy commands first and then feel compelled to obey more and more difficult commands. This process is called entrapment, and it illustrates the foot-in-the-door phenomenon 2. 4. 5 Moral Obligation Vs. Authority In military, one can see the perspective of authority that there is no moral obligation to obey authority merely because there is oath that make soldier, in this case, the subordinate must obey authority because it is authority. According to U.

S Military, hen one enlists the United States Military, active duty or reserve, they must take (pronounce and apply) the following oath: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Military members who fail to obey the lawful orders of their superiors risk serious consequences. Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) makes it a crime for a military member to WILLFULLY disobey a superior commissioned officer. Article 91 makes it a crime to WILLFULLY disobey a superior Noncommissioned or Warrant Officer. Article 92 makes it a crime to disobey any lawful order (the disobedience does not have to be “willful” under this article). (Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM)).

In fact, under Article 90, during times of war, a military member who willfully disobeys a superior commissioned officer can be sentenced to death. But authority is not extraneous to obedience. Obedience is not merely doing what another decides but rather doing it because it is the decision of an authority. I do not obey, unless we use “obey” in a very broad sense. Complying is a matter of doing what another wants us to do?for whatever reason we decide to comply. Obedience, on the other hand, is a specific variety of compliance. It is a compliance based on authority.

In other words, an authority is a necessary condition for obedience. When we obey, we do so because someone’s decision is authoritative. But this does not mean that when we obey we do so Just because someone’s decision is authoritative. For example, suppose that (1) a legitimate authority decides that a subordinate is to do something, x. Further suppose that (2) the subordinate has determined that doing x is valuable whenever the authority says to do x. Now suppose that (3) the subordinate does x because of (1) and (2). It would seem that the subordinate is obeying.

He is doing x whenever the authority says to. In other words, he is doing x because x has been authoritatively decided but not Just because it has been authoritatively decided. He is doing x because of (1) but not Just because of (1). He is doing it because of (1) and (2). It is important to reject this Just because terminology, for rejecting the terminology allows us an obedience that is more than the blind response of a robot. If obedience were based only on authority, then it would not matter whether the authority is a Hitler in Nazi Germany, a Mafia chief, or a Boy Scout patrol leader.

Any other consideration besides the existence of the authoritative order would then be extraneous. And since authority by itself cannot morally Justify obedience, any obedience based only on authority would not be morally Justified. Hence, it is not enough to say to the subordinate, “You should obey e because I’m the authority. ” The intelligent subordinate will recognize that Hitless and Boy Scout patrol leaders are authorities also. When trying to Justify obedience, we must appeal to more than the fact of authority. Obedience should not be “Just because” of authority.

Otherwise the obligation to obey is equally strong for Hitless, chiefs of staff, and Boy Scout patrol leaders. 2. 4. 6 Summary of The Story SUMMARY Chapter 1: A Family Visit An American grandfather with his wife, his children and grandchildren visits a big cemetery in France. The grandfather prays, the grandson wonders why. Chapter 2: On the Landing Beach American soldiers wait on boats to land on the beach in Normandy in June 1944. Some of the boats are blown to pieces at once, and those who survive see incredibly gruesome scenes. Landing on the beach, many are killed.

Captain Miller saves a young private, Delaney. Chapter 3: Landing Miller and Delaney get to the beach, then Delaney is killed, along with hundreds of others. Miller uses Delaney body as a shield to protect himself. Some soldiers arrive at the sea wall, where it is harder for the enemy to shoot them, and they realize they are two kilometers from where they are supposed to be. Chapter 4: On the Beach Using explosives, a number of soldiers force their way off the beach. Some of Miller’s soldiers have survived. The doctor, Wade, takes risks to help a friend.

A little further on, they attack a German machine gun position, and capture it. They are now safe for the moment. Chapter 5: A Problem In Washington, secretaries are typing letters to families of dead soldiers. The colonel responsible realizes that three brothers, from the Ryan family in Iowa, have all been killed very recently. The fourth Ryan brother is in France. The colonel is worried about the effect on public relations. Enervation earlier decides they must save the fourth brother, even if it meaner other soldiers taking enormous risks.

