Smoking

The Action on Smoking and Health is a non-profit, anti-nicotine and tobacco organization. The mission they state is to “advocate for innovative legal and policy measures to end the global tobacco epidemic.” (ASH). Although they believe they are fighting to save people’s lives, vaping is a controversial topic and this organization has opponent organizations are in support of vaping because of the health benefits that cigarette addicted individuals gain.

Other organizations emphasize the good vaping can do by helping those addicted to cigarettes quit, but the ASH believes that vaping has taken a turn and is not being used for the intended purpose. They strive to educate adults on how the youth takes advantage of vaping devices for their own pleasure; By doing this they are also accomplishing educating the youth on the potential, possibly life long side effects that vaping can bring.

This organization relays its message across the world through powerful and meaningful advertisements. Two images that the Action on Smoking and Health organization has published are powerful in the way that they appeal to the ethos, pathos, logos, and kairos. Through these rhetorical appeals, the ASH delivers their message that all nicotine and tobacco use can negatively affect a person’s health by using their stature and current events to appeal to people’s emotions and to present facts about the topic.

The Action on Smoking and Health is a well-known organization with many members and supporters. According to their Scotland website, they have famous supporters such as professional athletes Allan Wells and Scott Hastings. (ASH Scotland). This organization has an applied ethos that comes with their organization name due to the fact that they are well known around the world; Their websites range from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Scotland. The first image is a black and white image where it appears that smoke is creating the face of someone old and deteriorating.

In the corner of the image it reads, “don’t let smoking fade your life.” This image appeals greatly to pathos, logos, and kairos. Pathos is the appeal of emotion and this image does just that. When people, of all ages, look at this image, they think of the vape or cigarette pack they have in their pocket and they question if it is worth their health, and possibly their life.

Most individuals, especially the youth, expect to have a long life, and through this image, the message is being delivered that these habits can decay those dreams. They also might feel emotions of sadness and worry for those who are in their life and are being affected by nicotine and tobacco. This image also relates to logos, the appeal of logic. This image does not have statistics listed on it to show people the evidence of the effects of nicotine and tobacco, but it does say the most important part of all those addictions:

Don’t let smoking fade your life.”. When people see this message, they are reminded of the evidence that is against smoking and they find it logical to attempt to quit. This image also appeals to Kairos, the appeal of timeliness. Raising awareness on vaping and cigarette smoking has become an epidemic across the nation; There are constant television advertisements and news articles coming out to warn people about the negative effects of this addiction. This image strongly appeals to the times since there is more evidence against the use of these products.

The Kairos appeal in this image relays strongly to younger individuals who often feel as if their life in invincible. There is now a reported 3.6 million middle and high school students who have started vaping as a daily habit. (Hoffman. 2018) This image shows that their habits can end their life, especially if they have started them so early in life. Overall, this image relays the main message of the organization by visually showing people how smoking can take over and hurt a once healthy life.

The second image is a more colorful, cartoon-like image. Although it is developed through bright colors, the message is relays is much darker. The image reads the message “One person dies every 4.5 seconds from a tobacco-related disease.”. This statistic appeals strongly to logos because it is stating a undeniable fact. The statistic is written very plainly and simply so that it is easier for viewers to comprehend and to put into action. There are thousands of journals written by professionals who study the effects of smoking on a person’s health.

In a very powerful article published in September of 2017, the European Union reports that 700,000 deaths were caused by smoking. The article goes on to explain how cigarettes not only affects a person’s health, but the overall living situation, but most people, especially youth, do not want to sit and read a ten-page research paper. (Yeh. 2017). With the simple text in the advertisement, the message the ASH is trying to get across is clear and it resonates with the viewer.

Not only does the statistic relate to logos, but once the viewer sees this, they will agree that it makes sense to quit their potentially deadly habit. This fact also relates to ethos because it shows the audience that the organization is dedicated and has researched the topic. This image, much like the first one, appeals greatly to pathos. Once people who use tobacco products see this image, they will be frightened and dedicated to saving their lives. They will feel emotions that will encourage them to quit to save themselves from being a part of that statistic in the future.

They will also feel for those people who have lost their lives to tobacco-related diseases and they will want to make a change in the world to lower that statistic. This image also appeals to Kairos because it is showing that this statistic of deaths is present and it will not change unless all population is willing to change their habits. This image makes individuals see the facts in plain writing and fully understand why organizations such as the Action on Smoking and Health are fighting to put an end to tobacco and nicotine use.

Through these images, the Action on Smoking and Health organization are delivering their message across the world and raising awareness to the real side effects that come from nicotine and tobacco use. Many people think that they can’t or won’t be a part of a scary statistic such as the one listed on the discussed advertisement, but through these images and their appeal to pathos, logos, and kairos, this truth is becoming more realistic. Through the use of these rhetorical devices, the ASH can appeal to their viewer’s senses and make them understand the impacts tobacco and nicotine products can have on their life. In the future, the one person killed every 4.5 seconds due to tobacco-related diseases can be reduced greatly by the persuasion and realism these images evoke.

Symbol and Theme in Persepolis

One symbol in the latter half of the graphic novel is cigarettes and smoking. In Marjane’s life, choosing to smoke is something she first does with friends, and later with her mother, that connects her to people. When anything to do with smoking is first introduced, it is at Marjane’s first party in Vienna, and she is shown to be unfamiliar with it entirely.

