Plants

Restoration Issue

Streams are a very important feature of our local ecosystems. They are home to a diverse group of aquatic species, and play a key role in the quality of local groundwater. Many important factors go into a functioning stream ecosystem. The build of the stream area itself, the size and lushness of the riparian area, how straight the channel is, the floodplain, and the landscape/elevation of the area, a few of the many features that impact a streams functionality (Strickler). The area around the stream, the riparian zone, can impact how well the stream functions ecologically, and supports its structure. Proper vegetation in the riparian zone can help prevent erosion form happening to the stream, help buffer runoff, and provide habitat for organisms supporting biodiversity in the system (USDA, 1996).

Site Description

The selected site is called Missouri Flat creek, located in Pullman, WA. This site was reconstructed after major flooding that happened in Pullman in the 90s (Washington State University Org Sync, 2017). In recent years, there have been actions taken towards restoring the site, and cleaning up litter at the site. There has been numerous native trees and shrubs that have been planted at the site with compost and fencing to support the young plants, and have continued to be cared for since then. Since this site is settled right in the town of Pullman, it is near a lot of buildings and businesses, such as a gas station and drive-thru restaurant. These businesses bring in a lot of costumers, and with a lot of people, comes a lot of litter and waste, that could potentially runoff into the stream. There is also a walking path along the creek that could bring the same consequences.

Restoration goals

For this site, one of the biggest goals would be to build the abundance of native vegetation in the riparian zone. With more vegetation, the goal is to create somewhat of a buffer in the riparian zone. This could help with erosion, and keeping larger pieces of debris and litter from running off into the stream. Another goal is to decrease the amount of non-native plants in the riparian area, especially the Reed Canary grass that grows abundantly at this site. Based on the first two goals, with more native vegetation hopefully that will bring in more native species of organisms, increasing biodiversity.

Reference Site

The Reference site for this project is the Rose creek Nature Preserve, which is located near Albion, WA. This is used as a site of reference because it is on an original Palouse Prairie landscape, that is the landscape that was once everywhere on the Palouse before it was converted for agricultural purposes. The preserve is a highly biodiverse ecosystem with a landscape that is blanketed with a wide array of native vegetation along the rolling hills and nestled near the stream (Rose Creek Nature Preserve). This type of diverse landscape is a perfect habitat for many kinds of animal species. One of the many species using the creek as home, are beavers. Beavers being the ecosystem engineers that they are, have constructed numerous dams along the creek (Rose Creek Nature Preserve).

Restoration Objectives

To build the abundance of native vegetation in the riparian zone more trees and shrubs should be planted near the stream. For the native plants that have already been planted, they should be kept up with to be sure that they are growing successfully. To decrease the number of non-native plants in the riparian area, there needs to be up-keep done at the site to make sure the plants are kept under control. One of the biggest invasive plants at this site is reed canary grass. It grows very abundantly at the site so it is almost impossible to keep it away. Since it grows so abundantly, it outcompetes a lot of the native plants that are trying to grow at the site. Once the reed canary grass is under control, that will allow more native plants to grow instead, create more flow in the stream, and hopefully become a better habitat for aquatic organisms (Anderson, 2012).

Action Plan

To start the restoration process, a team of workers or volunteers should be formed, that are able to visit the site at least once a week. Materials for this action plan include, gloves, pruning shears/loppers, and waders or rubber boots. This group is responsible for looking after the young, and growing native vegetation that has been planted in recent projects. The team should be repairing fencing/netting around plants, and getting rid of weeds or invasive plants near the young native plants to remove any competition. This team is also responsible for cutting and pulling invasive plants from the area, this will need to be done at least once a week to be sure they are under control. To get rid of the reed canary grass that grows in the riparian zone, the canary grass needs to be cut back or pulled.

Materials needed for this are gloves, waders, and loppers/pruning shears. Since there is so much of it at this site this should be done multiple times a year (Anderson, 2012). To help control the problem on a longer-term scale, larger trees should be planted on both sides of the streams in the riparian zones to shade the stream, because the reed canary grass does not grow well without a lot of sunlight (Anderson, 2012). For this there will need to be trees ready to plant, soil, compost, shovels, and gloves will be needed. As stated before, the creek is near a lot of well-traveled areas, so putting in more garbage cans along the walking path, and talking to the business nearby to add more garbage’s to their parking lots. This will help control the amount of litter that could potentially be transported into the creek.

Study Plan

Along with the control of invasive plants at this site, caring to the growing native plants should also be kept up with until they have matured. The growth of the native plants should be tracked throughout the years to assess if the abundance of native vegetation has increased. To do this, measurements of the individual plants should be taken, like the height, width, and trunk/base circumference. To track this on a longer-term basis, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in GIS could be used to detect vegetation biomass at the site. This could be done the year the restoration is started, and then compared to a NDVI done a few years later to assess if vegetation has successfully grown in abundance. For this to work, controlling invasive plants will still need to be dealt with because we want the native vegetation to grow, and the NDVI just shows vegetation biomass in general.