Chapter 6: The Mission Captain Miller and his group are still in France. Miller is given the urgent Job of finding the fourth Ryan brother, and has a squad of eight soldiers to help him. They will have to pass through enemy lines. Chapter 7: On the Road The soldiers are more than a little skeptical about their mission. They wonder why they should risk all their lives to rescue one unimportant soldier who may in any case already be dead. Driving down a very dangerous road, heir Jeep is destroyed by a bomb and they have to continue on foot.

Chapter 8: Nouvelle-AU-plain The eight soldiers meet American soldiers in Nouvelle who were hoping for much bigger reinforcements and are disappointed to see such a small squad, on a mission which seems difficult to Justify. The squad begin looking for Ryan. French civilians ask them to take their children to safety, but this is against orders. One of the soldiers, Capron, is killed while playing with the children. Chapter 9: Private Ryan The Americans kill five Germans in a building. The squad find Private Ryan and tell him that all his brothers are dead.

But it is the wrong Private Ryan! This Private Ryan only has brothers who are much too young to be in the army. They then try to find out where the company of the other James Ryan is stationed. Chapter 10: New Hope They walk on in the night, discussing their mission with some cynicism. They meet up with more Americans, but they can’t find Ryan. They sort through large numbers of identity tags belonging to dead soldiers, but there is none with the name of Private Ryan on. They finally find someone who knows where his company is – twenty-five kilometers away.

Chapter 1 1: Germans The squad comes across a German aching gun post and after an argument decides to take it before continuing. Some of the soldiers consider this to be an unnecessary risk, but Miller thinks that not to take the gun position would put other soldiers in great danger. The squad’s medic, Wade, is hit by five bullets. Chapter 12: The Prisoner Wade the medic takes drugs to kill himself, because he is dying. One of the German soldiers surrenders. Some of the squad want to kill him. They make him bury the dead American soldiers.

Captain Miller allows the prisoner to go free. One of the soldiers, Robber, is so angry about this he wants to mutiny and leave the group. Serge threatens to shoot him, but Miller calms everyone down. Chapter 13: Ramble Hiding from German tanks, disorders arrive in Ramble. Just before they arrive, thrives are saved by Private Ryan! Miller delivers his message to Ryan and says they are taking him home. Remunerates to come, since the bridge his group is defending stop important, and because he does not want to abandon his fellow soldiers, who are already short of personnel.

Chapter 14: The Bridge The squad decides to help hold the bridge. They draw up a new plan, position the machine guns, and make some specially improvised “sticky bombs” to attack the tanks with. The German tanks attack, and the soldiers fight bravely and effectively. The German prisoner they had previously released is again fighting and is killed. Captain Miller dies, his last words to Ryan being “earn this. ” Chapter 1 5: Memories Many years later James Ryan visits Captain Miller’s grave with his wife, and asks him if he has indeed earned what Miller and his friends did for him.

Ryan asks his wife, to whom he has told little of his terrible war experiences, to reassure him that he has lived a good life. RESEARCH METHOD 3. 1 Method of the Research This research uses a qualitative method to analyze the object in the research. A qualitative method observes or records the people,setting or institution in natural setting that concepts, hypotheses and theories in describing the process, meaning and understanding the object in the form of words or pictures are built in this research (Merriam in Crewel, 1994: 145) 3. The Data resources Data is the information about every related thing to the purpose of the research (Druid, 2007: 83). The data used in this research are divided into two parts as follow: a. The Primary Source The primary source of this research is novel by Max Allan Collins based on screenplay by Robert Rotate entitled Saving Private Ryan published in 1998 level 6 of penguin readers. B. Secondary Data Secondary data are all supporting data and other references also relevant information about the object which included books, Journals, dictionary, articles and internet based files. . 3 Technique of Data Collection To obtain the necessary data, the writer read the whole of the novel carefully and repeatedly. Then, the writer could understand and get a deep comprehension. The next method is folding the important pages which consist of the problem that will be analyzed in study. Then, underlining and making a note for the main data that related to the problem which will be analyzed by using some theories, concepts and approach. These Techniques are used to help easier in analyzing later.

The main data are taken from the comprehension of narrative, dialogues, and conflicts of the characters which is stated in novel Saving Private Ryan. 3. 4 Technique of Data Analysis The technique to analyze the gathered data is divided into four steps. The steps are listed as follow: a. Data Collection In this research, the researcher collects the data which is related to the object of the search from the dialogues and narratives of the short story.

