Safety

The current softball stadium accommodates roughly 100 fans with 8 foot tall fence surrounding the playing field. This field would be difficult to sell tickets for because of the lack of fencing around the entire facility. To market this field you could sell sponsorship spots along the fence but as for marketing the field itself, you would have to look at that a different way. To sell sponsorship spots on the fence you would have to prove to companies that having their name and logo on the fence would be worth the cost. The most helpful of data to prove to companies that people are showing up at games would be the SuperFan data.

The easiest way to market these spots are to call or go see companies and ask if they would like to be a sponsor. Now for the field itself. The field could be used for individual softball games, or for small 4-6 team tournaments. The way to best market these types of events would be to call summer ball coaches and organizations to get the word out of the field. But besides word of mouth you can also register the field as available for single-game rentals on specific websites designated for these types of things such as indysportsparks.com. As for marketing tournaments, you would also register them on a website. But once the tournament is in action you can sell t-shirts and memorabilia that has Marian’s softball program on it.

There are many other possible ways to market the small facility that Marian has to offer but these are the simplest forms of marketing. A SWOT analysis will be made at the beginning of every softball season. We would look at strength and weaknesses within the staff. For example, do we have enough staff to work all operations wanting to be performed? Do we have an experienced staff that is capable of running the technology? We will also look at the things we do well and the things we could do better on in the ballpark. Making sure that the spectators have an enjoyable time watching softball at Marian University When we look at the opportunities section of the SWOT analysis, we will be looking at what we can do in the future.

A big opportunity we have in the future is ticketing. Can we develop a big enough fan base down the road so that we can begin to ticket fans? Obviously, the answer will not come until later when we see the consistency of the crowds, but it is an idea to keep in mind for the future as this university grows.  The last part of the SWOT analysis is threats. As a manager we want the games to run smoothly, but there are threats to this goal Intoxicated fans can disrupt games, safety hazards with foul balls can danger the goal, and poor field conditions can cause injuries to players. These threats need to thought of before the season and a plan should be in place so we can eliminate them. In the case of obnoxious fan we can put a warning system in effect where each fan gets one warning and if they continue to be a problem they will be asked to leave the ballpark.

Other safety hazard threats should be inspected before the season and taken care of before a game is played. The SWOT analysis is important to improve your ballpark year after year. Many risk are present at any sporting event and the event we will be addressing here is a Marian University Softball Came First and foremost when building the softball complex much planning was thought out to prevent and avoid risk for both spectators and participants. The first risk management planning used was building a backstop and facing to create a safe barrier between players and fans. There are multiple risk that this backstop/ facing help to avoid, One preventative measure that a backstop/ facing avoids is a flying object either a ball or bat flying into the crowd and striking a spectators.

The other place we can see this facing/ fencing used in the same context is in front of the dugouts. The fencing here directly avoids the risk of a ball or bat striking players or coaches, Finally, another thing the backstop/ facing avoids or prevents risk is by keeping outside objects such as cans or bottles being thrown onto the field This is a low risk and unlikely of happening but having the fencing and backstop helps to detour fans or spectators from such behaviorr The next part of risk management used on the Marian Softball Diamond is the yellow tubing that is on the top of all the fencing, This yellow tubing helps to prevent any player or participant from getting caught on or cut by the fencing at the top.

By covering the top of the fence we are safeguarding everyone from that risks Another area where planning was carefully used is the warning tracks we see around the diamond. Behind home plate the small strip of dirt between the fence and grass acts as a warning area to players that the fence is very near to them. This risk management can be seen in all professional diamonds baseball and softball. It helps with the risk of players colliding with the fence at high rates of speed. By using a warning track the number of concussions can be greatly reduced giving the players literally a “heads up”. Another area on the diamond that can help to reduce risk for players is the windscreen that is hung along the outfield fence.

The windscreen acts as a multi-use tool on the diamond. Its first use is a batters eye, this helps batters to see the ball off of a dark surface and not background colors that distract the players. The second action the windscreen acts to help with is collision risk in the outfield. The darker color of the screen helps the players avoid colliding with the fence by highlighting the fence that otherwise can sometimes be hard to see at full speed (running down a ball). By adding a windscreen we avoid collisions with chain link fencing which can cause multiple injuries, for example concussion, broken bones, violent skin abrasions, 81C The area of planning we can see around the diamond is the bullpen for warming up pitchers being outside the field of play. The visitor bullpen is on the field but with the space used to build the field the home bullpen was strategically placed outside the field of play.

