September 11th 2001 as One of the Scariest Days in the USA

As someone that grew up mostly in post 9/11 America I know first-hand what kind of things people are more cautious of now. When I was in high school, I watched a history channel special about 9/11 and was very surprised by the things they were saying. They made comments about how a lot of people thought that it was a small plane and rookie flyer that just didn’t know what he was doing when the first plane hit.

September 11th 2001 was one of the scariest days in the USA. Nineteen terrorist attacked United States’ planes and nobody knew what else they might had been planning. These planes were headed west, and two of them hit both of the The World’s Trade Center towers in New York City.

Later, the third plane hit the Pentagon in Washington. The fourth plane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Osama Bin Laden was responsible for these attacks. Many victims including: civilians, firemen,  police, and rescue people were killed. This attack also created a major financial impact of America to repair the damages.

The security of the USA was also impacted after the attack to keep Americans safe. This attack was meant to make America more weakness, however it made us stronger. The United States made a memorial in NY City and a national day to remember the lives lost on September eleventh.

I talked to my mom about it as well as one of my teachers and they both said they thought similar things. However, for me, if that were to happen again I would automatically assume it was a terrorist attack.

In the study done by Ghafoori et al. (2009) they show that individuals that screened positive for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were twice as likely to have had a loved one at the site of the attacks. They were also two times more likely to have known someone that was killed or someone that was involved in the rescue efforts when compared to people that tested negative for GAD.

According to Hoff (2002) of 8000 New York City children that were studied 1 in 4 of them had anxiety related to the attacks of 9/11. Schuster et al. (2001) asked 768 parents how they felt their children were responding to the attacks. The common responses were the children were avoiding talking about the topic, having trouble concentrating, having trouble with falling asleep or having nightmares, and easily losing their temper.

According to Burnham (2007), general fears that aren’t specifically related to the event are not affected after a disaster. This includes things like fear of snakes or the dark. The fears specifically related to terror did increase in the children after 9/11 however. This would mean that generalized anxiety probably wouldn’t be too affected by the terrorist attacks but specific phobias would increase instead.

Specifically phobias of flying or terrorist attacks. When looking at older children the levels of their fears were not as high compared to the younger children showing that the younger children were more affected by the attacks in terms of the fears that resulted.

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How 9/11 Changed The World

On September 11, 2001, many people’s lives were transmuted. Not only Americans, but Muslims and Islamist kindred, were affected. Family members and friends were disoriented, lives were taken away, and Incipient York City was torn asunder. Two planes hit the Twin Towers, otherwise kenned as the World Trade Center. One plane was flown into the Pentagon settled in Virginia. One last plane was flown into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after being surmounted by the passengers. The nineteen men who hijacked these planes emanated from the Islamist militant group kenned as al-Qaeda. An editorial in the Incipient York Times verbalized, “It was one of those moments in which history splits, and we define the world as ‘before’ and ‘after’.” The Pentagon is virtually a city. 23,000 people work there on an average day and over 200,000 telephone calls are made daily through phones that are connected by 100,000 miles of telephone cable.

Airlines Flight 77 was intended to be flown from Washington to Los Angles, California. Instead, the plane was flown into the Pentagon. Fiver hijackers boarded this plane. Terrorists Khalid al Mihdhar and Majed Maqued embarked the plane at 7:15 a.m. The other three terrorists, Hani Henjour, Navaf al Hazmi, and Salem al Hazmi, embarked the plane at 7:35 a.m. At 9:37 a.m., the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia was hit. 184 individuals died at the Pentagon, including the fifty-nine dead on the plane.

The Pentagon was engineered to resist any reasonably terrorist act.On September 11, 2001, the architect’s plans failed, and it did not withstand this plane. Many witnesses verbally expressed the ground and building shook like a “rickety rollercoaster.” Coalesced Airlines Flight 93 was to be flown from Newark, Incipient Jersey to San Francisco, California, but was instead flown into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The hijacker’s initial target for this plane was Washington D.C. Many conspirators believe they were headed toward the White House. Four hijackers boarded this plane between 7:03 and 7:39. At 8:42, the plane commenced to head toward San Francisco. The terrorists on board were Saeed al Ghamdi, Ahmed al Nami, Ahmad al Haznawi, and Ziad Sarrah.

When the passengers of this plane realized what had transpired, they kenned they had to react expeditious. Four men decided to take initiative of what was transpiring. Todd Beamer, Mark Bingham, Tom Burnett Jr., and Jeremy Glick called people who were not on the plane. Glick and Burnett called their wives, telling them that they doted them. Beamer called a GTE Airfone operator and told him they were going to rush the hijackers, and no one would make it out alive. Bingham called his mother assuring her that he doted her and that he wasn’t going to make it out alive. These four men, including other passengers, rushed the hijackers.

No one is authentically sure of how or what they did. After endeavoring to rush them, they flew the plane into the field. Forty people died on that plane. Forty people were on board. These men preserved many people’s lives. Albeit forty people died, hundreds, possibly even thousands, more could have died if they didn’t surmount the plane. It could have kept flying toward Washington D.C. and no one can even fathom all that could have transpired.

By 9:00 a.m. on an average day, 35,000 people worked in the World Trade Center. On September 11, 2001 5,000 to 7,000 people were held in each tower. American Airlines Flight 11 and Amalgamated Airlines Flight 175 were both flown into the World Trade Center in Incipient York City. Both Flights were supposed to be flown from Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles, California. American Airlines Flight eleven was flown into the North Tower of the planet Trade Center. When the people in the South Tower optically discerned the North Tower get hit, they kenned they had to get out; and get out expeditious.

