Bell acquired Virgin Mobile Canada

Table of contents

Virgin Mobile Canada was acquired by Bell Mobility for $142 Million. The amount represents 50% ownership. The acquisition was completed on July 2, 2009 along with a long-term licensing agreement with the Virgin Group, after fulfilling all regulatory, legal and other closing requirements. The consolidated statements of operations reflected in BCE Incorporated notes to financial statements include the results of acquired businesses from the date they were purchased. On July 2, 2009, Bell acquired the remaining 50% interest that they did not already own in Virgin Mobile Canada, a mobile virtual network operator.

Also on July 1, 2009, they acquired substantially all of the assets of the national electronics retailer The Source. Goodwill reflected in the consolidated financial statements amounted to $115. The amount was deemed as immaterial. The company assesses goodwill for impairment for each of their reporting units in the fourth quarter of every year and when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The company prepares their consolidated financial statements according to Canadian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and all amounts are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.

As required under Canadian GAAP, they make estimates when accounting for and reporting assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and they disclose contingent assets and liabilities in their financial statements. The company is also required to regularly evaluate the estimates that they make. BCE consolidates the financial statements of all of the companies they control. They proportionately consolidate their share of the financial statements of their joint venture interests. All transactions and balances between these companies have been eliminated on consolidation. With respect to the financial statements of BCE Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries the material differences between Canadian and United States GAAP are described and reconciled in the notes. Consolidation The financial statements of entities which are controlled by the Corporation are consolidated; entities which are jointly controlled by the Corporation, referred to as joint ventures, are accounted for using the proportionate consolidation method; associated companies, which the Corporation has the ability to significantly influence, are accounted for using the equity method; investments in other companies are accounted for using the cost method.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets The Canadian Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) issued section 3064, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, which establishes standards for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of intangible assets. Section 3064 came into effect on January 1, 2009, replacing section 3062, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and section 3450, Research and Development Costs. Adoption of this new standard did not have a significant impact on Bells financial results. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

The AcSB has set January 1, 2011 as the date that IFRS will replace Canadian GAAP for publicly accountable enterprises, which includes Canadian reporting issuers. The Company will prepare their financial statements in accordance with IFRS commencing January 1, 2011. Financial reporting under IFRS differs from Canadian GAAP in a number of respects, some of which are significant. IFRS on the date of adoption also is expected to differ from current IFRS due to new IFRS that are expected to be issued before the changeover date.

The company describes below their IFRS changeover plan, selected key activities and their status, and the significant known impacts on financial reporting. This information is provided to allow investors and others to obtain a better understanding of IFRS changeover plan and the resulting possible effects on the financial statements and operating performance measures. This information also reflects the most recent assumptions and expectations; circumstances may arise, such as changes in IFRS, regulations or economic conditions, which could change these assumptions or expectations.

IFRS Changeover Plan The company has developed a detailed plan for the changeover to IFRS comprised of three related phases: (Zeigler, 2010)  Review and Assessment – identify the required changes to the accounting policies and practices resulting from the changeover to IFRS to determine the scope of the work effort required for the Design and Implementation phases.  Design – design and development of detailed solutions to address the differences identified in the first phase of the changeover plan.

These solutions resulted in certain necessary changes to the internal business processes and financial systems to comply with IFRS accounting and disclosure requirements.  Implementation – implement the changes to affected accounting policies and practices, business processes, systems and internal controls. The acquisition of Virgin Mobile aligns perfectly with Bell’s strategic imperative to Accelerate Wireless, and they look forward to assisting Virgin Mobile in maximizing the network, product, global roaming and distribution advantages that come with being part of the broader Bell organization.

Thompson Iron Mines acquired Quinto Mining Consolidated Thompson has acquired all of the common shares of Quinto Mining. Quinto is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Consolidated Thompson. Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines Limited (“Consolidated Thompson”) is a development stage company and has mineral exploration and development properties in Canada. Substantially all of the Company’s efforts are currently devoted to financing and developing its Bloom Lake iron ore property located near the city of Fermont, in the Province of Quebec, Canada.

In connection with the Acquisition, Quinto shareholders will receive one Consolidated Thompson common share and a cash payment of $0. 005 for every five Quinto common shares held. As a result of the Acquisition, Consolidated Thompson has acquired neighboring iron ore deposits, and significantly increased its mineral resources and exploration growth potential. This Acquisition further establishes Consolidated Thompson as a significant player in the Labrador Trough iron ore camp, while positioning itself well to participate in further consolidation in the iron ore industry.

As a result of the Acquisition, the combined company has: – An estimated measured and indicated mineral resource totaling 940 million tonnes grading 29. 33% Total Fe of which the measured resource totals 488. 5 million tonnes grading 29. 91% Total Fe and the indicated resource totals 451. 5 million tonnes grading 28. 71% Total Fe (NI 43-101 review carried out by Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited); – Potential production growth through the integration of Peppler Lake and Lamelee deposits, both located within 60 km of the Bloom Lake deposit, which is currently being developed by Consolidated Thompson;

Significant exploration potential at both Bloom Lake and the Lamelee and Peppler Lake deposits (exploration programs are in progress at the Bloom Lake, Peppler Lake and Lamelee projects); (Farlex, 2008) The arrangement was initially announced on April 21, 2008. Based on the latest information and estimates to complete the mine and mill construction, the revised costs are $545 million, which is within the range disclosed in the above-mentioned feasibility study prepared and filed in 2008. Accounting Policies The Company has adopted the disclosure requirements of CICA Section 1400, “General Standards of Financial Statement Presentation”.

The standard requires that management make an assessment of a company’s ability to continue as a going concern and to use the going concern basis in the preparation of the financial statements unless management intends to liquidate the Company or to cease trading, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. The audited consolidated financial statements and related notes of Consolidated Thompson have been prepared in accordance with Canadian generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). EIC-173, Credit risk and fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities

In January 2009, the CICA issued EIC-173, Credit risk and fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, which clarifies that own credit risk and the credit risk of the counterparty should be taken into account in determining the fair value financial instruments, including derivative instruments. EIC-173 is to be applied retrospectively without restatement of prior periods to all financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value in interim and annual financial statements for periods ending on or after the date of issuance of this Abstract.