This avoids the risk of players having to run into a mound or plate that could cause harm to players, Slipping or tripping on either plate or mound could lead a player colliding with the fence. Therefore placing the bullpen outside the fence avoids this risk allowing players the full range of play all the way to the fence. Outside of the fence we can see a few areas where risk management are used to reduce risk for spectators. The concrete outside the fence is notjust for looks but also for fans to have safe place to walk and View the game. Having just a dirt or gravel area behind the fence adds risk to fans such as rolling an ankle or falling on a rocky surface. The concrete is a hard surface but much safer for fans while viewing the game.

Another area that planning was used to avoid risk is the railing that leads up to the press box. The railing on the stairs is there for people using those stairs and without a railing many risk come into play such as a fan, worker, or child falling directly to the concrete causing serious injury. Many aspects go into the risk management planning when constructing and hosting events at the Marian University Softball Field, it is important to think of risk when building such facilities in order to host and allow participants and spectators to have the best possible experience, Pre-Game Management. There is multiple jobs that have to be done before and during the pre-game of a softball game. The first thing that someone has to deal with is the field. The field has to be ready and playable before the game starts. The field has to be raked and dragged and the grass has to be cut.

The grass should only have to be cut every couple of days but the field has to be dragged/raked every day to keep it nice and smooth. After the field is raked, the foul lines have to be drawn, along with the batter’s box and the bases, pitching rubber and home plate all have to be painted white. There has to be a plan if it rains or if the field is too dry If it rains, you have to be able to take the water off the field as best as you can to make the field playable. If the field is dry, watering the field would be the best option to soften up the dirt. There are some things that you do not have to do every day to get the field ready, these things are: edging the grass, rolling the infield and outfield to keep it smooth, and put clay in all the low spots of the field.

A staff member must also make sure the line up cards are ready from both coaches and get them to the press box Electronically you have to make sure everything is up and running and works correctly. These include the scoreboard, the music, the commentary connection, mics, speakers, and cameras. During a softball game you must find workers to run the scoreboard, announce the game, take stats, play music, take photos, take live camera feed, commentate the game on radio and online, and update live scores. First, someone must run the scoreboard. This person is in charge of updating the score, balls and strikes, inning, and player at-bat. This job is important because it keeps the fans updated on what is happening in the game.

The next job you must fill is the announcer. The announcer is in charge of welcoming all of the fans to the ballpark, reminding them of ballpark rules, announcing starting line-ups, announcing each player, announcing the result of each half-inning, and announcing all substitutions, Next, someone has to take stats and this person is the official when deciding between an error and a hit and recording all of the stats from that game. The person is in charge of music is responsible for playing warm-up music before the game, the national anthem right before the game, and music between half innings. The next role needing to be filled is the management of the live camera for the online video feed of the game. The person running the camera must follow the ball around the field when it is hit or thrown to show the action of the game to the people watching online. In conjunction with the live video feed someone must fill in with live commentary.

It helps to have two people commentating, of person is the play-by-play or what is happening on the field, so people listening on the radio or online are able to follow the action Another individual provides the color commentary and talks about different softball-related items during the dead time of the game. Finally, the last post that must be filled is updating live scores online. This person adjusts an online scoreboard, to help keep people updated while watching the scores from another area. For post-game management, it is the exact opposite as pre-game management. Post-game management is putting the field to rest and making sure it is in good shape for the following day.

The first thing that you have to do after a game is rake the whole field and make sure that it is smooth. If the field is not raked after the game the holes and bumps on the field will become hard dirt which will make it harder to rake out and the field will not play as well for the fielders, When you are raking around the home plate area and pitching mound it would be best to put clay in the areas that are low so everything will be even. It would be smart to tarp the mound and home plate after the games as well. In case of rain, tarping the whole field would help because it would keep all of the water off the field, making it easier to make it playable the following day or when it stops raining.

