Newspaper

The modern newspaper is European invention. The oldest direct ancestors of the modern newspaper were using the handwritten news sheet that circulated widely in Venice as early as 1966. These weekly newspaper sheets were filled with information on wars and politics in Italy and Europe. The first printed newspapers were published weekly in German from 1609. Typically they were heavily censored by the government and reported only foreign news, and current prices. After the English government relaxed censorship in 1695, newspaper flourished in London and a few other cities including Boston and Philadelphia. By the 1830s high speed presses could print thousands of newspaper cheaply, allowing for low daily costs.

The first Indian media was established in the late 18th century with newspaper Hicky’s Bengal gazette, founded in 1780. August and louiselumiere moving pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895; and radio broadcasting began in 1927. Indian media private media in particular have been “free and independent” thorough most of their history. The period of emergency (1975- 1977), declared by prime minister Indira Gandhi was the brief period of India’s media was faced with potential government retribution.

Growth and Development of Industry

The Newspaper industry is comprised ofa diverse group of media companies. This group is best described as mature. Many of its member mainstay gazettes have long publishing histories and names recognized in households across the country. NEWSPAPER is an essential infrastructure for economic development and hence for the improvement of the quality of human life. The use of newspaper is in different activities like social and economic, and gathering information and knowledge. From these the highest use goes to social activities. It is used for saving time and expenditure in social and financial contexts. In India people are interested in reading newspaper.

Increase Revenue:

•  Despite the hold the television industry has on the country, it is the print press which is attracting more advertisers, making up 47% of the overall share.
•  In the past year alone, advertising spend for the print media worth $2.86bn
•  A recent industry analysis from KPMG and the federation of Indian chambers of commerce and industry (FICCI) suggested that the value of the Indian newspaper industry grown by two-third in the past six year.
•  In 2005, the total industry was worth $2.64bn. This rose to $4.37bn in 2010.
•  It is predictable to continue to rise at an annual rate of 10% between 2011 and 2014.
•  The localization of content and introduction of specific pullouts, such as wedding supplements and woman’s section is reason why newspaper 11 continue to pull in advertiser, says Mr. D’souza more than 107 million copies is circulated daily across the in India 2009, according to the world association of the newspaper, its estimated that one in every five daily newspaper in the world is published in the century.

Internet Factor:

•  While any newspaper markets have been hit by the growth of online journalism the outlook for the Indian Print media remains buoyant.
•  The figures on the numbers of newspaper in India vary greatly, but its believed there are thousands rather than hundreds of them in the country, with many more addition being added all the time.
•  One of the key reasons is low penetration of the internet outside large urban centres.
•  “India is considered among those developing company that will last see the wrath of digital penetration because internet penetration is still nascent and consumer migration has not yet happened” says KPMG.
•  In the west, the rise of the internet has been a driving factor in demise of many print editions.
•  Paul Giling who runs the website newspaperdeathwatch.com says by one count he show more than two hundred weekly close in US in 2009 alone.
•  While they are growing considerably and ranking in the profits if India’s rapid expamsioin, the newspaper in the country are aware of the imminent threat posed by the web
•  “internet penetration is still relatively low but that will soon change.” Says Mr. Padmanabhan.
•  “Every newspaper realizes there’s a lot more competition than there was before.”

Product Profile

Starting from woodblock printing in 200CE to digital printing that is currently in use, printing has definitely come a long way. It is a process of using ink on paper to show images and text by using printing press. The primary use of print media is to spread information about daily events and news as it is the fastest way to reach the public. Apart from that, it provides a lot of entertainment to the readers. It may be magazine or newspaper that covers all the stories and articles that generate a lot of interest in the minds of the public. Another important use is that of advertisement, as print media is quite inexpensive and can target a huge population at once.

Newspaper: Newspapers are the most popular form of print media. They are generally delivered at home, or are available at newsstand, and it is the most inexpensive way to reach a huge mass of people quickly.

Different types of newspaper cater to various audience, and one can select particular category accordingly. A newspaper is divided into various segment containing current events, sports, foods, entertainment, fashion, finance, advertisement, informative article, and so on. The advertiser, in this case, can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Advertiser design press advertisements, wherein the size is decided as per the budget of the client.

Newsletter: A newsletter is a publication that mostly covers one main topic. Sometimes, people have to subscribe for the newsletter, or many a time, they are even free. Newsletters are generally used as information sources for neighborhood, communities, and groups having an interest about that particular topic, or event. They are also used for promotional purpose, political campaigns, or for causes.

Newsletters are also used in many schools as a communication tool for parents, which give them information about what is new in the school. Many companies make use of newsletters as a marketing strategy to provide all the information to customers and employees. Magazines provide detailed articles on various topics like food, fashion, sports, finance, lifestyle, and so on. Magazines are published weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually, and many of them are sold all over the world. Advertising in magazines costs a bit more, but it is a great way to target some market segments. The ads in the magazines need to be eye-catching, yet simple and elegant. Make sure you do not put too much information to herd the page, in that case, you can provide web details for more information. The advertisements and magazines subscription fees are the fund providers for the magazines.

Banners at many places are made of cloth or paper and are used to a how slogans, logos, or some messages. It is also used for advertising brands in exhibitions, giving out the names of products, or services that are being provided. Like banners, posters also come under the category for the same purpose. Communication details are also an important part of these banners. Posters are mostly hung at a height and are made attractive so as to catch the attention of the passerby. The primary use of posters can be seen in political campaigns. Both banners and posters are customized and include text as well as graphics-that too in a huge size so that the message is seen from far. It is a self-made form of advertising.

Billboards have mostly become digital, but they qualify under the category of print media-after all. The advertisements are printed on the billboard. These include text and graphic- mostly as a combination- so as to make it more appearing. Billboards have fixed locations and are huge in size so that it can be seen and read from a long distance. Billboard advertisements are the most list in the print media category. The price depends on the size, location of the billboard, mostly on the duration of the advertisement. Apart from advertisements, a lot of promotional activities are also done by making use of billboards. Even though it costs a lot, it helps in targeting all the market segments.

Books are the oldest form of print media that are used as a way of communication and information piece. They give an opportunity to writers to spread their knowledge about a particular subject to the whole world. They are a diverse platform comprising varied topics that include literature, history, fiction stories, and many more, that not only increase our knowledge but also entertain us. A book is actually a collection of many printed pages, which are later bound together. After printing was invented, books were printed giving knowledge of various sectors to the world.

A brochure, also known as pamphlet, is a kind of booklet that contains the details of the company, or organization. Generally, brochures are for takeaway, so as to keep the brand in the mind of the audience. They are distributed in exhibitions, or shops in which particulars of the product, or service of the company are provided along with communication details. It is very necessary that the brochure contains all the required details of the product or service with terms and conditions along with the charges. Brochures generally consist of two or three folds of glossy and colorful sheets with some nice presentation. They are mostly distributed by hand, sent by mails, or you may find them at brochure racks as well. A normal flyer is also a part of print media. Some of the big companies may not use this type for advertising of targeting the market, but for small organizations, it can be very useful and help in generating business. A flyer should always be crisp and eye-catching so that it attracts people’s attention. Flyers can be distributed in exhibitions, or can be put on walls of colleges and schools, depending on what kind of audience an organization is looking for. Printing of flyers is also inexpensive, and so, a stack can be distributed in the neighborhood, or at signals. They are commonly used for advertisements, or at local events and parties.

Demand Determination of Newspaper

INDUSTRY:

Print readership in India jumps 4.4% to 425 million in two years: Report While Hindi and regional dailies grew at 3.9% and 5.7%, respectively, English newspapers saw a 10.7% growth, though on a small base The Indian Readership Survey (IRS) data released for Q1 of 2019 reveals that the overall readership of newspapers has grown from 407 million readers in 2017 to 425 million readers at the end of the first quarter of 2019. The report was released by the Media Research Users Council (MRUC) on Friday. While Hindi and regional dailies grew at 3.9 per cent and 5.7 per cent, respectively, English newspapers saw a 10.7 per cent growth, though on a small base.