Five hijackers boarded this plane. The hijackers on American Airlines Flight 11 designations were Wail al Shehri, Waleed al Shehri, Alta, Omari, and Satam al Sugami. These five terrorists commenced at 8:14 a.m. or shortly after. The North Tower fell at 8:48 a.m. Coalesced Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. There were five hijackers aboard on this plane as well. Haniza al Ghamdi, Shehni. Fayez Banihammad, Mohand al Shehri, and Ahmed al Ghamdi were the terrorists on board. As American Airlines Flight 11 was being hijacked, Amalgamated Airlines Flight 175 was taking off. The hijackers on 175 commenced sometime between 8:40 a.m. and 8:50 a.m. Some people in the North Tower, and the South Tower for that matter, decided to control their own fate that morning. They jumped.

That was most likely among the most perturbing scenes on that hellish day. Lower Manhattan hospitals’ medicos and nurses composed one M.A.S.H. type unit that day and inclined to many injured people. The Twin Towers collapsed plenarily within two hours of them being hit. The Twin Towers were not the only buildings affected by these planes, though. Altogether, five buildings collapsed thoroughly four buildings partially collapsed, six buildings had substantial damage, and six building had façade, or main front, damage. Twenty-one buildings were largely damaged in total. But proximately every building took a hit.

The disaster area covered at least sixteen acres. An estimated 1.4 million tons of debris was in this sixteen-acre area. The after math of the September 11 attacks consisted of many things. The unsullied-up in Incipient York commenced virtually immediately. By April 8, 2002, 101,759 truckloads of trash, weighing 1,506,124 tons had been abstracted from Ground Zero, which is the area that was affected by the assailments. 183,863 tons of that was steel from all the buildings. Canines played an astronomically immense part in the immaculate-up process, not just humans. The canines withal availed in airports once they opened back up. They would sniff bags and luggage, conventionally smelling for explosives or drugs.

The unsullied-up was estimated to cost two billion dollars. Clean-up was miraculously under that. It ended up only being 600 million dollars. On May 30, 2002, the unsullied-up was officially over. A ceremony took place at Ground Zero, marking the cessation of the recuperation effort. At least 1.4 billion dollars in avail was raised for families of September ii victims from over thirty major charities. Red Cross raised 930 million dollars and distributed 558 million dollars for September 11 victims.

In Salt Lake City, Utah eight Coalesced States athletes carried an American Flag during the aperture ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics. The flag had been recuperated from the site of the World Trade Center on February 8, 2002. Albeit it was tattered, torn, and burnt, and stood and revered the Amalgamated States of America. Autumn in America in 2002 was not the customary browns, oranges, yellows, and reds. Instead, the colors of Autumn were red, white, and blue. Amalgamation Square in Incipient York City was two miles from Ground Zero. It became a congregation place for those to recollect the lost, those who were never found, and to grieve.

Like verbalized afore, September 11, 2001 was a day of mourning. Americans and American-Muslims mourned. September 11, 2001 was a morning of eradication. R.W. Apple Jr. verbally expressed, “This week, we are all Incipient Yorkers,” and that verbal expression, many people acceded with. 2.823 people from more than 115 countries were listed as dead because of the assailments on September 1, 2001. The number of Muslims on the U.S. has been estimated to be as high as six million. Just because someone is Muslim, doesn’t mean they accede with terrorism or believe it is right. Muslim-Americans are staunch Americans are allegiant American and need to be venerated. Many Muslim-Americans list doted ones because of these assailments. Now, Muslim-Americans are deathly Trepidations of discrimination.

Many series of events transpired on September 11, 2001. Affirmative, the Twin Towers were hit, a plane flew into a field, and the Pentagon was hit, but when you visually examine everything that went on that day, you realize how crazy it was, September 11, 2001. President George W. Bush was peregrinating to Sarasota, Florida to promote his edifying program. Three minutes after American Airlines Flight 11 hit the North Tower, President Bush arrived. At 9:05 a.m., President Bush is verbalizing with the class. Andrew Card whispers to him that another plane has hit the towers. After this, so much transpires.

The FAA closes all area airports. President Bush leaves the school at 9:12 a.m. and gets in touch with Incipient York officials and Vice President Dick Chaney. The U.S. Capitol is evacuated after bomb threats. The U.S. borders for Mexico and Canada are closed. The White House gets evacuated. FAA reports that all aircrafts flying into the U.S. are being diverted to Canada. George E. Pataki, the Incipient York governor, declares a state of emergency. LAX airport is evacuated. Lower Manhattan is evacuated, along with all financial markets in the Amalgamated States, the Incipient York Stock exchange, and all trading is suspended. September 11, 2001 was hectic, chaotic, and filled with heroism.

An average sized man ran into the darkened and smoke-filled buildings. He had thin gray, virtually white, hair that had thinned over time. His ocular perceivers seemed to be sunken into his face, and his skin sagged. He looked younger than he genuinely was and was acting like it additionally. He had a family at home, waiting on him to return, or at least praying that he would return. Mychal Judge was the Fire Department Chaplin at the Incipient York Fire Department.

He was not required to go to the scene but opted to do so anyway. Father decide had been motion, giving the last rites to a guardian United Nations agency had been killed by a falling body. Because, Mychal Judge was the first to be relinquished from ground zero. This 68-year-old man’s death certificate bore the number one on September 11, 2001. September 11. 2001 transmuted America, and the world, sempiternal. No one ever mentally conceived four planes and nineteen terrorists could do so much.

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War on terrorism and racial profiling

Should Racial and Ethnic Profiling Technique be used in The War against Terrorism?