Later, with her friends, she smokes different drugs, and at first she doesn’t truly inhale them. This represents how she acts in order to try to fit in with them, although she isn’t truly being herself. When her mother coaxes her into giving her a cigarette when she visits, the two bond over the enjoyment. Then later, as Mariane becomes friends with Ingrid, she takes part in either smoking or taking drugs. The two spend “time either meditating or tripping.” In all of these scenes, a substance of some sort is passed between Marjane and a friend or family member, and it is a symbol of the type of relationship between them.

An overarching theme in Persepolis is that although our beliefs about the world change, where we came from will never change. As Marjane experiences highs and lows, the way she views the world changes. When she is a child, she believes in God and wants to be a prophet.

When she is a teen, she rebels against the oppressive government and begins to dream of the options a new society could give. When she arrives in Vienna as a young adult, she learns of communist and anarchical ideals, which shape her thinking. Her various relationships have effects on her, and at one point her depression seems to define her. In the end, despite her feelings of being too Western for Iran and too Iranian for the West, she still has the cultural heritage of her youth. Iran is a part of her, and before leaving it for the last time, she takes time to ingrain its beauty and peacefulness in her heart.

Half of a Yellow Sun Characters

Olanna and Kainene are the twin daughters of a wealthy couple from Lagos, both of whom have been educated in Europe. Olanna is a beautiful, down-toearth and character and has a relationship with Odenigbo. She is a key part to the plot when her family is directly impacted by “race”-related murder.

Odenigbo is a professor at the university in Nsukka for a time, but is generally a revolutionary thinker throughout the novel. He is influential in helping Biafra secede from Nigeria, which is pivotal in the plot. Ugwu is Odenigbo’s houseboy, who comes from a small village near Nsukka, and grows into a thoughtful young man and the writer of The Book featured throughout the novel. Richard is Kainene’s lover, an Englishman who is fascinated with Nigerian culture, and later becomes a reporter for the Biafran press. His part in the plotline is providing a somewhat-foreign viewpoint to the events that occur.

Alice is Olanna and Odenigbo’s neighbor in Umuahia who is extremely reserved until Olanna wins her trust by sharing some salt

with her. She has lost everything she had except for her piano, and she is a representative of many like her, although she is also a supporter of Nigeria and not Biafra. Ugwu is the character that is most sympathetic and changes the most over the course of the novel. Just like every human does, he changes as he comes of age. He starts as a fourteen-year-old boy who has known nothing but his family and village for his entire life, and has had no education. He begins to read, gain an education, and learn new ideas from his master, which transform his thinking.

Eventually, he himself becomes a teacher, and later writes a book. His sexuality also changes over time; at first he only indulges in pleasure-focused sex, but later, with Eberechi, he learns that there is much more to a relationship than just sex. Over time, Ugwu changes from a simpleminded village boy to a thoughtful, proud young man.

Essay question: What did you learn about the Biafran civil war from Half of a Yellow Sun characters’ observations?

From the characters of Half of a Yellow Sun, I not only got a more personal perspective on the Biafran civil war, but I also learned how violent and total the bloodshed and death was. Through Olanna and Richard’s characters, I saw first-hand the violence of the Hausa against the Igbo. Through all of the characters I learned how the civil war effected everyone, old and young, and that many people died from illness and disease and not from bullets. Finally, I learned that after the war ended, the injustice towards the Igbo did not end and they became a shamed people for a long time.

First of all, I had only been somewhat aware that African countries had dealt with many different uprisings and civil wars before, but learning about the Biafran civil war was completely new to me. As the war began, the scenes of sudden terrorist attacks by Hausa men were portrayed by the experiences of Olanna and Richard. Olanna, from the perspective of an Igbo person herself, encountered some of the worst circumstances. As she goes to visit her Igbo relatives after the beginning of the massacres, she finds them brutally slaughtered by Hausa men, and has to escape with the help of her Hausa friend, Muhammed.

Through Olanna’s perspective, I learned that this eruption of brutality on the part of the Hausa people included the massmurder of not only adult men and women, but also children. As long as a person was Igbo, they were considered an infidel by this predominantly Islamic group. I learned a little more of a distant perspective from Richard, as he is an Englishman living in Nigeria at the beginning of these violent events. He experiences an Igbo massacre while at an airport, but for days after, he has trouble feeling anything about this violence. His viewpoint shows what many European countries and America felt about the war in general. This explains why they were hesitant to get involved; they were outside of the culture and couldn’t fully understand the true conflict.

the characters.

I also learned what wartime was like for the average Nigerian. For Olanna, Odenigbo, Ugwu, and Baby, wartime meant

slowly losing all that they had. At first, their only problem is getting away from the conflict, and they are able to lead regular lives despite the war. Then they lose their housing in the interior, and must move into a worse situation, as supplies dwindle as the war continues. People like Odenigbo’s little family not only lived in constant fear of bombings, but also began to fall ill in places with little to no medical treatment available. With supplies cut off by the Nigerian army, both Olanna and Kainene are privy to the world of the refugee camps full of starving, dying people. Through this, I learned that the Biafran civil war had an impact in not just soldier casualties, but also civilian casualties. Ugwu himself learns of the loss of his mother from disease rather than a bullet from the “vandals.”

