Caribbean

Barbados island nation in the Caribbean, is situated about 100 miles (160 kilometres) east of the Windward Islands. Roughly triangular in shape, it measures 21 miles from northwest to southeast and about 14 miles from east to west, with a total area of 166 square miles (430 square kilometres). Its capital is Bridgetown, the only seaport.

Barbados is not part of the Lesser Antilles, although it is sometimes grouped with this archipelago. The island is of different geologic formation; it is less mountainous and has less variety in plant and animal life. The geographic position of Barbados has profoundly influenced the island’s history, culture, and aspects of its economic life. In the era of sailing ships, access to the island was difficult because of the prevailing winds from the northeast. Outward-bound ships from Europe had to gain the island while heading west, for it was difficult for them to turn and reach its shores by sailing eastward against the wind.

The island remained a British possession without interruption from its settlement in the 17th century to 1966, when it attained independence. As the first Caribbean landfall from Europe, Barbados has functioned since the late 17th century as a major link between western Europe (mainly Britain), eastern Caribbean territories, and parts of the South American mainland. Because of its long association with Britain, the culture of Barbados is probably more British than that of any other Caribbean island. Since independence, however, cultural nationalism and regional awareness have tended to increase.

The climate is generally pleasant. The temperature does not usually rise above 86 F (30 C) or fall below 72 F (22 C). There are two seasons: the dry season, from early December to May, and the wet season, which lasts for the rest of the year. Average rainfall is about 60 inches (1,525 millimeters) a year, but, despite the small size of the island, rainfall varies, rising from the low-lying coastal areas to the high central district. Barbados lies in the southern border of the Carribean hurricane zone, and hurricanes have caused great devastation.

Barbados is densely populated. More than one-third of the population is concentrated in Bridgetown and the surrounding area. Most of the farmland is owned by large landowners or corporations. As a result, “tenantries” are as common as villages. Tenantries are clusters of wooden houses–locally known as chattel houses–located on the borders of the large estates; they are usually owned by the occupants but stand on rented ground from which they may easily be removed. Most of them have electricity and running water. The largest town is Bridgetown. In its commercial and administrative centre, multistorey buildings are altering the features of the 19th-century town. Apart from Bridgetown, Oistins, Holetown, and Speightstown are the largest towns.

The population of Barbados was 257 082 in 1990. the average population density was 572 persons per sq. km (1482 per sq. mile) was notably high considering the predominantly rural agricultural character growth of population during 1970s and 1980s was kept below 1% by out-migration. The capital, largest city and only seaport is Bridgetown with a population of 6720 in 1990.

About 90% of the total population black; the remaining portion is composed of whites and persons of mixed racial descent.

English is the official language. More than 50% of the people are Anglicans; other important faiths include various protestant sects and Roman Catholic. Education is free to children between ages of 5 to 16yrs.

Barbados has a small, market-oriented, developing economy. Services, manufacturing, and agriculture are the main productive sectors. Although Barbados had a relatively high per capita growth rate in the 1980s, unemployment, especially among the youth and women, has been a serious problem. Most of the employment is in services and distributive trades, the greater part of which has been unionized.

The economy of Barbados has traditionally been dependent on the growing of sugarcane and the production of export of refined sugar, molasses and rum. Sugarcane is grown principally on large estates rather than on the small farms.

The annual harvest is in the early 1990s totalled about 600000 metric tons. Local industries manufacturing clothing, furniture, electrical and electronic equipment and plastic items. Newly discovered reserves of petroleum and natural gas are being exploited.

Fishing has also increased the importance. Tourists’ facilities have earned more foreign revenue than sugar products.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tourism to Barbados

Barbados has many white sandy beaches and the beautiful sun, which often attracts holidaymakers. But the holidaymakers also bring many disadvantages to the country. The advantages and disadvantages are listed below in two categories.

Advantages

• When holidaymakers arrive the country often needs employees to work in hotels. E.G. waiters/waitresses, cleaners, bar attendants etc.
• The country employs 15000 people.
• Holidaymakers create other jobs such as in garages, factories, taxi drivers etc.
• Tourism has encouraged the development of facilities which benefit the whole community: a deep water harbour, an airport terminal, a better road network, an improvement in water supply, sewage, disposal, electricity.
• Fisherman benefit as there is more fish needed to please tourist so the fisherman receive more money.

Disadvantages

• Jobs have to shed labour at slack periods (Sep / Oct and May / June).
• Cost was expensive to establish because of the need to import foreign manufactured goods such as vehicles and furniture.
• Cost loses income for the country because food and manufactured goods still have to be imported, many hotels are foreign owned. The government is now trying to rectify by building hotels itself and encouraging local people tourists apartments.
• Tourism has an effect upon agriculture by depressing it by draining it of workers.
• The country loses money due to having the need to import goods such as Beef from New Zealand and Los Angeles.
• Economy is dependent upon conditions elsewhere- recession in North America and Europe caused tourist numbers to fall by 5% in 1981.
• Low moral standards in the tourists can have a bad effect on communities such as alcohol abuse and prostitution.
• Tourist industries have affected land beach and sea resources. It is also responsible for increase in pollution on both land and sea.

Is Tourism Helping Barbados?

It’s very difficult question to answer whether tourism is helping Barbados or not. So to answer this question I had divided it into two categories “Positive” and “Negative”. After considering all the points it will be easier to decide whether tourism is helping Barbados or not.

“Positive”

•  because tourism brings money to island like Barbados through accommodation paid for by tourists, souvenirs sold to tourists e.g. clothes, steel drums, coral jewellery, tours organized by country’s community as they drive them around by giving toured rides etc.
• because tourism supplies jobs for the country’s community e.g. in hotels as bar attendants, waiters/waitresses, cleaners etc., taxi drivers, fishermen/women etc.
• because tourism stimulates the country’s market, even providing new markets.
• because tourism has provided a better communication between races and cultures.
• because tourism has provided the country with enough money to produce an airport, maintain better road links and conditions, and an improvement in water supply, sewage disposal and electricity.

“Negative”

• because tourism has also broken up communities by bringing so many tourists into the country that the communities are being denied access to the facilities provided.
• because tourism has caused a loss in money by tourists expecting foreign manufactured goods e.g. food, furniture, vehicles etc instead of buying native products.
• because tourism has caused a westernizing effect on culture and social standards, which can cause differences and may even cause the community to forget its background history.
• because tourism has caused the environment to change by making buildings around the beach and buildings which do not fit in with the country’s environment.
• because the agriculture workers have left the fields to work in hotels close to the tourists so there are not many people to work in the fields anymore.

After considering this subject, I conclude that tourism has both positive and negative effects on Barbados.

If tourism is not controlled, in future it will not have good effect on the country as the country will be changed i.e. there will not be clean beaches with beautiful white sand and crystal clear green sea water, beautiful palm trees or the green environment etc. this will changed by the community changing their environment to please the tourists by building more hotels and forgetting their culture.