Hindi dailies had 186 million readers, while regional readership stood at 211 million in IRS Q1 2019. English newspaper readership went up from 28 million to 31 million between the 2017 and Q1 2019 surveys. Total readership of magazines was up 9 million to 87 million, according to the latest IRS data, while business dailies too reported a healthy growth. The report is based on a rolling average of the data from last three quarters of IRS 2017 and one fresh quarter from IRS 2019. The sample size for the latest IRS was 324,286 households. The consumption of online newspapers also saw growth. In IRS 2017, 4 per cent of the total universe consumed online newspapers, while in IRS 2019 the number has grown to 5 per cent. The growth is led by New Consumer Classification System A1 where 27 per

Some important key terms and words for this project are: consumption, the utilization of goods and services for personal use or manufacturing. For example, we work to earn an income which allows us the opportunity to buy goods and services such as leisure. Leisure, is a period of timer that can be spent relaxing, engaging in recreation, or otherwise indulging in freely chosen activities such as reading, watching tv, playing videogames, listening to music, etc. Recreation is any satisfying, amusing, and stimulating activity that is experienced as refreshing and renewing for body, mind, and spirit. Another important term that has a big impact on our lives is commodification, the process by which it becomes possible to buy and sell a particular good or service. Nowadays, it’s common for people to spend money on movies, music, books, videogames, apps, sporting equipment, and admission fees to places like Six Flags. The focus of this paper to is to compare the differences between an ethnic magazine (People en Español) and a mainstream magazine (Vogue). Other important terms are popular culture, forms of cultural expression usually associated with the masses, consumer goods, and commercial products. High culture, is forms of cultural expression usually associated with the elite or dominant classes. It is important to remember these terms since mainstream media is known to control the masses and one of the outlets they use to do this is through magazine ads.

What we all know about this focus is that mainstream magazines such as Vogue and Vanity Fair will primarily feature American males and females while ethnic magazines such as Essence and Ebony primarily feature people of color. That’s not to say you won’t find people of color or whites in the magazines mentioned above, it’s just that the disparities in how often the opposite race is pictured within ads will be significant.

The sources used in obtaining are information are The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology textbook, an issue of Vogue from December 2016 and an issue of People en Español from December 2018. The way we obtained information was straightforward and simple. We used the Sample Tally sheet to record information from each magazine. From there, we transferred the information to the Content Analyses Work Sheet. Lastly, we looked at the data we came up with and from there we created our PowerPoint and we each came up with suggestions and recommendations on how to address the issues we came across such as lack of diversity and representation in each magazine.

For the findings and interpretation section, we noticed there were significant differences between the respective magazines. In the Race/Ethnicity category, we noticed that the majority of people featured in Vogue magazine were thin, white females. In contrast, People en Español heavily featured Hipics. In addition, Vogue magazine only had two Hipic people featured in ads for the entire issue. For other groups, there was 17 African-American females and two Asian females. There was only one black male and one Asian male. Unfortunately, there was no Hipic males in the magazine. People en Español had no Asian representation but there was three black males and one white male.

In the Occupation category, 99% of the jobs featured in Vogue magazine were all white-collar jobs. There was only one job that we were unable to decide whether it was blue collar or white collar. People en Español featured 63% white-collar jobs while the remaining 37% percent went to pink-collar jobs (35%) and occupations we couldn’t decide (2%).

For the body weight category, it was no surprise that Vogue featured an astonishing 86% of females with thin bodies. For average body weight, the remaining 13% were females. People en Español had a little more variety. A little more than half (55%) of the models in ads were thin while the remaining 45% were average-sized models. For men, the results were the same with the magazine advertising five muscular men and five average size men.

In the type of clothing category, People en Español featured 53% of women in dressy/costume outfits while the remaining 47% were dressed casually. 88% of the men in the magazine were dressed casually while 10% were in business uniforms and 3% were in dressy/costume outfits. Vogue had some variety in this category with 48% of the women dressed in business uniforms, 12% in sleepwear or lingerie, 18% dressed casually, and 22% in dressy/costume outfits.

For degree of dress, People en Español featured 78% of its female models fully clothed while 16% were partially clothed. For the remaining 6%, we were unable to place them in a sub-category. For male models, 94% were fully clothed while the other 6% were partially clothed. In Vogue magazine, female models were fully clothed at 72% while 28% were partially clothed. The only three male models that were featured were all fully clothed.

The three sociological theories are structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism is when social institutions such as recreation and leisure provide for the needs of society and its members and help to maintain social cohesion and unity. Conflict theory is social institutions such as recreation and leisure reflecting the existing power structures in society thus creating and maintaining social inequalities. This is clearly on display when you look at the racial disparities in both magazines. Vogue focuses on heavily promoting white people while People en Español focuses on displaying Hipic men and women. Both magazines are in a way showing the inequality of today’s world. Although People en Español is trying to spotlight their people and culture in a world that constantly pushes them aside. Symbolic interactionism is social institutions such as recreation and leisure being produced when people act together thus playing a meaningful role in the everyday lives of members.

The biggest issue we came across was the lack of diversity and representation as mentioned above. We understand People en Español is shining a light on talented and successful Hipics while Vogue magazine is perpetuating stereotypes while having an underlying “white power” theme. Vogue magazine was promoting a lifestyle of the rich and famous while People en Español focused on catering to the middle class with their ads and these ads focused on food, health, women, medication, etc.. Although the issue of Vogue was from 2016, I wouldn’t be surprised if the data we collected is any different from a current issue. We believe a plan of action to address these issues would be to equally represent people from all walks of life. Young, old, gay, straight, and every color and nationality. There are other publications out in the media that do this, so there’s no reason why in 2018 magazines are promoting social inequality. It would also be helpful if publications found advertisers that believe in values such as equality and ask them to work with them. That way the magazine is inclusive and NOT exclusive.

In closing, our goal was to compare a mainstream magazine versus an ethnic magazine. We collected data, discussed what we found, and then addressed the issues we came across. Our most important recommendation is for there to be a balance in the advertisement not only in the people represented, but in the product placements. A few of us (Karoline, Chris, Ossama) learned that there is still inequality in magazines while some of us (such as Richard and Kendri) were already aware of the injustices prevalent in today’s mainstream media world. We learned a lot from this project and how the media works to control and manipulate the masses with their message.

Propaganda is information designed to get people to believe a certain point of view. It does not have to be lies. It can be the truth, though it is only one part of the truth. The British government started to use propaganda at the before the world war one. They used it to make the British people dislike the Germans and support the war.

Propaganda was used in world war one to promote the war effort. The government used propaganda for many deferent reasons. The government used propaganda at many different times in the war for many different reasons and some of the propaganda was not needed by the end of the war like recruitment poster.

Recruitment propaganda was used from the start of the war until conscription was introduced in 1916 .The British government made many recruitment posters to get people interested in signing up to fight in the war. The government used many different and my favourite one is a man sitting in an arm chair and has his daughter asking him “daddy what did you do in the Great War?” this was made to get a normal family to sing up for the war it had a very big impact on many family men it would make them feel a bit guilty to his family that he did not help to protect the country.

The government made theses posters to get people to sigh up for the war because the British army was very small about 250,000 men compared to the French and German army what where conscription army’s. We need help to beat the evil Germans so we put up posters asking people to join the army.

Women were also the target from propaganda either. Propaganda was targeted at them to try and get them to take up work in the places left by the vast number of men what went to fight in the war. Or to try and make their husband, fight in the war.

The news papers published Atrocity stories about atrocity stories what happened in Belgium. This stories where to tell to build up hate toward the Germans. It was based on true fact and most of it was real but got mixed on the way to your ears. But other stories are just made up. They were successful because people wanted some thing to hate the Germans for and this was a good thing for the British government.

A British spy was killed by the Germans what was a very good piece of propaganda .But the newspaper told us that she was a middle aged nurse working at the western frontline serving our troop in the war in the Germans lines. It was in all of Germany power to kill her because she was spying and helping British solider in prisoner of war camps escape to the frontline .It was a great pieces of propaganda for the first world war . But after the war the Germans did emit that it was a very big mistake to kill her but she could have been put in a prison.

Raising money for the war became increasingly difficult throughout the war. The government tried many different ways of raising money. At first they simply spent less money elsewhere in the county or raised taxes a bit. However as the war kept on growing they didn’t have enough money to fund the war. The government found its self, borrowing money from other countries to fuel the war. They decided to issue an appeal for money in the way of propaganda to get the wealthier families and households to donate money to them. They asked people to take out war bonds that could be paid back at the end of the war. This was also coped by the US in WW2.