After the end of the war, I learned from the perspective of Odenigbo’s family the shame and humiliation that was brought upon the Igbo people. First they are mistreated by Nigerian soldiers as they occupy the village that the family has retreated to, and they burn all of Odenigbo’s scholarly books. When things are beginning to return to normal, Olanna goes to Lagos to fetch money from her bank account, only to find that it no longer exists. Her feelings when she discovers this describes what many of the conquered Biafrans must have felt: “It was like being forcibly undressed; somebody had snatched at all her clothes and left her shivering naked in the cold.” From this, I learned that the Biafran civil war not only had consequences during the time of conflict, but left a wounded and torn country for quite some time.

In the end, learning about the Biafran civil war from the perspective of these characters made a more lasting impression on me than just reading about the war in the pages of a history book. I could connect more with the feelings of the characters as they first dealt with terrorist massacres which left them numb. Then, as they continued to try to survive through the war, the images of starving and dying children were also more tangible. Finally, the issues that they still dealt with after the war made me realize that the end of a military conflict does not mean the end of a struggle for a country as it rebuilds.

Going into watching this movie, I had very little knowledge about the relations between European-Australian people and the aborigine people groups. From the very beginning, I was shocked to learn that one man, A.O. Neville, was given the title of “Protector of the Aborigine Peoples,” as that is an extremely large amount of power to have. I also learned that the way he

d this power was to further his racist schemes; he had “half-caste” children (children with one white, and one aborigine parent) taken from their families and sent to boarding schools.

His intentions were to either prepare these children to be good servants for white households, or to raise them so that they could become a part of European-Australian society. In either of these circumstances, his intentions were that the half-caste person would have children with a white person, and that a line of “whiter” offspring would

be produced. And despite the clear injustice of this plan, this man actually believed that he was helping the half-caste people by doing this for them. Until watching this movie, I had not known at all how unjustly the aborigine and half-caste people were treated in Australia.

When you look at a cigarette, you would never think that it is responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands every year. Cigarettes are one of the most underrated murderers in the world. They cause diseases, birth defects, cancer, and so much more. Cigarettes take the lives of more than just who smoke them. Smokers are responsible for thousands of pounds of litter yearly. Cigarettes kill hundreds of thousands every year including children and babies; therefore, the ability to buy cigarettes should be made illegal in the United States. Secondhand smoke is a dangerous byproduct of smoking that can only be eliminated by making cigarettes illegal. It occurs when you inhale smoke that’s in the air from a person smoking. An important piece of information I found was that even the smallest amounts of secondhand smoke exposure are harmful to health. (CDC) Many government agencies have classified secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen including.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. National Toxicology Program. The U.S. department of health and human services states that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke can suffer from Ear infections, increased severity of asthma attacks, coughing, sneezing, bronchitis and pneumonia. In adults, secondhand smoke can cause heart disease and lung cancer. According to the Surgeon General, “living with a smoker increases a non smoker’s chances of developing lung cancer by 20 to 30 percent.”(Cancer.gov) Secondhand smoke is a dangerous byproduct of smoking that has many negative effects on both adults and children. Complications with childbirth is another dangerous and sad byproduct of smoking cigarettes that can be avoided by making cigarettes illegal. Studies done by AmericanPregnancy.org show that, “12-20 percent of pregnant women smoke, putting themselves and their babies at risk, and over 1,000 babies in the U.S. die each year because their mothers smoked while pregnant.”(APA)

To begin, smoking can cause the placenta to separate from the womb too early, causing bleeding. Smoking increases the risk of babies to be born with certain birth defects, such as a cleft lip.(cCDC An Article from the march of dimes states, “If you smoke during pregnancy, you’re more likely to have a miscarriage or a stillbirth.”(marchofdimes.org) These are just some of the complications involving childbirth that are caused by smoking. Cigarette litter is a more ignored aspect of smoking that can be avoided by making cigarettes illegal. Cigarette butts may not seem bad, but they still contain over 7,000 dangerous chemicals and are not biodegradable. B out an experiment where a single cigarette butt that had traces of tobacco was introduced to one liter of water. The cigarette butt resulted in high toxicity levels, and the death of 50% of the fish in the water. (beachapedia.org) When animals ingest cigarette butts they are getting all the chemicals in a cigarette.

A cigarette butt is made of plastic that is called cellulose acetate, this plastic can take anywhere from 18 months to 10 years to decompose depending on where it was discarded at.(verywellmind.com). The litter caused by cigarettes could be eliminated by making cigarettes illegal. Most importantly, cigarettes should be illegal due to the amount of deaths caused by them. Cigarettes contain nicotine which has a relaxing effect on the user. Unfortunately. Cigarettes also contain about 7000 other chemicals. The CDC explains that “Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.”(c use.(CDC) When a person smokes one cigarette it raises their blood pressure and kills the good bacteria in their mouth, which drys out their mouth, causing bad breath.(kekmedicine) This is why cigarettes should be illegal.

Many people believe that smoking is their own decision and they should be able to choose. This is understandable but when someone smokes a cigarette, everyone around them is being affected by secondhand smoke. Even if a person smokes in their house it leaves a residue of chemicals on whatever the smoke touches that builds up over time. Smokers are responsible for literal tons of litter every year due to just cigarette butts. Cigarettes kill hundreds of thousands every year including children and babies; therefore, the ability to buy cigarettes should be made illegal in the United States. There are many reasons why this holds true. First, cigarettes create second hand smoke that is harmful to anyone nearby. To continue, smoking causes complications in a pregnancy, including birth defects. Last but nit least, smoking is a killer. It kills hundreds of thousands every year, including.