Something else that should be monitored is the presence of organisms at the site. Observations should be taken prior to restoration of what kind of organisms have been seen at the site. As in, certain kinds of birds, aquatic organisms, or possibly small mammals. This project will be communicated with the public so they can be informed on the site, and anyone can get involved as a volunteer. Since past projects at this site have been mostly maintained by community members, students and faculty of Washington State University they will all be well informed about this project (Washington State University Org Sync, 2017). It is hoped that this project could be tied to the maintenance they are still doing on this site, so more people are informed and willing to volunteer to help.

Conclusion

If this restoration plan proves to be successful then the Missouri Flat Creek site will be abundant with native vegetation, and a habitat for many different species of animals, both on the land and aquatic. This site will have to be kept up with for many years to come, it will also take years to be able to tell if the project was successful or not, because it can take years for some plants and trees to reach full size. Some anticipated changes that may impact the site in the future, may be a growth in business and buildings in the area. This could cause the site to be a more travelled area, which could be both good and bad. More people means more people can be educated on the site and more appreciative, but could also mean more garbage and litter that could impact the Missouri Flat Creek ecosystem. If this plan has been successfully done, then the site will have characteristics like the reference site, Rose Creek, that is rich with biodiversity.

Literature Cited

Washington State University Org Sync (2017) Restoration Volunteer: Missouri Flat Creek https://orgsync.com/52279/opportunities/1934704/occurrences/4498229 (accessed 4 November 2018).
Anderson, H. (2012) Invasive Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea subsp. arundinacea) In: Best Management Practices in Ontario. Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_ReedCanaryGrass.pdf
Strickler, KM. (2018) “Watershed, stream, and riparian restoration”. SOE 454, 19 September 2018. Washington State University. Lecture.
Palouse-Clearwater Environmental Institute (n.d.) Rose Creek Nature Preserve https://pcei.org/rose-creek/ (accessed on 4 November 2018)
USGS (August 1996) Riparian Areas Environmental Uniqueness, Functions, and Values https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/?cid=nrcs143_014199 (accessed 4 November 2018)

Alexander L. Division. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science and Technology IV (Physics) October 3, 2011 Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background A. Introduction For almost three decades, farmers in the Philippines have been using chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in their crop production strategies. Despite the high cost of these inputs, and the farmers’ awareness that they can adversely affect soil fertility, food quality, human and animal health, and environmental quality; they are used extensively because there are few alternatives that would be considered practical and feasible.

One reason for this is that university-based research has strongly promoted the use of agricultural chemicals as ten Test means AT canceling ten enlightens possible crop yelled. I nee predominant question then is how can the farmers shift from a chemical-intensive agriculture to one that is based on the utilization of natural systems, and still maintain their economic Viability. It is encouraging that there are some efforts now underway by university researchers, the Philippine government, and the private sector to develop nature farming as an alternative to chemical-based agriculture.

The government. The critical role of the agriculture sector in a country’s overall economic development as stylized in economic development literature is well known. It releases surplus labor to the industry and services sectors. With 70 percent of the country’s poor coming from the rural areas where agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. B. Background of the Study Plants are affected by different substances that come into contact with them. These effects may be good or bad.

There are certain substances such as fertilizers, which have a positive effect on the growth of certain plants, more specifically peachy (Brassier ARPA variety cheesiness). Peachy is commonly used in cooking in Filipino households. It requires little attention as it is a very hardy plant. It is rich in vitamins A, C, K, and fiber as well, which are all good for our bodies. They grow best in cold seasons. The researchers selected this study to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy. The researchers wanted to find out if these materials would benefit or cause damage to the peachy plant.

C. Statement of the Problem The study aims to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy plant especially intent to answer the following questions. 1 . What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its color of leaves? 2. What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its height? 3. How tall is peachy plant with the following colors of cellophane: green, red, yellow and clear cellophanes? Compare it to the height of peachy plant without cellophane. D.

Significance of the Study Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income for the people in the entry, the researchers would want to determine if different colors of cellophane would affect ten growth Ana color AT pecans plant. I Nils study tout ten erects AT different colors of cellophane is significant because this study will educate the people how the use of cellophane can affects the growth and color of peachy plant. If this study is successful, the researchers will be able to inform the people on how they can make their plants grow faster .

Through this experiment, we might be able to find ways of increasing the growth of the peachy plants. E. Conceptual Framework [pick] Chapter 2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies A wide variety of Oriental greens are prepared as vegetables, and many are available to gardeners in Philippines. These greens belong to several different species, and there are several varieties of each, making their classification a bit confusing. Brassier ARPA (synonym,B. Campsites) is the predominant species, with several different varieties. Chinese cabbage is Brassier ARPA vary. Kinesics, which includes subtypes that form heads, known as won book and Nap cabbage, as well as leaseholder types. Imbuing and mizzen greens are B. Arrival. Monopolistic; these lawns form fairly large clumps with many stems bearing narrow leaves. Peachy (Brassier ARPA vary. cheesiness) includes types called white cabbage, spoon cabbage, choc Sam (Singapore), pack choc (Hawaii), and taigas and Sharon Pan), as well as others. The preferred type of peachy has dark green leaves and long, white, somewhat wide petioles. Some other varieties have shorter, slightly green petioles.

