Capitalism

The Canadian labor industry has undergone various transformations since the nineteenth century through the industrial revolution; the world wars to the present day organized and well regulated and coordinated postindustrial labor industry. The revolution in the Canadian labor force has been characterized by the formation of organized trade union movements by employees and employers, liberalization of employment and abolishment of gender and/or race based employment discriminations, industrialization and mechanizations, improved terms of service and recognition of employees and vital factors of production as opposed to commodity.

The Canada’s Industrialization process has played a great role in the evolution of Canadian labor force from the time of the Industrial Revolution. The emergence of manufacturing industries, rail and road transport system in mid 1850s, innovative discoveries growth in export market and the resultant emphasis on innovativeness explains the role of industrialization process in the historical realities o the Canadian labor force. As a result, the industrialization process created demand for nearly all factors of production including the skilled labor force.

However by mid nineteenth century, Canadian economy did not have highly skilled labor to run the then fast becoming mechanized system. Skilled labor was mainly imported from Britain and the USA as there was need to produce in large quantities for the demanding market. The industrialization process also led to establishment of new industrial plants in Canada by USA based manufacturing industries, a situation which has not only led to technology and labor skill transfer but also advanced the internationalization of employees’ association.

Due to poor working conditions, little attention to workers’ welfare, unfair dismissals, discrimination in pay and long working hours, the Canada’s Industrialization process brought with it trade unions as employees realized the synergistic vale of collective bargaining. For example the of Labor was establisher during the industrial revolution in Ontario and Quebec while the Trades and Labor Congress was set up in 1886 as an umbrella body of different labor unions especially in craft sectors. Read about labor movements

For example the Canadian Labor Congress which brings together Canada’s national and international unions, the provincial and territorial federations of labor and 136 district labor councils was formed to advance the employees needs . The trend has continuously evolved today with enactment of various labor laws, though there little confrontational approach to the labor union matters as collective bargaining and negotiation today act as the main weapons used in attempts to advance employees; political, social and economic welfares . this aspect clearly denote the significance of the industrialization in advancement of employee’s’ rights.

The evolution of the labor market in Canada can also be explained by looking at the concept of capitalism. During the industrial revolution, the factory owners were largely concerned with profit making and market monopoly at all cost without much reared to the welfare of their workers. The main concern was to reap the returns of their investment to the maximum, exploit and overwork employees in pursuit of the profit motives. However, though the postmodern Canada a free market economy, the extreme capitalism which characterized the industrial revolution periods has been systematically phased out.

Today, most multinational and corporations treat their employees with respects, train and develop them, offer welfare services and compensate them accordingly. The companies also practice social responsibility and green businesses as away of giving back to the society, uncommon practice in the classical capitalism. The corporations’ involvement in community development have ensured that the corporation helps in alleviating some of the society’s problems, and also effectively interact with its external environment in response to its stakeholders’ needs as opposed to pure profit motive.

This concept of cultural Imperialism is the argument that a large bulk of media products flow from the West, especially the United States, and so powerfully shape the cultures of other nations that they amount to a cultural form of domination” (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298).

In this essay I will explain whether or not this concept provides a useful framework to understand global media, what the strengths and weaknesses are, and will provide example from ll aspects of this concept Cultural Imperialism is the extension of a countries power and influence on many other nations through, in this case, media production. Western corporations embed values and images of Western society in the media products sold. The United States has, for many years, been the most dominant nation when it comes to media and the production of media.

American films and music dominates the world’s media and could be found in almost every country. “There Is no denying the overwhelming presence that U. S. culture has in other countries. American television, films, and music are common In most societies across the globe. “(Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298). For an example, you don’t see many artists from Spain coming to the united States on tour and performing at Madison Square Garden.

However, you do have many artists from America (most of the main artists), like Pitbull and Miley Cyrus, going on tour in almost every continent. “For example, global music stars such as Michael Jackson and Lady Gaga were able to sell albums regardless of linguistic differences. ” (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8298). There is a big reason why this cultural imperialism lies in the hands of the United States. That is because of the substantial budgets that the U. S projects have.

This concept provides a useful framework to understand global media. Since the U. S. has all of this money from the constant consumption of their product, they have the money to afford technological Innovation. “All these things are very expensive to produce” more expensive than most non-U. S. production studios can afford. ” (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8433). One reason why some U. S. media products have been so successful is that U. S. projects tend to have substantial budgets, resulting in very creative and attractive production values.