The British army did have a secret weapon of the First World War it was the tank. The Tank was a propaganda persons dream their was many new stories about it in the paper and many different pictures of it in the paper at first it was not that impressive in the war. But after time the army used them goodly and did much damage with them but. The tank did build up much national pride and gave British people hope that we where going to win the war.

The government did not only want to influence the views of Britain, but also those of friends and enemies abroad. America would be a great help if they would join the war for the allies. To help mobilise America for war the Foreign Office, who were in charge of propaganda to neutral audiences, printed hundreds o books and leaflets to send to American newspaper editors. When the Luistania was sunk by a German U-boat’s torpedo in 1915, British propaganda made sure it was told about a lot.

Without the propaganda the country would might not have won the war. It helped us many way . It was one of the crucial factors of us winning the war although be may of gave up on the war but the government used their ever growing wisdom in know what we want to see and hear about the war (was better wisdom in them days).

Introduction

Mint is the business daily launched by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the Wall Street Journal which is the most authoritative business daily in the world of newspaper for over 100 year. It is the world’s largest and most respected business news platform. The purpose behind mint was the robust growth of the Indian economy as is evident in the growing stock market.

This long-term segment growth opened up an opportunity for a high quality daily newspaper. Although the business newspaper market was mainly dominated by economic times however there was a huge untapped potential for a high quality daily. And this is where HT, in collaboration with the Wall Street Journal, came out with HT Mint. Media Industry Media Industry comprises of newspaper, television, outdoor, magazine, radio, internet and cinema. Indian Media and Entertainment Industry have out performed the Indian Economy & is one of the fastest growing sectors in India.

Total media advertising (ad-spend) in India in 2004 was estimated by TAM Adex India at Rs. 118 billion. Print advertising accounted for the largest share with 46. 0%, followed by television with 41. %, outdoor advertising with 7. 0%, radio with 2. 0%, cinema advertising with 3. 0% and internet with 1%. Although print media in India (newspapers, magazines and niche publications) dominates ad-spend, newspapers’ share of the ad-spend fell as television gained, rising from approximately 40% in 2001 to 41% in 2004 (source: TAM Adex India). In 2004, print media ad-spend grew by 15% and television ad-spend grew by 13%, respectively, compared with 2003 (Source: TAM Adex India). Print media’s share of the ad-spend in India vis-a-vis television may now have stabilized.

The apprehension about the print media being adversely affected by the advent of the Internet as a medium of sharing information seems to have been settled. While newspapers and magazines may have experienced some cannibalization by their digital equivalents, ad-spend in the print media has stabilized over the past few years. Set forth below is a chart that shows the ad-spend by media category in Asia/Pacific in 2000 through 2003.

Indian Print Media

The Indian newspaper industry is intensely competitive, with multiple national and regional players vying for a larger share of the readership, circulation and advertising market.

A strong national brand combined with multi-city operations and a high level of content and product quality are emerging as the key differentiators, because it gives an opportunity to larger non-retail advertisers to reach out to multiple markets and high quality audiences at a low cost, while local advertisers can concentrate on city-specific advertising. Given these inherent advantages associated with having multi-city, large scale operations, the industry has begun to witness a phase of consolidation. We expect this process of consolidation to continue.

The domestic industry at this time does not have foreign or multinational players operating, although that could happen in the future if and when the Government of India changes its foreign investment regulations and restrictions applicable to the print media segment. In addition to intra-segment competition, the Indian newsprint industry is also faced with the competition posed by other forms of media including television broadcasters, magazines, radio broadcasters and websites. Trends indicate that unlike in the global markets, print-ad spend is growing faster than electronic in India.

In the calendar year 2005, print media ad- spend grew by 15% against 12% television as per Industry estimates. Contrary to global trends, both readership and circulation of newspapers are also growing in India. This strong growth trend for the Indian newspaper industry appears sustainable from medium-term perspective. Continued economic growth and increasing literacy is expected to enable players such as HT Media to be bigger beneficiaries in the event of any reversal in newsprint price trends.

Newspaper readership in 2005 was 190 million (Source: NRS 2005), up from 165 million in 2003 (Source: NRS 2003). We believe that daily newspapers are increasingly being bought for their analysis of the news and current affairs and in this context, newspapers are gradually taking on the role of a magazine, thereby adversely impacting the magazine segment.

Format of newspaper

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

1. Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23 by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards “compact” newspapers is changing this.
2. Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11 inches) and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, The Globe.
3. Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18 by 12 inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 12 September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint.

Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on colored newsprint.

For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta Dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Sheffield’s weekly sports publication derives its name, the “Green ’Un”, from the traditional colour of its paper, while L’Equipe (formerly L’Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d’Italia wears a pink jersey.

Introduction to Indian Newspaper Industry

Newspaper is the oldest and the most conventional method of giving news on a wide array of topics to the people at their doorstep. The newspaper industry at the global arena has come a long way from presenting news in black and white to adopting the most innovative of methods, including colored background and text, unique paper materials, etc to depict all kinds of news for readers. The Indian newspaper industry has the record of giving the most number of newspapers to the readers, both at the national as well as at the regional levels.

One of the oldest newspapers of India, The Statesman was founded in 1818. It has been almost two centuries now since the inception of the oldest newspaper in the country. During this period, the Indian newspaper industry has achieved tremendous ground of success for various newspapers that are circulated throughout the country. The most unique fact of the Indian newspaper industry is that newspapers in various regional languages, Hindi, and English are published and circulated throughout the country.

The Indian English newspaper sector is the most published and circulated lot in the Indian newspaper industry. With the newspaper industry as a viable platform for the proliferation of advertising and marketing of public relations, there has been witnessed an impressive explosion of newspapers at all levels. A typical Indian English newspaper serves as an ideal banner for companies who would look forward to advertise their products or services keeping in mind the strength of the readers nationwide.

Since a newspaper is the first thing that most of the citizens of the country go through early in the morning, it stands at an advantage of making its stand in full view of the massive number of readers. The more the readers or viewers of the advertisements, the more impact the advertisements have made in the minds of the people. An Indian English newspaper being the most read newspaper in the country, most of the companies highlighting their services and products for the citizens, targets these newspapers for the showcase . Newspapers act as the ideal method of public relations due to its strength as the best way of communication.

About Ht Media Ltd Founded in 1924 when its flagship newspaper Hindustan Times was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi, HT Media (BSE, NSE) has today become one of India’s largest media companies. With a combined daily circulation of 2. 25 million copies and a readership base of 14. 49 million readers, Hindustan Times (English) and Hindustan (Hindi) enjoy strong brand recognition among readers and advertisers, and are produced by an editorial team known for its quality, innovation and integrity. HT Media operates 17 printing facilities across India with an installed capacity of 1. million copies per hour. HT’s internet business, under the HindustanTimes. com portal, is primarily a news website with 2 million unique visitors and 100 million page views per month, with a significant share of the traffic coming from outside India. As part of its expansion into electronic media, HT Media, through its subsidiary HT Music and Entertainment Company Ltd. , has entered the FM radio market in key Indian cities through a consulting partnership with Virgin Radio. The channel, Fever 104, is one of the most vibrant on the airwaves and is currently available in Delhi and Mumbai.

HT Media has also launched a national business newspaper, Mint, with an exclusive agreement with Wall Street Journal to publish Journal branded news and information in India. HT Media reported 2007 annual revenue of $245 million. For the fiscal third quarter ended December 31, 2007, the company reported a 13% increase in revenue to $82 million and a 10% increase of profit after tax (PAT) to $9 million from the year-ago quarter. History Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali Movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab.

S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jullundur) were made in charge of the newspaper. Pt Madan Mohan Malayia and Master Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri himself. K. M. Panikkar was its first Editor with Devdas Gandhi (son of Mahatma Gandhi) also on the editor’s panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on September 15, 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from C. F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali, C. R. Reddy (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. It has its roots in the independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century. It was edited at times by many important people in India, including Devdas Gandhi (the son of Mahatma Gandhi) and Khushwant Singh. Ownership The Delhi-based English newspaper, Hindustan Times, is part of the KK Birla group and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, granddaughter of GD Birla.