The adoption of this new standard did not have any significant impact on the consolidated financial statements disclosures or results of operations of the company. During 2009, Thompson recorded a net loss of $60,500,000 compared to $12,762,000 in 2008. The increase in the net loss in 2009 compared to 2008 was mainly the result of higher general and administrative expenses, start-up costs, a write-off of other assets and lower interest income.

Conclusion

Comparing the two acquisitions made by each company to one another; the acquisition of Quinto has the most significant impact on the consolidated entity considering the size and the number of subsidiaries involved. If we compare it with Bell Company, the impact of Virgin Mobile is not that big in the consolidated financial statements. Both companies has provided better quality financial statement information regarding the acquisitions. In my opinion, the acquisition of Virgin by Bell is more likely to create value for the shareholders of the parent company. The possibility of earning a positive income is highly probable. The business of mining and exploring for minerals on the other hand involves a high degree of risk and there can be no assurance that current exploration and development programs will result in profitable mining operations.

References

  1. BCE Incorporated. (2010). BCE Inc. 2009 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://prod05. bce. ca/annual_report/
  2. Cian. (2009, July 3). Virgin Mobile sells its operation to Bell Canada. Gomo News .
  3. Farlex. (2008). Canada : Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines Completes Acquisition of Quinto Mining. The free library .
  4. Zeigler, C. (2010). Bell buys out remainder of Virgin Mobile Canada. engadgetsimobile .

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Sports-Cultural Comparison

| | |Sports | |Cultural Comparison | | | |Lisa Bowling Today, as Americans, we are surrounded by an increasing number of very different cultures, and along with that we are surrounded by numerous cultural differences.

These differences between our culture and the cultures surrounding us deal with every aspect of life, from clothing to food to music, even our recreational activities, like sports. In our American culture we are flooded by mainstream sports such as basketball, football, and of course baseball, our “national pastime”. With the huge amount of coverage those main sports receive, Americans are sometimes unaware of what other cultures have to offer. Whether they are being played, watched, read about, or dreamed about, sports are everywhere, as are the cultural differences within them.

A brief look at five different sports will reveal just a few of these differences, ranging from variations in rules to sports that are beginning to gain popularity to sports that are almost completely unknown in the United States, as well as show the effects that differences have on our own culture. Korfball First we will introduce you to the sport of Korfball, which was founded in Holland by an Amsterdam teacher, Nico Broekhuijsen in 1903. Nico once attended a physical education workshop in Sweden. He observed a game called ringball with men and women playing together.

He liked the coeducational part of the game, so he rewrote the game, refined the rules and changed the ring goal to a basket. This basket is called de korf, which is Dutch, thus the name of the game. He wanted to have all his students be involved in a game, regardless of their gender. It is one of the few sports that involve men and women on the team. As a demonstration sport, it was introduced to the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp, and then again in 1928 in Amsterdam. In 1933, the International Korfball Federation was founded in Belgium, but it asn’t until 1985 that the sport was recognized by the International Olympic Committee and also the World Games. Every four years the International Korfball Federation now holds the Korfball World Championships. Out of all the teams competing for the chance to have the championship, only two teams get to compete. Korfball is gaining popularity by many countries like Canada, Australia, England, Germany, Belgium, and South Africa. The object of the game is to shoot the ball with two hands through a cylindrical shaped basket.

It is similar to basketball, yet a little harder considering the basket is twelve feet high, attached to a single wooden post, and located in the middle of the attack zone. This differs from basketball, where the baskets are only ten feet high and are located on each end of the court. The court is about 44 yards by 99 yards that is marked by white tape. As stated before the baskets are approximately twelve feet high and are placed eleven yards from the end line. The ball itself resembles a soccer ball and is a tad bit smaller than a basketball (whether it is for men or women).

Its circumference is 27 inches, unlike the basketball that is 30 inches for men and 29 inches for women. Since Korfball is a team sport, individual excellence is critical importance, but is only when it is passed through team work. The team consists of four men and four women. Typically the women would defend the women and the men would defend the men. Korfball players catch, throw and run with the ball. It is considered a non-contact, non-collision sport. Each player has their own zone to cover and may not move from it. Each team has four players in each of the three zones.

The ball in play is moved only by hand movements. Unlike basketball, there is no dribbling, no backboards, physical contact is not allowed, slam dunks are prohibited (unlikely though since the basket is much higher), and it is a violation of rules to shoot the ball if you are guarded. Height and size of the player is not important since scoring is when the players are constantly moving, running, and perfectly passing the ball to each other. A game lasts about 90 minutes with the object of scoring de korf. Curling Next we will take a look at the up and coming sport of curling.

You may have never heard of curling until its recent emergence in the last two Winter Olympics. It is not one of the most traditional sports and there are no monstrosities of men and women participating. It is a sport known more for its grace, skill, and the ability to think through any situation that may be thrown your way. Curling has just begun to gain popularity here in the States, however it originated long ago in Scotland. The first documented games of curling were in Scotland and Holland. The Scots develop the game and formalized rules by 1807.

Scottish emigres eventually brought curling to Canada, New Zealand and the United States later in the 1800s (USA Curling), and along with that came many different variations of the game. Canada and Scotland quickly became the two powerhouses of the sport, with Canada revolutionizing the way the game was played, leaving Scotland stuck in the past. Popularity of the sport rose around the world, as the newcomers from Canada took on Scotland in the Scotch Cup matches in 1959. Controversy quickly arose from the “new style” of curling Canada was playing, as the vanquished the best Scotland had to offer.

The old met the new in the first Scotch Cup series of matches in 1959. Controversy there was aplenty in Scotland, as the Canadians of the new game vanquished the best Scotland had to offer. The International Curling Federation is now in place to provide the sport with firm guidelines and internationally accepted rules of play. The federation does leave room for change and improvement, however, as change is sure to arise from technological advances, introduction of new techniques, strategies, rules, and from the improvement of shot-making ability of individual players who strive for perfection in their chosen game (Cowan).

Now that you have a slight background on the sport of Curling, we will take a look at curling in the United States. The United States Men’s Curling Association was founded in 1958 and later renamed in United States Curling Association due to gender equality, USCA for short. The sport saw its largest growth in 1998, when curling made its full medal debut at the Nagano Olympics (Karuizawa venue). In the 2002 Olympics held in Salt Lake City, (Ogden venue) curling emerged as a surprise television hit. Later, in 2006 in Torino, U. S. curlers won their first-ever Olympic medal (USA Curling).