Some varieties are grown for the flowering stems rather than the leaves . The mustard greens grown in the southeastern United States, and the aria and Carson grown for oilseed in India and Pakistan. It is also called brown mustard and Indian mustard. Its forms are variable, with leaves that are smooth or hairy, entire or divided, and petioles that are either narrow or wide. Compared to peachy, its leaves are lighter green and its petioles are green and shorter. The flowering breccias include choc sum (B. Arrival. Parenthesis), purple flowering pack choc (B. Arrival. Rupture), and Chinese broccoli or Gillian (B. Learner vary. Laborer). Peachy (Brassier ARPA L. C.v. group Pack Choc’) is an erect, biennial herb, cultivated as an annual about 15-30 CM tall in vegetative stage. Ovate leaves are arranged spirally and spreading. The petioles are enlarged and grow upright forming a subtropical bundle. Inflorescence is a raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to blackish brown in color. (http://www. Dwarfed. Ad. Gob. PH/peachy. HTML) Uses Ana Nutritional value Peachy is used mainly for its immature, but fully expanded tender leaves.

Intertribal Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover.

Each pool sample’s water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It is regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012).

Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each intertribal matrix (Phenylalanine’s, 2007). High intertribal zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen & Taylor, 2001). Intertribal Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen & Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses.

These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987).

However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012).

According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the location of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Northern (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses.

The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration.

I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature.

METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an average depth.

The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method.

Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity was measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperature

The temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings.

It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (ISIS)

Dissolved oxygen (%) 8. 4 28 40. 5 266. 1 2 7. 8 239. 4 3 8. 6 26 37 260. 7 4 7. 7 25 134. 6 5 8. 3 29 185. 1 6 7. 6 50 174. 2 7 7. 5 19 110. 7 Table 2: List of functional algal group calculated in pool samples in percentage (%) with mean value Rockford Crosses Filament Coralline Leathery Bare rock Foliose Algal cover 6. 68 46. 68 29. 32 17. 32 82. 68 34. 68 12 9. 32 56 24 92 37. 32 49. 36 50. 64 6. 7 45. 3 21 . 3 33. 3 66. 7 1. 3 38. 7 Mean 15. 997 16. 95 32. 28 5. 14 28. 56 0. 95 Figure 1: in algal cover (%) against dissolved oxygen (%) shows the p-value is 0. 1865, RE is 0. 3189 and Fl,5 is 2. 4. Based on the shatterproof and RE, we can see that the correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is significantly positive. Figure 2: algal cover (%) against salinity (US) shows that the p-value is 0. 3108, RE is 0. 2026 and Fl is 1. 27. From the shatterproof, it is clearly that there is no significant interaction between the two. The regression equation (RE) is also supports that no significant correlation. Figure 3: Algal cover (%) with water temperature (co) with p-value of 0. 3703, RE is 0. 1622 and Fl is 0. 97.

Based on the regression equation RE, there is no significant interaction between the two. This is also can be seen in the shatterproof above. Figure 4: Algal cover (%) against pH value with p-value 0. 0086, RE is 0. 7776 and Fl is 17. 48. Since RE is close to 1, we can say there is a strong positive correlation between the two. PH value has a stronger correlation compared to other water chemistry properties tested. DISCUSSION From all the correlations done with algal cover (%), it is clear that the correlation between algal cover (%) and pH value has the strongest and positive correlation between the two (see Figure 4).

The regression equation also validate the shatterproof RE = 0. 7776). From figure 4, we can concluded that the percentage of algal cover is higher if the water pH value is alkali (pH > 7). Two reasons on why algal cover is high; because of the importance of carbon dioxide (CA) in photosynthesis, as it requires carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis and respiration, because CA is product released from photosynthesis. This can be seen a relatively same study that was conducted by Oligarchies (2013) where increased CA in Rockford enhances the metabolism of algae Alva.