Thesis Statement into our Outline First take your existing and completed Thesis Statement and rewrite it here: Second hand smoking can be prevented by quitting or doing it somewhere where it won’t harm other people. Second, take your two or three supporting elements (usually in the second sentence in a Thesis Statement) and give them each their own number (or bullet). – Second hand smoking can be prevented by quitting or doing it somewhere where it wont harm other people.

Topic in your Thesis statement only (the first part of the first entente) (one): Second hand smoking (two): Harming other people (three – optional): Quitting smoking (four – optional): Lastly, you must give at least two pieces of specific information to each supporting element. Second Hand smoking : Causes lung cancer and also is the cause why many children die with a smoker parent Harming other people: Also harming people outside, for example people at a bus stop Quitting smoking: To also help the smokers health, help them quit We will put in a place holder for a conclusion that will be completed next week.

EXAMPLE: Everything in bold below should be In the assignment you turn In by the due date Using my Gun violence Thesis Statement: Thesis Statement: Gun violence In urban America can be a devastating plague. With gun education, better laws, and a community watch, we can help stamp out gun violence. Outline: Topic: Gun violence In urban America Gun Education Create classes to teach gun safety and proper usage Have a tutoring and mentoring program to help teach even more folks Better laws More gun control litigation Additional local laws that can help control guns Community Watch

Give classes on how to form community watches Help form a foundation that can help organize different neighborhoods Into groups that can work together Conclusion: (We will get Into this later) Second Hand Smoking By millionaire’s Everything in bold below should be in the assignment you turn in by the due date Gun violence in urban America can be a devastating plague. With gun education, Topic: Gun violence in urban America Help form a foundation that can help organize different neighborhoods into groups that can work together Conclusion: (We will get into this later)

SWOT Analysis

It is used to examine BAT’s business structure and operations, history and products, revenue and strategy. Strengths Strong Market Position BAT is the second most leading tobacco producer. It functions through 50 factories across 41 countries, producing 724 billion cigarettes per year. By having more than 250 brands, it posses strong market stance in respective regions and maintaining leadership in more than 50 markets amongst 180. About more than 5,500 billion cigarettes are being produced globally by the tobacco industries, 45% of the global market.

According 2009, BAT has 13. 0% of market share in comparison to China National Tobacco Co. , Philip Morris International, Japan Tobacco International, Imperial Tobacco and others of 41. 4%, 15. 5%, 10. 8%, 5. 8% and 13. 7% respectively. Due to advantage in multiple tasted brands, products’ demand is high and hence, key strength for BAT. Geographically Diversified BAT has expanded its business geographically and hence established growth opportunities in global market by 50 factories scattered across 41 countries and have no operability dependencies between the regions.

According 2010 figures, Eastern and Western Europe have 27. 3% and 1 1. 6% revenue respectively; Americas have 22. 1%, Asia-Pacific of 23% and Africa & Middle East has 16% of revenue. Nevertheless, BAT does not refrain from developing its business opportunities into rising markets, like, China where number of smokers presents opportunity for its profit. Control over Tobacco Leaf BAT, only international tobacco industry showing considerable interest in tobacco leaf processing and ensure adequate supply by covering about 254, 400 hectares under cultivation.

The subsidiaries countries also have leaf-processing programmers including social responsibilities and agronomic support to the farmers. BAT works with about more than 250,000 of farmers across the world and most of them are directly contracted to supply two-thirds of leaf. They purchase only from reliable and sustainable sources and in 2009, they bought about 400,000 tons of tobacco leaf of which 80% was from sources in emerging countries.

Weaknesses

Declining Operating Profitability Over last 6 years, operating profit has declined from E,763 million in 2004 to E,624 lion in 2005; however, there was a steady rise through next consecutive years of E,572 million till 2008. Even though the profit from Asia-Pacific was IEEE million from El 148 million, the market share and volumes has lowered because of illicit trade and sheer increment of excise. In America, profit has increased by IEEE million to El 186 million while volumes were lowered by 6% at 151 billion.

In Western Europe, profit rose by IEEE million to IEEE million, however, Poland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Italy and Hungary were offset by turn down otherwise it would have en increased more by El 19 million or 16% whereas, the volumes rose 6% to 130 billion. Profit in Eastern Europe has fallen by EYE million to IEEE million due to lower volumes by 4% than previous year. Russia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Romania were SOOT Analysis By Saab-Ibid IEEE million tooted million where it could have been increased by 28%.

Falling Revenues from Major Operating Segments Revenue excluding duty, excise and various taxes, was Ell,768 million during 2004 and has declined to E,325 million in 2005, however, again rose to E,762, Ell,018 and EYE,122 million in 2006, 2007 and 2008 respectively. In 2004, among 5 operating regions 3 has declined in revenues. America has a fall of 35. 6%, Latin America 2. 5% and Asia-Pacific by 4. 6%. Falling of revenues has caused due to illicit trade, declining of volumes and deteriorating sales mix and hence huge losses in market share.

Decreasing Operating Cash Flows Cash flow has declined from operations of 14% from last year, I. E. EYE million; this is an indication of poor cash management. The free cash flow was less by 10. 4%, EYE million, than last year. Due to loss, there is necessity in inclination of capital requirements.