Therefore, since some nations simply do not have the resources to develop the infrastructure necessary to produce high-quality media products, like the ones produced in the U. S. , it is basically cheaper to buy U. S. made products to produce their own, which yet again leaves the U. S as the dominant media producer. However, there are a few weaknesses with the limitations of cultural imperialism. These limitations are: 1) It does not distinguish different types of media. U. S. products dominate sectors, such as the movie Industry, while other media continue to be mostly local, such as print. ) It assumes a passive audience, which means that we do not know If the other countries are Interpreting U. S. media products differently or as Intended by the media. 3) underestimates the role played by local media producers. Locally produced media content, flnely attuned to local culture, tends to De enormously popular. Local producers nave In some cases successTully competed ith the global media companies by providing local alternatives that distinguish themselves from international media fare. The biggest example of a vibrant film industry outside of the West is not new at all. “Bollywood,” the section of the Indian film industry specializing in Hindi-language films, is based in Mumbai and dates back to the silent film era of the early 20th century. ” (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 8419). In conclusion, cultural imperialism is the extension of a countries power and influence on many other nations through, in this case, media production, which is ominated by the U. S.

Since they have the substantial budget to effective create new technological inventions and continuously creating the highest profitable films and music, no other country is able to compete. “The basic argument of the cultural imperialism thesis was that Western media products introduced into other countries, especially “developing” countries, contributed to a decline in local traditional values and promoted, instead, values associated with capitalism. ” (Croteau, Hoynes, and Milan Location 6322)

All around the world the roles of the individual and of society are completely abstract. As the world changes and develops, the roles of the individual and society change to meet the needs of the people. Voltaire’s Candide which involves France during the Age of Enlightment & Marx & Engels’ Communist Manifesto which involves Germany around 1848 both discuss the roles of the individual and of society in different ways. In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening.

The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the role of an individual is to be an equal and work towards the greater good of society and the role of society is to provide equality for all people. However in Candide, the role of an individual is to be an individual while the role of society is based upon the society you are living in. The role of the individual according to Marx and Engels is to be an equal with everyone else in society. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat” (Communist Manifesto 13) The Bourgeois are the 0. 1% of the population that owns the means of production and The Proletariat are laborers who are 99. 9% of the population. Carl Marx states here that the goal of Communism is equality for all. If you overthrow the Bourgeois it insures that power will be balanced because its 99. 9% in control now instead it’s 0. 1% in control.

Marx describes his distaste for how everyone in society is being manipulated by the small percentage in control. Marx goes on to say that “The Bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rules of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population for the idiocy of rural life” (Communist Manifesto 7) People are being control in a majority of their daily routines and being an individual is not something truly supported by the Bourgeoisie. “You say individuality vanishes.

You must therefore confess that by “individual” you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property” (The Communist Manifesto 16) The idea of communism is to encourage people to actually be individuals while being an active member of society. Although the role of the individual are made very clear by Marx they fail due the ideals of human nature. It is said that the human nature can be considered the downfall of communism. Communism as proposed should be extremely successful but due to human nature there is no way for communist success.

The success declines as soon as it starts because people lose motivation. People have no motivation to work as hard as they possibly can because everyone is economically equal. This is a flaw of the communist society as opposed to capitalism. Marx wants people to work as an autonomous collective to gain power and take it away from capitalism however, people are only invested in something that benefits them, and communism relies on an “all for one, one for all attitudes. According to The Communist Manifesto. the role of society is to provide equality for all people.

As stated “In bourgeois society, living labor is but a mean to increase labor. In communist society accumulated labor is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer” (The Communist Manifesto 15) Marx describes a comparison between the society currently and what Marx’s hopes society will be. Individuals are promised so much more in a Communist society. The difference between the idea of increasing labor and widening labor although minuscule provides hope for the people who are sick of their current society. In communist society, the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society, capital is independent and has individuality while the living person is dependent and has no individuality” (The Communist Manifesto 15). This shows how people, while working toward the greater good have their own individuality under communist society. In a Communist Society although people are allowed to be unique they are all considered equal no matter what. In Candide the role of an individual is to be an individual. Voltaire, throughout the skill of repetition exploits how people behave.

He describes for instance how everyone feels someone is better off than they are. Voltaire uses Candide’s journeys to portray the human assumption that the grass is always greener on the other side. Now even though most people are not pleased with how their lives are currently, they are esteemed individuals. Individuals work for the benefits of themselves as they cultivate their farms and work hard to make sure their families are well fed and stable. “‘I have only twenty acres of land’ replied the Turk, ‘which my children and I cultivate.

Our work keeps us free of three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty’” (Candide 112). This shows how in Candide, society’s individuals work hard on their own to make something out of themselves. According to Voltaire in Candide the role of society clearly depends on what kind of society you are currently living in. Societies, according to Voltaire had many flaws. As Candide comes to the land of Eldurado, we are shown an almost flawless society. “Candide asked to see the law courts, he was told that there were none, that lawsuits were unknown.