His findings was expected from him, that higher argental of CA encourages photosynthesis of the algae, which is an important food source for algae to use as energy source (Oligarchies et al, 2013). There is few studies done on pH value having an effect on algal cover in rockroses. Our initial hypothesis of where dissolved oxygen having a profound effect on algal cover is no longer accepted because regression equation is low (RE = 0. 3189) and the shatterproof supports it in figure 1, therefore the correlation is weak. In table 1, the percentage of dissolved oxygen is incredibly high (mean average = 195. 2%), where the water is in a indention called hyperemia, but the total algal cover was low. However, Noel et al (2010) shows that supersaturated level of oxygen constrain photosynthesis for primary production and therefore, the rate decreases. Little is known why high dissolved oxygen has no profound effect on algal growth, since most study is focused on the effect of oxygen to intertribal fishes and crustaceans, where Berkshire et al (1987) and McAllen & Taylor (2001) studied. The role of water temperature affecting total algal cover has no significant correlation between the two (Figure 3). The regression value is significantly low (RE = 0. 22). Based on the data obtained, temperature has no effect to total algal cover. This could because the water temperature is always constant, as it increasing in a slow rate when there is a presence of sunlight, and the temperature can drop rapidly when high tide approaches to recycle the water trapped in rockroses (Berkshire et al, 1987). However, temperature might have an impact on total algal cover if experiment was done longer, especially on cold and warm seasons. Jackson et al (2013) stated that the temperature of the rockroses during warm season would increase the stress level in he rockroses compared to colder season.

The effect of salinity (us) to total algal cover has small effect because it has weak correlation as seen in figure 2 (RE – 0. 2026). There are many study done between salinity and Rockford fishes and crustaceans, but there is no sufficient study on the effects to algal cover. Of all the functional algal cover we observed and classified in Table 2, most of the pool sample has high percentage of coralline algae (mean = 32. 28%) and one of the most well studied algal group living in rockroses.

Coralline algae (Chronological) is often found t the edges of rockroses and it is the most dominant group of algae, which has tremendous roles in shallow waters in term of biologically and ecologically (Selenologist et al, 2013; Noisiest et al, 2013; Gunter & Marten, 2014). According to a study done by Gunter & Marten (2014), coralline algae are able to tolerate extreme water condition, especially temperature and light. From all the data and results, the initial hypothesis of pH value and dissolved oxygen having a strong correlation is half accepted, since dissolved oxygen is has an insignificant correlation with coral cover.

For the hypothesis of negative correlation that was tested on Rockford salinity and temperature is accepted. Even though the experiment went well, the data obtained from this is still inadequate. For instance, only 7 pool sample is used, where the normality of data is not meet. The study period is also affecting the data, since monitoring fluctuations of water chemistry composition varied rapidly. Recommendations for increasing the quality of experiment is having a longer study period. This can obtained more accurate data from more pool sample.

UTILIZATION OF MARIGOLD EXTRACT (Tagestes erecta L. ) AND CIGARETTE BUTTS AS HOUSEHOLD INSECTICIDE INTRODUCTION Most insecticides effective for household use are inorganic which tend to be harmful to the user and to the environment. Recent statistics show that 75% of households use some form of insecticide, with much of this being used indoors. They are used to kill ants and roaches, mosquitoes, flea and tick. By design these products are all intended to be lethal – to insects that is! People can be affected to some degree as all.

Thus, this study aimed to develop an alternative household insecticide utilizing the Extract from Marigold Plant (Tagetes erecta L. ) and recycled cigarette butts as highly economic, environmentally safe and user friendly insecticide preparation with no cost. Marigold Plant is said to contain an active ingredient, phototoxin Alpha-terthienyl which functions as a nematicide. It is more effective when it is being exposed to sunlight since it generates its phototoxin which makes an interesting natural insecticide. Statement of the Problem: This study aims to investigate the feasibility of Marigold Extract as an alternative household insecticide.

Specifically the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. What are the active chemical components found on Marigold Extract making it ideal as an insecticide alternative? 2. Is there a significant difference on the effect of different Marigold Extract Concentrations on the mortality rate of the insects? 3. Is the use of Marigold Extract feasible as a household insecticide? Significance of the Study The quality of the environment in which people work, live or play, the health of individuals, the quality of certain goods such as food products can all be affected by insects of different kinds.

From time to time, it happens that new kinds of diseases even appear in our environment which are spread around by insects imported from remote areas together with goods. Insecticides can help to address these cases of emergencies. This study aimed to develop an alternative household insecticide utilizing the Extract from Marigold Plant (Tagetes erecta L. ) and recycled cigarette butts as highly economic, environmentally safe and user friendly insecticide preparation with no cost.

The result of the study is expected to give information and knowledge to widely addressed the growing demand of ridding these irritating insects out of our sights at the expense of those materials that we could actually found inside our household. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Cigarette butts – are the residue bottom part of a cigarette containing alkaloid nicotine. Extract – obtain something from source: to obtain something from a source, usually by separating it out from other material Insects – are a class of living creatures that have a three-part body three pairs of jointed  and two antennae.

Just like mosquitoes, cockroaches, tick, fleas. Insecticides- An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Marigold – is an erect, smooth, branched, rank-smelling herb, o. 3 to 0. 8 meters high. Leaves are 4 to 7 cm long, deeply pinnatifid with linear-lanceolate segments. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ) is an erect, smooth, branched, rank-smelling herb, o. 3 to 0. 8 meters high. Leaves are 4 to 7 cm long, deeply pinnatifid with linear-lanceolate segments.