The gathered data considered from both Primary and Secondary data and at least as much as possible data for the research. B. Data Reduction Data reduction step is summarizing, choosing and focusing on important things from the data. Any gathered data that seems not suitable for the further research will be reduced. The purpose of data reduction is to find out as much as possible related data from the previous step. C. Data Interpretation Data interpretation is to interpr

Since the modern information age arrived, businesses, educational institutions and governments have increasingly used the internet to disseminate information to their targeted groups. In the process, e-books have been increasingly adopted as an important medium for delivering educational information. The widespread adoption of e-books has however raised a number of issues, ranging from copyright issues to issues of acceptance.

In this essay, the author aims to discuss the various issues that have risen as a result of adoption of e-books. First of all, e-books threaten the traditional book publishing industry (Carey, 2006). E-books are particularly cheap to reproduce and distribute since they do not involve any paper printing, cover printing, warehousing and shipment. All a user has to do is point at a URL and click on the title he or she wants, and the e-book can be downloaded either for free or for a comparatively small fee.

Publishing companies like Macmillan and Wiley have had a long standing dispute with major e-book distributor Amazon over this issue since the sales of traditional hardcover books have plummeted after the introduction of e-books (Carey, 2006). Secondly, there has been an issue of copyright infringement (Kelly, 2006). The World Wide Web has many websites that have been built primarily for file sharing. An e-book can be purchased only once and subsequently posted in many sites where users from all over the world can download it free.

The author or the publisher of the book therefore does not profit from the efforts put in towards delivering the work (Kelly, 2006). This trend has even been reported with books which have not been released in e-book format: a buyer will digitize it maybe by scanning the pages and then publish it to the internet where everyone can have free access to the full content. No matter how law enforcers try, this has been one tendency which is virtually impossible to stop.

Copyright issues aside, the proliferation of e-books has raised issues surrounding the unavailability of efficient devices for reading or extracting the content (Rothman, 2006). Most readers access the content in e-books by using a laptop or a desktop computer, but there have been numerous complains that too much exposure to the radiation from computer monitors causes eye and brain fatigue. The smaller devices available like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and mobile telephones are too small and a user cannot read the content comfortably from such.

In addition to this, all devices used in reading e-books are technology-based, and users have to be conversant with these technologies so as to be able to exploit the benefits of the e-book revolution. Finally, there have been acceptance issues in the adoption of e-books in the contemporary reading culture (Nelson, 2008). Generations of readers have grown up reading paper books (printed books) and have gotten so used to this that making the transition to e-books is not a very comfortable venture.

Many students have continued to prefer printed paper and only use e-books for referencing purposes. The reading society is not as biased towards modern technologies as everyone would like to assume. According to statistics, many college students and faculties have continued to exhibit preference for paper books (p-books) over e-books for research, textbooks and for leisure reading (Nelson, 2008). All in all, technology is continually becoming popular, and despite the issues related to widespread adoption of e-books, digital libraries are becoming a force to reckon with in the literary scene.

E-books could be referred to as digital media that are similar to print outs. They could also be referred to as books that are in electronic format or version but similar to conventional printed books. As every aspect of life seems to be undergoing a kind of revolution, printing industries are not left behind as they are also moving from analog to digital times by offering books online or in other electronic formats. This essay is going to look and discuss in depth about issues that surround its widespread adoption.

In the beginning there were very few books that were available in electronic format as people were reluctant to adopt them. In most cases it is only books that were familiar and in the public domain were published as e-books but of late even new books are available in fact, this mode has given new authors a platform to market their work. E-books requires one to have an electronic device such as a phone or a computer to be able to read them and specific software such as Dedicated e-book reader and Adobe PDF for one to be able to read them. (Viney, 2005).

Just like it is the case with other thing, that is having merits and demerits, the same applies to e-books and these factors in one way or the other affects their widespread adoption according to Bergeron and Blander (91). There are those factors that favor its adoption and these are things like; you can carry around a lot of information on a very simple device such as compact discs and phones. It is much easier to search for information in e-books than in other ordinary printouts as you can go to a specific page automatically without having to turn pages one after the other.