He asked if there were prisons; the answer was no. ”(Candide 64) In this nearly flawless society all men are free and the king is the complete opposite of a tyrant. “I know my country doesn’t amount to much, but when man is fairly well of somewhere, he ought to stay there. I certainly have no right to prevent foreigners from leaving: that kind of tyranny is sanctioned by neither our customs nor our laws” (Candide 66). Another society Candide discusses is Paris. “Yes, I’ve been in Paris: it’s a mixture of everything found in all the provinces.

It’s a chaos, a restless throng in which everyone is looking for pleasure and hardly anyone finds it, or at least that’s how it seemed to me”(Candide 75) In Paris it seems that this society has no partake in it’s citizens lifestyle. The individuals yearn for what society has to offer them. Voltaire uses satire to take aim at the military, religion, and societies’ shallowness to disprove Pangloss’ theory that “all is for the best”. The world that we live in is not the best of all possible worlds.

Hyperconsumption, Alienation, and False Consciousness

In no other time and society has consumerism been more dominant as an ideology as in today’s era of postmodern capitalism. Consumerism, or the “active ideology that the meaning of life is to be found in buying things and prepackaged experiences,” (Bocock 50) defines the life of individuals and entire societies in many aspects to the extent that it has an entire culture based on consumption has been formed. In this consumerist culture, symbols, values, and even status are attached to commodities and individuals are measured based on their ability to buy or consume products. (Ritzer 210) In as much as consumerism and the culture that arises from it also sustains the life-blood of the capitalist mode of production, a marxist analysis of consumerism and the ensuing  birth of hyperconsumerism, where individuals are driven into intense consumption patterns that are often unsustainable both for human health and the natural resources.(Freund & Martin 2)

From a marxist point of view, it can be argued that hyperconsumption as a phenomenon is a manifestation of the increased alineation of the masses from their labor. This alienation stems from the inability of majority of the masses to engage in activities that realizes their full human potential. Instead they are coerced by the prevailing system to work “as a means to satisfy needs that are external to [labor]” (Marx, 1844 as quoted in Woods & Grant 202) which entails that under the capitalist system human labour functions for the sake of capital accumulation of the ruling class. Human labour is thus equal to a commodity that is bought and subsequently owned by those who own the capital and other forces of production.

It is therefore not surprising for the masses to be easily swayed by the media-mediated images of the “good life.” Hence, majority are taught to believe in the fantasies that goods and commodities are advertised with. Bocock (1993) notes for instance, how modern capitalism has increased the alienation of human beings from their own labor by making them believe that fulfillment lies from the consumption of commodities, in turn shaping the entire life cycle of humanity.

Thus the dreams and aspirations of individuals—their concepts of success and failure, for instance—have shifted rapidly to the consumption of goods and experiences hawked by advertisers. Marx himself had predicted that the time would come when even the things which humans thought to be beyond monetary value such as the concepts of love, honor, opinion, science, and conscience will “become objects of exchange, of traffic, and can be disposed of…and at last enter into commerce.” (Marx 36)

 At its worst, humanity’s alienation from labor also makes it vulnerable to the “false consciousness” wherein the working class are convinced that they are able to lay claim to their labor or to gain satisfaction from it based on their power to consume or to buy. (Bocock 51) Necessarily, the prevailing ideology is necessarily the ideology of the ruling class since those who own and control the means of production also own and control the means of the production of ideas. Therefore, the dominant consumerist ideology as an ideology of capitalism is a tool by which capitalism is sustained and strengthened. (Graham 68) Through hyperconsumerism, the working class is kept occupied by the illusions of grandeur and of new and revolutionary products, which effectively neutralize their resistance to the exploitation of the system.

The impact of a culture that is based on mindless consumption can be no other than disastrous. The first casualty as patterns of mass production and mass consumption of goods rise steeply is the natural environment upon which the raw materials of goods and consumer products are extracted or derived from.(Freund & Martin 4) Already, critics have pointed to the steadily declining state of the world’s natural resources as a result of heavy human activity. Finite sources such as oil and gas are fast dwindling due to increased fuel demands in industries.

In the same manner, the impact of hyperconsumerism on human beings themselves has been anything but beneficial. For instance, health experts have been calling attention to the alarming prevalence of obesity and a host of other health problems among both children and adults as a result of unhealthy fast food and lifestyles. According to a report from the New York Times, the unhealthy consumer values have managed to influence children who are exposed to television advertisements that target mainly children. These usually feature high-calorie and high-sugar food products that when consumed in large amounts which for a long time could affect the children’s health adversely. (Pollan, 2007 ) Its author also emphasized the role of heavily-processed food currently dominating the market in the increase of obesity-related health problems among Americans.