Heads are solitary, 1. 5 to 2 cm in diameter, borne on long peduncles, which are thickened upward. Flowers are pale to deep yellow, sometimes red. Flowers yield a yellow crystalline substance, quercetagetine. The dye was found several shades browner than quercetin. (http://www. primaryinfo. com/industry/tagetes-oil. htm) Marigold Plant is said to contain an active ingredient, phototoxin Alpha-terthienyl which functions as a nematicide. It is more effective when it is being exposed to sunlight since it generates its phototoxin which makes an interesting natural insecticide.

Study of roots, leaves and flowers yielded thiophenes, steroidal and terpenoidal type constituents. And these secretions coming from the extracted part provides an insecticidal effect on the soil, against nematodes and keeled slugs and insects. (http://www. homeremedycentral. com) While marigolds (Tagetes species) are typically grown for ornamental purposes as bedding plants, studies have found that they can be highly toxic to plant-parasitic nematodes and are capable of suppressing a wide range (up to 14 genera) of nematode pests. Marigold plants produce a number of potentially bioactive compounds, among which ? therthienyl is recognized as one of the most toxic. This sulfur-containing compound is abundant in marigold tissues, including roots. It has nematicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities, and it is believed to be the main compound responsible for the nematicidal activity of marigold. (Topp, E. , S. Miller, H. Bork, and M. Welsh. 1998. ) The control of insect populations is the reason for the use of insecticides. The suffix ‘-cide’ refers to killing. The term may refer to sprays that are chemical, homemade, or organic.

The more powerful insecticides have the capability of almost totally eliminating an insect population from a specified area. The less powerful may require several appliations before the desired effects become obvious. (http://wiki. answers. com) METHODOLOGY Inventions have evolved and continue to evolve such that after several years of study, research and experimentation reach great developments. With continuing efforts to investigate the constituents of Philippine plants, we have pursued investigation of the feasibility of Marigold Extract as an ideal component for a household insecticide.

Marigold plant parts (Flowers and leaves) were gathered, ground and squeezed and extracted. Extracting the Plant and Cigarette Butts 1. Gather and collect 3 partitions of (75 grams, 50 grams and 25 grams) of Marigold Plants and leaves. 2. Wash the parts and pound separately with the use of mortar and pestle. 3. Placed the pounded parts into a cheesecloth to squeezed the extract. 4. Gather three, 25 grams of cigarette butts. Remove the cigarette wrappers to expose the tobacco. 5. Pound the tobacco to fine powder using mortar and pestle. 6. Passed the powdered tobacco through a mesh sieve.

Preparing the Insecticide Concentrations For Set-up 1: 1. Combined the 75 grams extracted Marigold Plant with 25 grams pounded tobacco from cigarette butts. 2. Add 100 ml of water and 1. 5 grams of detergent powder as surface active agent. 3. Filter the mixture with a cheesecloth. 4. Label the product and let it stay for 2 hours before using. For Set-up 2: 1. Combined 50 grams of extracted Marigold Plant with 25 gram pounded cigarette butts. 2. Do the same procedure with that of Set-up 1. For Set-up 3: 1. Combined 25 grams of Extracted Marigold Plant with 25 gram pounded cigarette butts. . Do the same procedure with that of the 2 Set-ups. 3. Label the product and ready for use as an insecticide spray. Statistical Tools Used After the data were all gathered, it was tabulated and interpreted using the following statistical tools. A. Percentage – is used in ranking the mortality rate of each sample insects using the different set-ups. X where x= mortality rate % = n (100) n = total number of observation B. Mean is used to determine whether there exists significant relationship among the variables. fo where fo = total number of observed samples x= n n = no. of set-ups RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the results, analyzes and interprets the findings in accordance with the specific problems of the study. The main concern of the study is to determine the feasibility of Marigold Extract as an active component for household insecticide. Table 1. Effect of Marigold Concentrations on the Mortality of Insects |Set-ups |No. of Mosquitoes |Percentage (%) |No. of Cockroaches |Percentage (%) | |. 10 |100 |10 |100 | |Set-up 1 | | | | | |Set-up 2 |8 |80 |7 |70 | |Set-up 3 |8 |80 |6 | 60 | |Total |26 |87% |23 |77% | |Mean |8. 7 | |7. 66 | | Based on the table above, results showed that Set-up 1 got the highest mortality rate in both Mosquito and Cockroaches Sample. Out of 10 Mosquitoes and Cockroaches, Set-up 1 got a 100% mortality rate. It was then followed by the concentration of Set-up 2 with 80% mortality rate for mosquito samples and 70% for cockroaches. Lastly Set-up 3 got 80% mortality rate for mosquito sample and 60% for cockroaches sample respectively. Table 2.