If you think carefully then you will realize that tourists are going to Barbados for its culture, its beautiful white sand and crystal green water, its green environment and of course the sun.

On consideration, tourism can have benefits for Barbados- bringing employment, income and improved facilities. On the other hand it can bring pollution, destruction of the environment in order to build facilities, and can have a detrimental effect on the culture and community life.

Why Do Fewer Tourists Travel Shorter Distances?

In answering this question I have referred to table 1 on the previous page.

The question asked is ‘why fewer tourists travels shorter distances to Barbados from South America and West Indies?’ My opinion on the question asked by many people is that GNP in both places is low and the vast majority cannot afford to travel abroad.

If the country does not have a very high GNP they will not have much disposable income after all the main expenses are paid off e.g. mortgage, taxes bills, National Insurance (N.I), pensions, and road tax ( if car is involved).

South America’s GNP is 3087.

West Indies GNP is 2798 (the figures stated are calculated in $US).

If you compare the GNP of countries like USA and the UK to that of the GNP of the countries like the West Indies and the South America you will notice that people in the USA and in the UK have much more disposable income.

USA’s GNP is 16664.

UK’s GNP is 11903 (the figures stated are calculated in $US).

Another reason for answering this question is that in the West Indies and in South America the annual average climate is generally the same so the residents will not need to travel to find the sun and fine weather.

Why Do So Many People Travel To Barbados From North America & Europe?

The question asked is why do so many people travel to Barbados from North America and Europe.

My suggested opinion is firstly because in countries in North America and Europe usually have a higher GNP meaning after all the main expenses are paid off (stated in the question ‘why do fewer tourists travel shorter distances to Barbados?’)they end up with enough disposable income to spend on the trips to places like Barbados.

Another reason is that in places like Europe and North America the climate is too hot but there is either too little hot weather or the climate is not hot enough. There are not that many beautiful beaches like in Barbados.

Why Do Tourists From North America And Europe Turn Up in Barbados at Certain Times of the Year?

My suggested answer for this question is because of hot climate. At certain times in the year the sun is out and the weather is basically hot, hot and hot with a lot of sun. The months when the climate is hot and sunny is at the end of December to beginning of June. The remaining months are mainly rainy months so you wouldn’t actually find many tourists around in Barbados.

Firstly, here are some of the consequences of regional trade arrangements: Accumulation or growth effects. If closer integration improves the efficiency with which factors are combined it is also likely to induce rater investment. While this additional investment is taking place, countries may experience a medium-term growth effect. If such investment is associated with faster technical progress or accumulation of human capital as identified in the long-run growth rates may also be improved.

Investment effects. More emphasis is now given to the impact of regional Integration on production via the effect on foreign direct investment and investment creation and diversion. Transactions costs and regulatory barriers. The traditional theory of customs unions was developed in the context of riff reductions but, as noticed above, the welfare effects of Integration can be quite different If the barriers removed are cost-increasing barriers.

Following the SUE experience with Implementing its Single Market program, there Is now greater awareness of the importance of barriers which raise transactions costs in inhibiting trade, and of the value of removing them. Importance of credibility. Many of the effects identified in the modern theory, especially those related to or requiring investment, assume that the integration effort is credible and will not be reversed. If credibility is lacking, and there is uncertainty among investors, their behavior is unlikely to be influenced.

The emphasis on credibility assumes the existence of enforcement mechanisms which will ensure the implementation of commitments entered Into when a country Joins a regional Integration scheme. Regional trade agreements reduce the tariffs between the countries which are part of the trade agreement. Regional trade agreements reduce tariffs between countries, but does not allow these countries to Increase tariffs on countries which do not participate. Tariff reductions allow people to purchase goods from other countries at lower prices.

The gains from learning valuable skills from foreign markets that can subsequently be transferred back to the home country. Integration also has many benefits such as: gains in trade, economies of scale, limited fiscal capabilities and cultural centralization. With deeper levels of integration foreign investment will increase. The lack of resources in the Caribbean will increased more integration and also the people will get to learn other trades from the different countries. Also will adopt and enhance strategies which will help the efficiency and improve competition in the region and the US.

The company is a public company that has a government share and the company’s fiscal year ends on December each year, it is the worlds largest shipping company have large number of competitors the company is not facing too much troubles right now but have managing the control over small problems. “The royal Caribbean cruise ltd is one of the largest cruise companies with 28 modern ships and passenger capacity of approximately 59,600.

These brands offer an array of onboard activities, services and amenities, including swimming pools, sun decks, beauty salons, exercise and spa facilities, ice skating rinks, in-line skating, basketball courts, rock climbing walls, miniature golf courses, gaming facilities, lounges, bars, Las Vegas-style entertainment, cinemas and Royal Promenades, which include interior shopping, dining and an entertainment boulevard.

The company will introduce 6 more ships by the end of 2009, when it will have a total capacity of approximately 81,500 berths. The ships operate worldwide with a selection of itineraries that call on approximately 160 destinations”. (Royal Caribbean International) Beside such information’s the worlds second largest shipping company have nothing such type of financial problems that which other companies are facing still in this techno logical era.

here goes some of the information’s related to the company, beside such information’s the worlds largest shipping company royal Caribbean cruise has faced a problem when 21 years old Ohio man reports missing from a cruise ship, that had left port Canaveral for Bahamas his non presence from the ship have create problems for the officials because the problem of missing a passenger would be the biggest issue that effects the passenger taking in the coming years it effects the reputation of the worlds largest shipping company that it don’t have certain measure to take control over such types of problems.

SWOT Analysis: Company’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

Weaknesses

The royal Caribbean cruise as the world’s largest shipping cruise has large number of ships which includes world’s largest ships also, here the questions arises. How they manage or have control over such extended business in large number of countries. How they can manage their security system. Have they introduces any security system for its travelers. The company is going to take large amount of finance each year for its ship making purposes involves.

Paints coating , printing inks the material for ship making , the market breadth and transportation system also now the company is going to introduce very large and more passengers capacity ships, Is there any need to introduce more huge ships. If it is not then why the company is going to take a decision of making more huge ships as from the company’s strategy. The company type is a public company have resources provided by government not buy the private investors so the company is using huge finance from the government , is this decision do not have any impact on governments finance right now and in future also.

The company is using large number of finance as defense but the defensive measures are not very strong advertising and marketing the company is using finance for advertising and marketing which is in a very heavy form the company has make such controls over the making of the extra working advertises by net, I know it is not accessible for every one to see but use to make such type of strategy to have control over extra advertising.

Also, the company’s legal services that every company have for its prevention against the suits file against the company in future , the company must take such actions which do not have any impact on company position and the company’s value that the problem will never go towards the help by legal ways. Safety and security should be the main strategy of the company , that will effect ultimately the company’s value in future if you are providing such type of facilities but do not have any security system , prevention from any dangerous problems with tie s than there is nothing the values of those facilities which you are providing.