Also having some surface and diamond-dry available would be a good back up plan if the field would have gotten wet and would help it dry fasten The main idea with pre-game and post-game management is to be able to make sure the field is playable. The more playable and quality the field is, the smoother the game will go. Emergency Safety Plan If inclement weather would ever approach the Indianapolis area Marian University trainers and staff will be in communication and watching the radar to plan the next plan of action If a thunderstorm is approaching Indianapolis spectators will be asked to return to their vehicles if there is a chance that the game might resume.

This announcement will be made from the intercom so that all spectators know what is going on If the radar shows no sign of the storm ending soon, the game will be cancelled and spectators will be told to return to their vehicles and exit the university. A date and time will be made shortly for rescheduling information. Players of the opposing team, during a thunderstorm, will be escorted to the PE center until further information is available. Marian University players will return to the clubhouse. If a tornado is a threat in the Indianapolis area then all players and spectators will be escorted to the PE center basement until the storm cell carrying that tornado has passed After the storm has passed a decision will be made if the game should resume or if the game will be rescheduled for a later date.

In a rare case of a terrorist threat or threat of a gunman, all spectators will be asked to evacuate the campus immediately. In a terrorist attack case, all players will be asked to evacuate campus and go to the nearest safe area. In the case of a gunman, the opposing team will evacuate campus immediately and return back to their school and Marian University student will be commanded to return to their dorms and lock the door until further notice. With terrorist or gunman threats, the event will automatically be canceled. In case of an emergency involving a spectator or player a trainer will be in attendance at every event to provide first aid services and MU police department will be contacted immediately so that they can be in direct contact with the ambulance.

 I never forgot how my aunt Naira cried over her two unique children, it was a terrible day for all of us. None of us understood what had happened as both my cousins were in comas. We realized that it was a horrible car accident and the sight of the car under a huge truck clarified everything.

My cousin Bashar was only 16 years old when this crash happened, Farah was only 11; of course, Bashar was behind the wheel and ran a red light. Although he was operating the Toyota on a driver’s license for boys under the age of eighteen; I believe that the age at which a young boy can obtain a driver’s license should be raised to age eighteen. Statistics show that teenage boys who just got their license drive impulsively, do not observe safety rules and cause more traffic accidents than adult drivers.

Of course, boys under 16 are very irresponsible; they drive impulsively. They run through cars with out any consideration and pass many cars with no lighting of the turns signals. They drive fast inside the main city roads. Sometimes they race with their cars, as they are the only people driving in the road. They use the horn to annoy people not to alert them.

Another thing besides the impulsive driving is the disinterest of the roads safety. The teen boys keep driving through red traffic light. They drive on the sidewalks anytime there are traffic jams. They don’t concede about the safety belts and they rarely wear them. They park in a Non-stop sign and rush crazily through a Stop one.

Finally, all of the above happen because the lake of recognition they have. They cause many more cars accident than adults do. They use their cell phones while they are driving because they think they can handle both, the driving and the chatting on the phone. Sometimes because they are in hurry the run through many red traffic lights. They don’t realize the soul worthy and the dangerous they are getting themselves into. They turn without observing the other roads and the cars in them.

As a conclusion, world governments should change this licenses age above eighteen not just for the teenagers’ safety but also for others along the road. That will be better and it will reduce many horrendous daily cars accidents.

The development of the travel and tourism industry in the uk increased after the end of world war 2. Before World War 2 there was not much of a travel industry except when Billy Butlin opened his first holiday camp in Skegness. During the war no one would go abroad or visit other places apart from the richer people as they were the ones who could afford it.

The travel and tourism industry has developed as a direct result of technological developments. These technological developments have been in transport technology such as things like, jet aircraft; improve trains and more luxurious coaches. Also, there has been an improvement in information and communication technology such as the internet, computer reservation systems (CRS) and global distribution systems (GDS) as well as credit and debit cards allowing customers to pay for their travels in more convenient ways.

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The most significant development in air travel was when the jet aircraft was introduced in the 1950’s especially the Boeing 707 in 1958. Air travel became more rapid, safe, comfortable and relative to past decades- cheap. The travel and tourism industry benefitted from the ‘jumbo jet’ boeing 747 that was introduced in 1969. With the jet it was possible to fly in less time making long haul flights more accessible, also the price to pay was reduced due to the increased capacity of the jumbo jet (400 seats). However, it is not just the air transport that has been revolutionised by technological developments. The channel tunnel was opened in 1995 and increased competition for the cross-channel ferry service.