All these point to the need to examine the lifestyles spawned by hyperconsumerist values and to critically analyse the relationship between alienation and consumerist attitudes and consumption patterns in order to gain a more comprehensive insight on the scope and nature of hyperconsumerism-related issues. What is clear at this point is that humanity sought to find the meaning to fill the void in their lives but was instead given with fantasies of consumer heaven.

Works Cited:

Bocock, Robert (1993). Consumption. Routledge.

Freund, P. & G. Martin (2005). Fast cars/fast foods: Hyperconsumerism and its health and environmental consequences. New Jersey: Montclaire State University. Downloaded on 12/16/07 from www.cnsjournal.org<http://www.cnsjournal.org/documents/cns1fast2.pdf >

Graham, Phil (2006). Capitalism as false consciousness. Studies in Language & Capitalism, 1:57-76.

Marx, Karl (1963). The Poverty of Philosophy. International Publishers.

Pollan, Michael. The Way We Live Now: You are What You Grow. The New York Times, April 22, 2007.

Ritzer, George (2001). Explorations in the Sociology of Consumption: Fast Food, Credit Cards, and             . Sage Publications.

Woods, A. & T. Grant (2003). Reason in Revolt: Dialectical Philosophy and Modern Science. Algora Publishing.

According to him the modern era human beings, especially in the western capitalist society are increasingly being caught in the process of Rationalism and the factors elated to it such as, Bureaucracy, Disenchantment and Individualism. Through this essay we intent to agree with Weber about how he thought that Modern Capitalism in which people are rational is literally inescapable process in which they are getting locked into, and this ultimately gives rise to bureaucracy.

We will give some evidences proving Weber ideas on how the protestant ethics contributed to the rise of capitalism and also show how there are no solid alternatives to this problem of bureaucracy. In his book “Protestantism and the Spirit of Capitalism”, Weber told us the Protestants who started off with an Ascetic life to whom their work was there “calling” I. E. Their only purpose in life was to work all day and not get pleasure from the fruits of their labor as self consumption was considered morally wrong because they were not to enjoy the money they earn on themselves.

But later on with the emergence of the modern capitalism, the Protestants eventually ended up in focusing more on the pursuit of money. They started applying rational and scientific methods in the ways of making money to increase their profit margins. This rational way is very much evident even today because people have lost their religious values and in the capitalist society we have now, they just want to seek more and more profit and build wealth more than they possibly could require.

According to Weber this went against the traditional Catholic Doctrine where they intent to avoid materialist pursuit by adopting the spiritual way of life. This had a huge impact on people’s life because in the capitalist society today most people are not concerned with the nature of their job nor do they enjoy it much as long as heir social status is maintained and their financial goals are accomplished.

Weber through his writing has explained how people especially in the west were developing this rational, methodological and a calculating approach to lead a life which had completely triumphed over the old traditional and irrational way of making money to please the God. In the process of making money, whether you like it or not you are forced to adopt this methodological way where you work day and night not to get close to God but to gain profit and this is what Weber thought as the “Iron Cage of Capitalism”, in which you continually pursue your calling and the spirit of capitalism is a cage where we are imprisoned in.

However Weber felt that the protestant ethics did not directly lead to spirit of capitalism, but it is one of the main factors that lead to it. According to him the old traditional way which was based mostly on kinship and values has shifted its form to goal oriented rationality. This is where Weber is switching his writings and explaining how the modern capitalism which gave rise to strict set of rules and regulations is directly giving rise to the growth of Bureaucracy because bureaucracy is the main example of Rationalization.

Weber argued that the rational goal oriented profit seeking ways had a tremendous impact on people’s lives because this had dominated their behavior so much that the old spiritual values are being lost in the modern era. People were abandoning God, religion and spirituality in the name of freedom, insisting that it was not possible to free with the restrictions that the religions impose but they forget to realize that they themselves were becoming slaves oftener own material pursuit.

This is what he meant by “Iron Cage” of Rationalism. This had increased their interest in power and authority which has taken the form of bureaucracy. Weber also explained the long term processes of Rationalism from which the magic has taken Out Of the world and there are no intrinsic mysteries in the world because the life has become so predictable and understandable that we could know the reason behind anything in world hence it makes life very dull and boring.

According to him the modern world has lost its enchantment because people have mastered in the scientific knowledge in the rational way ND science has empowered them. In the book, Max Weber: Reading and Commentary on Modernity, Bureaucracy is described as “the means of transforming social actions into rationally organized action” (pig 214). Weber now is giving the example of bureaucratic organization which is enslaving people. According to Weber, Bureaucracy does have a lot of positive implications because these are effective in reaching the goal in a rational manner.

It gives individuals more security in their respective work areas unlike the feudal system and also sakes more specialists in a particular area of the organization. However Weber also points out the negative effects of bureaucracy as well. Bureaucratic organizations are the dominant form of institution in the modern society. It involves Hierarchy in offices where there are clear command of structures and expects the employee who is on bottom to report the higher employee and so on.