Many publishers opt to publish their books in electronic form because of various reasons such as; it is cheaper to publish e-book than to print ordinary books which requires a lot of color and labor. Another thing that leads to its adoption world wide is the fact that unlike ordinary printouts, the case is different when it comes to e-books as you can adjust the font size and backlight to suit your needs. On the other hand, there are those factors that undermine its world wide adoption and these are things like; e-book might require internet connection, requires electronic devices such as phones and computers.

Again you have to buy some recommended software such as Adobe PDF reader which costs more than the book itself something that hampers its widespread adoption. Electronic devices are prone to malfunctioning and thus can become faulty anytime when you least expect it and thus it is not reliable. Again this book requires electronic devices that use electrical power thus adding the cost of having it plus it becomes a limitation to areas where there is no electricity. In other circumstances, author’s effort and time spent becomes a waste when their work is hacked by pirates and sold cheaply to readers.

There are also reasons such as environmental diversity of end users for example e-books requires particular properties for machines for one to read them like specific resolution of the screen, screen size and other things (Viney, 2005). Again this book requires different software for one to access it on another machine making it very costly when you factor in the cost of the software plus the book itself something that impedes on its widespread adoption (Bergeron and Blander, 2002).

Indeed departure from analog books to digital e-books is the height of civilization but as it is the case with new products to have no easy flow in the market, e-book has been no exceptional as there are a number of hindrances that hamper its widespread adoption such as the need for specific reading software that are very costly and electronic devices that consume a lot electricity. Despite this, e-book has its advantages such as; it is easily accessible, portable and less costly when it comes to publishing.

The book of Luke is considered to be a gospel in the New Testament. The main people discussed in the book are Mary, Jesus and Joseph. This book describes the birth of Jesus which is the main theme. The audience of this book would have appealed to all intelligent gentiles and to any believer. The gospel of Luke does not disclose who the author is of these documents. The historical content leads us to believe this gospel was written a few years before 62 AD. This book narrates the story of events from Jesus birth to his ascension.

This was written to provide a historical account of events which the write divided into three stages, John the Baptist, Jesus the earthly ministry and third the life of the church after Jesus’ resurrection. All while stating that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. The book of Revelation The book of Revelation is considered to be an apocalyptic genre. This book is the final book of the New Testament. The main character if Jesus himself, which this book explains his journey through the years.

Many of Jesus’ challenges were discussed in this book during his struggle to reclaim his world, as the message was the end of days is near. The author of this book was credited to John the apostle, he states they were directed to the seven churches in Asia (Revelation 1:4). John was given orders to deliver messages to each of the churches to warn them as well as encourage them to repent before judgment day. Those who chose to follow would be rewarded and those who did not would endure the consequences. The book of Acts

The book of Acts in the New Testament is considered to be a narrative genre. The book of acts is a continuation of the book of Luke. Due to the narrators changing voice and person it creates a problem to confirm the authorship of the text. The book describes Jesus’s journey to spread the gospel throughout the world by the twelve apostles. The two main characters listed in this book were Peter and Paul the apostles. The first 12 chapters of this book discuss Peter while the remaining book is devoted to Apostle Paul.

The book reviews how the disciples not only healed but end up persecuted for being believers and followers of Christ. Eventually it goes on to describe how Paul is placed in jail due to preaching the word of God. The book of Romans The book of Romans is considered to be an epistle genre in the New Testament. This book appears to be written around 57 or 58 AD. The main theme of this book was Paul’s journey of speaking to the Roman people of what would happen if they did not follow God’s path.

The main character of the book Paul struggled to convince the Romans to convert being they were Gentiles and were not Christians. Paul continued to speak Gods way including writing numerous letters to describe their futures if they could have by following God’s way. As Paul believed and tried to teach that there is only one way to have an external life and that is through Jesus. The book of Ephesians The book of Ephesians is also an epistle in the New Testament, believed to be written by Paul to the Church of Ephesus around 61 AD.

While Paul was in prison he had time to reflect and found that Christ came to united himself with man. This book details the letters composed by Paul that reference the different relationships that we have in life. His letters discussed not only relationships between husband and wife but those between Jesus and his believers as well. Paul preached in his letters to maintain compassion with others regardless of their background and to hold hast. Paul’s message was that Christianity was for all men, for whom all may enter, but it is only by grace, through faith in Christ.

Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 Life is a precious gift. It is not about the gifts we are given in our lives, but how we use those gifts. Do we take for granted our lives and just how precious they are or does it take a tragedy to really find out? Still Alice is a moving novel describing the inevitable downward spiral Alzheimer’s disease causes and how we must appreciate all we have because at any age, our lives could change drastically.

It is unimaginable how Alzheimer’s disease changes a person’s entire life, but with the support of family, friends, and colleagues, it is possible for Alice to stay true to herself, live with the disease, and remember she is not the disease, but rather still Alice (Genova). Dr. Alice Howland, a fifty-one year old woman, is a fantastic mother, wife, and professor at Harvard University. After struggling with simple everyday tasks involving her memory, Alice decided to see a doctor to get evaluated to see if there was anything to be concerned about.

Ruling out it was not menopausal symptoms or the stress of everyday life, she was sent home and told to continue to evaluate herself at home. About a month later, she was diagnosed with early onset Alzheimer’s disease (Genova). This diagnosis changed her life forever. John, Alice’s husband, was closest to her and they had an incredible relationship and marriage. Unfortunately for Alice, John never fully understood what she was going through. When Alice first breaks the news to him, he went into immediate denial. He took her to another doctor and had more tests run.

It was somehow impossible to believe the love of his life, the perfect, intelligent woman he married would have to struggle and lose herself for the rest of their lives. After awhile of denial, he became aware of how much she really needed him to be there for her. He set aside his true feelings and began doing more things to help her feel happy and not trudge on through life. The best thing he did for her was go running every single night with her. Not only was it great alone time for them, but he Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 as helping her feel youthful and like herself again each time they took a jog. Sometimes his undying love for his wife would take over and he would be there for her, especially the night she got lost in their own home and she broke down. He held her while she sobbed (Genova 150). Overtime it was if the disease became too hard for John to handle and he missed who is wife used to be rather than loving her unconditionally. He lost his patience quickly which showed one night when Alice went to change, but could not figure out how to get her bra on, but she did not realize she was holding underwear instead.

She quickly laughed it off while John yelled at her telling her how it was not funny she was losing her mind (Genova 199). In the end, Alzheimer’s was overtaking John’s life and rather than living with it, he pretended as if Alice would just tag along with him to a new job promotion in New York. Alice and her children knew this would make her memory and mindset go downhill quickly, but John did not seem to care. Leaving her behind with a caretaker and their children in Cambridge, John went on to New York (Genova). Alice’s colleagues were a different story.

Alice finished the semester and was hoping to teach another year at Harvard, but her student evaluations made her decision for her. It was evident she was not the same great professor she used to be and her ability to conduct class was declining fast to the point where she would repeat the same lecture or show up on some days for a few minutes then just leave (Genova 180). She told her boss about her disease and together they decided it would be best for her to take the year off and then take a sabbatical. Her boss felt horrible, but Alice knew it was best and she never wanted to be known has a bad professor so this was best.

Besides having to end her professional career, Alice’s role as a mother and wife were deeply impacted. At times she would not know who her children were, especially Lydia, “the actress”. She tried her best to be loving and caring for all three of her children and her husband, Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 but sometimes it became overwhelming and she just needed alone time. One night Lydia, her daughter, was there to stay the night while John was out of town and Alice did her best to force her out and claim she didn’t need her help. Lydia knew better and out of the love for her mother, she stayed with her all night.

Alice continued loving John unconditionally even when it was hard and she felt a little depressed. With all of her heart, she never wanted to let her husband go. She constantly reminded her family she loved them even when eventually she wouldn’t remember them (Genova). Alzheimer’s is never good, but it can give secret blessing. The biggest blessing she received as a result of her disease was the relationship with her daughter Lydia. All along Alice had a hard time supporting Lydia because she wanted her to go to college instead of aspiring to be an actress.