The changing in socio-economic factors has added to the development of the modern travel and tourism industry. These factors include:

* Changes in car ownership

* Increasing leisure time

* An increase in disposable income

* The impact of the national economy

In the last 50 years, car ownership has increased dramatically. This is because peoples income has raised and the cost of cars are more affordable to buy and to run. In 1970 there were approximately 11 million cars on uk roads this is a huge increase compared with the 2.3 million in 1950. Statistics from the Department for Transport show that in 2002 there were over 25.5 million private cars in the UK. This suggests that car owners have an additional travel option, and that it is easier for them to reach destinations that are inaccessible or difficult to access with public transport.

A benefit of having your own car is that car owners can chose when to travel without a timetable restriction and they have a choice of their speed of travel. Car ownerships offer flexibility to travel. The rise is car ownership has resulted in the demand for public transport to drop, such as trains, coaches for holiday travel. The result of this leads to cuts in transport services. Another effect on the increase of car ownership in the uk has been the increase in associated environmental problems, such as pollution, congestion and the loss of land to road building programmes.

Over the years, the increase in leisure time has come about because of holiday pay entitlement. In the UK there are a number of one day bank holidays as well as annual leave. Holiday entitlement is partly responsible for the seasonality of travel and tourism as working parents take holidays in the school holidays to coincide with school holidays. The “working week” has also been made shorter to an average of 37 hours, compared to the 1950’s when the working week was 50 hours a week. A great benefit to the travel and tourism industry is that many employers offer flexible working hours allowing employees to have long weekends and hence take short breaks. Labour saving household equipment such as dishwashers, washing machines, and microwaves mean that household chores are carried out quicker, increasing leisure time. People on average are also living longer and retiring earlier. The ‘grey’ market is important in travel and tourism, as retired people frequently have a lot of leisure time and money to spend on holidays and other leisure activities.

In travel and tourism the increase in product development is primarily due to package holidays. The origin on the package holiday has come from a man called Thomas Cook, who took his passengers by train Loughborough to Leicester in 1841. The modern package or also known as the inclusive tour was created by Vladimir Raitz, who in 1950 carried a party of thirty two holiday makers to Corsica. That particular package included return flights, transfers, tented accommodation and full board (fully catered). By filling every seat he managed to keep the price low. He then went on to establish Horizon Holidays and chartered planes to destination such as Palma, Malaga and other Mediterranean resorts, carrying 300 passengers in the first year of operating.

Package holidays have since increased with Thomson, Airtours and First Choice being the biggest outgoing tour operators in terms of the number of package holidays sold. The most favoured destination is the Mediterranean as this is the most popular with the British. However long-haul destinations including places like the Caribbean, the USA, the far east and Australia are growing to be increasing important holiday destinations as travel costs fall.

In the 1950’s Club Med introduced all inclusive holidays. All inclusive’s can now include all meals, drinks, sports and entertainment, for example, but what’s covered in the packaged does vary depending on the operator. For example an all-inclusive package with First choice at the four start Occidental Grand Fuerteventura in Jandia included the following:

* Food- buffets for breakfast, lunch and dinner; unlimited snacks 10 a.m to midnight; afternoon tea and cakes; picnics available on request; unlimited ice cream between 3pm and 6 pm

* Drink- unlimited locally produced alcoholic drinks between 10.30 am and midnigh5t for adults; unlimited soft drinks, tea, coffee and mineral water between 10 a.m and midnight.

Holiday camps are purpose sites providing family accommodation and a diversity of entertainment facilities on site for a relatively low all inclusive price. They were first

originated by Billy Butlin in the 1930s who opened his first holiday camp at Skegness on the Lincolnshire coast in 1936. Holiday camps worked on the principle and motive that if children were happy on holiday, then parents would be too. In this type of holiday Butlin’s, Pontin’s and Warner’s became market leaders. In the recent years they have modified these camps to meet changing consumer needs and expectations. New types of holiday centres have evolved such as Centre Parcs.