In recent years, terrorism cases have dramatically increased globally. Everybody is worried whether terrorism will going to end once and for all. Many countries involved in terrorism, most of them are associated with racial and ethnic classifications. The United Nations general assembly has acquired the global counter-terrorism strategy to investigate terrorism in all forms of manifestations primarily on racial and ethnic community profiles to resolve the war against terrorism. Therefore, these countries should review racial and ethnic profiling techniques as one of the strategies to fight the war against terrorism.

Using racial profiling protects the interest of the public against illegal immigration. Practicing and enforcing racial and ethnic profiling in the country improves national security matters. Having functioning racial checkpoints in the borders of the country reduces the illegal movements of people to the country. However, movement of such people to the country in most cases tend to involve the penetration of enemies to the country who may have bad intentions to the country. According to the researches, a more significant portion of people committed to illegal migration to the state tends to cause terrorism. As such, by controlling racial profiling at the borders has contributed significantly to the control of the illegal immigration which is mostly associated with terrorism.

Racial and ethnic profiling in some countries has enabled the law and lawmaking bodies to implement policies to fight terrorism. Identifying people by their racial and ethnic background has lessened the workload of the judicial authorities to distinguish between racial and civil liberties violence. According to researchers in the United States, it is indicated that all the persons from the Japanese ancestry were suspected of terrorism cases and the United States government ordered them with an exclusion order to move out of the country (Saito, 2001). With this information, racial profiling justifies the protection of the citizens from any terrorism from the Japanese community. However, despite the concerns of violations from the Japanese ethnicity in the country, the government considered expelling all persons since it was impossible to distinguish disloyal Japanese from loyal ones. Through such decisions, it is easier for the government to fight terrorism using racial and ethnic profiling by implementing policies.

Notably, racial and ethnic profiling contribute significantly in identifications of the group of individuals that in the past have been involved with terrorist activities. in Exercising racial profiling, the body responds with national security executes or detains any suspect that their genetic profile has at one point involved in crime. According to researches, the Al-Qaeda group has over time been associated with terrorism (Gill et al., 2014). Therefore, using racial and ethnic profiling, the country can quickly identify the terror groups and detained them for further investigations. For this reason, fighting terrorism is simplified and can be significantly controlled.

Also, equal protection can be achieved by using racial and ethnic profiling in dealing with terrorism. Identifying different race groups in a nation facilitates the involvement of individual rights in the constitution. As such, the state demonstrates its compelling governmental interest in protecting human rights despite the racial classification. Such laws and decisions protect individuals from social and political discrimination, thereby encouraging unity in the nation. In this essence, the government can control the conflict between the ethnic groups which consequently will lead to reduced onsets of terrorist attacks.

On the other hand, racial and ethnic profiling has become a term that describes the racial, ethnic and cultural norm as a target to stops, searches, and arrest. Over several cases presented in the United States, a series of arrest of black people, Arabs, and Muslims have significantly expressed (Kundnani, 2014). In its extreme, the actions further lead to the brutal treatment of individuals by the police which consequently leads to deprival of their humanitarian rights. As such, the less unfortunate become the victims of police brutality concerning racial and ethnic profiling. Therefore, in close consideration of the fact that racial and ethnic profiling should be recognized, it has led to an increase in terrorism since it has increased the brutality treatment from police. And as a matter of fact, racial profiling introduces a new phase for the onset of violence among the two groups which depict terrorism.

Profiling people according to race and ethnic dysfunctions the country’s law enforcement bodies on the individuals’ civil rights. For instance in America, the profiling of the post-civil rights era presents a problematic issue that should be combated (Iton, 2010) as well as profiling the Arabs and the Muslims especially since the 9/11 terrorist attack has not proven that racial profiling has prevented the terror attack, but instead, it has led to an internal conflict within the state. As such, it has implicated an extension of biases and undermining the civil liberties for a democratic society. However, in justification to end terrorism in the nation racial profiling has not impacted in fighting terrorism since it is equally essential to ensure that there is a democratic society that recognizes both civil liberties and the ethnic classified individual.
Also, racial profiling has led to the violation of civil liberties rights of too many innocent citizens. Frequent arising of constitutional issues on how to deal with people involved in criminal activities has compromised the guarantee of state protection to all individuals. Infrequent amending of the rights of the suspected people from a different race, it is easier to forget and apply the same laws on the innocent citizen. In such a case, the constitution violates the right of other innocent citizens, which results in many individuals to be vulnerable to abuse by enforcement law agencies. Therefore, indicating that racial profiling only onsets further complication on the innocent person thus fails in the fight against terrorism.

However, racial and ethnic profiling has adequately managed to reduce war against terrorism. As such by using racial profiling, many countries currently have achieved minimized cases on terrorism. And since most countries are much concerned on the national security and safety from threat terrorist attacks, creating equal protection of both ethnic groups, preventing the illegal immigration, implementing of policies and easier identification of the racial and ethnic groups have been used by almost all countries to fight terrorism. Consequently, much information from the current articles and recent researches on war against terrorism, have implied that many countries have used racial profiling techniques in crime investigation. As such, they have identified a chain of suspects for which race and ethnic background is the primary identifying characteristic that can be linked to specific terror crimes. And more interestingly, as we move further from the particular suspects, racial profiling attributes to thoughts based on membership of an individual in a specific ethnic group in which the government sets its policies. Therefore, I do support any initiative to use racial profiling to fight terrorism be introduced to every country since it significantly prevents terror attacks. With that in mind, I strongly disagree with any initiative that will primarily be used to abuse the innocence around the country or even in the world as a whole.