This sport is obviously on the rise in the American culture and maybe one day will be more widespread in the States. It will probably never be on the same level as basketball, football or baseball. But every sport has to start somewhere. Hockey When it comes to hockey, in order to discuss the cultural differences between the US and other countries, you need not look any further than to our friends up north in Canada. While we as Americans probably view our hockey league as the fourth most important sports league behind baseball, football, and basketball (those being in no particular order), Canadians cherish the sport.

It is actually the country’s official winter sport. There is no doubt that hockey has been played in Canada for centuries, still there is no definitive origin of when it was officially established. (Hockey Canada) We do know, however, that “the first organization actually dealing with the administration and development of the sport was the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC), which was organized on the 8th of December, 1886. ” (Hockey Canada) In comparison, the National Hockey League (NHL), which is the American hockey league in existence today, did not form until 1917.

Even then, the league struggled to field more than a few teams its first couple of decades. In America over the past couple weeks, hockey has been gaining more coverage because of the Olympics, and the United States’ team’s success. The gold medal game against Canada was the most watched hockey game in history in our country, beating out our own league’s championship series. This statistic still pales in comparison to the fact that the preliminary round game against the US was one of the most viewed sporting events on in Canada’s history.

Even better, the gold medal game drew an even bigger audience and, in fact, became the most watched sporting event ever in the country. “Nearly half the Canadian population watched the entire game on average, while 80 percent of Canadians watched some part of the game (26. 5 million). ” (Vancouver Sun) As you can see, there is a huge difference in the way the sport is viewed in our two cultures. Lacrosse Another sport that is just beginning to gain more popularity in our country, and culture, is the sport of lacrosse. Again, we don’t have to look far to find where this sport is a large part of a culture.

While hockey is Canada’s official winter sport, lacrosse is the country’s official summer sport. Much like the history of hockey, the date in which the sport was invented is not certain, but it is thought to date back to the 12th century. Lacrosse, which was originally played between Native Americans in the US and Canada, flourished in the 19th century in Canada as, “the National Lacrosse Association became the first national sport governing body in North America. ” (Canadian Lacrosse Association) The sport is played both indoors and out, with leagues consisting of both types existing in Canada as well as the US.

The National Lacrosse League (NLL) was started in 1987 and is played indoors, while Major League Lacrosse (MLL) was founded in 1999 and is the outdoor version. Although these leagues have both been in existence for at least a decade, the NLL consists of only 11 teams, while MLL is made up of a meager six teams. While the number of teams in the professional ranks, and the leagues in general, are often overshadowed by the major sports in our country, the sport is the fastest growing sport in our country. “National lacrosse participation increased 8. percent in 2009, according to research by US Lacrosse for its annual participation report. There were 568,021 lacrosse players that were members of organized teams across the country in 2009, from the youth level all the way on up through the professional ranks. ” (US Lacrosse) It is estimated that participation in lacrosse in the US will double in the next ten years, and as it continues to grow in will continue to become a greater part of our culture. Football Somewhere in America a man, who is referred to as the quarterback, is standing on a field of fake grass made of astro-turf.

He is covered almost head-to-toe in enough protective padding that could possibly protect him from a car running into him. He is hurling a cow hide covered prolate spheroid through the air. He is hoping that his teammate will catch this ball without being tackled by someone from the opposing team. His goal is to run with this ball to the opposite end of the field into the opposing team’s end zone to score points. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. This sport is known as football.

The history of American football goes back to the first half of the 19th century and its origins can be traced back to the game of rugby, which is primarily played in the UK. Walter Camp took the game of rugby and converted many of its rules into the American football we know today. Walter Camp is hailed as the “Father of American Football”. Football can be played at the high school, college, and professional level, and all levels are governed by nationally accredited associations. The Ohio League was the first professional league formed in 1903, and then in 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed.

The first game was played in Dayton, Ohio. Many places around the world also share in playing the sport of football. They include, but are not limited to; Japan, the UK, Germany, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexico. While these countries participate in playing the game, there are many variations in how they play the game. Australia, England, and New Zealand for example play the game of rugby. The ball is slightly larger and heavier than its American counterpart, and requires virtually no physical protective equipment. Consequently, Rugby has been called the toughest and most demanding sport in the world.

Canada, the UK, Germany and Japan have very similar football leagues compared to the US, with their rules only varying slightly. Football is one of America’s most played sports and greatest pastimes. It is as much a part of our culture as peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. College football in the state of Ohio however has its own culture, and it is huge! ESPN recently ranked Ohio State football #3 in all of the college football programs dating back to 1936. You can walk in almost any grocery store or department store and find Ohio State football accessories.

Buckeye necklaces, jerseys, hats and coats are just some of the long list of items you can purchase and wear to support your team. If its game weekend, most work places not only allow but encourage you to wear something to support the team. There is even enough stuff out there to decorate the inside of your entire house. We even have our own candy! The delicious Buckeyes are the official sweet treat at any football party. Every weekend of the football playing season you can find men, women and children of all ages dressed up in their scarlet and grey huddled in front of their televisions cheering for their team.

There is nothing that can bring together or separate the tightest of friends and family than an Ohio State game. The line of loyalty to their favorite team runs deep, especially when it comes to the all-so-famous Ohio State-Michigan game. If you are brave enough to declare your loyalty to Michigan, you better get ready for some opposition from someone with scarlet and grey. Ohio State also has the best damn band in the land and Brutus the mascot to add to its long list of signature cultural items. The pay scale for football players even surpasses the salary of the President of the United States.

Sources “2009 Participation Survey. ” US Lacrosse. 01 Jan 2010. US Lacrosse, Web. 4 Mar 2010. . A Short History of Lacrosse in Canada. Canadian Lacrosse Association, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . Canada-U. S. Olympic Hockey Final Gold for TV Ratings. Vancouver Sun, 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 4 Mar. 2010. . History of Hockey Canada. Hockey Canada, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . International Korfball Federation. International Korfball Federation, 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. . Korfball. Wikipedia, 26 Feb. 2010. Web. 2 Mar. 2010. .

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Samuel de Champlain

He was born in 1567 in Bourage, France. He was a Protestant who converted to Catholicism and fought In the religious war for King Henry VII. Samuel learned skills of sailing, navigation, and cartography at a young age. Champlain became a famous explorer and is known because he founded Quebec and a lot of Canada, which was New France at the time. In 1603 Champlain was invited by Francis Grave Du Point to sail and visit the River of Canada. He traveled to many places. They include; Montreal, Quebec, St.