It is owned by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group at present owns 69 per cent stake in HT Media, currently valued at Rs 834 crore. When Bhartia joined Hindustan Times in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. [pic] [pic] [pic] Various brand working under HT media ltd. Hindustan Times: Hindustan Times, the flagship publication from the group, was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1924 and has established its presence as a newspaper with editorial excellence and integrity. Today, Hindustan Times has a circulation of over 1. million and is the fastest growing mainline English newspaper in terms of readership. Hindustan Times, Delhi, is India’s largest single-edition daily. In July 2005, Hindustan Times made a successful entry into the commercial capital of India – Mumbai. Hindustan Times is printed in nine centres including Bhopal, Chandigarh, Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna and Ranchi. Hindustan Times believes in continuous improvement and providing greater value to its readers and advertisers. It has set many a standards for its competitors and will continue to do so in the years to come.

It is the first smart-age newspaper in India to evolve into a new international size – sleeker and smarter – which ensures enhanced ease of reading and convenient handling. In its endeavour to provide its readers with greater value, Hindustan Times has revamped its existing supplements and added new ones to its portfolio, offering a daily supplement catering to specific target audience. Supplements like Brunch are the first of their kind. The enlarged operations and enhanced look have also paid off with a substantial increase in circulation across the country [pic] Hindustan: Started in 1936 and with a readership of over 10. million, HT Media Ltd. ‘s Hindi daily, Hindustan, ranks as the 3rd most-read Hindi newspaper all over India. Edited by Ms Mrinal Pande, a noted journalist, academician and writer, Hindustan is known for its fair, unbiased and secular news reporting and analyses. The width and depth of Hindustan’s editorial, including the newspaper’s acclaimed supplements, is quite unparalleled in the Hindi language newspaper market. Hindustan is also the first and only vernacular newspaper to go all-colour in Delhi and other key markets. This has given Hindustan an un-paralleled edge over competition.

The newspaper has four editions namely Delhi, Lucknow, Patna and Ranchi and nine print locations namely, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi, Patna, Muzzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, Ranchi, Dhanbad and Jamshedpur , chandigarh catering to the reading habits of a cross- section of audiences in varying age groups. Hindustan is expanding rapidly in the state of Uttar Pradesh, which is the largest Hindi newspaper market, and where Hindustan was already the fastest growing Hindi daily. Three new editions have been launched (in Meerut, Agra, and Kanpur) in 2006, giving a further boost to its growth and reach within the state.

Hindustan dominates in Bihar with an undisputed readership of over 6 million. Its reader base is twice the size of its nearest competitor in the Hindi daily market of Bihar and Jharkhand (NRS 2003 vs. 2005). With some very exciting expansion plans already underway, Hindustan is all set to become the leading Hindi newspaper in the country. Currently, the Delhi edition of Hindustan is also available online in epaper format. [pic] Consolidating presence in existing businesses Revenue growing regarding Hindustan is more than 30% every year Aggressive expansion of readership base Rapid expansion in UP, Punjab & bihar

There is even a political digest – Day In Politics- for those who want to go beyond the simpler, lighter matter, and seek to know which way the times are moving. Delhi, India and World are your dedicated pages for all the news that matters. Check out the daily science and nature section, Life, The Universe and Everything,or JLT for what’s in these days. In case you are bitten by the writing bug, HT Next has the space and readership. Participate in daily debates if you like to lock horns on current affairs, post a message on Plug In if you wish to connect or simply dash off an original poem for My Space, if you have it in you.

There are quizzes for those bent upon winning fabulous prizes, on e-mail or SMS! For the youth of India, this is Where It’s At. Kadambini: With a long and celebrated history since its inception in 1960, this monthly Hindi magazine is a one-of-its-own-kind socio-cultural-literary journal. Kadambini is a monthly Hindi magazine published by HT Media Ltd. with a long and celebrated history of 44 years. It is a one-of-its-own-kind socio-cultural-literary magazine, which has survived the demise of many other Hindi magazines in the genre. Its first Editor was Late Shri Balkrishna Rao, a prominent Hindi writer.

He was followed by Late Shri Ramanand Doshi, who was also a well-known literary figure, and during whose tenure Kadambini touched new heights. Its third Editor Shri Rajendra Awasthy was also a known literary figure. Mrs Mrinal Pande took charge as Editor in February 2003. Mrs Pande is a well-known and respected journalist and literary figure in Hindi, as well as English. Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagar is also a well-known figure in Hindi journalism and literature. Under Mrs Pande’s able guidance and Associate Editor Shri Vishnu Nagar’s leadership, Kadambini has scaled new heights of quality, readability and scientific approach.

It is the only Hindi magazine which covers a wide range of subjects including literature, science, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with sincerity and popular appeal. Its every issue becomes a special issue as it focuses in-depth on one important and popular concern apart from its various regular features. It always prefers quality and readability over cheap, popular taste. Its new approach is widely appreciated by common readers as well as the enlightened sections of society. The magazine has created a new space for itself while retaining its old base.

It is the only Hindi magazine, which guarantees that it will not compromise on family values. Kadambini is the only Hindi magazine which covers a wide range of subjects including literature, science, history, sociology, politics, films and sports with sincerity and popular appeal. Nandan: HT Media Ltd. ‘s children’s magazine has a popular appeal both in India and abroad. Ever since its inception in 1964, Nandan has published more than ten thousand stories, three thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years.

It has been very popular among children and their families in India and abroad. The magazine was started in November 1964 in the memory of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, with its first issue being dedicated to the late Prime Minister. Nandan triumphs over its contemporaries because its stories are a combination of the best in both our traditional and modern cultural ethos. Nandan believes in shaping the mind and behaviour of our children in a positive way, and to challenge their minds by exposing them to new ideas for the world of science and technology.

From its very inception, Nandan has been privileged to publish the stories, memoirs, excerpts, biographies and poems of many of the greats from the fields of literature and politics, some of whom are Dr Rajendra Prasad, Indira Gandhi, Gyani Zail Singh, V P Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, A P J Abdul Kalam, Bhartendu Harishchandra, Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandhopadhyaya, Mohan Rakesh, Kamleshwar, Amritlal Nagar, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Satyajit Ray, Bhishm Sahni, Ashapurna Devi, Vishnu Prabhakar, Harivansh Rai Bacchan, Shivani, Rajendra Yadav, Khushwant Singh, Krishna Sobti, Manohar Shyam Joshi, Mannu Bhandari, Mrinal pande, Mridula Garg, Taslima Nasrin, Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, Ramesh Dutt Sharma and Kuldeep Sharma.

Nandan has published more than ten thousand stories, three thousand poems, and thousands of other creative pieces during these 40 years. It includes more than 400 world classics for children. Nandan has been conducting story-writing, painting, poetry and crossword contests regularly, which has encouraged lot of interest among children and helped to develop their creativity. Nandan gets more than 5000 responses monthly from all over India and abroad, which is in itself a record.

• Mint: A Business Daily From HT The purpose behind mint was the robust growth of the Indian economy as is evident in the growing stock market. This long-term segment growth opened up an opportunity for a high quality daily newspaper.

Powerful Lineage Regarding Mint

The Wall Street Journal: In India Mint is the business daily launched by HT Media Ltd. With the collaboration of the Wall Street Journal which is the most authoritative business daily in the world of newspaper for over 100 year. It is the world’s largest and most respected business news platform

Features of Mint

Available for six days a week gives you clear ,relevant and well analyzed Indian as well as international business news .

1. Quick Scan – Act as summary of the key stories of the day with the index of company and people
2. Leading the News – A detailed perspective on key news and policy decision affecting business.
3. Corporate News – Financial results mergers acquisitions and everything that buzzing around the corporate corridors.
4. Economy and Politics: Targeted at decision makers, policies and politics that impact business.
5. Market and Media: Best to know latest on consumer behaviors and trends, innovation in media space.
6. On Advertising: Must read for Advertising and market professionals
7. Commodities: Pictorially depicts impact of weather on 4 major commodities of the day.
8. Management: Carries a legal column by AZB and partners, advocates and solicitors, fortnightly column on career.
9. Venture Capital: Get to know the latest venture capital action also get latest on private equity deals with Thomson financial deal counter.
10. The Wall Street Journal: Global news from the largest business publication in the world.
11. Money Matters: Summary of Market & Financial news from India & world plus news and column explaining market movement.
12. 2 pages of views that gives us a complete perspective on issues that matter.