References

  • Gill, P., Horgan, J., & Deckert, P. (2014). Bombing alone: Tracing the motivations and antecedent behaviors of lone‐actor terrorists. Journal of forensic sciences, 59(2), 425-435.
  • Iton, R. (2010). search of the black fantastic: Politics and popular culture in the post-civil rights era. Oxford University Press.
  • Kundnani, A. (2014).Muslims are coming!: Islamophobia, extremism, and domestic war on terror. Verso Trade.
  • Saito, N. T. (2001). Symbolism under siege: Japanese American redress and the racing of Arab Americans as terrorists. Asian LJ, 8, 1.

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United states syria intervention

Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan and Israel. Syria has gained independence in 1930, but always had political problems. The civil war that sparked in 2011 and continued in 2012, the war completely devastated the country. More than 45,000 people were believed to be killed, most of them probably civilians. By the end of 2012 a thousands more were Injured. About 470,000 Syrian refugees were registered with the United Nations to give civilians access to countries Like Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan, while thousands of other people cross the border without registration.

The united States government is practically bankrupt right now; the financial system is on the verge of a collapse. Ever since the military campaign “War on Terror” which started as a result of the September 11 attack. It was a military campaign to eliminate al-Qaeda. As of today this campaign Is still ongoing. From the beginning of the ‘War on Terror our national debt was under six billion dollars. Today It has increased to 14. 3 trillion dollars. That’s where the taxpayer moneys go. “Finally, there is also a strategic argument in favor of intervention.

The U. S. Has o strategic interests in Syria, but it does have them in nearly all of Syrians neighbors. Turkey is a NATO ally. ” – Kenneth M. Pollack. Pollack is stating that the U. S government really doesn’t reason to intervene there because they don’t have plans, they only wish to do an airstrips. History Intends to repeat Itself, This situation Is almost the same as the on Iraq. President Bush administered a “War on Terror”. President Bush believed that Iraq had biological weapons which proven to be false. Billions of taxpayer money has been wasted on the war.

Moreover, United States also wanted to establish democracy n Iraq. Democracy wasn’t around for long, instead riots started breaking out. Sunnis and Shiite militants attacked U. S troops. Then a civil war broke out between the Sunnis and the Shiites. Violence after Violence, I can predict the same fate for Syria too. I am not the only one who is opposed against this, most of our fellow Americans are too is against this, and only nine percent of Americans believes that united States should take military actions against Syria. With support like that no wonder Obama backed out of this.

Moreover, Syria poses no threat to us. So far no one has pointed out on how attacking Syria Is vital to the United States. The U. S military Job is to protect the security of United States, not to Intervene with other nations. Government. The United States don’t seem to be seeking out Sad. There is clearly no goal here. The United States is left open for another war, wasting more of the taxpayer’s money. All the taxpayers’ money can be used in our education system, or our NASA program. The government needs to spend our money more wisely. I also believe it is unacceptable to encourage more war. As far as I’m concerned, ar always means failure” – Jacques Circa. War solves nothing, leaders must find peaceful way to resolve their issues, and therefore war only brings pain and violence to people’s lives.

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Leadership Appoach – Mahinda Rajapaksa

Mankind Chanting” (Mankind Vision, 2005), a document that reflected his villous was welcomed by thousands of fellow citizens In 2005. This Is an example of his valorously leadership style. “My dream Is that of a free nation, a land In harmony with nature, a prosperous tomorrow, and a virtuous man”; these words of his was able to maintain high popularity and public approval as his villous appealed to the core values of the Sir Lankan public. Being a charismatic leader, Rajahs paid close attention to his image in the public.

He portrayed an optimistic outlook and charismatic personality to draw the attention of the public. Moral leadership accompanied with high emotional intelligence was another dimension of Arkansas leadership. He placed strong trust in his team and prioritize morally correct decisions over presidential popularity. This biography about Mankind Rajahs will highlight the practical use of relevant leadership concepts and theories. Rajahs is a visionary leader. Awakening Sir Lankan from the challenges of 27 year civil war, he set out his vision for Sir Lankan in his very first presidential election speech.

Harper (1991 characterizes visionary thinking as a process whereby executives are encouraged to extend their time horizons beyond the typical planning cycle. Rashness’s speech appealed to the masses and presented an idealized view of what the future of Sir Lankan beholds. His patriotism to the country is always reflected in his speeches. “This earth and its vegetation are yours. But they should be protected not only for your benefit but also for the benefit of future generations. A ruler is only a temporary trustee not an owner of your children’s heritage” (Rajahs, 2005).

These words set a wave of national pride and belonging in the country and developed a Sino in every Sir Lankan mind. Thousands of individuals Joined Sir Lankan forces to save the country from terrorists. Through his vision, Rajahs was able to connect with the core values of the Sir Lankan public such as defending freedom and hope. As he promised, early in the fourth year of his first six-year term, Rajahs etched his name In the records of Sir Lankan history as the national leader who ended a thirty year long war against the forces of separatist terrorism that threatened the sovereignty and territorial Integrity of the country.

He united the country under the ingle national flag by withstanding International pressure for a ceasefire with terrorists. He gave leadership to defeat the most ruthless terrorist organization In the world, bringing a new political vision that seeks both development and reconciliation to build a “New Sir Lankan” nation. Since, Rajahs fulfilled the dream January 2010. Souses & Poster (2009) stated that to be a successful leader it is necessary to create a shared vision. Rajahs further extended his vision of developing the country with “Thru Washstands” (Northern Spring) project.

It is a special initiative after the war to expedite development in the North. This program allowed northern Tamil partners to Join in the country’s progress. Rashness’s vision gave Sir Lankan a direction into the future. The multiple dimensions of his vision statement set a benchmark for a good vision. Rashness’s vision statement reflects that a good vision must be simple and direct, must be flexible, inclusive and optimistic and consistent with the intended audience’s values. Rashness’s visionary leadership is a defining characteristic of his success in politics as president of the Sir Lankan.