Realizing it is more important to be a supportive mother, Alice went to Lydia’s performances and discussed acting with her daughter. They became closer than they ever and Alice was so proud at the end of the book hen Lydia was accepted and planned to attended Brandeis University in their hometown (Genova 258). After reading this novel, I thought very carefully on whether or not I would want to know if I will have Alzheimer’s or not like Alice’s children found out in the novel. I came to the conclusion; I would not want to know. Living life to its absolute fullest is what I am all about.

Knowing down the road in my later life I will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s would scare me. I think I would stray away from the carefree, fun-loving person I am and just become stressed for my own future and what was to come. I love living in the moment, and if the moment arrives where I am diagnosed with this disease, I will face the challenge, but until then, I am going to enjoy every minute of my life. Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 I admire Alice for the person she was throughout the entire book and her daughter Lydia’s attitude.

There is little time for being sad right when someone is diagnosed, but after that you have to be supportive and caring. It’s not the disease caretakers live with, but the person and I feel that is very crucial to remember. As the presenter said in class, “There are rules of engagement we must recognize. They live in their own reality, have their own logic, and cannot reason, therefore we need to enter their reality” (Ms. Byergo). Accepting them for who they are and who they will become with the disease is the best thing I can think I would do.

It would be an honor to work with elderly and individuals with Alzheimer’s or a form of dementia. With the typical person being older than I am now, they would have so much wisdom and things to teach me. I think telling stories and sharing memories is a great way to relive the great days before the disease really takes over. I am a great listener and love hearing stories from older, wiser people because they have more fully experienced life and shared in the beauty of it. They can relive their youth through me and I could learn how to become a fantastic adult through them.

It would be a great experience. Still Alice surprised me by how well written and real life it was. I felt like I was part of the Howland family and as if I was going through everything with them. It captured my attention and stole my heart. I can’t imagine going through such an experience, but if I ever do, I will be glad I read this novel. Still Alice, October 15,2012, #14159336 Works Cited Byergo, Ms. “Aging and Alzheimer’s. ” University of Missouri. Arts & Science Building, Columbia, MO. 9 October 2012. Lecture. Genova, Lisa. Still Alice: A Novel. New York: Gallery, 2009. Print.

The Death of Beauty Albert Einstein once said, “Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty. ” Similar to Einstein, the author Rachel Carson believed that human kind should embrace nature’s and help preserve its beauty and life . In the passage from the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, the author informs and persuades her audience against the dangers and misuse of pesticides.

Rachel Carson is a renowned writer, ecologist, and scientist who dedicated her life to the conservation of the environment. Throughout her career as an editor in chief, marine biologist, and environmental activist, Carson continued to educate the public about the wonder and beauty of the living world. She emphasized humanity’s power to alter the environment, but in “Silent Spring” she begins to challenge the traditional practices that disrupt the balance of nature.

Carson not only blames farmers for unnecessary violence towards the environment, reveals the dangers on pesticides to her audience, and blames higher authorities, for the damage to wildlife through the use of pesticides in order to persuade her audience to take action against the mistreatment and abuse of the environment. Through war like diction, Carson exaggerates the farmer’s violence towards blackbirds, misguidance in the use of dangerous pesticides, and lack of emotion for bloodshed.

Aiming to weaken the pesticide users reputation, Carson introduces her main argument by referring to the “habit of killing” as,” the resort to “eradicating” any creature that may annoy or inconvenience”(paragraph1). The word “eradication” is the word used by farmers to justify the use of pesticides. The farmers find it necessary to use dangerous chemicals for the sole purpose to wipe out a species entirely, a species who merely were an “inconvenience”. The word “eradicate” is a euphemism used by the farmers to cover up the severity of pesticide use.

The word was meant to be less offensive, but ironically what the word implied was used to Carson’s advantage. Carson instills fear among her audience at the farmer’s lack of emotion towards bloodshed, leaving the reader to question who is to blame. Sparking the reader’s interest, Carson introduces an authority, who she describes as having a direct affiliation with the farmers who were, “persuaded of the merits of killing by poison” (paragraph 2). The farmers are misinformed and act without reason, only following what was told to them.

The violence against blackbirds provides benefits or “merits” of death that outweigh moral reasoning and the consequences of using “poison”. The war between an unknown authority and animals is a one sided one, which involves exterminating the helpless and the innocent with a substance that has deadly effects. Acting on orders, without emotion, farmers made the fatal decision and, “they sent in the planes on their mission of death” (paragraph 2). Carson uses the term “mission of death” to symbolize the authorities sending in soldiers in a war who are ordered to kill anything in sight.