Mint on Saturdays

1. Last Week. Next Week: Update on what happened last week and what will make difference in the coming week.
2. Lounge: Read exclusive columns by Vir Sanghvi and Shoba Narayan and all about book’s , trends , travel and technology , painting and health and every Saturday columns by Jared Sandberg . style pursuits , insider play ,business lounge ,cover ,travel ,books, flavors.
3. Mint Market Watch: Pull out from Tuesday to Saturday with the largest listing of mutual fund in business daily. On Monday mint have campaign on strategy , marketing advertising and management and column by Jack and Suzy Welch.

Articles from Kellog , Oxford and Wharton . Readership and Circulation Profile of Mint. Second largest business daily in Delhi and Mumbai on readership basis . On an average Mint have Circulation of 100000 copies per day in Delhi, Mumbai , Bangalore , Chandigarh and Pune. The Mint have exclusively its presence in all major airlines, airports and 5 star hotels in Mumbai , Delhi and all premium clubs, restaurants etc.

Mint as an ideal platform for advertising:

1. Benefits that an advertiser could derive from advertising there product in Mint are .
2. Reaches the right target audience.
3. The Berliner format and clean layout ensures that advertisement is get noticed in more better way.
4. Innovative and flexible advertising options.

Types of advertisement in Mint are.

• Corporate Advertisement.
• Lifestyle Brand.
• Airlines
• Mint is a great hit between consumer durables
• A hit among the real estate and infrastructure advertisers.
• Hit in automobile industry.
• And also acts as a leading platform for financial announcements.

Research Design

Research design is different from the method by which data are collected. Many research methods texts confuse research designs with methods. It is not uncommon to see research design treated as a mode of data collection rather than as a logical structure of the inquiry. But there is nothing intrinsic about any research design that requires a particular method of data collection. Although cross-sectional surveys are frequently equated with questionnaires and case studies are often equated with participant observation (e. g. Whyte’s Street Corner Society, 1943), data for any design can be collected with any data collection method. How the data are collected is irrelevant to the logic of the design.

Failing to distinguish between design and method leads to poor evaluation of designs. Equating cross-sectional designs with questionnaires, or case studies with participant observation, means that the designs are often evaluated against the strengths and weaknesses of the method rather than their ability to draw relatively unambiguous conclusions or to select between rival plausible hypotheses.

Types Of Research Design

Descriptive research

Although some people dismiss descriptive research as `mere description’, good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society.

Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age prole of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining? ‘, `How secular is society? ‘ or `How much poverty is there in this community? ‘ Accurate descriptions of the level of unemployment or poverty have historically played a key role in social policy reforms (Marsh, 1982).

By demonstrating the existence of social problems, competent description can challenge accepted assumptions about the way things are and can provoke action. Good description provokes the `why’ questions of explanatory research. If we detect greater social polarization over the last 20 years (i. e. the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer) we are forced to ask `Why is this happening? ‘ But before asking `why? ‘ we must be sure about the fact and dimensions of the phenomenon of increasing polarization. It is all very well to develop elaborate theories as to why society might be more polarized now than in the recent past, but if the basic premise is wrong (i. e. ociety is not becoming more polarized) then attempts to explain a non-existent phenomenon are silly. Of course description can degenerate to mindless fact gathering or what C. W. Mills (1959) called `abstracted empiricism’. There are plenty of examples of unfocused surveys and case studies that report trivial information and fail to provoke any `why’ questions or provide any basis for generalization. However, this is a function of inconsequential descriptions rather than an indictment of descriptive research itself.

Explanatory research

Explanatory research focuses on why questions. For example, it is one thing to describe the crime rate in a country, to examine trends over time or to compare the rates in different countries.

It is quite a different thing to develop explanations about why the crime rate is as high as it is, why some types of crime are increasing or why the rate is higher in some countries than in others. The way in which researchers develop research designs is fundamentally affected by whether the research question is descriptive or explanatory. It affects what information is collected. For example, if we want to explain why some people are more likely to be apprehended and convicted of crimes we need to have hunches about why this is so. We may have many possibly incompatible hunches and will need to collect information that enables us to see which hunches work best empirically. Answering the `why’ questions involves developing causal explanations.

Causal explanations argue that phenomenon Y (e. g. income level) is affected by factor X (e. g. gender). Some causal explanations will be simple while others will be more complex. For example, we might argue that there is a direct effect of gender on income (i. e. simple gender discrimination) (Figure 1. 1a). We might argue for a causal chain, such as that gender affects choice of eld of training which in turn affects. Causal People often confuse correlation with causation. Simply because one event follows another, or two factors co-vary, does not mean that one causes the other. The link between two events may be coincidental rather than causal.

There is a correlation between the number of re engines at a re and the amount of damage caused by the re (the more re engines the more damage). Is it therefore reasonable to conclude that the number of re engines causes the amount of damage? Clearly the number of re engines and the amount of damage will both be due to some third factor such as the seriousness of the re. Similarly, as the divorce rate changed over the twentieth century the crime rate increased a few years later. But this does not mean that divorce causes crime. Rather than divorce causing crime, divorce and crime rates might both be due to other social processes such as secularization, greater individualism or poverty.

Why to select Descriptive Research Design?

Descriptive studies are also called observational, because you observe the subjects without otherwise intervening. The simplest descriptive study is a case, which reports data on only one subject; examples are studies of an outstanding athlete or of an athlete with an unusual injury. Descriptive studies of a few cases are called case series. In cross-sectional studies variables of interest in a sample of subjects are assayed once and analyzed. In prospective or cohort studies, some variables are assayed at the start of a study (e. g. dietary habits), then after a period of time the outcomes are determined (e. g. incidence of heart disease). Another label for this kind of study is longitudinal, although this term also applies to experiments.

Case-control studies compare cases (subjects with a particular attribute, such as an injury or ability) with controls (subjects without the attribute); comparison is made of the exposure to something suspected of causing the cases, for example volume of high intensity training, or number of cigarettes smoked per day. Case-control studies are also called retrospective, because they focus on conditions in the past that might cause subjects to become cases rather than controls. A common case-control design in the exercise science literature is a comparison of the behavioral, psychological or anthropometric characteristics of elite and sub-elite athletes: you are interested in what the elite athletes have been exposed to that makes them better than the sub-elites.

Another type of study compares athletes with sedentary people on some outcome such as an injury, disease, or disease risk factor. Here you know the difference in exposure (training vs no training), so these studies are really cohort or prospective, even though the exposure data are gathered retrospectively at only one time point. They are therefore known as historical cohort studies. We are working in a very wide area so we need to observe the facts in their actual condition, so we are using Descriptive Research.

Sampling

You almost always have to work with a sample of subjects rather than the full population. But people are interested in the population, not your sample.

To generalize from the sample to the population, the sample has to be representative of the population. The safest way to ensure that it is representative is to use a random selection procedure. You can also use a stratified random sampling procedure, to make sure that you have proportional representation of population subgroups (e. g. sexes, races, regions). Selection bias occurs when the sample is not representative of the population. More accurately, a sample statistic is biased if the expected value of the statistic is not equal to the value of the population statistic.

A typical source of bias in population studies is age or socioeconomic status: people with extreme values for these variables tend not to take part in the studies. Thus a high compliance (the proportion of people approached who end up as subjects) is important in avoiding bias. Journal editors are usually happy with compliance rates of at least 70%. Failure to randomize subjects to control and treatment groups in experiments can also produce bias: if you let people select themselves into the groups, or if you select the groups in any way that makes one group different from another, then any result you get might reflect the group difference rather than an effect of the treatment.

For this reason, it’s important to randomly assign subjects in a way that ensures the groups are balanced in terms of important variables that could modify the effect of the treatment (e. g. age, gender, physical performance). Randomize subjects to groups as follows: rank-order the subjects on the basis of the variable you most want to keep balanced (e. g. physical performance); split the list up into pairs (or triplets for three treatments, etc. ); assign subjects in each pair to the treatments by flipping a coin; check the mean values of your other variables in the two groups, and reassign randomly chosen pairs to balance up these mean values. Human subjects may not be happy about being randomized, so you need to state clearly that it is a condition of taking part.

Types Of Sampling Random sampling

Random, or probability sampling, gives each member of the target population a known and equal probability of selection. The two basic procedures are: 1 the lottery method, e. g. picking numbers out of a hat or bag 2 the use of a table of random numbers.

Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling is a modification of random sampling. To arrive at a systematic sample we simply calculate the desired sampling fraction, e. g. if there are 100 distributors of a particular product in which we are interested and our budget allows us to sample say 20 of them then we divide 100 by 20 and get the sampling fraction 5. Thereafter we go through our sampling frame selecting every 5th distributor.