Because of the huge growth in travel and tourism there has been a change in consumer needs and expectations. There have been significant changed due to cultural and social factors. We also now demand higher standards of quality and customer service. The simple sun sea and sand holidays in the 1960’s seem less popular with people nowadays, and more flexibility is demanded. These days, customers prefer to choose the type of accommodation, the board basis, and the type of transport and the length of the holiday. Package holidays now offer this choice. Special-interest holidays have particularly been developed more to cater for a range of interests. Holidays that have become increasingly important are activity and adventure holidays, especially the ones that include activities such as white-water rafting or scuba diving.

The ‘second holiday’ has developed as leisure time increases and disposable income rise. Skiing became popular as a second (winter) holiday from the 1970s, and in the 1980s the short break market developed. The domestic travel and tourism industry has benefitted from this. Overseas city breaks are now very popular thanks to low-price air fares and other quick transport methods. We see the damage that can be done to popular holiday destinations and the travelling public is becoming more environmentally aware. Tour operators have responded to this and many brochures will make a statement about what they’re doing to support local communities. The Travel Foundation is a charity that develops practical solutions to help protect and improve holiday destinations.

External factors in the travel and tourism industry include legislation.

The Holidays with Pact Act 1938 encouraged voluntary agreements by employers on paid holidays and generated the idea of a two week paid holiday for all workers. Although this ambition was not fulfilled untilled a few years after the end of the second world war, by 1939 some 11 million of the UK’s 19 million workforce were entitled to paid holidays, a key factor in generating mass travel and tourism. Countryside and Rights of Way act 2000 made it legal for the public to enter area’s and land that were previously restricted to the landowners. The right does not include cycling, horse riding, driving a vehicle or camping, and there are various other rules to protect the land and the interests of the landowners, such as farmers.

Development of Tourism Act 1968 established the British tourist authority which was set up to encourage incoming tourism from overseas visitors, as well as the four national tourist boards (NTB) of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which oversee tourism in their own areas. The BTA and the NTBs were given the power and authority to act in name of the government and to promote British Tourism. Since 2004 the BTA and the English tourism council have merged together into VisitBritain. Each NTB work within its own country to encourage and improve amenities for travel and tourism.

They offer a service for information, undertake research and provide grants for tourism-related projects. In order to extend their influence within their countries, each NTB sets up Regional Tourist Boards. EU Directive on Package Travel 1995 ensures that customers of package holiday providers have financial protection. For example, if a company fails, customers that have not yet travelled can re-claim their money back. For those who are on holiday at the time do not have to pay additional costs. The directive made a number of duties on the organisers of package holidays, which includes providing clear contract terms, giving emergency telephone numbers, providing a range of compensation options if the agreed services are not supplied, producing accurate promotional materials such as brochures, as well as providing proof that the organiser has security against insolvency.

Disability discrimination Act 1995 came about through public pressure to persuade people and businesses to remove any barriers facing people with disabilities. Travel and tourism organisations such as visitor attractions have to be accessible to those with restricted mobility or those in wheelchairs. Also public transport services have been advised to their vehicles with facilities to make it easier to use for people with disabilities, for example fitting low steps on busses. These adaptations have been successful as there are 10 million disabled people in the UK with a spending power of �48 million. This act requires travel agents to make reasonable adjustments to their shops to ensure that disabled people can have access to their facilities and services. If these adjustments are not made the travel agency can be sued and required to pay compensation. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 applies to workers in all areas of travel and tourism.

* Employers have general duty to provide for the health, safety and welfare of those they employ. Employers are also required to consult employees about health and safety arrangements and prepare written health and safety policy statement.

* Employers need to ensure that their operations do not put non-employees at risk.

* Adequate information about any work-related hazards and the precautions needed to contain them must be made available.

* All employees have to take reasonable care to ensure their own health and safety at work and that of other people who might be affected by their actions.

Each year The World Tourism Organisation produces a report on the long term prospects for tourism. The WTO predicts that worldwide international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. 1.18 billion of that number will be between region and 337 million will be long haul travel. It is predicted that by 2020 the top 3 tourist receiving regions will be Europe (717 million tourists), East Asia and the pacific (379 million) and the Americas (282 million), followed by Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. However, it is impossible to make precise predictions in travel and tourism. The following examples may or may not happen. A development that is likely to take place over the next few years is space tourism; other developments in transport technology included the Airbus’s 8380 ‘superjumbo’ with 555 seats compared to the regular boeing 747 jumbo’s with 415 seats.