Lawrence River, and Tols-Rlvleres. While he was there he realized this land could be colonized and used in favor of France. He was fascinated by the Great Lakes, which he never knew about. Champlain was very curious about the people living there, the Huron Indians. After one year he sailed back to France. When Samuel got home he begged the king and queen of France to sponsor another voyage to Canada so he could stay longer and learn more. He also wanted to search Acadia, which we know now today as Nova Scotia. There was belief that Acadia ad mines of riches such as gold and diamonds.

Many also believed that if you went to Acadia you could find a new passageway to get to North America sooner. The king and queen agreed and let him sall along with Lieutenant-General Pierre de Monts as a geographer. After they sailed awhile on the caravel they landed docked at St. Croix River. It was winter and they had stayed in a very cold area. Most of their men died of scurvy, a disease where a body can’t get enough vitamin C for awhile. However. some of them died from other diseases like serious cases of influenza and smallpox.

They knew that they had to go somewhere warmer before everyone of their crew died. One year later the crew, what was left of them, used astrolabe and a compass to reach there way to Acadia. It wasnt everything he thought it would be. He never found the gold and diamond mines. However, he still found more and more places and learned a lot more about the country. He found out about Niagara Falls. He was so impressed he started to search more south to learn about America. Champlain was searching in the Cape Cod area and went to Marthas Vineyard.

Even though he wasnt the first person to find Marthas Vineyard, two English men were, he took great notes and important facts about the land. He discovered more of Marthas Vineyard than them too. Samuel was named Lieutenant In 1608. He was able to be the leader on his next voyages. He stayed in New France for eleven years. The land was colonized and they made peace with the Indians. They signed a treaty stating that if the Huron Indians let the French have goods, Ilke fur, and stay on the land that the French would protect them and help them in war.

They ran across one problem. England wanted the land too, even though the French have been there most of the time. In 1627, when Champlain returned from France after writing about his voyages, England went to war with the French for Canada. 1629 the English made the French surrender and leave. In 1632 the French came back and signed a treaty with the English that gave to be caused by something related to a stroke. He is known as one of the most famous explorers and has been remembered since the day he died,

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Economic History of New Brunswick

New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick) is named after the British royal family of Brunswick-Lundeberg (the house of Hannover). It forms part of the three Maritime provinces in Canada. It is the only bilingual province (French and English) in the country. It is included as one of the four Atlantic provinces, of Canada. North of New Brunswick are the Province Quebec and Schaller Bay, on the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Strait, on the south east by Nova Scotia, on the south by the Bay of Funny, and on the west by the state of Maine.

The Isthmus of Connect inks the province to Nova Scotia. New Brunswick became part of the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, being one of the four original provinces. The province’s economy is based primarily on the utilization of its natural resources. Currently, forestry and mineral industries are still important revenue-earners for the province but services and manufacturing sectors are gaining dominance. The Province of New-Brunswick was formerly part of Nova- Scotia, which was the first European settlement on the Continent of North America.

The first grant of land was given by King JAMES the FIRST to Sir WILLIAM ALEXANDER, n 1621. The first settlers arrived in 1604 were emigrants from France with DE MONT, a French adventurer. It was named Acadia. The colonists changed from French to the English then French again, till it was finally ceded to the British at the peace of Utrecht in 1713. In 1760, some people from the County of Essex, in Massachusetts, obtained a grant of a Township of about twelve miles square, on the River Saint John, from the British Government.

These people surveyed and explored the place then established settlement in Managerially. In April, 1783, around three thousand persons, men, women, and children, sailed room New-York for the River Saint John. Many of them were passengers, but most were people who had Joined the British army, and were now sent to this Country to be disbanded and settled. In October, around twelve hundred more arrived from the same place. In 1785, the present limits of New-Brunswick were separated from Nova-Scotia, and a separate Charter of a Constitution was created to the Province, under Governor CARLETON.

Starting this period the Province slowly grew in Agriculture, Ship Building, and the exportation of Masts, Spars, . to Great-Britain, and Fish, Staves, Shingles, Hoop Poles, and sawed Lumber to the West-Indies. The received in exchange for their produce and products, materials such as coarse Woolens and other articles from England; and Rum, Sugar, Molasses, and other produce from the West-Indies. The climate at that period in New Brunswick was tar more severe than at present. The settlers frequently had to experiment with crops that would produce crops even in the harshest temperatures.

They also had to look for clothing under harsh conditions. Economy Since the earliest settlements, New Brunswick economy has been closely tied and reliant to its natural resources. Forestry products (including manufactured items) have been New Brunswick economic chief support throughout its history. Fishing and agriculture are no longer important economic activities as compared to in the past. A large deposit of base metal ore were discovered in the sass’s. This has caused the mineral production activities to surge in the area.

Along with these developments, service industries and specialized manufacturing also gained prominence. This has helped the province provide more Jobs to its constituents. Agriculture In the early 19th century, around 1816 – the principal grains, roots, and grasses ultimate in the Province include wheat, oats, corn, peas, beans and others. Wheat is sown from five pecks to two bushels per acre. The yields were around twelve to twenty-four bushels per acre. The land could sometimes produce more, when the soil is very rich and the season is favorable.

Rye is grown on inferior lands. The quantity of seeds and the amount of yields per acre were almost similar to wheat. Oats grew abundantly in New Brunswick and the yields were good. Two to three bushels per acre were planted to produce twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Barley is not cultivated that much, it would make a good substitute in winter seasons. Buckwheat produced large yields for similar quantity sown. It is often planted on inferior lands that were incapable of producing good crops of the other grains.

This crop was often sown later in the season; so that the oppressing summer heat may be past before the grain is formed in the ear. If there were few very hot days when the grain was in the milk, the crop would be destroyed. An early frost would also do similar damage. If it was not affected by too much heat or early frost, the result would be a good crop, yielding usually forty to sixty bushels to an acre. There were lid Buckwheat that would produce sure crops but the quality was inferior. Millet has lately been introduced into the Province too.

It seemed to do well on all kinds of lands but not much people were planting this crop. Indian Corn or Maize, grew well on the intervals, which were primarily made up rich, fertile alluvial soil. Corns were often planted in hills around four feet deep. Five grains was the normal quantity for a hill. Corns required light rich soil, old manure, and not seasons. I t these requirements were met, a g around twenty-five to forty bushels per acre. Crop would result usually Peas were also planted and could produce from ten to fifteen bushels to an acre.