In the purest sense this does not give rise to a true random sample since some systematic arrangement is used in listing and not every distributor has a chance of being selected once the sampling fraction is calculated. However, because there is no conscious control of precisely which distributors are selected, all but the most pedantic of practitioners would treat a systematic sample as though it were a true random sample.

Stratified samples

Stratification increases precision without increasing sample size. Stratification does not imply any departure from the principles of randomness it merely denotes that before any selection takes place, the population is divided into a number of strata, then random samples taken within each stratum. It is only possible to do this if the distribution of the population with respect to a particular factor is known, and if it is also known to which stratum each member of the population belongs.

Examples of characteristics which could be used in marketing to stratify a population include: income, age, sex, race, geographical region, possession of a particular commodity. Stratification can occur after selection of individuals, e. g. if one wanted to stratify a sample of individuals in a town by age, one could easily get figures of the age distribution, but if there is no general population list showing the age distribution, prior stratification would not be possible. What might have to be done in this case at the analysis stage is to correct proportional representation. Weighting can easily destroy the assumptions one is able to make when interpreting data gathered from a random sample and so stratification prior to selection is advisable.

Random stratified sampling is more precise and more convenient than simple random sampling. When stratified sampling designs are to be employed, there are 3 key questions which have to be immediately addressed:

1. The bases of stratification, i. e. what characteristics should be used to subdivide the universe/population into strata?
2. The number of strata, i. e. how many strata should be constructed and what stratum boundaries should be used?
3. Sample sizes within strata, i. e. how many observations should be taken in each stratum?

Bases of stratification Intuitively, it seems clear that the best basis would be the frequency distribution of the principal variable being studied.

For example, in a study of coffee consumption we may believe that behavioural patterns will vary according to whether a particular respondent drinks a lot of coffee, only a moderate amount of coffee or drinks coffee very occasionally. Thus we may consider that to stratify according to “heavy users”, “moderate users” and “light users” would provide an optimum stratification. However, two difficulties may arise in attempting to proceed in this way. First, there is usually interest in many variables, not just one, and stratification on the basis of one may not provide the best stratification for the others. Secondly, even if one survey variable is of primary importance, current data on its frequency is unlikely to be available.

However, the latter complaint can be attended to since it is possible to stratify after the data has been completed and before the analysis is undertaken. The only approach is to create strata on the basis of variables, for which information is, or can be made available, that are believed to be highly correlated with the principal survey characteristics of interest, e. g. age, socio-economic group, sex, farm size, firm size, etc. In general, it is desirable to make up strata in such a way that the sampling units within strata are as similar as possible. In this way a relatively limited sample within each stratum will provide a generally precise estimate of the mean of that stratum.

Similarly it is important to maximise differences in stratum means for the key survey variables of interest. This is desirable since stratification has the effect of removing differences between stratum means from the sampling error. Total variance within a population has two types of natural variation: between-strata variance and within-strata variance. Stratification removes the second type of variance from the calculation of the standard error. Suppose, for example, we stratified students in a particular university by subject speciality – marketing, engineering, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, history, geography etc. and questioned them about the distinctions between training and education.

The theory goes that without stratification we would expect variation in the views expressed by students from say within the marketing speciality and between the views of marketing students, as a whole, and engineering students as a whole. Stratification ensures that variation between strata does not enter into the standard error by taking account of this source in drawing the sample. Number of strata The next question is that of the number of strata and the construction of stratum boundaries. As regards number of strata, as many as possible should be used. If each stratum could be made as homogeneous as possible, its mean could be estimated with high reliability and, in turn, the population mean could be estimated with high precision.

However, some practical problems limit the desirability of a large number of strata: 1 No stratification scheme will completely “explain” the variability among a set of observations. Past a certain point, the “residual” or “unexplained” variation will dominate, and little improvement will be effected by creating more strata. 2 Depending on the costs of stratification, a point may be reached quickly where creation of additional strata is economically unproductive. If a single overall estimate is to be made (e. g. the average per capita consumption of coffee) we would normally use no more than about 6 strata. If estimates are required for population subgroups (e. g. by region and/or age group), then more strata may be justified.

Once strata have been established, the question becomes, “How big a sample must be drawn from each?”

Suppose that, once again, we had stratum A and stratum B, but we know that the individuals assigned to stratum A were more varied with respect to their opinions than those assigned to stratum B. Optimum allocation minimises the standard error of the estimated mean by ensuring that more respondents are assigned to the stratum within which there is greatest variation. Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method of stratified sampling in which the selection within strata is non-random. Selection is normally left to the discretion of the interviewer and it is this characteristic which destroys any pretensions towards randomness. Quota v random sampling

The advantages and disadvantages of quota versus probability samples has been a subject of controversy for many years. Some practitioners hold the quota sample method to be so unreliable and prone to bias as to be almost worthless. Others think that although it is clearly less sound theoretically than probability sampling, it can be used safely in certain circumstances. Still others believe that with adequate safeguards quota sampling can be made highly reliable and that the extra cost of probability sampling is not worthwhile. Generally, statisticians criticise the method for its theoretical weakness while market researchers defend it for its cheapness and administrative convenience. Main arguments against: Quota sampling It is not possible to estimate sampling errors with quota sampling because of the absence of randomness.

Cluster and multistage sampling

Cluster sampling

The process of sampling complete groups or units is called cluster sampling, situations where there is any sub-sampling within the clusters chosen at the first stage are covered by the term multistage sampling. For example, suppose that a survey is to be done in a large town and that the unit of inquiry (i. e. the unit from which data are to be gathered) is the individual household. Suppose further that the town contains 20,000 households, all of them listed on convenient records, and that a sample of 200 households is to be selected. One approach would be to pick the 200 by some random method.

However, this would spread the sample over the whole town, with consequent high fieldwork costs and much inconvenience. One might decide therefore to concentrate the sample in a few parts of the town and it may be assumed for simplicity that the town is divided into 400 areas with 50 households in each. A simple course would be to select say 4 areas at random (i. e. 1 in 100) and include all the households within these areas in our sample. The overall probability of selection is unchanged, but by selecting clusters of households, one has materially simplified and made cheaper the fieldwork.

A large number of small clusters is better, all other things being equal, than a small number of large clusters. Whether single stage cluster sampling proves to be as statistically efficient as a simple random sampling depends upon the degree of homogeneity within clusters. If respondents within clusters are homogeneous with respect to such things as income, socio-economic class etc. , they do not fully represent the population and will, therefore, provide larger standard errors. On the other hand, the lower cost of cluster sampling often outweighs the disadvantages of statistical inefficiency. In short, cluster sampling tends to offer greater reliability for a given cost rather than greater reliability for a given sample size.

Multistage sampling

The population is regarded as being composed of a number of first stage or primary sampling units (PSU’s) each of them being made up of a number of second stage units in each selected PSU and so the procedure continues down to the final sampling unit, with the sampling ideally being random at each stage. The necessity of multistage sampling is easily established. PSU’s for national surveys are often administrative districts, urban districts or parliamentary constituencies. Within the selected PSU one may go direct to the final sampling units, such as individuals, households or addresses, in which case we have a two-stage sample. It would be more usual to introduce intermediate sampling stages, i. e. administrative districts are sub-divided into wards, then polling districts. Area sampling

Area sampling is basically multistage sampling in which maps, rather than lists or registers, serve as the sampling frame. This is the main method of sampling in developing countries where adequate population lists are rare. The area to be covered is divided into a number of smaller sub-areas from which a sample is selected at random within these areas; either a complete enumeration is taken or a further sub-sample.

Aerial sampling

A grid, such as that shown above, is drawn and superimposed on a map of the area of concern. Sampling points are selected on the basis of numbers drawn at random that equate to the numbered columns and rows of the grid.

It is important that the group selected be representative of the population, and not biased in a systematic manner. For this reason, randomization is typically employed to achieve an unbiased sample. There may often be factors which divide up the population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and we may expect the measurement of interest to vary among the different sub-populations. This has to be accounted for when we select a sample from the population in order that we obtain a sample that is representative of the population. This is achieved by stratified sampling. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population.