It has written documents for the rules of conduct and you have to obey whatever the organization expects from you. They are also considered as very impersonal because they take away our emotions and feelings out of the situation and force you to do exactly what is required from their job and now your “impersonal” duty of office becomes your “calling” of life, because even if you disagree with something you still have to do it because you are mandated to follow instructions and obey the authority.

In other words, in this process of Rationalization where people are forced to do whatever the bureaucratic organization expects it to do is what Weber thought as the “Iron cage” of the Bureaucracy. This restricts people to be creative and spontaneous and you are trapped into this cage forever escaping from the traditional religious ways. Weber goes on to say that this has a drastic consequences in people’s lives as it had created inequality which keeps on increasing and keeps popping up, getting bigger and bigger as it is spreading everywhere.

Weber saw some alternatives to these dominant organizations such as a charismatic leader who can break away its populace from this organization because according to him it was the charismatic style of organizations that maintain social creativity by giving people more freedom from the rules and regulations. According to him a charismatic leader is a person who is creative and possess extra ordinary qualities who makes up their own rules and this is a good solution because charismatic ruler is somewhere in between the 2 extremes forms, Bureaucratic and traditional organizations.

The big feature of expansion of bureaucracy is taking the charisma out of the organizations which trying very hard to be an alternative and opposite of bureaucratic organization. However there is also a problem associated with charismatic Organization hat it has a transitional phenomenon, which means it is very hard to make it last for a long time in its purest form because eventually it ends up becoming either Traditional or Bureaucratic.

He also explains another alternative is; for examples if you have a community involved in every single decision, it becomes very messy and hard in terms of getting things done in the right way and efficient manner because everyone has the equal calling. So these are the reasons you can’t escape bureaucracy and it has become the basic feature of the modern capitalist society. As Weber states; “Once fully established, Bureaucracy is among those social Structures which is the hardest to destroy”(pig 214).

Most of the prevailing laws or bills regarding land acquisition, resettlement, compensation, ululation seem inadequate and sources of lot of discordance. This research proposal seeks to analyze the impact of such acts and the reasons of protest and agitations by the affected people. It also aims to find out alternative solutions for such critical issues. In this research study the stakeholders are identified along with their stakes and various literature are analyzed to suggest a methodology for further research and to propose a common ground for amicable discussion and understanding of individual interests.

Keywords Land acquisition, rehabilitation, resettlement, consent, compensation, voluntary acquisition, eminent domain, replacement value, public purpose, land valuation, market pricing 4 page Problem Description The 2011 Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , though well- intentioned, was seriously flawed. It attached an arbitrary mark-up to the historical market price to determine compensation amounts.

This will guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources. The Bill also place d unnecessary & strict conditions on land acquisition, like restrictions on the use of multi-cropped land and insistence on public purpose, all of which would hinder the pace of development thou promoting the interests of farmers. Many such flaws are tried to be addressed in ?The right to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 20131.

While the process of industrialization is facing many problems that en De to be solved, the problem of land for industry and urban development is the most critical one. The fact is that people depend on land not only as title holders but also as landless laborers and share croppers, for natural resources and cultural inputs, for preservation of artisans and age old technologies, for community and family congregation. Often land is taken away without adequate compensation or without adequate opportunities for affected people to grow and resettle with dignity.

This is inhuman and leads to all kind of contentious issues that have surfaced within the people move into cities, a trend that cannot be stopped, there has to be proper town planning and proper growth of our urban centre?a process that will increase the importance of land. 5 Page Problem Structuring Definitional Issues The experts felt that the bill does not clearly define what constitutes ‘rural’ and ‘ urban’ areas. This omission is bound to lead to litigation. It is essential to plug this loophole. The law still does not define or elaborate ?public purposes and again gives the State a free hand on this.

Without defining the term ?urgency it makes special provisions for compensation if land is acquired under the ?urgency” provision. Also terms like ?eminent domain] (vests sovereign ownership of all land and natural resources embodied in the state, felicitating compulsory takings), ?replacement value], ?willing/unwilling seller] are ambiguous. Consent Consent’ to sell?both in government and private and public-partnership projects APP)?is among the most contentious issues in land acquisition. What percentage of landowners consent is required?

Should it be required from all land users (e. G. Those dependent on land like agricultural workers, wage laborers, artisans and landless peasants) or only from the land losers? Compensation The current scheme of compensation that the bill has laid down is two times the market price for urban areas and four times the market price for rural areas. These figures were arrived at without any rationale, from a ?top down approach. Affected people have no say on any aspect of the transaction?whether they want to give up he land or what would be a fair price.