The Frequency of Spray Concentration on Mortality of Insects |Set-ups |Frequency of Spray | | |Mosquito |Cockroach | |Set-up 1 |6 |10 | |Set-up 2 |9 |12 | |Set-up 3 |12 |15 | |Mean |9 |12. 33 | Table 2 shows the Frequency of Spray for each Set-up concentrations towards mortality of insect samples. Set-up 1 got the least number of sprays required for the insect to totally rid. Followed by Set-up 2 and Set-up 3 respectively. The three Set-ups got a Mean of 9 sprays for Mosquito samples and 12 sprays for Cockroach samples. FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings of the study regarding the feasibility of Marigold Extract and Cigarette butts as Household Insecticide. Conclusions drawn from the results gathered as well as the possible recommendation of researchers are presented in this chapter. Summary of Findings Results of the study revealed the following findings: 1. Among the three set-ups being introduced, Set-up 1 (75 g Marigold Extract Concentration) got the highest mortality rate among insect samples. Out of 10 insect samples, Set-up 1 got 100% mortality rate. 2. Among the three set-ups, Set-up 1 (w/ 75 g Marigold Extract) got the least number of frequency needed in spraying the insects to totally rid them. Conclusions: Based from the summary of findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1.

The greater is the concentration of Marigold Extract, the greater also is the mortality rate of the insect samples. 2. The greater is the concentration of Marigold Extract, the least number of spray is needed to totally rid those insect samples. 3. There is a significant difference between the concentration of Marigold extract and its effect towards the Mortality rate of insects. 4. Marigold Extract can be utilized as an active component for an alternative household insecticide. Although its shelf life is short. The formulations lasted five days before molds were observed. Recommendations: 1. Future studies will be conducted to enhance or lengthen the utilization period (expiry period) of the insecticide. 2.

Another active ingredients can be added to the mixture to enhance its feasibility as household insecticide. 3. Essential Oils can be added to avoid the stingy-irritating odor of insecticide. BIBLIOGRAPHY Leopold, A. Carl. (1994). Plant Growth and Development: Pest Control. USA:McGraw Hill Inc. pp 327-336. Topp, E. , S. Miller, H. Bork, and M. Welsh. (1998. ) Botany: Wonders of Marigold. New York: Harper and Row, Publishing Inc. pp. 301 – 315. Miller, H. Bork, and M. Welsh. 1998. Effects of marigold (Tagetes sp. ) roots on soil Microorganisms. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27: 149–154 http://www. primaryinfo. com/industry/tagetes-oil. htm http://www. homeremedycentral. com http://wiki. answers. com

A seed consists essentially of a seed coat, stored food and a young plant, the embryo. The seed coat may be made of inner tegmen and outer testa. On the seed coat a scar (hilum) is present which shows the place of attachment of a seed in the fruit is present. At one end of the hilum is the micropyle. Through micropyle the seed absorbs water during the process of germination. The embryo consists of epicotyl,one or two seed leaves called cotyledons, and a hypocotyle. The portion of the embryo above the point of attachment of cotyledons to embryo axis, and below the plumule is called epicotyl.

The plumule forms shoot. the portion of the embryo below the point of attachment of cotyledons to embryo axis but above the radicle, is called hypocotyls. The radicle forms root. The seed also contain the food, derived from the endosperm tissue. The food may remain as such or may be digested and stored in the cotyledons. Thus the cotyledons become thick due to the presence of stored food. This food is supplied to the developing plant during the process of germination of seeds. In the grain of maize, the cotyledon is modified into an organ called scutellum a term that comes from the Latin word meaning “Shield”.

The food stored in scutellum is used first during germination of seed. Later on scutellum absorbs the food of endosperm and supply it to the developing embryo.

During germination (growth and development) of a seed the water is absorbed through micropyle, and the formerly dormant embryo resumes growth and emerges from the seed. The root is normally the first structure emerging the seed, growing rapidly and absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Much of the water is transported to the cells in embryo.

Through micropyle, the seed absorbs water, which swells it causing the seed coat to burst. This helps the root to emerge out of seed. Water absorbed by the germination seed helps to activate the enzymes to digest the food of seed, which is made available to the growing embryo. It also helps to elongate hypocotyls and epicotyl, to grow out. (ii) Air Because oxidative metabolism usually takes over soon after a plant embryo starts to grow, most seeds require oxygen for germination. So air is very important for germination as it contains about 21% of oxygen, which is used during respiration. iii)Suitable temperature Germination of seeds occur over a wide temperatue range between 5-30 C. the optimum temperature for the germination of seeds of most plants ranges between 25-30 C. optimum or suitable temperature is necessary for the enzymes to function. During early germination of seeds, the vital mobilization of food reserves stored in the embryo cotyledons or the endosperm is mediated by hormones, which in some cases are gibberellins.

How Plants Increase Productivity in the Workplace

            The benefits of plants in worker productivity have been the subject of various studies. While many office workers claim that having plants in the work area somehow produce a positive impact on their mental and physical condition, the studies explokring the said impact remain limited. However, recent scientific researches carried out by professionals from different universities have shed more light on the impact of plants on employee productivity.[1] Hence, this paper seeks to explain how plants increase productivity in the workplace.