Opportunities

Light Cigarettes More educated people are aware of health risks and so products with less nicotine are in demand, which caused women smoking population to increase.

BAT has established a strong market stance with light cigarettes under some of their popular brand and increased its sales volumes. Market Potential in China Globally the production of cigarettes by the tobacco industries is more than 5,500 billion annually. About 40% of total are consumed by the Chinese smokers, I. E. Around 2,200 billion of cigarettes. China has its state-owned industry, China National Tobacco, but still there is an increasing demand for other countries brands and for which BAT has a huge market opportunity.

The Central Government of China permitted to invest for the production since 2004. BAT along with China Eastern Investments Corporation founded a factory where 100 billion of cigarettes are being manufactured annually. The business also distributes and sells its own products across China. Rising Popularity of Smokeless Tobacco BAT was first to introduce smokeless Swedish-style Suns, comparatively less harmful Han cigarettes. Suns is such kind of innovations that facilitate to lessen influence of tobacco on community and has began its Journey since 2005.

Profit from suns in the global market is estimated around E billion in where America itself accounts for 65% then comes Sweden with IEEE million. Other markets in South Africa, Pakistan, India, Algeria, Norway and European regions have tradition of strong smokeless tobacco and hence BAT growing opportunity.

Threats

Increasing Health Concerns Due to smoking people face heart and respiratory problems and therefore the institution of tobacco products are declining in huge numbers as people are getting conscious about their health.

Even passive smokers often have certain ailments. Tobacco companies are often taken to court by people for disciplinary or compensation. BAT also encountered with such kind of incidences, which might be a Most leading tobacco producers are subject to pending legal actions, valued billions of dollars, whereas small producers are there as competitors as they are not entitled to any lawsuits. Such huge companies are required to reserve a considerable amount f their profits that they might need to pay in future for the damages by their products.

On the other hand, small companies in together are taking advantages by offering quality products at lower price and hence getting hold of market share from conventional producers who, in order to keep company’s premium recognition, cannot make their product’s price lower a certain level. Contraband and Counterfeit Cigarettes BAT also encountered with illicit trade and has undertaken some actions along with governments, The Group Business Leaders Alliance Against Counterfeiting, to raise lattice alertness and consequences of counterfeit.

With such planned action BAT has encountered declination in growth volumes due to confine in the supply of duty- free items. About 15% of all the products in the market are likely to be contraband. During 2003, 19% of Benson & Hedges brand account of as illicit cigarettes in which 90% were faked. Also such counterfeit of the products can be seen in Eastern Europe and in Asia region. As these cigarettes are not being taxed, they are economical; hence, such contraband may drive away BAT’s potential consumers.

The damaging effects of smoke are good known, and go on to be one of the most evitable causes of sick wellness and decease in Australia. Smoking is a planetary wellness issue that affects all states worldwide. ( Naidoo and Wills, 2005 ) . Tobacco usage has a negative consequence on the immediate user every bit good as the other individual exposed to the fume, therefore the demand to command its usage and supply a supportive environment to enable persons to discontinue. ( Naidoo and Wills, 2005 ) . Health publicity provides a possible agency to accomplish this, as it attempts to better the wellness of persons and the community through wellness instruction, community engagement and coaction, sometimes taking to environmental and societal alteration ( Maben and Macleod, ( 1995 ) , as stated by Piper, 2009 ) . The Ottawa Charter ( WHO, 1986 ) sees wellness publicity beyond the person and the health care system, it requires a co-ordinated action between the authorities, societal and economic sectors. In other words, wellness publicity at one degree seeks to act upon healthy life style and better life-skills of the person, it besides ensures a corporate addition by act uponing statute law and policies towards environmental, socio-economic position, employment and occupational wellness at another degree ( Piper, 2009 ) .

This paper focuses on the social-ecological theoretical account and relates it to the national baccy scheme which was introduced in Australia since 1999 to better the wellness of all Aussies by extinguishing or cut downing exposure to tobacco in all signifiers and to forestall jobs that can ensue from the usage of baccy ( The National Tobacco scheme, 1999 ) . The cardinal aims for the model was to better the control of baccy through community action, promote surcease of baccy usage, bound publicity and modulate baccy and eventually cut down environmental exposure to tobacco fume ( The National smoke Strategy 1999 ) . The debuts of the National smoke strategic model lead to the execution of smoking policies in public topographic points including the work topographic point. Smoke policy at public topographic points is intended to protect smoke and non-smoking citizens from the consequence of environmental exposure to baccy ( Bauer et al, 2005 ) and to promote tobacco users to discontinue every bit shortly as possible. It is besides thought to cut down the injury that can be associated with go oning usage and dependance on baccy and nicotine. Smoke-free policies have been shown to deter people from smoking, cut down coffin nail ingestion, addition desire to discontinue and the likeliness of existent surcease ( Bauer et al, 2005 ) . The scheme was a comprehensive attack introduced by the authorities across all societal groups based on two warranting factors. These were that, bulk of persons who smoked were non making so based on free and informed picks. Peoples frequently say smoking is a personal life manner pick, this ignores the tobacco users apprehension of the wellness hazard, worlds of dependence and the fact that a batch of people start depending on baccy at a really immature age ( National baccy scheme, 2004 ) . The habit-forming nature of baccy compromises the person ‘s ability to do an informed pick. Second, the usage of baccy imposes a significant cost on the person, households, concerns, taxpayer and the community as a whole ( National baccy scheme, 2004 ) .