The Chinese and Russian markets, with a population of 1.3 billion, are likely to attract many new tourists. VisitBritain is expecting a double in the number of tourists from China to the UK in the next 5 years to 130 000, and the number of visitors from Russia to increase by 50% in the same period to more than 200 000. These upcoming markets are targeted by travel companies. Russians see the UK as a desirable destination. Chinese consumers are cost and quality conscious and are less likely to buy on-line as they do not have credit cards. According to the WTO, china itself is expected to become the worlds leading tourism destination by 2020, with some 100 million outbound tourists and 130 million each year.

The conclude the development of the modern travel and tourism industry is primarily due to the changing socio-economic factors, technical developments, product development, external factors, the change in customer needs and expectations and the up-growing future trends in travel and tourism.

This 21 year old copper mine had gone through many other nature disasters like the 2010 earth quack. The cry went out to the government for help and their call was answered. The government stepped in and took control over everything from the company to the searching for these men. The area or location of where these miners had been working was 2,300 feet underground and over 3 miles from the entrance of the cave. The government did not have the equipment or the people need to conduct this type of search for the possible survivors.

Outside organization came to the lad of he government to assist in the search. With them a labor force big enough to work round the clock looking was sent. Three large drills were sent to drill holes to last depth of the miners were deployed in the area of the mine. People volunteer to came help even if they had no training for this type of work. The voices of the families and friends of the miners were heard around the world. This turned Into a joint government search the Likes of which have never been seen before.

In this area mining is the major part of the economy and the miners are the main source of income for their families. If they were not still living in the mine this would have impacted the families more than anything. To lose their husband or dad would be an emotion toll that no one should ever have to go through. During this time the company did not do anything to help the families or the search for the miners. This type of action had been seen before by this company Just a few years earlier. The owners Just set back and let everyone else do all the work and send money on the rescue of the men that were trapped.

The last time that the mine had claimed a life of a miner the company had to pay $10,000 to the family ordered by the court. The government assisted with those families by giving them $540 a month in support. Even in a smaller country like Chile that is not very much to a whole family to live one. The same company was doing It again by not supporting to taking care of the families because of the court, they were also ordered to close the mine until all safety issues what were pointed out in the safety investigation was corrected.

The employees of his company knew that the owners cared more about the revenue that the money was bring in then it did about their lives. The mine was only close for a short period of time and reopened with very little done about the safety issues address in the investigation. President personally took control of all the search operations because of all the media attention it was getting. He did not want the world view of his country to look bad. With the government and many other organizations helping miners were found to be still alive in a part of the mine.

The world media was directed to the recovering of the miners. It took a few more days to drill a hole big enough to bring the men to the surface. When they finally made it above ground they were in very poor health. There were some medical issues that had to be address right there on site from surgery to dental work. The men and their families were showered with gifts. After this major incident then men and their families took trips and got to enjoy the things they would not be about to have if they would have dies in that mine.

When they returned to their former lives as miners they could not get work. Companies were afraid they would report them for having unsafe working condition. Also the men had a law suit against the company they originally worked for and this added to the fear the companies had. The company faced a lot of charges that were eventually dropped. There were many things that could have been handled better by the company. In the beginning then they knew the names of the men that were not accounted for they should have sent a company spokesman to the implies to inform them of what had happen.

They should have kept them in the loop of everything that was going on taken care of them until they knew more about the status of the men’s lives. The owners of the campy should have been the ones taking control of the search not the government. They could have asked for help to the search, but they should have been there. Safety issues should always be taken care of, but in some counties they don’t have the organizations we do like OSHA. The lake of support from the company should have never been a issue during this incident.

Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards.

Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The main challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test.

These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people’s lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly.

The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the beginning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given.

The chapter “Testing Methods” will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions.

The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the probability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity.

Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critical Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3].

Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,… Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,… ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,… ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) which serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples.

Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example < 10-8 110000 years Potential for fatalities in the community Nuclear power plant control 2 < 10_7 1 1100 years Potential for multiple on-site fatalities Hazardous area laser curtain sensor 1100 years Potential for major on-site injuries and fatalities Hazardous liquid flow meter < 10-5 110 years Potential for minor on-site injuries Thermal meter Table 1 : Safety Integrity Levels (Source: 8 Standards The ‘EC 61 508 is divided into seven parts. Parts one through four are normative and are used as a guide.