Tøve Fjeld and his colleagues (1994-1995) studied the effects of plants on the office workers health and feeling of discomfort. Unlike past studies which were focused on the physical effects of indoor plants among office workers, Fjeld and his associates observed the benefits of indoor plants on the psychological feelings of well-being among the subjects. The project was conducted at the Norwegian State Oil Company (Statoil), and 59 employees of the company who were working in office cubicles took part in the said experiment. Prior to the actual study, different health problems were observed among the employees. The symptoms included “fatigue, headache, dry facial skin, and dry skin on the hands, coughing, and eye irritation.”[2]  During the actual experiment, some participants were provided with varying interior plants. By the following periods of the project, significant improvements were observed. In the result of the study, the plants in the office considerably reduced the health problems experienced by the workers.

The findings also indicated that the overall symptoms were decreased to 25%. Fjeld and his co-authors concluded that plants have a specific impact on human well-being. Once an individual’s well-being is improved, his or her level of tolerance for irritation is improved as well.[3] In this regard, if the presence of plants works favorably for individuals, it is more likely that worker productivity will increase to a higher level due to the healthy workplace.

As the changes in the office environment often attributed to technological complexity continuously take place, stress-related disorders from work also increase. Thus, the need to further understand the relationship between an individual’s well-being and the plants is becoming equally important. The interaction of humans with greeneries, may it be passive or active, is said to affect changes in attitude, behavior, and psychological responses of individuals. Such perspective was confirmed in a study conducted by Virginia Lohr and associates involving a windowless work place. As stated by Lohr and her colleagues in their study, shortly after plants were positioned in the interior of the said windowless area, the participants became more productive, and the stress level was reduced. Lohr and company’s study substantiated the research done in Germany during the 1960’s which asserts that when plants are added in the office spaces, employees are more likely to improve their morale, reduce absenteeism, and increase their work efficiency compared to those individuals who work in a plant-less setting.[4]

In a symposium held in Netherlands, John Bergs further substantiated the contribution of plants in worker productivity. Berg’s findings appear to be parallel to the results of Fjeld’s study. However, Berg’s the most significant findings include the satisfaction of workers on the overall quality of the air circulating the office, improvement in employee productivity most especially for those people who are working at computer terminals, and the improved concentration of the employees.[5] To justify Berg’s findings, it should be noted that there are things inside the office environment that release particles, affecting air quality. These include printers, computer monitors, copiers, and upholstery, to name a few. What plants usually do is to reduce the concentration of potentially harmful substances in the air like carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, and benzene, which are considered as the primary contaminators of air through filtration. Along with the said facts are the various social science theories that were justified by studies which state that plants are an excellent investment because they promote an active and sterile working condition and creativity and serve as effective noise absorbers. Hence, employees who work in an office environment with plants tend to feel a special connection with the plants, allowing them to be inspired in their work, which in turn results in a healthier workplace.[6]

Different studies have proven that the interaction between people and plants promotes a positive impact on human well-being. Not only are these plants for curative purposes, but they are also for reinforcement of productivity. In working environments where task complexity may be observed as well as the presence of various factors that affect the physical conditions and job satisfaction of individuals, coming up with an ideal climate is not an easy thing to be accomplished. However, the availability of plants to create a healthy working environment stimulates various aspects in a busy setting that makes the office an inviting environment. At any rate, one can simply assume that placing plants within the workplace pays for itself not only because it serves as a decoration but also because its positive impact on health and its capability to maximize individual productivity provide an opportunity for anyone to enjoy the workplace and his or her job.

Bibliography

Bergs, J. ‘The Effect of Healthy Workplaces on the Well-being and Productivity of Office

Workers’ in Proceedings of Plants for People International Symposium, Floriade, Netherlands, 2002, <http://www.plants-in-buildings.com/documents/Symposium-Bergs.pdf?PHPSESSID=3587ad32a59e9a394118b462251eb3cd> (accessed 11 February 2009).

Fjeld, T.,  Veiersted, B., Sandvik, L. et al., ‘The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and     discomfort symptoms among office workers’, Indoor and Built Environment, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1996,  pp. 204-209.

Healthy Green at Work Organization. ‘Feeling at Home in the Workplace: The Advantages of   Plants in the Office’, Healthy Plants in the Workplace Brochure, n.d., pp. 4-5.

Lohr, V. I., Pearson-Mims, C. H., & Goodwin, G. K., ‘Interior Plants May Improve Worker      Productivity and Reduce Stress in a Windowless Environment,’ Journal of

Environmental Horticulture, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1996, pp. 97-100.

Lothian, M. ‘Why plants? Plants Reduce Stress and Increase Productivity in the Workplace’,    Plants-in-buildings.com, <http://www.plants-in-          buildings.com/whyplantsstressreduction.php>, 2009, (accessed 11 February 2009).