To emerge as a popular leader of the country, Rajahs further exhibited harmonistic leadership to instill belief of the people in his abilities. Sandburg and Norman (2011) describe charismatic leaders as people who possess an unusual power of attraction. Rajahs is a charismatic leader. Throughout his parliament career, until appointed as minister, he continued his law practice in southern province of Sir Lankan. This kept him in the public eye and managed to gain a reputation amongst the community as a lawyer. He was a strong believer in the art of public relations.

John, Marina, & Sue (2011) suggest that charisma can be taught and that it has an effect on leader outcomes. Rajahs used various techniques to build his charisma. Rajahs projected himself with an optimistic outlook to draw fondness from the Sir Lankan public. Rajahs appeared in public as a son to all mothers and as a friend to all citizens. He always has an optimistic smile, enthusiasm and almost casual yet serious demeanor. Other factors that contributed to his charisma are his dressing style and his personification in the media. He is usually dressed in Sir Lankan traditional dress even when attending international meetings.

This is to show his patriotism towards the nation and portray Sir Lankan culture to international community. Sandburg and Norman (2011) as well as the lessons learnt from Rashness’s careers reflect that charisma can be learnt and plays an important role in the success of a leader. They suggest that all charismatic leaders emerge in times of crisis and present their followers with a mission and a path to achieve it. Being charismatic is a leadership trait that allows leaders to attract people and create a following with an almost supernatural authority (Sandburg & Norman, 2011).

Apart from being charismatic, Rajahs also exhibited moral leadership. Moral leadership accompanied by his high emotional intelligence made Rajahs a popular leader. He was able to achieve intense devotion from his subordinates by ‘being a friend, but not a pal’. He placed a lot of trust in his team and believed that the team you put together to surround and advice you said a lot about your leadership. Following his election, Rajahs personally interviewed some of his staff to ensure he had the best people for the Job.

As mentioned in Economist (2010), he put blinded trust in his brothers and believed that to maintain power he always need people whom he can unconditionally trust. His brother lieutenant Colonel Gotcha Rajahs greatly supported him to win the civil war and now manage many development projects throughout the country as the Defense Secretary of Sir Lankan. Rajahs constantly uses his emotional intelligence and moral leadership to make understanding your own and other people’s emotional makeup, what motivates them and how to work cooperatively with them.

Strong following and support from his team and the Sir Lankan public is a clear example of Rashness’s high Emotional I. Q. Standing up to the rights of Sir Lankan Tamil amidst the civil rights movement is an example of Rajahs practicing moral leadership at risk of his presidential popularity. In addition, while defining Sir Land’s vision to unite under one flag, Rajahs practiced moral leadership by refraining from high power weapons such as air strikes in last stage of Civil war against the terrorists. This decision of his saved thousands of civilian lives and also lives of terrorists.

These key incidents are a clear reflection on Rashness’s high emotional intelligence and moral leadership traits. His leadership sends a message that moral and intelligent leadership can create strong following and guide the leader in difficult situations. Rashness’s leadership traits made him a successful leader with the highest presidential approval from the public in his tenure. His visionary leadership style is in alignment with my personal leadership traits. I regularly use techniques such as visualization to personally motivate myself and achieve my personal goals.

Vision provides inspiration and in the case of Rajahs provided him the ability to connect with the public that was in need of a new peaceful future. Rashness’s charismatic leadership is noteworthy. Followers seek someone they can idealize Road, Brown, Terrine, & Finniest, 2013) ND through the techniques used by Rajahs this can be achieved. Emotional Intelligence is really important in the success of a leader. From the stories of Rashness’s regime, practicing moral leadership with high emotional intelligence can be beneficiary in guiding the leader in difficult situations.

Rashness’s emphasis on the power of words is an important aspect of leadership that I had not previously considered. It has become evident through his biography how important words of a leader can be. Although mostly agreeing and learning from the biography of Rashness’s, his approach to challenge the international pressure seems a bit Hellenizing for my personal beliefs. Uprising against the existing system can be harmful to the reputation of the leader and must be managed carefully. Overall, I have discovered many leadership techniques and traits, which I can emulate from Rashness’s biography and grow myself as a strong leader.

In conclusion, Mankind Rajahs was a revolutionary leader. He was a true visionary guiding Sir Lankan during and after civil war while being able to assure Sir Lankan populations need through his vision. Rashness’s speeches appealed to the masses and presented an idealized view of what the future of Sir Lankan beholds. Mankind Rajahs possessed an unusual power of attraction. His charismatic leadership with a closely monitored public image was an important factor in his approval as the president.

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Religious fundamentalism and terrorism

Religious fundamentalism and terrorism are products of globalization. Discuss. ” Following evidence of a revitalization in religious faith throughout the world, and a series of terrorist incidents purportedly motivated by religious fundamentalism, various commentators have argued globalization has ushered in new forms of radical religious belief and expression and a unique form of contemporary terrorism.

This essay contends that while various forms of religious belief and terrorism have been present in all human societies where congregation of groups has occurred, religious individualism and the current examples of terrorism are distinctly modern phenomena intimately bound to the processes and consequences of globalization. This essay will examine firstly how globalization has acted as a catalyst for the growth in religious fundamentalism and a resultant rise in religiously Justified violence, and secondly how the unequal experiences of globalization has led to a rise in terrorist activity.