Beans were cultivated in on light sandy lands, but were not usually the choice of crop for the farmers. Potato was considered the most valuable ground crop. This root was the most productive and was the surest substitutes for bread. Potatoes were the surest crop, and can easily adapt to new environments. The produce was usually from 150 to 200 bushels from an acre even greater. Potato was also used to improve new lands since planting it would require using the hoe or hack. Several kinds of Turnips were also ultimate in this Province; the best of which was the rata-bag, or Swedish turnip.

These crops were firmer and can be kept the year round. The Swedish turnip was sown early in June. The other roots planted were beets, carrots, parsnips, onions, radishes, and others. Most of which were primarily cultivated in gardens. There are a variety of cabbages, salads, cauliflowers, squashes and others were also cultivated in the gardens with great success. The principal grasses produced were white and red clover, timothy, Lucerne, brownout, & others. Good uplands could produce one and a half tons per acre, and he interval from two to three tons.

There are several species of wild grass, such as blue-joint which were found in meadows, in the woods, and along streams, and were feed to young stock. The vegetable productions were Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Maize, Beans, Peas, Buckwheat and Flax, with a variety of Roots, Grasses, and Hormonal Plants. The fruits were Apples, Plums, Cherries, Currants, Gooseberries, Cranberries, Blue and Black Berries, Raspberries, Strawberries, and small Grapes, with some small wild fruits. Butter Nuts, Beech Nuts, and Hazel Nuts were found in different parts of the country in abundance. Animals

The domestic animals in this Province included the horses and oxen which were used in the lumber business, came from the Americans. The breed of horses was improved by stallions imported from England and other places. In Cumberland the inhabitants worked hard to improve their breed of horned cattle leading to superior dairy products. The sheep and swine were off good size and various breeds. In Cumberland, the main trade was lumber. Agriculture was not given due significance. To improve the agriculture a Society has been formed, and cattle exhibitions were established to encourage the rural economy of the Province.

The number to wild animals was dwindling such as the Moose or Elk, which were hunted for the skin for clothing. The other wild animals are Bears, Foxes, Wolves, Carbon, Sable, Loop-curvier, Peacocks, Raccoon, Mink, Ground and Red Squirrels, Weasels, Muskrats, Wild Cats, Hares and the Beaver. The domestic Fowls consisted of Turtles, Geese, Ducks, Hens, and other Poultry; and among the wild are, Partridges, Geese, Ducks, Pigeons, Owls, Crows, and Swans; with a variety of small Birds. Most of the rivers were abundant with Salmon, Shad, Bass, Suckers, and Herrings, Trout, Perch, Chub, Smelt, Eels, &c.

Sucks and Sturgeon. The Bays and Harbors were plentiful with Cod, Pollock, Haddock, &c. Mackerel. Mineral or Fossil Productions Mineral or fossil productions of the province were still in its infancy in the early 19th century. Most inhabitants were concerned with agriculture rather than excavating for minerals. Minerals cannot be obtained and manufactured without money. Mining required a number of things which the new country was ill-equipped to produce. Coals were abundant at the Grand Lake, and specimens were found in several other places.

Limestone in large quantities and good quality was found in different parts of he Province; particularly near the mouth of the river SST. John. The huge number of limestone was enough for the country and for export to Europe and America. Gypsum was also found up the Bay, near Cumberland, and Manganese at Quack. New Brunswick was abundant with different kinds of excellent Stone for building, and other purposes. Grindstones were manufactured for home use and exportation. Veins of Marble, of different species, have been discovered and small quantities had been manufactured.

Exports The trade of New-Brunswick may be comprised under the following heads: EXPORTS TO THE WEST-INDIES. Boards, shingles, fish, and small articles. The principal return for which is rum, sugar, molasses, &c. EXPORTS TO GREAT BRITAIN. Squared timber, masts, spars, oars, lothario, deals, furs, &c. Ship-building forms also a considerable branch of trade at present. The amount of imports in 1824 was five hundred and fourteen thousand five hundred and fifty-seven pounds sterling, and the exports in the same year five hundred and twenty-six thousand nine hundred d twenty-three, exclusive to exports trot the port to SST.

Andrews, which amounted to about one hundred thousand pounds, besides several vessels built at SST. Peters, and other places not in the above statement. The gross amount of the revenue collected at the different ports in the Province, in 1824 was forty-four thousand six hundred and seventy pounds two shillings and sixpence, New-Brunswick currency. Squared timber exports were as follows: In 1819 the quantity was 247,394 Tons. In 1822 the quantity was 266,450 ” In 1824 the quantity was 321,211 The quoted amount was the total from all the Ports in New-Brunswick.

The following statement is a sample statement of the exports and imports of every description in the year 1824. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. PORT OF SAINT JOHN, NEW-BRUNSWICK. An account of the total number of Ships and Vessels that have entered inwards at this Port and the Out-Bays within the district thereof, in the year 1824, with their Tonnage, number of Men, and the quantity of Goods imported in the same Vessels, together with the value of said Goods in Sterling Money. ?Exclusive of Coasters. SAINT JOHN. 432 Men. Wheat and Rye Flour, bulb. 2,512 Coal, cauldrons 3,703 Bread, ditto 1,088 Oak and Locust Wood, M. Feet 62 Corn, bushels 37,917 Onions, Seeds, Apples, bulb. 3,016 Meal, barrels 3,448 staves, M. 45 Rice, cats. ,097 Shingles, M. 27 Beef and Pork, barrels 4,719 Iron and Copper, tons 2,154 Sheep, number 26 Hides, number 7,724 Horses, ditto 3 Mahogany, Lockwood, &c. tons 192 Peas and Beans, bushels 1,145 Bricks, M. 21 Wine, gallons 14,772 Stone Ware, pieces 22,113 Brandy and Gin, gallons 29,682 Cotton Wool, bales Rum, gallons 310,879 Slates, M. 95 Molasses, gallons 110,579 oats, bushels 9863 Coffee, cats. 48 Barley, bushels 1,452 Pimento, lbs. 9,742 Wheat, bushels 5,418 Sugar, cut. 2,988 Tallow, hogsheads 67 Salt, tons 4,673 Wood Hoops, number 2,400 134 Naval Stores, barrels 2,254 Packages of British Merchandise, ,334 including cotton, silk Tea, chests 1,415 and woolen Goods, Sail Cordage, coils 9,406 Cloth, Ironmongery, &c. 24,686 Tobacco, cats. The primary export products of this Province consist of timber. The pine was manufactured in often the simplest manner, and sold to the export market quickly. The process of manufacturing pine consists mainly of using the axe.