When we sample a population with several strata, we generally require that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population. Stratified sampling techniques are generally used when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar, where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations can be isolated (strata). Simple random sampling is most appropriate when the entire population from which the sample is taken is homogeneous. Some reasons for using stratified sampling over simple random sampling are:

• the cost per observation in the survey may be reduced;
• estimates of the population parameters may be wanted for each sub-population;
• increased accuracy at given cost.

Press rules |Members of the press must register for the congress. They will receive a press badge. | |Members of the press may attend the congress lectures on a complimentary basis. | |A press room will be available. | |Press releases by companies must be received for approval by EFNS Head Office (headoffice@efns. org) | |not later than 15 days before the beginning of the congress. | |Companies may place their press releases in the press room. |Embargo policy: Companies may not place a press release prior to discussion of the relevant topic / product in the satellite | |symposium and/or oral or poster session | |Posters (one) announcing press meetings and invitations to press meetings may be placed in the press room only. | Content of the rules A. Correct information 1. It is the duty of the mass media to publish information correctly and promptly.

As far as possible it should be verified whether the information given is correct. 2. The sources of news should be treated critically, in particular when their statements may be coloured by personal interest or tortious intent. 3. Information which may be prejudicial or insulting or detract from the respect in which individuals should be held shall be very closely examined before publication, primarily by submission to the person concerned. 4.

Attacks and replies should, where this is reasonable, be published together and in the same way. 5. A clear distinction shall be drawn between factual information and comments. 6. The form and content of headlines and subheadlines shall be substantiated by the article or publication in question. The same rule shall apply to newspaper placards. 7. Incorrect information shall be corrected on the editors’ own initiative, if and as soon as knowledge of errors of importance in the published information is received.

The correction shall be given in such a form that the readers, listeners or viewers may easily become aware of the correction. SHORT TITLE These rules may be called ‘The Central Newsmedia Accreditation Rules, 1999’. COMMENCEMENT AND SCOPE These rules shall come into force from the date of notification by the Government. These rules shall apply to the grant of accreditation to representatives of news media organisations at the headquarters of the Government of India and shall supercede all previous rules in this regard.

AMENDMENTS The Central Press Accreditation Committee or the Principal Information Officer can make recommendations to the Central Government for amendment of the rules from time to time as considered necessary. DEFINITIONS a) “Central Press Accreditation Committee” means a Committee constituted by the Government of India under these Rules. b) ‘Newspaper’ shall have the same definition as given in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867. ) ‘News Media’ shall include newspapers, wire service and non-wire service news agencies, News Feature Agencies, Electronic Media Agencies and organisations containing news and comments on public news. d) A ‘Daily Newspaper’ shall be published on not less than five days in a week or as defined in the PRB Act. e) ‘Weekly’ and ‘Fortnightly’ newspaper shall have not less than 45 or 22 issues in a year, respectively. f) ‘Principal Information Officer’ means the Principal Information Officer to the Government of India, hereinafter referred to as the PIO. ) ‘Working Journalist’ means any working journalist as defined in the Working Journalist (conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 1955. h) ‘Accreditation’ means recognition of news media representatives by the Government of India for purpose of access to sources of information in the Government and also to news materials, written or pictorial, released by the Press Information Bureau and/or other agencies of the Government of India. i) ‘Electronic News Media Organisation’ (Television or Radio) will include any TV/Radio News Programme Production Unit and TV/Radio News Agency.

Assess the impact of the media on the course and outcomes of a contemporary British political issue. You should choose one of the issues covered in the course.

The Media, and its Influence on the Fortunes of Political Leaders

In a pluralist democracy, the media can have a very powerful effect upon politics, so powerful in some instances that it can shape outcomes of important political issues. Leadership of a party, therefore, is a precarious position to be in, owing to the persistent and pervasive influence of newspapers, television, radio and the internet. Events surrounding Iain Duncan Smith’s reign as leader of the Conservatives illustrate the extent of this influence.Since the demise of spectrum scarcity in 1946, British politicians have been continually scrutinised by the media through television, newspapers and more recently the internet.

Milton’s 17th century concept of the ‘freedom of the press’ has allowed independence from government manipulation and the ability to talk more honestly and freely about politicians. However, the impartiality of the information depends on the fair-mindedness of journalists and the editorial policy.In the first half of the 20th century, people used to attend political rallies where they heard the great politicians of the day. At smaller rallies other political voices could also be heard. Radio brought these debates into people’s houses.

With the advent of television came a completely new dimension. Not only the voice of politicians were heard but their personalities were exposed too. It was not enough to be an able politician with excellent policies but Political figures had to be ‘good on the box’, in a sense ‘actors’.Kennedy and Nixon’s presidential duel in 1960 first exemplified the importance of image and style; Kennedy was clean-shaven, and had a clear charismatic phraseology.

Nixon looked pale, unshaven and disorientated. His poor performance contributed to his election defeat. One could say that politics has become that of a ‘spectacle’, staged to the minutes detail in order to attract and persuade voters. Technology has increased the immediacy and potential of the media, with 24-hour television channels and internet sites allowing faster dissemination of news. Localised party election meetings have been replaced by intricately crafted media events where ‘self-image’ and ‘sound bites’ are vital for capturing the snapshot interest of the quite often-preoccupied British public.

Party politics have subsequently been diluted and reduced to simple slogans that can be expressed in the shrinking time available in the evening news. After the ‘iron lady’ left Downing Street in 1991, the Conservatives have struggled to regain both the image and the charisma of Margaret Thatcher. Her successor John Major was subject to the form of media scrutiny still affecting the Conservative Party today. In 1997, the normally.

Tory biased Sun had this headline during the build up to the general election -The Sun Backs Blair”(The Sun,1997); although this swing in favour of Labour arose because of anticipation and previous disappointment rather than political preference.In 2001, Duncan Smith was elected after the failure of William Hague to revive the Conservative Party and improve their chances in the general election.

The opportunistic media criticised Thatcher’s radical poll and fuel tax policies in the 1980’s and left the Conservatives with a rather burdensome shadow looming over them. Refusal to forget Thatcher’s legacy has meant that tabloid papers have continued to apply lowbred anti-Conservative personalisation – increasing trivialisation and some elements of contempt towards Conservative MP’s.

John Major, William Hague, Iain Duncan Smith and more recently Michael Howard have all been victims of personalisation; attributed to them chiefly by tabloids. John Major was the ‘grey man’- the avuncular shadow of Margaret Thatcher’s former self, William Hague was the’high school debater’, Iain Duncan Smith was ‘the old-soldier’, and Michael Howard is the ‘dracula’ type according to Anne Widdecombe -the Shadow Home Secretary.

Perhaps the main reason for the prevailing criticism is the inability to equate the archetypal figure of Tony Blair. His TV personality, combined with his great technical ability as an extempore speaker make him unrivalled.Up until Iain Duncan Smith was unseated, a number of allegations were made about his conduct within office. He was alleged to have misused the parliamentary secretarial allowance by paying his wife.

However, many believed him to be on his way out of office anyway, and that the claims were inconsequential to the security of his position. This is perhaps, exemplifies an attempt to frame Smith. Budge’s framing theory emphasises the way in which the media can influence politics and the way in which people see and understand it.Fast-forward syndrome is a common occurrence in modern politics due to the fast, free flowing information that is available worldwide. Issues change throughout the course of time, affected by crucial events, which can eventually be laid to rest when new information is discovered.

An example of this is the perpetual real time coverage of the Iraq war. Newspapers said Conservative prospects were ‘promising’ under Howard’s leadership, when only hours ago under Smith, they had been ‘beyond repair’. Optimism however can be premature in politics, as Iain Duncan Smith can testify. When he triumphed over Ken Clarke in September 2001, the media claimed he was the man to resurrect the Tories’ and compete with Labour; Baroness Thatcher called him a “fine young man with exceptional potential”(Thatcher,2001). Unfortunately for the Tories, September 11th distracted attention away from Duncan Smith’s introductory campaign.

Scotland on Sunday also revealed precautionary optimism by saying: “Any democrat, regardless of political hue, should welcome the rebuilding of the parliamentary opposition into an incisive and effective team.”(Scotland on Sunday,2003)A few months down the line, he was criticised from all quarters including by members and ex-members of the party like Anne Widdecombe, Michael Heseltine and Crispin Blunt.

Blunt resigned because he believed that Smith was a “handicap” to the party; Blunt of course was unaware that his comment would lead to a bombardment of insults in his direction -even from Duncan Smith critics. Thatcher concluded by lamenting the ineptitude of Smith calling him “the worst leader in the history of the Conservative Party”(Thatcher,2003). Broadsheets and tabloids emphasised the remark, which would mark the end of Smith’s reign as leader.