Specifically, the notion of a perceived necessity for a reassertion of religiosity as a response to globalization will be examined, particularly as a result of; the nonviolence and clash of beliefs and ideas; forces of secularism; the consequences of modernity and the anxieties associated with social disruption; and the issue of increased power convergence and a resultant increase in general powerlessness will be investigated.

Expressions of religion, and political violence have been ever-present in society, and are generally reflective of that particular period of human relations; religious fundamentalism and contemporary terrorism thus, are the extreme expressions of the globalizes world. The notion of globalization is somewhat undefined, it is not altogether new, but is coming increasingly synonymous with the twentieth century. Simply put, globalization is an ongoing trend whereby the world has – in many respects and at a generally accelerating rate – become one relatively borderless social sphere. Specifically the last twenty to thirty years have seen an exponential increase in the speed of globalization and its affects. 3 McGraw defines globalization as “a historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power elation across regions and continents. “4 Globalization is then, the trend towards an increasingly interconnected society, with a convergence of cultures, spread of information and ideas.

From the technological boom that created commercial air travel, telecommunications and the internet, societies and cultures are more linked and influenced by one another. Jan Intervene Pitters argues that increasing cross- cultural communication, mobility, migration, trade, investment, and tourism all generate awareness of cultural difference, leading to ambiguity and complexity in the orientation of self-identity. 5 It is this uncertainty that has led commentators to assert that religious fundamentalism and contemporary terrorism are products of globalization.

Religious fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a particular form of religious expression. Fundamentalists claim to be the upholders of orthodoxy that is the ‘right’ creeds, values and beliefs; they also claim to uphold orthographies that is the ‘right’ codes of conduct and behaviors. 6 In terms of the religious community, fundamentalism is distinct from conservatism and traditional belief, and lies to the extreme of religious expression. According to Earthen, “it is a religious way of being, that manifest itself in a strategy by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group in the face of modernity and colonization. “8 Here Earthen contends that in the ever-changing globalizes world, in the face of ambivalence and ambiguity, individuals and groups turn to religion in order to provide a sense of certainty and social identity.

For religious fundamentalists, religion itself provides a ready-made package of solutions, they assert their own understanding of these as the key to clarifying humanity mission in life; as the way to explain why things are going wrong in the world; and as a way to empower those who feel powerless and buffeted by the world. It is contended that it is the results of globalization that have pushed many to religious fundamentalism.

Terrorism has been present as long as people have congregated in societies, although the term terrorism is considered to most likely have originated around the French Revolution of the 18th century in reference to the reign of terror. Al A universal conceptual definition of terrorism, Lutz and Lutz argue, has never been established and agreed upon, they point to the lack of a common classification in the international sphere as evidence of this. 2 However for the purposes of progress, Bergsten contends that terrorism can be defined as, “the premeditated use of violence by a non-state group to obtain a political, religious, or social objective through fear or intimidation directed at a large audience. “13 Simply, terrorism involves three main factors; first the use or threat of use of violence, secondly it is mimed at achieving a political objective, and third it requires an audience larger than the immediate victims of the violence itself.

Significantly, terrorism is a microcosm of the broader society from which it is drawn;14 thus it will constantly mutate and be always unique to a particular time period, however, the present debate surrounds the contention that in the contemporary era, it is globalization that has motivated and shaped the form terrorism has taken.

Globalization and the convergence and clash of ideas, information and beliefs intrinsic to it has presented a challenge of plural and parallel claims too single god r belief system, it is argued that this process of globalization has pushed many to fundamentalist forms of religious expression, to reassert the ‘correctness’1 5 of their religion. As Featheriness notes, “the process of globalization leads to the compression of culture. Things formerly held apart are now brought into contact and juxtaposition. 16th experience Featheriness highlights is now common on a global level because of globalization, with the exposure of new ideas, of religion and god being compared to previously held beliefs. Believers of monotheistic religions, such s Islam, Judaism and Christianity all face new and plural claims to their religion, also claiming to possess knowledge of and access to the ‘one true’ god, and ‘one true’ way to communicate with themed.

Karen Armstrong argues that a turn to religious fundamentalism and for some, religiously motivated violence is an attempt to reaffirm their god, religion and particular belief system, and is an attempt to push the universal application of their beliefs. 18 Here similar to the response to a confused world, globalization creates challenges to current religious beliefs, this halogen questions the beliefs of many, pushing many to respond.

Some Armstrong argues, are motivated to violent expressions of their desire for religious universality, claiming that much contemporary religiously motivated terrorism is a reaction to the awareness of the plurality of religions, a result of the processes of globalization. Furthermore, religions face additional challenges, from a plurality of claims to being the ‘one true’ god, religion’s risk a relativistic of all claims. Featheriness points out that, “the spiral of relativism of culture through increased contact, Juxtaposition and lashing, creates many questions about long-held formations of culture. Rehire Featheriness notes that awareness of numerous claims of monotheistic religions to be the sole universal religion risks devaluing all these claims, god may no longer be universal but more culturally or racially specific. Malaise Earthen describes the uncertainty this creates as a “crisis of faith” and further illustrates it as “anxieties generated by the thought that there are ways of living and believing other than those deemed by one’s group’s version of the deity. 20 Similarly to plural claims of monotheistic religions, the challenge posed by a relativistic of religion argues Armstrong,21 pushes many to believe that the reassertion of religious universality is necessary, prompting many to simply restate and attest to their religions universality and superiority by turning to extreme forms of religious fundamentalism, but also is responsible for current trends of religiously motivated terrorism as a response to the largely modern phenomenon that is globalization.