The company is providing huge sizes HDTV’s with short breadth rooms is it a good decision? I think it’s an extra approach to make more financial gaps which would be arise in future. To manage the ships with their capacities would be the main issue of the company for securing huge financial losses. The royal Caribbean cruises have introduces the HDTV’s in their ships those ships which have such facilities are so cool and are loaded with tons of things to do.

The food is great. The only thing about cruises that kind of well disappoint is the rooms. They are just so small and they have tiny little TVs in them. Truthfully, their isn’t any room for any thing bigger then a 13 to 20-inch set, but Royal Caribbean Cruises has installed 23 and 32-inch Samsung LCDs into their new ships. The plan is to install some 7,000 LCDs into two of their newest ships; Freedom of the Sea already has 1,700 of them installed.

The company have large number of cruise ships including huge and largest ships in the world obviously they need maintenance and also such types of necessities for every new ship the company wants workmen the material for making it, such as paints and so on, its designing you must go to take help from designers for making every new ships, to take control over extra designing unique faces and to provide facilities rather then its show and appearance of the ships is necessary.

The company is using electronic items for providing facilities to its customers but the company strategy to provide by huge means is totally foolish decision extend your facilities in the limits of you finance will be the main thing for every organizations success beside this energy utilities , metals and mining’s pharmaceuticals , cafes such as the items for luxury purposes are on very large basis the company should take steps to have control over such extra luxuries.

Strengths

Besides so many extra facilities which the company is providing to its customers which may be harmful if the company do not have a control over such problems there are some faces of strengths of company, the royal Caribbean’s international is the worlds second largest shipping company providing large number of facilities to its customers the company have fully managed the control over the finance and going to use that in newly making ships and other services related to the specific cruise.

While some people may think that the cruising is expensive the royal Caribbean cruise is going to change the ideas of the people, by providing large number of facilities in limited area of shipping. that’s why the confidence of the travelers has been built this type of strategies which is purely in the sense of providing help to its customers will ultimately help in the company’s reputation in the world . In December 2005 the company’s total operations had gone to the 663.

5 which is much more than the company’s previous operations that will provide a huge area to the company to extend its operations that will ultimately makes the company famous in different regions that you don’t need to give advertises to attract people your working should be your proof of attraction. The net income of company is increasing every year that is the company is able to manage its expenses and problems arise in every cruise.

With the increasing facilities provided by the company the company’s dividends per share is increased with high amounts in the market that will ultimately puts the company’s rank above in the market which will be helpful in sale of shares of the company. The Caribbean cruise is looking too strong to manage its extra finance which will be beneficial for company in future reputation.

I can say that no any firm in the world can easily y survive with out competition it is the necessary thing for the corporations survivals and extending the corporation operations royal Caribbean cruises is also one of the company from them which is facing large number of competitors from the world. Basically there are ten competitors for royal Caribbean cruises from which the top competitors are:

• Carnival
• NCL
• Star cruises.

These were the main competitors of royal Caribbean cruises that are why the company is going to make some strategies which would be helpful for taking upper hand on it competitor.

Recommendations

The royal Caribbean cruises is the largest shipping company it do not require large amounts of recommendations for going with success but there are some of the weaknesses of the company which would be make the company in more valuable form if those weaknesses are going to tackle in the very beginning. As I have defined earlier that the company is a public limited company tit has more and more amounts of investments from government not by the private investors the company must require to get control over the extra facilities which it is providing to its customers will makes the company’s revenue double by which it can increases its operational area.

I have read that the company is going to make the more large ships in coming years there is nothing the need f sizes we should talk about safety security defensive measures strict control over extra financing advertising by small means if your company’s reputation is too good then it don’t need any type of advertising for its survival . your company’s reputation defines by your customers and the company’s fame would be spread over large areas.

The company is widening the areas of its travel and going to increase its traveling day by day with such steps the company must have an efficient system that system of information or communication system to take information of each and every passenger in the cruise that is the company should take such steps that by widening the areas its informational system does not go weaker. Provide the facilities under financial limits and the size and breadth of the ships.

As the services provided by the royal Caribbean cruises which includes travel agencies, tour operators, cruise lines and internet vacations reservations. Retail Sales Some people think that the cruising is expensive a royal Caribbean cruises ltd vacation is actually a great value and is a very smart affordable way to travel. For this the royal Caribbean’s international is providing large number of services to the travelers who are new to their travels. The company is providing such capability as from the kids to grand parents a royal Caribbean cruise is no matter what’s the age of customer.

Capacity Utilization

The company is providing the travels on destination towards different ports of the world as it is the world wide company the company has many features related to its extra beneficial activities the company’s travel ranges towards the different ports whose names are mentioned here. Alaska, Bahamas, Bermuda, Europe Caribbean Hawaii Pacific Northwest, Panama Canal, and Mexico these ports names are introduced by the company for the convenience of its travelers. With all such recommendations and services provided. The company should increase its services for customers introduce new and unique services that are not matching and different from the services provided by the other shipping companies, this will helpful in attracting more customers.

To most, South Carolina is simply just one of the United States, 50 states, and originally was on the thirteen original colonies that declared independence from the British Crown. However, this plot of land, which extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Appalachian Mountains, from the Savannah River to the sea, contains a rich historical pass of slavery, trade, cultivation and foreign influence which molded the beginnings of what we Americans know as South Carolina today. Today, South Carolina is ranked thirty-ninths for the total median income out of all fifty states, but in the early part of the 18th century was the most affluent colony.

What made South Carolina so successful? Slavery and the West Indies. The West Indies shaped the early colony of South Carolina, whether it was everyday cultural patterns of the colonists and slaves or their socio-economic status, strong ties and resemblances are seen with the Caribbean’s citizen’s and economy. Slavery played a large role in South Carolina society, the most influential members of society owned and used slaves, and the overall economic status was based off of that slave work.

In South Carolina, slaves from both India and Africa were used, however, the more dominant slave race was definitely those of African decent. They were believed to possess specific qualities such as familiarity with rice cultivation, which became the staple crop of South Carolina. They also had lived in malicious climates for centuries, and had developed the immunity of malaria. These distinctive skills and strengths suited them in Carolina lowlands, contributing greatly to their positive effect on the South Carolina colony.

Peter Wood, American historian and author of Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion, concisely sums up the role slaves played in South Carolina when he states “Negroes Played a significant and often determinative part in the evolution of the colony” (Wood, XVII). The following paragraphs explore South Carolina from the 1670’s to the 1740’s and examine the elements of Caribbean influence seen throughout its early history and the developmental parallels between other Caribbean colonies.

In 1670 on the British island of Barbados, there were serious overpopulation problems, these problems eventually led to the colonization of South Carolina. Barbados was first settled in 1627, and for the following decade followed the economic pattern of the other British colonies, Bermuda and Virginia, by producing tobacco. By the end of the 1630’s Barbados had established itself as a successful producer for the English market, resulting in the high demand for Barbados land, as inhabitants covered all arable land on the island.