Institutional Support To understand the position of stakeholders and their needs in order to device a fair solutions, a three-tier institutional structure was mooted: one for suggesting proposals, one for dialogue and another for decision-making. First one would include think-tanks or academic research organizations which use data, analyses it and make recommendations. Second one would bring 6 Page stakeholders together to deliberate on their respective positions. Finally, the last institution would be given the authority, constitutionally or organizationally, to take final decisions.

Transparency would facilitate better evaluation, selection and determination of the market price for land as well as sharing of incremental gain from land development with affected people. Process efficiency implies clarity in legislation which would result in less litigation and realistic deadlines for all parties involved. On viability, there is a need to reach a common ground between the acquirer’s right to profit and compensation rights. The experts held that companies acquiring land for public- private partnerships should be given limited control rights. Stakeholder map Farmers / Residents Politicians Media

Share croppers Fisherman/ boatman Agricultural laborers Land acquisition for industrial/ developmental/ mining projects Tribal Environmental activists Industrialists Local population Citizens Government 71 page Specific stakeholder and Stake identification Stakeholders Farmers, Residents Stakes Lose the most, as they gives away their land, and don’t get future benefits; farmers lose their basic earning activity With not enough land on their own, they need others’ land for cultivation Termed as unskilled labor, their livelihood is at stake with decreased agricultural land, more so as they are mainly landless labors

Their whole livelihood and culture exist around the region they live, as they are mostly dependent on the natural resources; more ever they normally do not have title to land, thus losing out all the benefits Without land, they can’t build new plant, also without mining they have to depend upon foreign industrialists Responsible for both growth & development with restrained inflation and preservation of environmental balance, ecology & citizens’ rights Face maximum brunt of degraded environment, inflation, land scarcity Local population/ Directly impacted by industrial waste and effluence, restricted movement wrought land, absence of grazing ground/water body, increased land price Environment Worried with increased industrial waste & pollution and adverse effect on activist nature & biodiversity due to mass land acquisition for mining/industry Main source of information dissipation since internal and local information is seldom spread by industry or Gobo. Cross the county A major influence in creating public opinion on this issue, plus their vote banks can be determined by how they handle such cases 8 | Page Displaced people BOOT graph Pollution Amount Land price Industrial growth Biodiversity Job for agricultural labor Time Literature review Maturities Ghats and Apparatchiks Gosh, in an article (October, 2011) have analyzed the land laws and current situations and in their opinion the use of market price for voluntary transactions as a proxy for owners’ value in forced acquisitions is measured by experts but rather a subjective quantity – it is whatever the owner deems it to be. They proposed an alternative approach allowing farmers to determine their land price, chose compensation in either cash or land and reallocate the remaining land in most efficient manner. It involves a land auction covering not only the project site but also the surrounding agricultural land.

The advantages they put forward is that it is less coercive, it gives strong incentive to bid truthfully, it allows farmers to incorporate their own estimates of future land price inflation into their bids, thereby minimizing the chance of losing out compared to the neighborhood farmers. It also provides an option to leave the land remain as agricultural one incase acquisition effort fails. 9 | Page Vanish Kumar in his June, 2011 article in PEP, has highlighted the violence in land acquisition by the government and UP government policy on this matter. According to him all episodes of agitation and demands are politicized and farmers find homeless entrapped in a situation where leaders encourage and support their agitations but do very little to tackle the problems. He considered State’s role as a ?venture capitalist].

He cited the UP policy as best among existing in the country. It introduced a process of negotiations in Greater Oneida with the local farmers leading to signing of a deed. The new policy makes land acquisition more profitable for the farmer defining the State as a mere facilitator. He provided scope for improvement, especially as small farmers and agricultural laborers have very little to gain in this hole procedure, but mentioned the fact that political parties have no intention to make consensus effort on this issue. Ashcan Inhaling and Edit Was (August, 2011)) mentioned the fact that often land-titles are unclear and identifying parties eligible for compensation is rendered difficult.

All across the world, the state is gifted with the power to acquire land for public purpose by providing compensation to the landholders. This power directly vested in the constitution (in US, Australia and China) or, is specified in enacted legislation (in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore). However the terms like _ public repose’ are ambiguous. Countries like France, Japan, China, Mexico and India explicitly enumerate situations and projects under which land can be acquired or appropriated by the state for public use, whereas Malaysia, Brazil, US, UK and Singapore provide a more generic definition. Also the valuation and acquisition methods differ across the nations. In valuation, net income from land, original use, market value all such aspects are taken into consideration.

Countries like Philippines where legal systems are not robust, land market is not well developed, or active reliable information in unavailable, 101 page ?replacement value (amount it would cost to replace the asset with a similar asset) technique. It is not easy to discern a set of international best practices with respect frameworks and philosophies laid down in the statutes should be treated as guidelines, incorporating flexibility into the land acquisition processes. Also they mentioned about the delaying in payment of the solarium to affected parties, which leads to dissatisfaction and consequent protests. They proposed negotiation in valuation, compensation, partnering, pool together (land pooling though farmers) many such methods.