The advent of globalization has further tested religion by preaching the spread of secularism and the normalization of religion intrinsic to it. As a response, many believers have been further hardened towards fundamentalist approaches to religion, whilst others have been inspired to violence in order to reassert the importance of religion in the modern secularism world. Malaise Earthen argues that the secularist ideal that religious beliefs should be substituted for scientific evidence and rationality has left no room for religion in mainstream society. 2 The current trend being that religious notions are thought to be somewhat subjective and that more objective and reliable forms of governing society should be used, pushing elision out of the public sphere, and into only the private sector. Gerrymanders suggests that “fundamentalists oppose secularism; they believe it is the reason for the social and moral decline of society. “23 Here contending that fundamentalists view secular governance as the enemy of religion, they reject the notion that reason and rationality can provide them meaningful solutions to their social and personal problems.

Walter Liqueur discusses this rejection with reference to the Muslim Brotherhood operating in Egypt. 24 Egypt had seen the failure of secular leaders, who industrialists believed were responsible for decisions that uprooted tradition and gambled their culture. The brotherhood believed that they must restore their communities moral compass and pride, here they resisted and rejected claims of the supposed secular government superiority. 25 Similar attacks by Christian groups against abortion clinics and places it sees as homosexual havens, are designed to purify the ills of society and restore its moral fiber.

Here secularist forces of globalization have provoked extreme religious responses, as well as many violent expressions of dissatisfaction. Current religiously Justified violence is not solely directed outwards by perpetrators, many see the concessions that many mainstream believers have made as a requirement to participate in the modern globalizes world as requiring adjustment. The demands that the contemporary globalizes world places upon the individual in their daily lives are immense and the sacrifice of numerous religious practices is often inevitable.

Gerrymanders outlines the problems associated with living a religious life in the modern globalizes world, pointing especially to the stricter interpretations of the major religions as being particularly prone to forced disobedience. 27 Gerrymanders exemplifies his point by pointing to the daily prayer rituals of the major religions and the inability of these to fit within many westernizes occupations, as well as this the requirement to turn-the-other-cheek approach to some of the more liberal elements of society, at odds with many of the major religions. 8 The notion of sacrifice in the globalizes world is not an unknown quantity, all individuals at one time or another have been forced to sacrifice meeting, be it family, friends, business, politics or leisure, religion is no different and it is this point Gerrymanders makes. However, the sacrifices of many mainstream, Jews, Christians and Muslims are viewed as a betrayal and dangerous by more fundamental groups of believers. Rainstorm points to the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Hiawatha Rabin in 1995,29 following actions some fundamentalists viewed as a betrayal to the Jewish homeland.

Yell Learner, an outspoken extremist Israeli supported the assassin’s actions, arguing that political assassination of Jewish leaders should be supported who were felt to be dangerously irresponsible and were De facto enemies of Judaism. 30 Further, Rainstorm suggests that anger concessions of mainstream religious groups is not limited to Judaism, citing examples of bombings of abortion clinics in America and other Western nations by Christian fundamentalists. 31 A further example is the AAA Qaeda group that has as one if its stated aims the re-establishment of an Islamic state based on the strict Habits teachings. 2 Here the unique demands that the modern globalizes world places upon religious individuals as well as the religion as a whole are immense, provoking some fundamental elements to terrorism to rectify what they see as dangerous. The process of globalization and the increased speed of change it has bought to the daily lives of individuals, communities and nation-states, has led to a form of ‘cultural crisis,’33 that has created constant alteration and consequently instability and unpredictability to the lives of many has pushed a revival of faith to provide stability and predictability to the lives of those affected.

Anticipating Banyan’s notion of ‘liquid modernity Rainstorm argues that, “the accelerated dissolution of traditional inks of social and cultural cohesion within and between societies with the current globalization process, combined with the historical legacy, and current conditions of political repression, have all led to an increased sense of fragility, instability and unpredictability for the present and the future. 35 Noting that in the current climate means of defining identity are no longer as conspicuous as they once were, creating a situation where one is dislocated and disengaged from society, unsure as to what beliefs and values are indeed the ones to be believed. Rainstorm further contends hat “they take refuge in religion, which provides centuries old-ideals by which to determine goals; they find physical or psychological sanctuary against repression. 36 Stating that people turn or return to religion, as religion itself provides a readmes package of solutions, including authority structures and institutions to regulate behavior as well as rules and answers to moral questions, providing something solid and consistent where it previously didn’t. Lacquerer summarizes, stating that “if these are the norms of today, the prospects for tomorrow are bleak, and once again he certainties of their religion, their god and their text are appealing. 37 Banyan argues that it is the perceived need of these dislocated people to assert these religious codes and creed onto society for their lives, which pushes some to a point where violence appears appropriate or even preferable as a means of achieving it. 38 It is thus the worldwide experience of dislocation and unpredictability inherent to globalization largely unique to contemporary times that has thrust many to religion as a solution; some perceive a need to use terrorist violence to achieve their aims.

Similarly globalization has instituted a situation where many are powerless to affect their own destiny, turning to terrorism as a ‘politics of last resort’. 39 Marty and Appleby argue that through foreign ownership, government amalgamations and the liberation’s of social, economic and public sectors, globalization has removed much of the ability of individuals to affect their immediate surroundings. 40 Noting here that the power to control society is increasingly converging into the hands of a few elites and away from the masses, as a result of globalization.

Further, Lingers argues that these feelings of hopelessness and desperation are considerably more likely to occur and to a more extreme extent in the more marginal groups within society, specifically minorities and the disadvantaged. 41 Significantly then, those within society who have been traditionally denied political, social and economic rights and control over their lives, are further disenfranchised by the processes of globalization.