Harmonizing to surveies long term tobacco users die prematurely from bosom diseases, with most of them within the ages of 50 and 60 ( National baccy scheme, 1999 ) . they may besides endure from clogging lung diseases, shot and other stultifying long term status which can cut down mobility taking to cut down quality of life ( National Tobacco Strategy, 2004 ) . Smokers besides spend a batch of money on baccy merchandises instead than they spend on goods and services which could hold been more good to them and their households.

How the scheme was to be achieved

The first measure was to present a comprehensive control scheme on baccy merchandises, by increasing monetary values and altering societal attitudes to baccy usage through ordinances and difficult striking runs. Government policies introduced regulated selling, publicity, gross revenues, revenue enhancement and packaging of baccy merchandises ( the national smoke scheme, 2004 ) . These ordinances made baccy merchandises less low-cost, nevertheless available to grownups who use them, but non extremely seeable and non sold to kids. It besides mandated equal and effectual consumer information on baccy merchandises in the media and at the point of sale. On the other manus, quit smoke and smoke free runs, services on handling baccy dependence schemes, community support, instruction, research, rating, monitoring and surveillance every bit good as work force development were strengthened ( the national smoke scheme, 2004 ) . They besides addressed issues around societal determiners of wellness and trim plans towards the demands of deprived groups. This was to personalize the hazards of smoke and to increase the consciousness of effectual therapies and contact inside informations for services ( National smoke scheme, 2007 ) . The authorities policies besides ensured that all Australian tobacco users in contact with the wellness attention system were identified and advised to discontinue, and that all tobacco users probably to hold trouble retreating from tobacco-delivered nicotine have entree to back up and allow and effectual pharmacotherapy ( National smoke scheme, 2004 ) .

The policies were besides aimed at attempts to forestall consumption by kids, and to guarantee that the community is intelligent about smoke. It was besides to cut down societal disaffection, which, along with many other negative effects, is associated with uptake and continuance of bad behaviors including smoke, and to put in baccy control as a cardinal scheme for forestalling and cut downing societal disadvantages in the communities ( National smoke scheme, 2004 ) .

To extinguish exposure to environmental baccy fume, at work, indoors and in public topographic points ( including out-of-doorss where mobility is limited ) , and to understate it in residential establishments, the policy meant ‘no smoking ‘ ( entire prohibition ) within these premises. As countries where smoke is allowed provide small or no protection from environmental fume ( National smoke scheme, 2004 ) . Smoke free workplace policies by contrast virtually extinguish exposure to tobacco fume during working hours. They besides help tobacco users in those workplaces to cut down the sum they smoke each twenty-four hours and increased their opportunities of successfully discontinuing ( National smoke scheme, 2004 ) . Such policies dramatically affect societal norms about smoke. In legal powers which introduce smoke free Torahs, fewer kids take up smoke and Numberss of tobacco users and Numberss of coffin nails consumed decrease comparative to legal powers without such Torahs ( National smoke scheme, 2004 ) .

Social-ecological Model as a Background Model for the model

The footing of this model can be construed from the social-ecological theoretical account where a alteration in the environment and policies causes a alteration in person ‘s behavior. The social-ecological theoretical account recognizes the interlacing interaction between the person and the environment ( Healthy Active Oregon, 2003 ) . It besides focuses on reorientation of organisations and policy alteration ( Elder et al, 2006 ) . It is non a individual policy or theory but a instead wide overarching construct that brings together several different Fieldss of research ( Stokols, 1996 ) . Although the person is responsible for keeping a life style that improves wellness and reduces hazard, the societal environment in which the person lives mostly determines behavior ( Healthy Active Oregon, 2003 ) . A barrier can therefore signifier in a manner that can forestall the community as a whole in accomplishing behaviour alteration ( Healthy Active Oregon, 2003 ) .

Harmonizing to Winett ( 1995 ) some wellness publicity plans have non been effectual due to failure in acknowledging the consequence of environmental-related factors on health-related behavior. He hence suggests the integrating of theoretical accounts for behaviour alteration with plans affecting persons, groups, organisations, community and institutional degrees of engagement ( Winett, 1995 ) . Hence the societal ecological theoretical account suggests a more comprehensive attack of non merely the person ‘s duty of health-risks behaviours, instead it targets the single and socio-economic factors ( Piper, 2009 ) . The theoretical account is categorized into intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organisational and public policy as schemes for advancing wellness ( McLeroy et al. , 1988 ) .

Intrapersonal

The intrapersonal degree of the theoretical account is based on psychological theories of alteration, where it utilizes the mass media, social-marketing, instruction and development of accomplishments to alter wellness related attitudes, addition cognition and advance ego regard ( McLeroy, 1988, Piper, 2009 ) . This degree implies that the proximal cause of behavior or mechanisms for alteration of behavior prevarications with the person and non the environment ( McLeroy, 1988 ) . And in the model this was traveling to be achieved by shiping on difficult hitting smoke free runs and ordinances which will be targeted at altering perceptual experiences and bettering cognition of the person, with the hope of giving a behaviour alteration.