It was in the mid-1640’s that the true staple crop of Barbados was introduced, sugar. The sugar revolution not only brought an abundance of wealth to Barbados but “By the early 1650’s… Barbados had achieved a population density greater than any comparable area in the English-speaking world” (Greene, 195). Sugar production required intensive labor, and as labor needs increased, so did the use of the more economical and reliable source of labor – African slaves. Barbados exemplified the first large-scale use of slavery and non-European labor of any English colony.

The island was “the richest, most highly developed, most populous and most congested English colony in America… with 50,000 inhabitants, including 30,000 negroes,” unfortunately Barbados was just 166 sq, miles (Journal Of Caribbean History XVI, 1982). With such overpopulation, a substantial emigration began to occur. This exodus from Barbados made-up the wave of colonists of all socioeconomic statuses that traveled to the Carolinas. In 1663 King Charles II granted the land of the Carolinas to eight nobles, also know as the Lords Proprietor, to build the Carolina Colony.

These proprietors were extremely commercial, as they wished to gain quick profits in this new colony. All of the initial eight proprietors had ties with the Caribbean and Slavery. It is evident that even the earliest settlers European settlers were all connected by a past of slavery, furthermore, they also shared the same vision that Barbados “could provide seasoned settlers from a short distance at a minimal cost” (Wood, 15). However their attempt to establish settlements failed. The first successful settlement came in late march of 1670 when the Carolina, under captain Henry Brayne, reached the Carolinas at Seewee Bay.

They set up a community at a location on the west bank of a nearby river now know as the Ashley. By the end of May the colonists from the wrecked Albermarle and estranged Port Royal reached this site. All three ships had come from Barbados. Barbadians played a large role in this first successful settlement. In the first two years, almost half of the whites and more than half of the blacks who settled in Carolina were from Barbados. Between the years of 1670-1690, 54% of the white settlers who immigrated to South Carolina came from Barbados. (Green, 197).

Barbadians from many varying social classes came to Carolina within the first two decades, ten percent (18/ 175) of Barbados elite sugar planting families obtained land in South Carolina. Thirty three mid-tier planting families, and a number of Barbadian merchants also acquired land in South Carolina. (Green, 197-198) The importance of the Barbadians immigration is noted in a Letter of Lord Ashley, to Yeamons (Whos this? ) stating “I am glad to hear soe many considerable men come from Barbadoes for wee find by deare Experience that noe other are able to make a Plantation… the rest serve onely to full up Numbers. (Coll. , V, 361) The staggering numbers of Barbadians amongst the original settlers begin to represent why the Caribbean had such a strong influence on South Carolina. It is evident that these immigrants were substantial men, looking for new land to take advantage of their expertise, providing a place to bolster and resemble the Barbadian economy. For many, South Carolina was not a place where these Barbadians wanted to start a new life, they were not in search of new culture, legislation, and economy, and instead they brought theirs with them. Slavery completely encompassed Barbadian culture and economy.

A slave society is defined as a society dominated by slavery, as Barbados was. Barbados was the first English colony to introduce large-scale slavery, and received much success in this venture. In Woods, Black Majority he states South Carolina, more so than any mainland colony, “roots of settlement and early commercial ties stretched toward Barbados and the other islands of the English Caribbean… English colonists from the West Indies who were economically unable to bring negroes with them at least brought along the social aspiration of slave ownership” (Wood, 55).

Barbadians did not just bring energy, experience and wealth, but most importantly; they brought the cultural shaping and economy boosting, concept of slavery to South Carolina. South Carolina was the only mainland English colony to begin its existence with a preference of African slave labor and a significant number of slaves as original settlers. The first documented Negro arrival in the colony came from Capt. Brayne when he reported on August 23, 1670 “one lust negro man 3. ristian servants and a oversear” (Waring, pp, 24-25) Three more slaves arrived several weeks later, and in September 1670 the first negroes recorded by name, John Sr. , Elizabeth, and John Jr. , arrived in South Carolina. with the ‘First Fleet’ of settlers. Moreover, reports have shown immigrations of ‘able-bodied’ men which were most likely referring to slaves. More negroes continued to arrive in South Carolina, “between one fourth and one thirds of the colony’s newcomers were negroes” (Wood, 25). South Carolina was a slave society from the very beginning.

In a deposition on August 1, 1671, just a year after the first settlers arrived by the Ashley river, an Indian messenger reported on the South Carolina colony “that the settlement grows, that the castle is getting bigger [and] that many Negroes have come to work” (Childs, pp. 132-135) Slaves became the backbone of South Carolina; they were what kept the settlement from collapsing. John Yeamons Jr, the lieutenant governer and one of the original men who tried to establish the Carolina colony addressed the king stating “thes setlements have beene made and upheld by Negroes and without contant supplies of them cannot subsist. (Salley, 67) There was an exponential increase in the amount of Negros from the late seventeenth century into the first part of the eighteenth century in South Carolina. The Black population in South Carolina went from about 2,500 in 1700 to 5,000 in 1710 to a staggering 39,000 in 1730’s. For the first 25 years, South Carolina relied on Barbados for slaves until they black population was reproducing enough to become self-reliant. This reliance “served to strengthen the existing ties to the sugar island and these bonds- helped predispose would-be planters in the mainland colony to black labor” (Wood, 46).

Wood’s statement shows that this South Caroline culture was based around black-labor, and that inhabitants were ‘pre-disposed’ to use Black labor. The interest and abundance of black labor is evident from the 1670’s through 1740, these slaves shaped the economy and social hierarchy, but also displayed problems and resistance to the white slave owners. One of the main aspects of Carolina society that slavery and the West Indies influenced was the economy. From the start South Carolina exemplified “strong commercial, materialistic and exploitative mentality” that was standard in the Caribbean culture (Greene,198).

South Carolinians were avid in their search for a profitable agricultural staple, one that could do for South Carolina what sugar did for Barbados. Interest in Carolina settlement stemmed from Barbadians hopes for developing an economy that would benefit their own. While trying to find this staple agricultural product, South Carolina resorted to the raising of livestock. Their was a strong demand for livestock in Barbados and other Caribbean islands, the English King confirms this point stating that “Barbados and ye rest of ye caribee islands…have not food to fill their bellies. (Harlow, 283) From the earliest years, Carolina provided the island with food for the labor force, wood for caneboiling, and staves for the shipment of molasses sugar. By 1678, Barbados was shipping ten thousand pounds of sugar to Carolina and paying good prices for the livestock. The sale of livestock to the Caribbean gave South Carolina the wealth to build more convenient houses and to purchase more negro- slaves. Responsibility for caring for the livestock fell on the slaves. Slaves would build the “cowpen, attend the calves and guard the gazing at night.