They cited the Pun example where 123 farmers pooled gather 400 acres of farmland along with a private limited company to build Magistrate city. Here the farmers continue to own the land, own shares in the company and collect dividends on these shares as well as rents from the tenants in the city (Magma, 2008). In an Editorial ? , Economic & Political Weekly] (PEP, August, 2011), the editor cited farmer agitation and state atrocities regarding land acquisition in Maharajah’s. Farmers here had given land for Pun-Iambi express highway and similar projects in past, but they have grown steadily distrustful of the government’s intentions due to unfulfilled promises.

The state government’s mishandling of the Naval farmers’ agitation and the subsequent police firing causing death of three farmers was exceptionally inept. In Naval, they fear that they will no longer get water from the Pain dam which irrigates their land. Greater the fear about water meant for agriculture being diverted to industry or urban areas is also root-cause of their protests against the Sophia power project in Martial, which requires large amount of water from the Upper Ward dam. Going by the past record of most governments, people have a reason to be distrustful. Voluntarily surrender land for rejects provide no tangible benefits to them. A credible alternative to protect their livelihood and a proper compensation plan must be at place. 1 Page Augusta Marti (December, 2010) attempted to solve a key economic problem regarding land acquisition deals using some mathematical models incorporating the logic of an ?annuity or a ?royalty]. It has to do with the claim of the landowner over the future value of land once it is sold and put to alternative use. It also addressed to the adaptation of the so-called “Harlan” model that relies on predetermined annual payments to the farmers. His argument is that the government will tax a portion of the increased value from the buyer and redistribute it to the landowner acting as a legal taxing authority and not as a negotiator. In this case though the seller will forfeit his property right to the buyer, but will have a rightful claim on the capital gain tax.

He also proposed to make this _claim paper’ as traceable in market. He suggested for using a part of the taxation infrastructure at the central level for evaluating capital-gains on land and creating accounts exclusively for this purpose taking the buyer, the seller, the government and the option trader into confederacy to ensure that funds raised do not go towards other kinds of fiscal replenishments. Also one can track the transactions between the seller and the option trader. This option as a traceable instrument can satisfy the poor farmers without binding the buyers of land. Stowage Karakas (October, 2011) has seen the market exchange process acting as the main domain of mediating social relationships.

He deciphered three interrelated problems with this political/policy position: absence of market for a particular land, non-availability of quantitative standard or reference to measure against Just and fair imposition, consent is not always a natural will as it has political significance beyond liberalism. According to him state must stay away from creating political condition to receive individual consent, rather it should accept the limitations of law and policy in resolving certain contentious issues, and remain open to contingency, by conferring priority to the democratic values of disagreement, dissent and 121 page plurality of modes of existence, only then it will learn to withdraw from prior commitment to any particular rationality and ideology. Ram Sings (May, 2012) has focused on laws that govern the acquisition and transfer f agricultural land for other purposes.

He cited the history of eminent domain in India as unmitigated abuses of the law, which remains archaic and ambiguous. Also the callous approach taken by land acquisition collectors (LAG) to determine compensation is a point of discordant. In current situation lot of institutional hurdles like change-in-land-use (CLUB) clearance from the state government, other regulatory clearances from local authorities are there that thwart voluntary transactions. He argued that this is the reason the project developers are better-off bribing the powers that get them to acquire the needed land. He also mentioned poor land records and high transaction cost of individual land transfer.

He suggested collective bargaining with the owners or their representatives, cost of compensation be paid by the entity benefiting from the acquisition, initial compensation itself should be determined in light of all of the relevant information, such as type of land, its future value, records of the sale deeds etc. He also argued for the reduction of compulsory acquisition. Colic Gonzales (August, 2010) has indicated the states’ prerogative in becoming an estate agent of the companies for acquiring land for them. He analyzed land acts and the outcomes in chronological phases. According to him the Judiciary appears to have misread the mood in the country, providing _ public interest’ the widest possible scope. Instead of mass protest, superior Judiciary remained unmoved, stuck to their notions of development unresponsive to the distress of farmers, tenants and agricultural laborers.

According to him, the way forward for Judiciary is to hold that irrespective of the contribution by government, all acquisitions for companies must follow Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act (ALA), which is 131 page acquisition for a company. This is understandable since State governments have come under total corporate control that their first priority is to spend large sums of state funds to assist corporations in the acquisition of lands using the Act. Cantata Lair-Duty, Radii Krishna, Ensnare Mad (February, 2012) in an article in owned companies for resource extraction in Shorthand and sighted that cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws are inadequate to protect the interests of the poor.