After the person had been made aware of the hazards and the health-related issues that occur as a consequence of smoke, it is up to them to take either to smoke or give up smoke. However at this degree there can be emotional and expressive feelings that people experience particularly in the context of wellness related behaviour alteration ( Davies and Macdowal, 2006 ) . Some persons may truly lose the wagess from smoke and the fond regards they have antecedently developed to smoking while still admiting the benefits of smoking surcease ( Davies and Macdowall, 2006 ) . There is so the feeling of ennui, defeat and choler as they loose the sense of making something and deficiency of the company, this is the point where the person is likely to get worse and travel back to smoke ( Davies and Macdowall, 2006 ) . Hence separate smoke surcease plans that acknowledges and run into the specified demands of persons should besides be developed. There is therefore the demand for services like the quit aid lines and reding installations to back up the person who wants to give up smoke. This scheme has been recognized in the model to help the person to get by. The social-ecological theoretical account identifies this and hence does non merely concentrate narrowly on the person but besides other societal factors and webs which all comes together to help the person to get by and alter behavior.

Interpersonal

This deals with the person ‘s societal webs such as household, friends, neighbors and contacts at work, the psychosocial theory underpins this degree. The purpose is to alter societal norms and better societal web and support ( Piper, 2005 ) . These are seen to hold direct influence on the individual. The importance of this degree is that about all behaviors happens in a societal context, and behaviors in these context tend to be accustomed, hence it takes making things otherwise to interrupt these wonts ( Davies and Macdowall, 2006 ) . Therefore the intercessions to be designed demands to change the signifier of bing societal webs ( McLeroy, 1988 ) . Particularly they should be designed to modify societal influences which are likely to back up and keep unwanted wellness related behaviors and strengthen those that influence wellness positively. ( McLeroy, 1988 ) . It besides involves learning the person on how to manage interactions with others as they continue to prosecute their new ways of get bying without smoking ( Davies and Macdowall, 2006 ) . Mentioning to the model it was aimed at foregrounding the consequence of baccy fume on households and besides prevented kids acquiring entree to baccy and other baccy merchandises. It besides hopes to act upon cultural, societal and economic factors that influence uptake and uninterrupted usage of baccy. Discontinuing smoke may non be an easy thing to make nevertheless with a supportive, good informed, good and strong societal web the person should be able to give up and be cognizant of how and where to seek aid.

Community

A community is said to be intelligent when it has equal information to be able to do an informed determination on baccy usage ( National baccy Strategy, 1999 ) . In the community, information such as how to acquire aid and quit, the difference between the usage of baccy and dependence, the consequence of baccy fume on the environment, the benefits of discontinuing at any age and sooner than latter and on a whole, the consequence of baccy on the society should be easy accessible ( National Tobacco Strategy, 1999 ) . It is a good known fact that information entirely does non take to behaviour alteration by persons in the community ( National Tobacco Strategy, 1999 ) , otherwise 22 % of the Australian population will non go on to smoke regardless of the sum of information available on the hurtful consequence of smoke ( Egger et al,2005 ) .

For communities to derive control over baccy use the scheme was focused on planning and execution of community based programmes for commanding baccy, by supplying equal resources for a scope of smoking surcease services in the communities. Local powers such as Community leaders, parents, schools and young person organisations are all motivated to acquire involved ( National Tobacco Strategy, 1999 ) . Health publicity at this degree is about authorising the community through community development, alliance and conflict direction schemes ( Piper, 2009 ) . Stokols ( 1996 ) defines ecology as the survey of the association between beings and their environment, and puts this in the position of wellness publicity in the community, where the focal point is shifted from the person ‘s wellness related intercessions unto that of the community working together in the environment in which they live in. this reflects a more socio ecological orientation of wellness publicity which is a castellation of the person, community and the constructions around ( Stokols, 1996 ) .

Organizations

Intervention at this degree involves organisational procedures, manner, leading, civilization, practises and inducements to better health-related behavior or enable behavior alteration ( McLeroy et al. , 1992 ) . A big part of most people ‘s lives are spent in organisations such as work and establishments, these organisations have an influence on the person ‘s health-related behavior ( McLeroy et al. , 1988 ) . In the context of wellness publicity, administrations particularly those affecting worksites give entree to a big group of people and offer the chance for societal support and behavior alteration, peculiarly when the behavior is a societal norm ( McLeroy, 1988 ) . This degree in the model means the execution of a entire smoke prohibition policies backed by jurisprudence in the work topographic point and public topographic points by employers and persons of authorization.

The mark of wellness publicity is non the organisation or the establishment itself but the employees and persons who are likely to be institutionalised ( McLeroy, 1988 ) . Organizational alterations are indispensable in an ecological model where a long-run behavioral alteration is supported, and a requirement for institutionalisation of wellness publicity ( McLeroy, 1988 ) .

Public Policy

State capacity and substructure, including clear leading and dedicated resources, are indispensable to the development and execution of a strong strategic program that includes the designation and riddance of tobacco-related disparities ( CDC, 2007 ) . Tobacco control plans need to further the motive to discontinue smoking through policy alterations and media runs every bit good as through advancing quit line services ( CDC, 2007 ) . The authorities at this degree will be responsible for patroling policies which are put in topographic point to implement the ordinances and limitations on baccy usage and its publicity. Some surveies have shown that execution of authorities policy to censor smoke has worked really good. For illustration a survey which evaluated the consequence of smoking prohibition at a jobsite by Borland et Al ( 1999 ) , found out that, workplace smoking prohibition contributed to a decrease of coffin nail ingestion. There was no grounds to propose that heavy tobacco users who were deemed as the most addicted compensated the greatest during java and tiffin interruptions. This could propose that the fuss of go forthing the workplace to smoke was an hindrance taking to a decrease in ingestion ( Borland et al, 1990 ) . It besides implies that including institutional and public policies in wellness publicity can accomplish an appropriate behavior alteration because non merely will the person have to postulate with the incommodiousness but besides the possibility of interrupting the jurisprudence and holding to confront the effects, farther deters persons from coffin nail ingestion. The smoke prohibition, as mentioned earlier, Was a authorities scheme to advance a healthy state. So in this instance employers are merely utilizing their substructure to implement a authorities scheme.