The care and maintenance of the livestock was no easy task, had it not been for the use of slaves such a project would have been extremely difficult. The early livestock economy also benefited the growth of South Carolina because “The New Settlers can be furnish’d with Stocks of Cattle and Corn” (Salley, 291). The link with the Caribbean islands and the reliance on slaves, molded the early economy of South Carolina, however, grazing was just the initial stage in the colony’s economic growth, it wasn’t until the 1690s that South Carolina found its key to economic success; rice.

Author of Black Majority, Peter Wood, described the importance of rice best when stating, “No development had greater impact upon the course of South Carolina history than the successful introduction of rice” (Wood, 35). Rice was the agricultural staple that the colonial planters could use to provide the basis for a viable plantation system based off the Barbadian model. Like sugar for Barbados, rice propelled South Carolina toward becoming one of the richest North American colonies, and “Charleston, its capital, one of wealthiest and most fashionable cities in early America”(Yale).

Although Slaves played a role in the grazing economy, their involvement in rice cultivation was staggering in comparison. It is no coincidence that following the introduction of rice production the slave population skyrocketed, soon passing the colonist population. This black majority was unprecedented in the England’s North American colonies. African Slaves were needed for rice to be successful a successful crop, because planters and plantations owners were unfamiliar with the cultivation of rice. Slaves were the only settlers who had experience and were accustomed to growing rice.

They were used to the climate and could work efficiently in the hot Carolina weather, had great physical strength, and were immune to malaria. While not every African slave had come from a African rice field, there still hundred of black immigrants “more familiar with the planting, hoeing, processing and cooking of rice than were the European settlers who purchased them” (Wood, 61). Slaves were responsible for all stages of cultivation, from seeding in spring, hoeing in the summer, to making baskets in October when the grain was fanned.

All these skills were adopted from Africa, and the slaves did not alter their annual routine, no matter which side of the Atlantic they were working. To the English, rice was the staple they had been seeking for years, and the Africans were its most logical cultivators and processors. African Slaves were the largest factor for the wealth of South Carolina, at this point in South Carolina history, it is clear that this colony can be characterized as a slave society.

Barbados was the largest market for South Carolinas rice throughout the 1730s, in total, “the Island colonies took about 10 percent of South Carolinas total rice exports in 1717-1720. Nearly forty ships annually from the West Indies would arrive in Charleston with return cargoes of rice and other commodities for Jamaica, Barbados, the Leeward Islands and the Bahamas. A fourth to a third of the total tonnage came from the West Indies, and about 15 percent to 25 percent of the ships leaving Charlestown traded to the West Indies” (Greene, 199-200).

The Caribbean not only provided South Carolina with a trade resource, but the model of a plantation society. This steady link between South Carolina and the West Indies, along with the use of slaves, not only shaped the economy but the social aspects of culture as well. Slaves in particular played a large part in the social culture of South Carolina. When settlers first came to the southern wilderness, there were no aspects of social hierarchy. Owning slaves soon became what Englishmen used to establish status distinctions in the mainland (Wood, 46).

Slaves were associated with wealth and class amongst this early society. Slaves also provided cultural advancements, more specifically the Gullah. Language was an extraordinary barrier in South Carolina; Gullah became the main form of communication and expression of people across different backgrounds. Even today, Gullah has direct ties and patterns with Black English (Wood, 191). Although Slaves were at first looked upon as possessions, the normal appeal of a possession did not correlate to a positive outlook on slaves by the whites. The Reverend Francis Le Jau strove to teach religion amongst South Carolinians.

He was part of the newly created Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts. He recounts many obstacles trying to convert the blacks, he acknowledges language barriers but the main problem was the opinion Slave masters had of slaves. To really display the social attitude towards slaves in Carolina, Le Jau recalls three quotes from slave masters; Slaves shouldn’t learn prayers because “knowledge makes them worse”, there is no difference “between slaves, and free Indians, and beasts,” and lastly one master asked Le Jau “Is it possible that any of my slaves could go to Heaven, & must I see them there? (Ibid, p16) Although mistreated, slaves were very much apart of everyday life in society. Slavery completely changed the social demographic of South Carolina. By the 1720s, when the Crown assumed control, South Carolina, unlike any other mainland country, was demographically dominated by migrants from West Africa. Not only were the migrants superior in total numbers, but also in the pace of immigration and the rate of their natural increase (Wood, 145-166). The result of this demographic and a constant connection through trade with the Caribbean was a strong public interest in slavery.

Within the text of the South Carolina Gazette, one can analyze the viewpoints of the people in this slave society. The South Carolina Gazette was the state’s first successful newspaper and was printed from 1732 to 1775. The gazette not only displayed information regarding slaves but it often reported news from the West Indies. Slave advertisements and notices were common appearances in the Gazette. Although they were usually short in text, the ads offer large insight into the culture of a slave society. They shed light on what specific characteristics buyers looked for in slaves, such as the age, health, and where these slaves came from.

One such advertisement, in June of 1739, mentions a “very fine cargo of able-bodied Gambia negroes. ” Another notice in the paper from July 7th 1733 reports a run away slave “From Dr. Samuel Stevens plantation, A negro man named Pompey, and had on when he went away, a white negro cloth jacket and breeches, almost worn out, and a blue and white negro cloth cap. Whoever bring the said negro to the plantation aforesaid, shall have reasonable satisfaction from Samuel Stevens. ” These two articles display the perceptions of the Africans.

The first article demonstrates a bias-towards Gambian Africans, this most likely stems from the fact that Gambia is located on the coast of Africa, where rice cultivation larger took place. This ad shows that slaves were often bought for their specific skills, as these slaves would be useful rice cultivation. Moreover, since slaves were bought for specific skills, this confirms the notion that South Carolina was never monoculture. Planters looked for more than just rice-orientated slaves because Carolina was still exporting some of its original products.

The first ad was surrounded by advertisements for consumer goods and tools. This is interesting because it portrays slaves as tools, not human life, and puts them on the same level of consumer goods. The inferiority of slaves is also portrayed in the ad about the runaway slave, as it mentions he was wearing a ‘negro cloth jacket’, which was worn out, and a ‘negro cloth cap,’ not only did the negroes wear worn out clothing, but the white master specifically mentions that it is negro clothing which is due to the 1735 act requiring a Negro Dress code, furthering the separation between whites and blacks of this slave society.

Lastly, the fact that a slave is running away shows insight to the tensions in between master and slave in the Carolinas (Wood, 239). While the South Carolina Gazette often portrayed negative opinions of Negroes, it also painted a portrait of problems in slave society. In South Carolina, slavery brought degradation for blacks, but also danger for whites. As the black population grew, and they began to show signs of their own culture, the white minority began to feel threatened (Wood, 195). Wood notes that previously slaves were “taken as an asset, were now viewed in part by whites as a liability” (Wood, 220).