Granting of mining blocks to private companies for ?captive] coal mining has thoroughly neglected the rights of the tribal. The state equates coal with national placement, energy security and hence strategic sovereignty to avoid the moral quandary. By virtue of Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act (CUBA), coal mining generally supersedes the community rights. Thus states change to ?broker states from the old developmental state. Coercion by both company representatives and state agencies is a characteristic of land acquisition in Shorthand. Apart from changes in land-use pattern and the creation of wastelands, mining causes large number of physical and occupational displacement, a fact that state seldom document correctly or address.

Environment impact assessment (EIA) remains a toothless safeguard, not documenting possible impacts on local water availability nor assessing the ground-level impact of air pollution on surrounding communities and vegetation. The procedure never takes into account the tribal history, identity and livelihood entwined with the land. It has pushed many tribes into the verge of extinction. According to the authors, only a convoluted logic can equate coal mining by private companies with public purpose or national interest. They asked for a new mineral extractive paradigm, one that does not inflict deep mounds on nature and people. They also asked for the consultation with gram Kasbah and consent of tribal communities for any mining project, 141 Page with the view of optimizing the level of royalties and consequent benefits to impacted communities.

OSHA Rampant (November, 2011) has observed that by beginning with the premise that acquisition is inevitable and priority for industrialization, arbitration and infrastructure development, the LARK Bill 2011 has neglected the interest of the land losers. She raised question about state’s legitimacy in facilitating the land rangers the way it does. She questions state’s relationship with the land, whether it is a landlord, an owner, a trustee, a holder of land, a manager or what? She argued for the _affected families’ who are dependent on forests or water bodies and which includes gatherers of forest produce, hunters, fisheries and boatmen and (those whose) livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land. Infant families who got land under any government scheme are also included.

She also cited the effect of diluting ‘The Forest Rights Act 2006′ which helps in land acquisition through change of public repose -where acquisition is based on one purpose but it is used for another purpose. Another bill, _ The Land Titling Bill 2011’ shifts the onus of keeping the records updated, even loss of acknowledgement of title to the land or interest in the land from the state to the individual. According to the author this bill is an attempt at communications of land, making it traceable in the land market. Michael Levine (March, 2011) has highlighted the controversies over Sees and large private mining projects in eastern India. According to him, the proposed amendments to the Land

Zach Maes English 2 8-30-2011 1. Some readers see the hardships and suffering of the dogs in the sled team as symbolic of workers in a Capitalistic system. Identify and explain these similarities. “He had killed man, the noblest game of all, and he had killed in the face of the law, of club and fang” (ch. 7) Capitalism is an economic system in which the workers only are paid enough to eat and survive. The dogs in the sled team have to work hard and are only fed enough to survive.

The workers in the Capitalistic system are treated the same as the dogs, in which they are given the bare minimum to live, and only to live, they do not receive enough money to do more then eat. The sled dogs have to work hard like the workers, and are rewarded with food. They relate because the bare minimum is given whether it is the sled dogs or the Capitalistic workers. 2. Trace Buck’s development from a “monarch” to a working dog to a “free” dog.

Specifically, how is Buck’s transitional experience a “Call of the Wild”? Consider such quotes as Pete’s: “When he was made, the mold was broke. ” “His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend. So changed was he that the judge himself would not have recognized him” (Ch. 1) Buck starts the novel as a ruler of his household. His experience becomes a “Call of the Wild” because he is an animal and that is where he naturally came from.

He goes through several stages of life from living in a royal palace to working hard pulling a sled for the Canadian Government. And then to falling in love with someone that he belongs with, and then getting it all ripped away from him again. He was bred to fight, and bred to be a leader and to be alone in the wilderness, and to conquer the wilderness and to answer the “Call of the Wild”. 3. Compare Buck at the beginning of his journey with Buck at the end of his journey. What are the changes and what causes them?

Would you call him a hero? Why or why not? What is the most valuable lesson learned? “He was older than the days he had seen and the breaths he had drawn. He linked the past with the present, and the eternity behind him throbbed through him in a mighty rhythm to which he swayed as the tides and seasons swayed. ” (Ch. 6) At the beginning of Bucks journey he didn’t know a lot about himself, but as his journey continued he slowly began to learn more about himself, like how much pain he could handle, and how much fight he had.

He learned that he could withstand anything, and he learned a lot more about himself then he could of he spent the rest of his life at the Judge’s house. He learned that he could live by himself in the wild and that he needed to kill and he needed to eat fresh meat to live. Living in the wild was what he was made to do, it was in his blood, passed down from generation to generation from his parents, and all that was needed was to be introduced to the wild, and when given that opportunity he flourished. ? London, Jack (1903). The Call of the Wild.