Comparing a war to the farmer’s actions brings memories of blood, fear, and endless suffering to the reader. Carson relates to the reader’s experiences of war and uses the negative associations to connect it the farmers. Armed with planes, the farmer’s “mission of death” resulted in the “deaths of over 65,000 victims of blackbirds and starlings”. Carson writes that “casualties most likely gratified the farmers”, that the deaths were the spoils of war. Just like a war, the birds were not the only ones caught in the crossfire.

Countless rabbits, raccoons, and opossums who had never visited a cornfield were disposed of and forgotten. As the war and mission of extermination intensifies, parathion’s poison begins to spread, affecting everything it touches. Carson appeals to the audience’s sense of guilt and urgency by using death imagery to show pesticide’s potential to reach far beyond the destruction of nature’s beauty and affect every animal, man, woman, and child. The destruction of pesticides is overwhelming, what was once a flock of colorful birds is eradicated, leaving behind the, “pitiful heaps of many hued feathers” (paragraph 5).

The viewer is subject to the imagery of pesticides, destroying a beautiful creature until not even a body remains. There is a play with emotions, a beautiful bird should not be the victim of greed and ignorance. A bird a symbol of the freedom and serenity in nature; for it to be targeted means that nature itself is under attack. Those who are innocent are able to see the beauty in nature and children often are drawn to forests and streams, but what prevents pesticides reaching, “boys who roam through the woods or fields” (paragraph 4).

Not only are animals affected by pesticides, but also blameless children who have always enjoyed nature as a place to explore and discover. Parents are immediately alarmed by the prospect of children being harmed and see pesticides as a threat to health, safety, and innocence. Nature is a part of childhood and it is imperative that parents protect what is precious to children. If it can reach children, it can reach anyone in the proximity of the, “widening wave of death that spreads out, like ripples when a pebble is dropped into a still pond” (paragraph 5).

The imagery of a pebble being dropped into a pond is like a large bomb, dropped and resulting in the disturbance of the peaceful and still pond. The ripples of the pebble symbolize pesticides reaching much farther than the targeted area, spreading through water sources and fields. The metaphor of the pebble and pond suggests that no matter how the problem may seem, it can spread and endanger anything or anyone. In order to stop the spread, the public must take action.

After analyzing the dangers and abuse of pesticides, Carson uses rhetorical questions to gain support from the audience against the questionable figures whose actions caused devastation towards nature. Carson involves the reader into her argument by directly addressing the audience and asking, “Who has made the decision that sets in motion these chains of poisonings? ” (paragraph 4). Carson uses rhetorical questions to translate fear and guilt towards the harm of nature into feelings of urgency to know the authority’s identity.

Carson directly addresses the audience to imply that she knows the answer to who is activating these “chains” of deaths. Using parallel structure, Carson continues to ask questions, “Who guarded the poisoned area to keep out any who might wander in? ” (paragraph 3). Both the audience and author know the answer. No one. Neither farmer nor authority cared about the public’s, audience’s, or children’s safety. He was entrusted power by the people and has abused it, he has made the decision to benefit himself, “He has made it during a moment of inattention by millions” (paragraph 5).

Whose fault is it really for causing it in the first place? Cason uses the phrase “inattention by millions” to point her finger at the very people she is trying to persuade. The ignorance towards nature has allowed power to be put into the hands of the untrustworthy. Carson uses the word “inattention” to suggest that the audience let the abuse of power happen, but now have a choice to take the power back and prevent the mistreatment of the environment. By revealing the harm to the environment and the harmful effects of pesticides, Carson convinces readers to take action against farmers and a higher authority.

Through the power of language, Carson appeals to the audiences emotions, logic, and ethics in order to persuade them to support her argument. Carson also informs the public about the importance and beauty of the environment and warns against its mistreatment. Through Carson’s literary work, she ensures that the beauty of nature will remain. In modern times where life is disconnected from nature, it can be easy to forget all that the environment provided and still provides; but if everyone works together, this beauty can be protected and conserved for future generations.