The Slave majority posed possible threats to the minority of whites, first is that it increased the chances of a foreign power to attack, it reduced the colonies defense of such attacks, and also increased the possibility of internal attacks as well. The South Carolina Gazette only printed the concerns of white Carolinians, whom took extreme interest in the published stories about aspects of other slave societies. In particular, many stories were reported of slave uprisings and revolts. One such article in the July 7th 1733 paper, reports of an uprising on The Robert; “The Robert, Capt.

Hamilton, was lately blown up by the negroes on the Coaft of Guinea. ” These reports were often gruesome, which would cause extreme worry amongst the whites. The January 15, 1732 edition states, “a Guinea-man belonging to Bristol, rose and destroyed the whole crew, cutting off the Captain’s Head, Legs and Arms. ” Reports from Jamaica appeared in the Gazette from 1732 through 1738, one such story quotes a White Jamaican saying, “Our Rebellious negroes are so numerous that they attack us every-where. ” (SCG, May 18 1734).

The South Carolina gazette was only printed once a week and contained only a select few news stories. The fact that the gazette published so many articles involving slave revolts portrayed the fear and anxiety of the white readers. These events held special concern for the whites of South Carolina, because South Carolina resembled colonial Caribbean powers, especially Jamaica, the one area with the most dramatic reports of slave rebellions. Like South Carolina, Jamaica was heavily involved in production of agricultural staples.

It imported extremely high numbers of African slaves which resulted in a black majority, it hard harsh system of labor discipline, the elites were extremely wealthy, and was plagued by a disease filled environment which caused high mortality rates. It is shocking how closely they resembled one another. What’s even more surprising is that the whites in Carolina did not learn from the Caribbean mistakes. Carolina experienced patterns of black slave resistance such as running away, poisoning, arson and conspiracy.

From the beginning of its existence, South Carolina was always connected with the Caribbean, a prime example of this connection are South Carolina slave acts. The original slave regulations were borrowed from the Barbados, and they were almost identical. As South Carolina began to establish itself and develop their own acts, the regulations became considerably harsher. Rev. Le Jau, on August 30, 1712, wrote, “There has been a severe act to punish our slaves, lately past in this province.

Runaway slaves are to be Mutilated; and at last put to death if they absent themselves for the fourth time for fourteen days. I have taken the Liberty to say Mutilation and Death too great punishments” (Wood, 138). Many acts and laws were put in place but when a new act was passed in 1734 to extend the extent of the 1720’s patrol act, worsened the brutality of slaves. The South Carolinian leaders felt that harsh laws, and publish punishment would help by making the Slaves more submissive. This concept was extremely false.

Jamaica in the late seventeenth century experienced an onslaught of slave resistance due to extreme cruelty. It was soon realized that strengthened systems, an increase in brutality and punishments provoked, instead of deterred, slave resistance when in 1740 South Carolina was torn by what is know as the Stono Rebellion. A group of slaves, in search for liberation, joined together to rebel against the whites, resulting in the deaths of more than sixty people (Wood, 308). This rebellion opened the eyes of everyone, as it displayed the possible dangers of slaves.

The Stono rebellion holds more significance as “it can be seen as a turning point in the history of South Carolina’s black population,” never again did a time such severe racial unrest occur (Wood, 308). From its initial settlement in 1670 to the Stono Rebellion in 1740 South Carolina established itself as one of the wealthiest North American colonies. This reign of success would not have been possible without the Caribbean and the development of a slave society. Unlike any other North American colony of its time, South Carolina, displayed a culture that was based around African Slavery.

Early Barbadian settlers, who represented over fifty percent of the early Carolina settlers, brought the concept of slavery to South Carolina. Basing its economy off a profitable agricultural staple, and using slaves whose active involvement “undertook all the routine activities” on the plantation, South Carolina began to take face of a colonial Caribbean island (Wood, 198). The social demographics of this region displayed a large black majority, almost 9 blacks to every 1 white in areas of the lowlands.

The economy was sustained by the blacks, the population was majority black, this society was so reliant on the black slaves, even one Swiss newcomer named Samuel Dyssli in 1737 said of Carolina “looks more like a negro country than like a country settled by white people” (Wood, 132). Dyssli observations are far from unordinary, and were not the only of its kind. In South Carolina, whether it was trade, culture, plantation systems, or economics, the Caribbean colonies have influenced it in such a way that it was often referred to as “Carolina in Ye West indies” (Woods, 160).

Dyssli was correct in calling Carolina a negro country, however, so was the English document stating Carolina in ye West Indies, Carolina was molded into the wealthy North American colony it once was, due to the West Indies influence and the advantages of the African slaves. Works Cited Carey, Bev. The Maroon Story: the Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica, 1490-1880. Gordon Town, Jamaica: Agouti, 1997. Print. Childs. Colonization. 132-35. Print. “Collections. ” Print. Rpt. n South Carolina Historical Society. Vol. V. Charleston: South Carolina Historical Society. 361. Print. Greene, Jack P. “Colonial South Carolina and the Caribbean Connection. ” The South Carolina Historical Magezine Oct. 1987: 192-210. Jstor. Web. 20 June 2011. . Harlow, Todd V. “Francis Lord Willoughby. ” A History of Barbados, 1625-1685. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926. 283. Print. Jau, Francis Le. The Carolina Chronicle of Dr. Francis Le Jau, 1706-1717 (University of California Publications in History). Kraus, 1980.

Print. Salley Jr. , Alexander S. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708. Gardners, 2007. 67. Print. Thompson, Alvin. The Journal of Caribbean History XVI (1982). Print. Waring, Joseph I. The First Voyage and Settlement at Charles Town, 1670-1680. Columbia: Published for the South Carolina Tricentennial Commission, by the University of South Carolina, 1970. 24-25. Print. Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Norton, 1996. Print.

The Caucasus: The Caucasus hotspot, historically interpreted as the area of land between the Black and Caspian seas, covers a total area of 580,000 km. Located at a biological crossroads, species from Central and Northern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa mingles here with endemics found nowhere else. One of the most biologically rich regions on Earth, the Caucasus is among the planet’s 25 most diverse and endangered hotspots. The Caucasus is one of WWF’s Global 200 ‘ecoregions’ identified as globally outstanding for biodiversity.

The Caucasus has also been named a large herbivore hotspot by WWF’s Large Herbivore Initiative. Eleven species of large herbivores, as well as five large carnivores, are found over a relatively small area to be endemic. The 2002 IUCN Red List identifies 50 species of globally threatened animals and one plant in the Caucasus. Among the IUCN species, 18 have restricted ranges or are endemics. The Caucasus Mountains harbor a wealth of highly sought after medical and decorative plants, as well as a vast endemism of plant communities. [pic]

Spanning the borders of six countries, the Caucasus hotspot is a globally significant center of cultural diversity, where a multitude of ethnic groups, languages and religions intermingle over a relatively small area. Close cooperation across borders will be required for conservation of unique and threatened ecosystems, while helping to foster peace and understanding in an ethnically diverse region with a history of contrasting political and religious views. The Caucasus is a hotspot of plant and animal species diversity and endemism important for the conservation of biodiversity on a global scale.