The preservation to the toreros became extremely imp the Province. Other Commercial Activities rattan to maintain in the prosperity o Other channels for commercial operations were encouraged to lessen the Province reliance on timber. One of these resources was the Fisheries. The Fisheries have been improved on remote parts of the coasts of British America, a feat which New Brunswick intended to duplicate. This industry was believed to be more staple and beneficial than manufacturing industry such as ship-building.

Historical Growth of the Maritime Economy in New Brunswick The mid-19th century, especially the sass and sass, has been considered as the “Golden Age” in the Maritime affecting the three main maritime provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Growth was strong during that period. The region boasted one of British North America’s most extensive manufacturing sectors. How the Maritime fell from being a centre of Canadian manufacturing to being an economic hinterland was central to understand the region’s economic history.

There were a number of factors contributing to this dilemma. In 1867 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick merged with the Canada’s in Confederation, with Prince Edward Island joining much later, after six years in 1873. Canada was formed only a year after free trade with the United States (in the form of the Reciprocity Agreement) had ended. In the sass John A. McDonald’s National Political implemented, creating a system of protective tariffs around the new nation. Throughout the period, New Brunswick saw a number of technological changes which affected both in the production and transportation of goods.

Decline of Maritime Industry The cause of economic decline in the Maritime is a source of debate and controversy among historians, economists, and geographers. The two warring opinions can be classified into the “structuralisms,” who believe that poor policy decisions were the reasons, and the others, who think that unavoidable technological ND geographical factors caused the decline. The maritime “Golden Age” began to fade in the mid-nineteenth century and was over by 1870, before Confederation or the National Policy could create an impact.

The decline in Golden Age obviously affected New Brunswick which was then mainly dependent on the maritime industry. One of the most important reasons that contributed to the decline was the technological changes introduced in the sass. When railways were introduced to the region, decline in wooden ships was noticed as faster and newer steel steam ships were made. This had hurt the Maritime. Present Economy in New Brunswick New Brunswick: Economy The economy to New Brunswick NAS evolved since the early days in its history when people’s livelihoods were based on farming, fishing, forestry, and mining.

As a modern society, most of New Brunswick economic output is now derived from the service sector. New Brunswick has also abundant natural resources. Forests occupy 85 percent of the land mass; and wood and wood products are vital to the economy. Fishing and agriculture are also very important. New Brunswick is self-sufficient when it comes to forage, milk and poultry. New Brunswick mines silver, bismuth, cadmium, coal, copper, natural gas, gold, oil, lead, potash, peat, tungsten, silica, salt and zinc.

Important manufacturing industries include food and beverages, followed by pulp and paper, sawmills, manufacturers of furniture and other wood-based industries, metal processing, transportation equipment and processing of non-metallic ores and primary metals. Agriculture Food production and processing industries of New Brunswick are now employing around 17,000 people, mostly in rural communities. The food and beverage shipments amounted to $2 billion in 2005. There are 3,034 farms with 100 processing plants to produce $1. 13 billion worth of agro-food and beverage products in 2005 .

It boasts of a 265 percent processing rate, one of the highest levels of value-added processing in Canada . Potatoes, dairy products, eggs and poultry comprised of more than 60 per cent of New Brunswick ‘s total farm income of $427 million in 2005. Salmon aquaculture industry in the Bay of Funny combined with growing expertise in the culture of mollusks, sturgeon and other aquatic species preserves New Brunswick ‘s status as the aquaculture leader in Atlantic Canada. This industry is worth approximately $1 million annually in the early sass.

Currently, the provincial salmon industry provides an annual sales of $270 million in processed and unprocessed products. New Brunswick also has a well- established shellfish industry, producing mussels and oysters on the eastern coast which provided more than 5 ,OHO direct and indirect Jobs. Forestry About 85 per cent of New Brunswick land base, or 6. 1 million hectares, is productive forest. The forestry industry is an important part of the provincial economy, directly employing about 17,000 people and additional 6,000 indirect employees.

The total labor income generated from this industry is $1. 1 billion annually, the forestry sector directly contributes $1. 7 billion to the New Brunswick economy. The industry harvested more than 4. 8 million cubic meters of wood (both softwood and hardwood) from Crown lands in 2004, with almost $57 million was paid in royalties for wood cut on Crown lands. The Government of New Brunswick recognizes need of preserving a sample of the province’s natural ecosystems and protecting a sample of the biological diversity of native plants, animals, waterways, forests, and wetlands.

In 2003, more than 146,400 stares of land and water were placed in 30 protected natural areas to ensure the protection to the animals, plants, toreros, lakes, rivers and streams provincial ecosystem. Fisheries that make up our New Brunswick has 2,700 fishing vessels and annual landings worth nearly $205 million in 2005 generating employment for around 7,000 fishermen and 8,000 plant workers. New Brunswick is the fourth largest exporter of fish and seafood products in Canada exporting nearly 100,000 tones of fish and seafood in 2005 worth $832 million.

Mining The last three years, the value of mineral production is pegged at $million to $ 72 million. The industry provides Jobs to more than 3,150 people. The minerals and commodities sold include metals (antimony, bismuth, cadmium, copper, gold, lead, silver and zinc); non metals (marl, peat moss, potash, silica, salt and sulfur); fuels (oil, natural gas and coal); and structural materials (lime, sand and gravel, stone). Exploration expenditures in New Brunswick for 2005 amounted to $10. 5 million for metallic minerals and $3. Million for potash from $8 million expenses on mineral exploration in 2004. Knowledge New Brunswick has broadband access in 100 per cent of its schools and institutions ND more than 90 per cent of homes and businesses. The Information and Communications Technology (ACT) sector accounts for the second-largest sector in the province with more than 700 innovative new economy companies employing over 30,000 people and generating revenues of over $2. 1 billion annually. Tourism Tourism is flourishing and vibrant in the province.