The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard.

The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The standard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series.

Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods.

A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-related software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults.

Safety test case specifications are used to formalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT’s output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violations of certain formal safety properties. Safety models of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion.

As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT.

Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generally speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2.

Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5.

The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software.

Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, … , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise.

Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the critical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transition probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3].

For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar.

Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of testing. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on

MU 2. 4 CONTRIBUTE TO CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S HEALTH & SAFETY Check your knowledge 1. What does COSHH stand for? COSHH stands for control of substances hazardous to health 2. Name two other regulations that cover health and safety in children’s settings. Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences Regulation (RIDDOR) 1995 Food hygiene legislation 2006 – safe storage and preparation of food 3. List six routine daily checks you should make of the indoor and outdoor environments in your setting. ndooroutdoor Check that floor is clean, clear, bright and look invitingCheck that there are not sharp instruments, rocks check that all toys are securely place on mats, or well arranged and not damagedEnsure that there are not insects and bees nests Check that heating and lights are workingEnsure shed is locked at the end of the day 4. Identify two ways in which you can make sure children are secure in your setting. •Checking that the gates and the doors are locked •Ensure that the adult to child ratio is correct . List three aspects of welfare covered by the statutory requirements of the EYFS. Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfareThe provider must take necessary steps to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The provider must promote the good health of the children, take necessary steps to prevent the spread of infection, and take appropriate action when they are ill. Children’s behaviour must be managed effectively and in a manner appropriate for their stage of development and particular individual needs.

OrganizationProviders must plan and organize their systems to ensure that every child receives an enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience that is tailored to meet their individual needs. DocumentationProviders must maintain records, policies and procedures required for the safe and efficient management of the settings and to meet the needs of the children. 6. Give three examples of how you might assess the risk of particular activities, taking the children’s ages into account. working with animals – the animals must be well trained, proper supervision and the activity should be made with children over 8 years •football – the children can hit each other or can happen accidents as breakages; as a control measure I need to provide plenty of space and not interfere with other games • 7. Why is it important to record accidents and incidents? It is important to learn from mistakes and prevent children being injured or becoming ill in future and to report to parents. 8.

List six items from a first aid kit. •adhesive bandages, •sterile dressings, •thermometer, •gloves, •regular strength pain medication, •Disinfectant. 9. What should you do in the case of an accident before you start to give first aid? Before starting to give first aid in the case of an accident is to call for an ambulance. 10. List three key signs of meningitis in a baby or young child. •Fever •Headache •Dislike of light •Stiff neck •Red spots underneath the skin that not disappear when a glass is pressed against it

IDENTIFY THE KEY ASPECTS OF CURRENT LEGISLATIVE REQUEIRMENTS AND CODE OF PRACTICE RELEVANT TO YOUR SUBJECT AND THE TYPE OF ORAGNISATION WITHIN WHICH YOU WOULD LIKE TO WORK At present there is no specific legalisation related to beauty/ holistic/ wellbeing, it’s self not statutorily regulated. Therapies operate within their own codes of practice which relate to the ethical actions of the therapist in any situation including teaching and sharing the benefits of such therapies through consultation.

Aromatherapy and nail treatments teaching though must take into consideration legislation regulating the use of potentially harmful oils and substances: ? Control of substances hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH) ? Good management which help asses risks, implement any measures need to control exposure and establish good working practice. There is however legislation which cross-cut organisations and must be observed regardless of regulation such as: ? Equal opportunities Act ? Data protection Act 2007 Safeguards the fundamental rights of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and its free movement ? Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ? Protecting others against risks to health and safety in connection with the activity of persons ? Special educational needs and disabilities act 2001 ( an amendment to the Disability discrimination act 1995) ? Making it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in employment and the provision of goods and facilities Offering the holistic and beauty courses means being aware of legislation pecific to the settings which make provision about quality standards, independence, wellbeing and choice relating to the way in which services are delivered. ? Further education training act 2007 ? The health and social care (community health standards) act 2003 ? Our health, our care, our say: a new direction for community services 2006 ? Choosing health: making healthy choices easier 2004 ? FENTO standards for teaching and supporting learning in further education ? Office for standards oin education (OFSTED) ? Employment equality (age) regulations 2006 – vocation training ? Learning and skills act 200