Evaluation of the Model

One cardinal advantage of the socio-ecological theoretical account is that it has the ability to integrate schemes of wellness publicity by utilizing behaviour alteration and environmental betterment in a wide theoretical frame work ( Stokols, 1996 ) . It besides highlights a cross-level scrutiny of health-related jobs and proposes an appropriate interventional scheme by incorporating two or more systematic degrees ( Stokols, 1996 ) . For illustration: organizational, personal or community degrees that allow practicians to analyze both persons and cumulative visual aspect of wellness jobs and how it affects intercessions at all the different degrees ( Stokols, 1996 ) . Hence the unsighted musca volitanss that can non be identified by other theoretical accounts, due to concentrating on merely a fix determiner of wellness or either the person or the environment is avoided as attending is given to an interplay of factors at both single and other comprehensive degrees ( Stokols, 1996 ) .

However, the social-ecological theoretical account is non without its restrictions. First, intercessions designed based on the social-ecological theoretical account require incorporation of different Fieldss of cognition. It besides involves the coordination of different sectors in the community. It hence becomes practically impossible to implement such plans ( Stokols, 1996 ) . Therefore, this method should be regarded as lone portion of the theoretical account that can be actively implemented and that the remainder is merely inactive. It is hence logical to inquire whether the social-ecological theoretical account is excessively inclusive in trying to embrace so many factors and taking the focal point off from the person and in consequence doing the single feel less responsible.

In practise, it is of import to allow the single feel they are non on their ain by offering support. However, it is of import for the practicians, to non take duty off from the person.

Decision

In decision, the socio-ecological theoretical account identifies human behavior to happen in extremely organised constructions which can hold a great impact on the wellbeing of the person ( Stokols, 1996 ) . Behaviour alteration can be achieved by act uponing the physical, environmental and the societal interactions of the person, though this may non be ever so, however, the social-ecological position of wellness publicity is more likely to accomplish a higher impact as it uses a multi-disciplinary attack.

Explain three factors that could lead to an increase in demand for cigarettes All three factors that affect the demand curve are non-price related. This is why it affects the demand curve. The first factor that could increase the demand for cigarettes is an increase in population. There the increase in population makes the potential number of buyers increase, thus the demand curve shifts to the right.

Another factor that can affect the demand curve for cigarettes is the increase in salary. When the consumer’s salary increases, they can effort more things, such as cigarettes, and also people who were not able to afford it with their low salary, might now that their salary has increased afford certain goods that they were not able to get before. In this case cigarettes can be seen as a luxury, because it is not a necessity. This would all cause the demand curve to shift to the right and therefore increase.

The last factor that could increase the demand of cigarettes, could be seasonal By pastoralist because in many countries you are not allowed to smoke in restaurants, and they loud therefore have to smoke outside in the cold, which might not seem too appealing to the consumer, which would lower the demand. In contrary in summer, the consumers can stand outside with nice weather and smoke, which most smokers might enjoy, thus the demand increases in summer b) Discuss three policies a government might use to reduce the consumption of a demerit good such as cigarettes.

There are three main polices tat government could use to reduce the consumption of a demerit good such as cigarettes, which are related to the negative externalities of institution. A negative externalities is a cost that is suffered by a third party as a result of an economic transaction. In a transaction, the producer and consumer are the first and second parties, and third parties include any individual, organization, property owner, or resource that is indirectly affected. Externalities are also referred to as spill over effects, and a negative externalities is also referred to as an external cost.

The first action that government could take is banning cigarettes through the use of laws. This could be a quick solution for the problem, but it often comes with other problems. Having laws that forbid smoking will not stop some people from it. They will smoke illegally. Therefore by banning cigarettes completely, the number of smoker will decrease but will not disappear completely. Another problem with the laws though, is that the people that vote for it, include the smokers, causing the votes to be influenced by their preferences.

This could cause that the majority of people would decline the creation of those law that are against cigarettes. The second thing that government could do is increasing taxes on cigarettes. This is indirect taxes on a product, the price rises and according to the demand and supply curve, the consumer should demand less, as visible in the graph below: One of the only problems with putting taxes on cigarettes, is that cigarettes have a price inelastic demand, because the habit-forming, therefore taxes do not manage to reduce the quantity demanded sufficiently. The government revenue will simply rise without reducing the consumption.

It might even cause black market. The third and last action that government could take is to provide education about the dangers of smoking. This way the people that are being educated will maybe be shocked and at least a few might quit. By giving those educational classes, the MAP curve would shift at least a bit to the left. One problem about this idea, is that there are high costs involved in this education, because government need to pay people to educate the smokers. And there are doubts of the effectiveness of education in reducing cigarette consumption.