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Aboriginal Culture

The Indigenous aboriginal people are one of a kind they mostly reside in Australia both the mainland and the Island Tasmania. The Aboriginals were indigenous to the continent and has resided there since the late sass’s. There are over 400 different tribes wealth the Aboriginal culture and they all have deferent dialects, and languages. Communication amongst the Aboriginal people is much different they use terms such as full blood or half caste meaning not of the same biological parents.

Mainly they use terms within their specific tribe so that outsiders are not able to butt in on personal business. Terms like “Aborigine”, and “Aborigines” are of offense and are terms used in connection to harsh times of enslavement. It is disrespectful to mention a deceased person’s name for up to two weeks after death following their cultural guidelines. Time orientation is not of great importance in Aboriginal culture as it is in Western civilization.

The Aboriginal people use the position of the sun and he closeness of the season to tell time weather. Personal space is not of great importance either. Men usually address men and then are either invited or ask to address the woman. Social roles are very Important as the Aboriginals lead by elders, Elders lead the community and If Ill the entire village will participate In caring for the elder whether personal related or not. When entering a room it is respectful to address the elder first and then males and lastly females.

Religion is based upon little God’s. The Aboriginals believe that everything in life is made from the earth such as serpents used to create pathways for the people. Health beliefs are looked upon as any ill person is sick by sin. Their belief is that a person who has a disease is being punished by a God for some kind of sin committed. Health practices are preferred to be done holistically. Due to the fact that they believe everything is from the earth they also believe that the cure shall come from the earth.

Health Issues such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health, diabetes, cancers, and Injuries are mall health concerns within their culture. The dietary preferences for the Aboriginals are not of Importance because they are very poor and almost all foods come from the grubs and bushes. Foods like berries, fish. Nuts, and wild game are main course meals. Both the mainland and the island Tasmania. The Aboriginals were indigenous to the tribes within the Aboriginal culture and they all have different dialects, and address the woman.

Social roles are very important as the Aboriginals lead by elders, Elders lead the community and if ill the entire village will participate in caring the earth they also believe that the cure shall come from the earth. Health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health, diabetes, cancers, and injuries are main health concerns within their culture. The dietary preferences for the Aboriginals are not of importance because they are very poor and almost all foods come from the grubs and bushes.

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The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers

Name Tutor Course Date The Roles and Achievements of Prime Ministers John a Macdonald and Laurier Sir John a MacDonald was the first prime minister of Canada and was the dominant representative of the Canadian confederation. He was born on the 11th January 1815 and passed on 6th June. His term in office was 18 years long which places him to the second longest serving prime minister in Canada. He is the only one to ever win six majority governments (Hennessy 12). As for Sir Wilfrid Laurier, he was the seventh prime minister, Born on 20th November 1841 and passed on on the 17th February 1919.

He was the first francophone prime minister and was considered one of the countries superb statesmen. As compared to his counter part John a MacDonald, sir Wilfrid was also in the list of the longest serving prime ministers in Canada although him coming in as position four. Sir Wilfrid also contributed to the expanding of the confederation. Sir John MacDonald was born in Glasgow Scotland was the third in a family of five while Sir Wilfrid laurier was born in Saint-lin Canada East and was the 7th generation of his family.

MacDonald’s parents decided that he should become a lawyer after his completion of schooling. It was a great choice for a boy who seemed to really admire studying and beside that he had an urgent to start earning cash in order to support his family since his fathers business ventures were failing. As compared to Macdonald Lauriers’ father was well up and by the age of eleven he was sent to study in new Glasgow. Macdonald had a rather sorrowful and tragedous private life. When Sir Macdonald first came into office he was faced with major opposition.

Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the confederation; the Anglo-American relationships were in a poor state. In 1867 the first general elections were held and this is where MacDonald had his first major achievement. He was able to bring together Nova Scotia New Brunswick and the province of lower and Upper Canada to form the state of Canada of which guaranteed him election stress free. MacDonald’s main vision was to enlarge the country and bring it together in unity. Under his rule he rought British Colombia, PIE, and great North West territories into Canada all this for ? 300,000 (about $11,500,000 in modern Canadian dollars). Macdonald’s still biggest achievement as a prime minister was the building of the Trans continental railway which was completed in 1891 (Leonardo 219). He also managed to create a god relationship with the United States rising to the challenge of the Northwest rebellion and his balancing of French and English interests in acceptable terms for most.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier is known to have had a number of accomplishments as a prime minister. To begin with he was able to establish the department of labour and external affairs, he also managed to recruit immigrants into the west, and in 1905 he oversaw the creation of two provinces Alberta and Saskatchewan into the confederation which saw the creation of the last two provinces in the Northwest Territories (Picknett, Prince, Prior & Brydon 290). He also saw the beginning of the two new transcontinental railways although the project was filled with scandals.

He also made a deal with the united state for lower rates on natural products. The two prime ministers are to date considered being the greatest of all time. This Great statesmen had a couple of similarities if we scrutinses them properly. One similarity was that both of them were students of law. MacDonald studied law in Toronto where he traveled by boat whereas sir Wilfrid studied law in New Glasgow. These two men had a vision of the expansion of the country of Canada since both of them contributed to the increase of the confederation.

Sir MacDonald helped bring the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick together in 1867 to form Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier had the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan created in 1905 which saw the last spit of the Northwest Territories. Sir Macdonald oversaw the establishments of the first transcontinental railway and Sir Wilfred Laurier also oversaw the establishment of tow more transcontinental. Sir MacDonald negotiated the relation ship with the United States and this was also exhibited by sir Wilfrid.

The above similarities signify that both of the prime ministers were both devoted and dedicated to the development of Canada. These similarities only signify their similarities in ensuring a proper Canada but these two men had other similarities because they were both the first in whatever they did. MacDonald was the Prime minister of Canada while Sir Wilfrid Laurier was the first francophone prime minister. In the common life Sir MacDonald and sir laurier had a couple of differences .

Sir MacDonald came from a family that was not all that well up as compare do to sir Wilfred, he studied law in order to be able to put a meal on his families table since all his fathers ventures were crumbling as compared to Wilfred who studied Law as his passion. Sir Wilfred and Sir MacDonald left a legacy in Canada and are both commemorated in big ways. Both of them have the pleasure of having holidays celebrated in their hournor; they both have avenues named in their respect such as the Laurier Avenue.