High levels of landscape diversity in the Caucasus are largely the result of altitude variability in the region. The unique geology and terrain, consisting of three major mountain chains separated by valleys and plains, permit a variety of different microclimate, soil and vegetative conditions. Climatic conditions are very diverse, with precipitation ranging from more than 4,000 mm per year in the southwestern Caucasus to less than 200 mm a year in deserts in the eastern Caucasus. These wide ranges of climatic conditions are a key factor that makes this area such a biologically important area.

The Caribbean islands:

The Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot is exceptionally important for global biodiversity conservation, due to high levels of species endemism and threat. The Caribbean is home to approximately 11,000 plants species, of which 72% are endemic to the region. The vertebrates are also characterized by extremely high levels of endemism: 100% of 189 amphibian species, 95% of 520 reptile species, 74% of 69 mammal species and 26% of 564 species birds are unique to the Caribbean Islands.

In terms of endemism at the genus (biological classification of living organisms) ranking level, it ranks third among the world’s 34 Biodiversity Hotspots with 205 plants and 65 vertebrate genera endemic to the islands. Species restricted to the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot represent 2. 6% of the world’s 300,000 plants species and 3. 5% of the world’s 27,298 vertebrate species). The high level of biological diversity in the Caribbean is due to several factors. During the early Cretaceous (120 to 140 million years b. ), a chain of volcanic islands (called Proto-Antilles) began to emerge along the eastern edge of the Caribbean Plate in the Pacific Ocean. The plate drifted eastward serving as a stepping-stone route exchange of terrestrial organisms between two previously separated regions. By the Eocene era (58 million years a. c), the core of the Greater Antilles achieved their present positions. The Lesser Antilles are the active remnants of an ancient volcanic chain, and are younger than the Greater Antilles.

Several islands have particularly rugged and mountainous landscapes separated by large stretches of sea, which resulted in the isolation of populations. The Caribbean has suffered from high levels of habitat loss since the arrival of Europeans in the 1490s. This destruction has reduced the hotspot’s original estimated 229,549km2 of natural vegetation to just 22,955km2(or just 10%). The loss of native habitat combined with other threat factors, such as introduced (alien invasive) species, has resulted in severe and widespread degradation of the Caribbean’s unique biodiversity.

Currently, 755 plants and vertebrate species are at risk of extinction, making the region one of the biodiversity hotspots holding the most globally threatened species. Madagascar: [pic] Madagascar is an island off the coast of Africa which is known to have some of the world’s most interesting animals. It has a land area of 600,461 km?. About 80 percent of the species found in Madagascar live nowhere else on the planet. Madagascar is the forth largest island in the world and broke away from the mainland about 160 million years ago. Therefore, the hotspot is a living example of species evolution in isolation.

Despite close proximity to Africa, the islands do not share any of the typical animal groups of nearby Africa, making Madagascar home to a vast variety of endemic species. The island contains 5% of animal and plant species on Earth, with 80% endemic to the island. Madagascar is thought to have 11,600 endemic species of plant, 57 threatened endemic birds and 51 threatened endemic mammals. 18,482km of the island is protected land. Western areas of the island consist of dry savannah with deserts found in central regions. The eastern side of Madagascar facing the Indian Ocean is tropical rainforest with a high level of rainfall.

The island is also host to several high mountain ecosystems. These biomes each support contrasting species, portraying the contrasting ecoregions in Madagascar. Madagascar and the surrounding islands have a total of eight plant families, four bird families, and five primate families that live nowhere else on Earth. Madagascar has more than 50 lemur species which are commonly associated with the island and are the focal point for conservation. The carnivorous fossa is another example of an endemic species as well as six Baobab species (huge trees with wide stumps).

There are so many species endemic to Madagascar that some ecologists have called it “the eighth continent”. Many of these species, such as the fossa, are now considered to be an endangered species, with only about 2,500 mature fossa individuals in existence. Tenrecs, a family of small omnivorous mammals, primarily find their home on Madagascar, with 30 species found only there, and just 3 on the African mainland. There are numerous other species endemic to Madagascar, including 14 unique rodents, 15 species of bat, various chameleons and geckos, over a hundred birds, and hundreds of beetles and other insects.

Conservation efforts must proceed aggressively to preserve this unique Madagascar fauna. Specific locations in Madagascar which are renowned for high biodiversity are situated on the eastern coast which is mainly tropical rainforest. These areas have year-round warmth and receive a lot of rainfall. Interestingly, the soils in the rainforest are poor because most of the biomes nutrients are locked up in the vegetation. In terms of flagship species in Madagascar, Baobabs are considered to be flagship trees for landscape conservation in western Madagascar, unique and individual features to the island landscape.

Madagascar has seven of the world’s eight Baobab tree species, six of them endemic to the island. Another endemic flagship plant to the island is the traveler’s tree or palm, pollinated by the island’s flagship vertebrate species, the lemurs. The tomato frog is a flagship amphibian of Madagascar, found only in a small corner of northeastern Madagascar. Threats to biodiversity Of the 10,000 plants native to Madagascar, 90% are found nowhere else in the world. Madagascar’s varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity, as a third of its native vegetation has disappeared since the 1970s, and only 18% remains intact.

However, there are several national parks that have been established to help protect many of the endemic species. Extensive deforestation has taken place in parts of the country, reducing certain forest habitats and applying pressure to some endangered species. Madagascar has a population growth rate of approximately 3%, therefore, with a growing population, more of the island endemic species become at risk due to the increase in human activity and development.

First Examination (Response #1) When the Europeans arrived in the Caribbean, they were looking to invade and inhabit the land. Little did they know,the islands were already occupied by other groups of people at the time. One of those groups were the Ciboneys, or the Guanahuateby(Lucayans) who were inhabiting the Watlings Islands. The Ciboneys were believed to be the first group of people to inhabit the island. They migrated from the Orinico region, probably through Florida and the Bahamas. Although they are said to migrate from these areas, there origins are unknown.

The Ciboneys were hunters, who collected the islands most useful resources. The Ciboneys were inhabitants of the islands before the birth of Christ, which was around 2000 years later. The Lucayans were also crafty people, who worked with shells, bones, stones, and different woods. Outside of their crafty work, it is believed that they were not producers of pottery. From the months of April to October, the Ciboneys migrated from the coast of Venuzeula to the Caribbean when the currents and winds were favorable. From November to March, they were effected by the winds and winter.

Another group of people that were inhabitants of the Caribbean before the arrival of the Eurpeans were the Arawaks. The Arawaks were migrants from Central and South America, who expanded their homelands to the Northern and Southern regions of Cuba and Trinidad. They occupied larger areas, such as Cuba, Hipiola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and were believed to share Cuba and Hipiola with the Ciboney. They traveled in large canoes, which were man-made from tree trunks and held fairly significant amounts of people. It is said they traveled down the Orinoco and arrived to Trinidad, where they called Lere.