[1] Mike Lothian, ‘Why plants? Plants reduce stress and increase productivity in the workplace’, Plants-in-buildings.com, <http://www.plants-in-buildings.com/whyplantsstressreduction.php>, 2009, (accessed 11 February 2009).
[2] Tøve Fjeld, Bo Veiersted, Leiv Sandvik, et al., ‘The Effect of Indoor Foliage Plants on Health and Discomfort Symptoms Among Office Workers’, Indoor and built environment, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1996, p. 208.
[3] Ibid.

[4] Virginia I. Lohr, Caroline H. Pearson-Mims, and Georgia K. Goodwin, Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment, Journal of Environmental Horticulture, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1996, p. 97
[5] John Bergs, ‘The Effect of Healthy Workplaces on the Well-being and Productivity of Office

Workers’ in Proceedings of Plants for People International Symposium, Floriade, Netherlands, 2002, <http://www.plants-in-buildings.com/documents/Symposium-Bergs.pdf?PHPSESSID=3587ad32a59e9a394118b462251eb3cd> (accessed 11 February 2009).
[6] Healthy Green at Work Organization, ‘Feeling at Home in the Workplace: The Advantages of Plants in the Office’, Healthy Plants in the Workplace Brochure, n.d., pp. 4-5

Not knowing the difference between the two is enough to irritate ere, and mistaking them for the other is a whole different level of anger and f rustication that could possibly awaken from a pet peeve. It was important enough for her to make a whole blob post on the subject. Natural curiosity got the best of me as I then began to research the e differences and similarities of these vegetables. Tang 2 Cabbage and lettuce are actually from two sign efficiently different plant families to begin with.

From first glance it is slightly difficult to immediately tell which of the Greg en’s it is in a dish because of how similar their colors and shapes are when cut, cooked, and pre eared. Starting off with the cabbage, according to Bruce of weeklies, it comes from the brassier CAE family of flowering plants otherwise known as mustard flowers or the cabbage family. Other welkin species within the family include broccoli, cauliflower, radish, and turnips. Cab pages are often in the form of a decently large, round flower bud of leaves.

It looks similar to its notorious cousin, the Brussels sprout, but only more sizable. The cabbage leaves are compact, the kick, dense, and fibrous, so it is not as easy to bend anywhere or else it would break in half. W hen grown at a arm or at home, cabbages grow in a whole flower formation With extensive Ii eaves encircling the middle. To harvest it, people naturally cut the cabbage Stem at the base, leave Eng the large outer leaves still intact to the stem, to collect the middle bud. As for lettuce, they come from the assistance family, also known as the sinful rower family.

The other welkin species within assistance include chrysanthemum m and artichokes. Lettuce commonly share a similar small cone shape with the artichoke, but the eye can come In a more sphere shape like the cabbage, as seen with the iceberg lettuce. The lea eves are more flexible around the outer parts but a bit thicker along the middle, so it can be utilized as a wrap for some dishes. They can also be easily separated by simply pulling each leaf apart. When harvested, the whole lettuce plant is either dug up or cut off near the soil.

As a result, the main aesthetic differences to note are the shape before and oaf term harvesting, and the thickness or compactness of the leaves’ composition. How ever, they do not only differ aesthetically but also in taste and smell. The lettuce has a much high her water content Tang 3 Han cabbages, and that gives it the refreshing feel when bitten into. Consensus entry, having a high water content, lettuce cannot be easily preserved through freezing canning, o r drying. On the bright side, that means it is also served fresh and majority of the time.

Sadly, c Babbage may have a bitter taste and smell to them when either raw or cooked, but that does not stop us from making great dishes with them. On account of the previous stated facts, each vegetable serves its own special place in cooking. Majority of lettuce is eaten raw in salads and sandwiches, or used as Arians like cilantro on tacos. The reason for not using lettuce in cooking is mainly due to I TTS high water content. Cooking it in some ways may give some undesirable results such as b Ewing too soggy.

Chime is a common Korean recipe that serves as a fermented vegetable side dish with multiple seasonings that utilizes cabbages often. The cabbage is able to maintain its cry mushiness and absorb flavors through its density. The same could go for other dishes such a s the popular coleslaw. If you were to substitute the cabbage shreds with lettuce, the texture e of the meal would to have the chunky and crunchy feel, but a more wet and soft texture through hoot. Although, cabbages may win in cooking versatility, it does not render the lettuce as been g inferior.

Going past the cooking and looking into the nutrition facts, the natural coma session of both the cabbage and lettuce speak for their nutrition. With the greater density y, the cabbage packs the higher calorie and dietary fiber count at nearly three times the ammo aunt the same serving of lettuce can provide. Each of the greens are also great sources of vitamin A ( helps maintain lathe vision, white blood cells, and skin tissue), vitamin C (helps maintain he althea skin, bones, metabolism, and immune system), and potassium (assists with protein for blob odd and bones).