A substantial amount of newspaper coverage in the past three months was aimed at the Conservative Party, its ministerial fallouts and declining popularity. Duncan Smith questioned party loyalty and urged MP’s to “unite or die”. After the ‘overacted’ performance of Smith at the Conservative Party Conference in October 2003, even right of centre broadsheets like the Daily Telegraph started denouncing him, predicting his resignation “within weeks”(Riddell, 2003).

It was: “the most desperate day in the history of the Conservative Party” (Riddle, 2003). One of the papers to retain its loyalty was The Sun who criticised the ‘backstabbing’ Tories for squandering time and urged them to continue denouncing the government.Left-wing opposition has arisen in the form of tabloids such as the Daily Mirror, who sloganised the Conservative Party’s cabinet reduction strategy -which gives double the department responsibility to some of the members.

The Mirror branded them “The Dirty dozen”. The Mirror’s main concern was that some MP’s were given the responsibility of two departments instead of one, indicating perhaps less emphasis on important issues like Health and Education. Rupert Murdoch’s media ownership could have had an impact on the Conservative leadership. Owning The Sun, The Times, The News of the World and the Sunday Times -as well as 35.4 percent of BskyB, means that he is extremely powerful.

He was a staunch Tory supporter in the 80’s and 90’s and has shifted his opinion of the leaders recently until the recent appointment of Michael Howard. Murdoch’s position was cautious, but nevertheless significant in terms of media influence. “We will have to see how the Tory front bench looks,” Murdoch told BBC television on Friday. Although he was anti Euro, Murdoch at times backed Blair’s Government, exemplifying the alternating ideological influences of media moguls over issues like party leadership.Failure to project his authority in the Commons was one of Smith’s natural downfalls and perhaps undermines the argument that the media were responsible for his dismissal.

In comparison with new leader Michael Howard, he did not have the ability to “alter his delivery while changing the mood of the house” (Fraser Nelson, 2003). Nelson also points out the striking differences in the chamber atmosphere; Smith would encourage a few mumbled utterances from his backbenchers, whereas Howard managed to gain a rumbustuous approval in his duel with Blair Prime Ministers Question Time.

Michael Howard has already claimed BBC approval for his debating skills in the chamber; for example, his fight against excessive business beaurocracy and taxes, his clash with Blair over the conduct of Children’s Minister Margaret HodgeA recent Guardian poll suggested that the Conservatives still lagged behind Labour on 38%(The Guardian, 2003).

The alternating and sometimes contradictory multiplicity of ‘facts’ displayed by left and right wing papers will no doubt have an effect on their loyal readership. However because these statistics only represent part of our democratic society and could be manipulated, the public’s attitude to the leadership of the Conservative Party could be misdirected.

Instead of polls representing the public’s attitude -‘Reinforcement Theory'(Budge, 1998)- they might shape it into the image presented by the media rather than by theirs -‘Agenda Setting Theory'(Budge, 1998). People’s opinions are changeable. Human beings think and act in crowds as well as individually, and if newspapers give the impression that most people have a particular viewpoint their willingness to have a more open mind can be affected.

If a political party then makes mistakes and gains a reputation, not only will it find it difficult to detach itself from the previous deficiencies, but also it will inevitably be further damaged with the growth of investigative journalism. The issue of Iain Duncan Smith’s leadership downfall therefore was not solely influenced by the media, but was a result of perennial antagonism against an ailing party. The initial optimism of Michael Howard’s leadership could diminish when he gets involved in policy confrontation, and the media continue with their routine cynicism -which can influence the publics opinion on party leadership.

References

1. Unknown Authorship, Scotland on Sunday, 2001Fraser Nelson, Scotland on Sunday, 2003Margaret Thatcher, Daily Mail, September, 2001Margaret Thatcher, Daily Mail, September, 2003Peter Riddell, The Times,2003Budge I, 2001, The New British Politics(Second Edition), Media Theories, Longman 2001, page 294-297
2. Unknown Authorship, 2003, http://uk.news.yahoo.com/031114/325/edzpq.html visited on the 19/11/03WEBOGRAPHYhttp://politics.guardian.co.uk/conservatives/story/0,9061,947736,00.
3. html visited on the 23/11/03http://politics.guardian.co.uk/conservatives/story/0,9061,1083855,00.html visited on the 23/11/03http://quickstart.clari.net/qs_se/webnews/wed/cd/Ubritain-politics-analysis.RJbq_DOT.
4. htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3225615.stm visited on the 24/11/03http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3161070.stm visited on the 20/11/03http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2408891.stm visited on the 16/11/03http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3223185.stm visited on the 17/11/03
5. http://politics.guardian.co.uk/polls/story/0,11030,1088270,00.html visited on the 29/11/03
6. Negrine, R, (1989) Politics and the Mass Media in Britain(second edition), Routledge, LondonBudge, I., Crewe, I., Mckay, D., Newton, K., 2001, The New British Politics(Second Edition). Longman 2001, pages 299-307

In this project I have tried to investigate how two different companies’ are at selling the same products. In this case it is property. I have put together a small survey to find out why customers will go to one business to buy a product, rather than going to another business. The two businesses that I will be researching off are, Mills Multon Partnerships and Miller Homes. I chose these two businesses because both of them are in the property business, one of them “obviously Miller Homes” is, and a very large family business, and the other is a small business. And I can get research of both of them very easily.

Mills Multon Mills Multon Partnership is a small business in the property trade, in which Mr. Fraser Mills and Mr. Fred Multon are joint owners. Miller Homes The Miller Group is the largest privately owned property development, house building and construction Services Company. With a focus of creating long-term partnerships, the company aims to deliver world-class standards of service to customers. Effective Advertising Advertising is either informative or persuasive. It uses newspapers, television and other media as a means of encouraging people to come and do business with them.

Without advertising the public would not know where a business is and what it makes or sells. This is how important advertising is. Large companies spend millions of pounds each year on advertising and it is very important that they use the best form of advertising to attract a wide variety of customers. This alone makes two businesses very competitive. Usually “the larger the company the more money it has” so in this case Miller homes will spend more money than Mills Multon on advertising, therefore more people will go to Miller Homes than Mills Multon.

I asked Mr. Fraser Mills “If Miller Homes can afford to spend more money on advertising, and gather in more customers than other businesses wont it affect the amount of sales for Mills Multon? Mr. Mills replied, ” If Miller Homes or any other business have more money, then we have to present our properties with better quality”. A company will spend a lot of money each year on marketing. A good marketing programme will have a number of strands, which together make up the marketing mix. The marketing mix is a combination of a product, price, promotion and place.

Promotion includes all kinds of advertising, free gifts and other incentives to make customers want to buy the product. There are very important reasons for spending so much on marketing. The main reason is to make the company competitive so that it will do better than its rivals. Good marketing must persuade customers to remember the name of the company so that, instead of only going once they will remember the name come another time and spread the word to others.

Methodology When I was interviewing Mr.Mills, he asked me to do a survey on how people had found out about the two companies. I put together a small Survey on how some of the public had found out, about both of them. I then handed them out to around thirty people of the public; the results are plotted out on these pie charts. Analysis of Results As you can see, the graphs show that Miller Homes depends on their “Logos” a lot, What I mean by Logo is, when people drive or walk past, and notice some Flats or Houses, and they look up and there are, “Advertising Boards.

” Aswell as their advertising boards, they also advertise in other things such as Estate Agents, Sponsorships and billboards etc. As with most other Property companies they advertise in the “Property Section” in the newspaper, this gives people the chance to take there time and decide on property’s. They also advertise in things such as Radio, and for the Richer, larger companies, Television. Mills Multon on the other hand, seams to advertise in the “Other Category” By sponsoring local teams such as the “Edinburgh squash club.

” Aswell as Miller Homes they also have “Logos” (Advertising Boards) and post them outside properties that has been built and, is being built. Mills Multon also uses the newspapers, the radio but unfortunately not the Television. Conclusion I have concluded from this research that… Sources I had got my research through Mr. Mills and Mr. Miller by interviews and E-mailing, I put together a small survey, and handed them out to my friends and to the public. I used Edinburgh maps from the school library, and used the Internet for small pieces of information.