Armstrong contends that this powerlessness, fuels feelings of firstly hopelessness, and eventually an overwhelming frustration to alter ones lot in life. 42 This ‘solicitation process’43 of increasing frustration ultimately pushes individuals to cross a Violence threshold’. 44 At this point argues Glare rational choice is made that traditional peaceful means of protest and dissent are no longer effective, and violence becomes a ‘politics of last resort’. 5 The inability to control one’s destiny as a result of globalization, it is argued has pushed those most drastically affected towards terrorism as a means of remonstration. The experience of globalization is incredibly complex and ambivalent, being unique to every nation, community and individual. Globalization through the removal of space and time, the distribution of knowledge and expertise and a growth in technological development, promises countless benefits, however it is these same developments that have catalysts a growth in religious fundamentalism and politically motivated violence.

Significantly the compression of space and time has juxtaposed supposed universal religions against one another, provoking conflict; the notion of secularism and scientific discovery as unsurpassed has motivated a reassertion of religiosity, specifically a more extreme form; further the modern world ND the sacrifices from mainstream forces required to operate within it, have aggravated an extreme and sometimes violent response, and finally, the growth of a powerful global elite, controlling the globe from a distant has resulted in feelings of powerlessness and generated frustration in the more marginal’s pockets of the world.

Globalization has delivered much progress for society, however the fact that the benefits of this progress are generally unevenly distributed and have disrupted many traditional cultures and beliefs, it has often provoked unforeseen consequences.

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The Weather Underground Review

The Weather Underground Review During the Vietnam War, a radical protest group rose up on the campus of the University of Michigan. Weathermen, as they became called in everyday vernacular, were actually nothing like weathermen at all – they protested, rioted, bombed, and broke people out of jail, to mention a few of their actions. The name was formally changed to Weather Underground Organization a year after the founding, and their acts of terror followed shortly after.

Earlier in the semester, a documentary about the Environmental Liberation Front was viewed. In this documentary, titled If a Tree Falls, a radical protest organization rises up to confront environmental issues. In this essay I will compare and contrast the two. The Weather underground Organization was formed in order to protest the United State Government’s intervention in Vietnam, although it expanded to an array of other issues as time passed. The Civil Rights Movement became another catalyst for protest, as the notion of “black power” was not something very appealing to the members.

Bill Areas, a prominent leader of the group, owned because he was upset with the war in Vietnam and wanted to do something about it. The group was nonviolent towards people and to this day says that they never killed an innocent person. Three of their members died when a bomb they were making exploded, but that was all. They bombed mostly government buildings and some banks, with notable attacks being done on the United States Capitol building, The Pentagon, and the New York Police Department.

These attacks were all done to send a message of fear to the people in power in an effort to make them change their ways. To justify the actions of the group, Bill Areas was quoted saying, “Large numbers of people are broken from the notion that the system is working for people, that the system is just or humane or peaceful. ” The United States government reaching peace with Vietnam toward the middle of the sass was the reason for the organization going out of style, as they had no Issue left to protest.

The Environmental Liberation Front was formed after a group of people became upset with how government policies were favorable for businesses looking to expand and remove forestry. Within the group, which only served o protest, there was a small cell that turned to arson in order to perpetuate their views. The leader, Daniel McGowan, organized various attacks on businesses and corporations that were cutting down trees. One of the better- known attacks was at a Colorado ski resort that resulted in hundreds Of thousands of dollars in destruction.

The group was also nonviolent toward people, having never claimed a life. The Environmental Liberation Front leaders that were purporting the violent attacks were captured and arrested by United States Federal officials and tried in court in the last couple of years. Both of these organizations have many things in common; beginning with them being categorized as terrorist organizations. The terrorist organizations were founded in response to a public issue that they felt was not receiving enough attention and quickly turned to violence to get their message sent to the people in power.

Both Bill Areas and Daniel McGowan were strong leaders with a substantial following of people, too. The attacks carried out by the organizations were also very meticulously planned out as to not kill any civilians, which would have seen the reaction from the government and police be much more significant. Their targets were similar then, in that regard, as it was entirely buildings that were bombed. The Weather Underground Organization’s reason for formation and action was due to the Vietnam War, which they strongly opposed.

The reason that the Environmental Liberation Front’s formation was entirely different; it was completely related to the destruction Of trees by businesses. Therefore, their targets differed in scope. The Weather underground Organization almost exclusively bombed government buildings, with some banks added in. To the contrary, The Environmental Liberation Front targeted businesses that cutting own forests for their personal benefit. The organizations both differed in how they faded out.

The end of the Vietnam War saw the Weather underground Organization lose it’s relevance while the arrests of leaders in the Environmental Liberation Front caused it to cease its violent attacks. The class defines a terrorist act as something that has political motives, involves violence or the threat of violence against noncombatants, intends to have far-reaching psychological repercussions, and is perpetrated by people who believe they are altruists. The Weather Underground Organization had al the makings of a terrorist organization based on this four-part definition.

The motives of the group were entirely political; it was created in response to the United States Government authorizing involvement in the Vietnam War and also grew in scope during the Civil Rights Movement. Without the political catalysts to get the organization started, it would not have been formed in the first place. Violence was found throughout the organization, as their attacks involved bombs on buildings, as well as freeing a person from prison. The threat of violence continued in the wake of attacks, as people ere constantly worried that their building was next.

Moreover, the victims were noncombatants, as they were simply working for the government. The psychological repercussions were intended to be far reaching -? to the executive branch of the United States Government. They intended to influence the government at all levels to change their ways. Finally, the perpetrators were acting as if they were altruists. Clearly they felt that the Vietnam War was wrong and that, by their actions, they were going to make things right. During the Vietnam War, a radical protest group rose up on the amass of the University of Michigan.

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