They inhabited the southern region of Trinidad amd became known as the Igneri. From there, they set for the Bahamas, where they were known as the Lueayans. Island Arawaks are said to be non- militaristic people with a hierachy structured society of manioc producing agriculturalists. Through their agriculture experience, they became advanced in producing and taming wide varieties of plants and animals. From their experience in marine culture, they made their own boats and used them for their own voyages to other areas. They also grew crops, such as peanuts, yams, maize, and cotton.

The part is faced with many challenges, chances, menaces and hazards as a consequence of clime alteration ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . Developing states must therefore address the impact of clime alteration of which they are highly vulnerable though they contribute less than 1 % of entire green house gas emanations compared to the surplus of 50 % contributed by the universe ‘s industrial powers ( Trotz, n.d. ) . However, it is imperative that they become cognizant of the impact of clime alteration on Caribbean concern, trade and the environment, and supply solutions as to the manner frontward.

The Caribbean signifiers portion of the Small Island Developing States that are considered vulnerable to the socio-economic and environmental features that creates sustainable development challenges ( United Nation Environment Programme, 2008 ) . These challenges are critical in understanding the kineticss in the manner they function within their assorted economic systems and the ensuing consequence of clime alteration. These include the dependance of the productive sectors on their narrow handiness of natural resources such as agribusiness, fishing and forestry which can finally take to limited economic variegation possibilities ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . This in inself can make economic systems with limited potency to exhibit a competitory advantage on an international degree. Other challenges include the high dependance on imports and the islands susceptibleness to extreme conditions conditions.

Climate alteration does bring forth both positive and negative effects. Island states must therefore happen ways to capitalise on the chances while cut downing hazards. Conducting concern locally, regionally and internationally is of import for economic growing and development and as such, climate alteration can impact concern operations significantly. For illustration, the Caribbean is extremely dependent on touristry as one of its cardinal subscribers to the gross domestic merchandise ( Reid, 2010 ) . Coral reefs are an intregal attractive force to tourers sing the Caribbean particularly on the islands of Jamaica and St. Lucia, among others ( Reid, 2010 ) . However, coral bleaching due to lifting temperature consequences in the decease of corals which will finally take away from a merchandise of value within the sector ( Reid, 2010 ) . Similarly, agribusiness is of import for many cariibean islands non merely for export, but as a beginning of nutrient for many communities. Hurricanes and other natural catastrophes can hold damaging effects on islands such as Grenada and Dominica which export Myristica fragranss and bananas ( Reid, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( n.d. ) , a shortening of the turning season of sugar cane in Guyana due to climate alteration will cut down outputs by 29.8 % and cut down productiveness in St. Vincent by 20 % . Other negative effects include emphasis on concerns and authoritiess due to the insurgency of diseases and pestilences and a rise in regulative force per unit areas ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) .

Climate alteration can supply important benefits for the concern sector and unfastened concerns throughout the Caribbean to the potency of staying competitory globally while increasing the possibility of cut downing long-term costs. This decrease in costs can be achieved through the ability of concerns to follow energy effiecient processes ( ECLAC, 2010 ) . Additionally, with consumers going more environmentally knowing and friendly, the acceptance of greener patterns will better the manner in which stakeholders view take parting concerns giving them an border over non-practicing concerns ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . Businesss may besides profit from revenue enhancement interruptions and/or fiscal inducements such as the deforestation partnership where Norway is paying Guyana to maintain its nursery gas emmission down ( Edwards, 2010 ) .

In add-on to concern, clime alteration will impact trade within the part particularly due to function that touristry and agribusiness drama in the growing and development of the economic systems. Additions in temperature will ensue in lower output and as such, export possibilities will decrease ( Reid, 2010 ) . Additionally, diminution in fish stocks can hold important effects. For illustration, decrease in the Yellow Fin Tuna, which is chiefly used for export will adversely impact economic output therefore negatively impacting trade. Last, clime alteration willl consequence in developing states holding to run into specific criterions as it relates to labelling and production procedures which may be a hinderance due to the deficiency of technological capablenesss, accomplishments or expertness. However, this can make an chance for Caribbean concerns to use the export markets by going more competitory due to the acceptance of greener patterns. For illustration, Grenada benefitted from the export of organic cocoa which is certified under the USDA-NOP and EEC2092/91 ( Grenada Chocolate Company, n.d. ) . Similarly, Jamaica is able to profit from the export of the Jamaican Moutain Coffee to international markets ( Coffee Industries Ltd, n.d. ) .

The effects of clime alteration on the environment are of great concern as animate being and works biodiversity, agribusiness and human population ( among others ) are affected. There is besides the possibility of H2O deficits and taint, and the remotion of Rhizophora mangles and coral reefs all ensuing in the human population being at hazard. Harmonizing to United Nations Environmental Programme ( 2008 ) , about 70 % of the islands population lives along the seashore doing them susceptible to decease from tsunamis, hurricanes and storm rushs. These natural jeopardies along with internal anthropogenetic jeopardies such as deforestation can badly cut down the resiliency of cardinal ecosystems over a period of clip ( Reid, 2010 ) . Haiti experienced four lay waste toing hurricane in 2008, go forthing the island with over US $ 5 million in amendss which accounted for 5 % of its GDP ( Caribbean Policy Development Center, 2008 ) . Climate alteration besides increases the potency for the invasion of non-native, invasive species therefore interrupting the balance within ecosystems.

In turn toing the issues related to climate alteration, it is necessary that the Caribbean take a conjunct action. As such, it is critical that version be made to the manner companies conduct their concern, trade and interact with the environment. Adaptation involves sentisizing the population of the effects of climare alteration and shifting resources in order to extenuate its effects ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . For illustration, , in Playa Rosario in Havana, communities have been reallocated 5km inland to avoid the impact from coastal erodings ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . Additionally, the funding of undertakings geared towards version encourages more concern to take part. One such programme was executed in the 1990 ‘s where the Caribbean Adaptation to Climate Change ( CPACC ) was granted US $ 5.6 million to finance four regional and five pilot undertakings through the World Bank, Organization of American States ( OAS ) and CARICOM ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . Other actions include building edifices with proper chilling systems, promote the preservation of natural resources including H2O installations, and inducements for companies in conformity with regulative patterns regulating clime alteration ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) .

The impact of clime alteration on concern, trade and the environment is serious. Although climate alteration may supply some positives particularly for establishments with the capacity to accommodate, the magnitude of the negatives can non be overstated. There is an pressing demand for action to be taken by persons, communities, concerns and authoritiess within the part. It is imperative that we are able to make a sustainable hereafter for our state ‘s kids and as such, the part need non merely adapt to climate alteration but besides do all possible to extenuate its effects.