These two statesmen had very minimal similarities and difference and these was due to their characters but both will live to be legends as far as Canada is concerned. Works Cited Hennessy, Peter. Prime Ministers: The Office and its Holders since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 2001. Leonardo, Gordon. Review of Prosperity and Misery in Modern Bengal: The Famine of 1923–1944. American Historical Review, 88. 4 (1983): 218 – 230. Picknett, Lynn, Prince, Clive, Prior, Stephen, and Brydon, Robert. War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy. Chicago: Mainstream Publishing, 2002.

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Invasion or Settlement

Invasion or settlement? This question has been asked and debated by many people over the past century. After studying this question over the past few weeks I agree to a large extent that it was an invasion by the Europeans. They stole the aboriginals land, rights and brought over deceases guns and other bad things, they killed a large portion of these aboriginals for no explainable reason and they also kidnapped their children in the attempt to extinct the blackness out of the native Australian people.

In 1788 before the first fleet arrived there were over 500 Aboriginal tribes or nations in Australia all in which had efficient and sustainable systems for living off the land. They achieved a balanced diet by hunting and gathering, they moved seasonally between camps depending on food supplies, had very sophisticated social relationships and trading links across Australia. This was all taken away from them without notice by the British invaders.

In 1770 captain cook declared Australia to be ‘terra nullius’ meaning ‘no man’s land’ or ‘land belonging to no-one’ so that he could claim Australia to Brittan. When the first fleet arrived in 1788 the aboriginal people had no idea what was going on and they believed the British people to be ‘ghosts’, because they had never seen white people before. The aboriginals were kind and friendly to the British because they thought they were just visitors, but little did they know that 200 years down the track those ‘ghosts’ would have taken over the whole country.

Contact between the locals and the Europeans was disastrous for the Aboriginal people, they brought diseases such as smallpox, colds, the flu and measles, these were fatal as the indigenous Australians had no resistance to such introduced diseases, so therefore these diseases plagued native populations. The Brittan population that were living in Australia at the time would take whatever land they liked pushing away all the aboriginals using forceful weapons which the indigenous people had never seen before.

Imagine if tomorrow people that you have never seen before came to your house and kicked you out and if you did not obey the rules you would get shot, It wouldn’t be very nice would it, and you would defiantly feel like someone had just ‘invaded’ your home. John Batman in 1834 claimed to have made an agreement to buy 200,000 hectares of land off aboriginal people in exchange of money and various items, but this agreement was dismissed by the government because they believed the aboriginal people who had been there for over 100,000 years did not own the land and it was ow all owned by the British. The peaceful way of life for the local Aboriginals quickly turned into a nightmare of war, dispossession, displacement and massacres. As soon as the British arrived into Australia they had no respect for the indigenous people and all they wanted to do was extinct the Aboriginal race and steal their land in which had been the Aboriginal’s. There got to a stage where the aboriginals stood up for themselves and try to hold their ground and this is when majority of the brutal and disturbing massacres happened.

There were laws given out by the European government saying that if you see an unarmed aboriginal you have the right to shoot and kill them. One of the most famous aboriginal massacres that happened was the Myall Creek massacre after reading this I found this to be very disturbing and unbelievable. In 1888 there was around about 50 aboriginals that had moved into the Myall Creek station from an invitation from a Stockmen, after the indigenous heard that there were armed stockmen on the way to Myall creek they walked back as fast as they could, but it was already too late.

Ten armed stockmen led by john Fleming were already galloping towards the huts of Myall Creek station where the remaining aboriginal people were preparing for their evening meal. The stockmen herded the defenceless Aboriginal people together and tied their hands together with a long rope. Only two young boys escaped. Within twenty minutes of their captured all of them. About 800 metres from the huts the defenceless Aboriginal people were hacked and slashed to death. They were beheaded and their headless bodies were left where they fell.

The stockmen then set up camp, drinking and bragging about their killings. Not only did the Europeans take the aboriginals land and kill them for no reason they also kidnapped their children. Children were forcibly removed from indigenous Australians as young as possible for the immediate purpose of raising them separately from and oblivious of their culture and people, and for the ultimate purposes of suppressing any distinct Aboriginal culture, thereby ending the existence of the Aborigines as a distinct people.

The government of Australia established a board called Aborigines Protection Board (APB) in 1909, this was when the removal policy was made that they have the power and permission to remove children without parental consent and without a court order. Children were stolen from their family so they could be brought up ‘white’ and taught to reject the aboriginality. No-one knows how many children were taken during the time between 1909 right up to 1969 as most records have been lost or destroyed.

Many parents whose children were taken never saw them again, and siblings who were taken were deliberately separated so in a matter of days these young kids would have lost everything. Today many Aboriginal people still do not know about whom their relatives are or who they are. Still to this day the devastating episode called “ the stolen generation” affect many aboriginal’s as some of them are as young’s as their 40s and 50s and they still don’t know who their parents, siblings, grandparents are and they don’t even know where they came from, where they were born or were they belong.

Nothing good came out of this experiment as majority of indigenous people who were removed suffered life-long negative consequences for example people who were members of the stolen generation are more likely to suffer from depression, have worse health and a shorter life p than other indigenous people. For example in the movie Rabbit Proof Fence where the girls are forcibly removed from their parents and loved ones without any good byes not knowing whether or not they will ever see each other again. Also at the end when Molly and Daisy are talking they say that they never saw Gracie again.

As my points have clearly stated the Europeans invaded Australia, and not only did they invade the Aboriginal’s land they took nearly everything off them, such as freedom, family, friends, homes, health and many more things that were working perfectly fine before the British people came. I am disgusted and astonished about how the Aboriginals were treated by the Europeans. Bibliography Saldais, M & Jackson, L. (2007). Humanities alive history 2 level 6 for Victorian essential learning standards. John Wiley & Sons Australia ltd, Milton QLD. [Accessed 2 August, 2012] Noyce, P. (20020.

Rabbit proof fence [Internet]. Rumbalara Films, Moore Park NSW Available from : [Accessed 2 August, 2012] Nolan, M. (2007). Stolen Generations Fact sheet [internet]. Reconciliaction, NSW. http://reconciliaction. org. au/nsw/about-reconciliaction [Thursday, 9 August 2012] Docker, J. (2010) Aboriginal history [internet]. Australian History inc, ACT. http://www. aboriginalhistory. org/ [ accessed Tuesday, 13 August 12] Watts, D. (2008) A Brief Australian History [internet]. Aboriginal Heritage Office, NT. http://www. aboriginalheritage. org/history/history/ [ accessed Tuesday, 13th August 12]

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