Unemployment

According to C W Mills (1959), the differences between troubles and issues are the basis for sociologists to understand what affects societies. Troubles refer to individual problems while issues refer to problems in the society (Mills, 1959). A trouble would be something a few people in a country may face. It is not the norm for everyone the country. The individual problem may be sorted out by looking a a few variables in a person’s life and making a change. An issue will take more time and effort to fix. It refers to a problem that a large portion of a population face. This makes it less of a problem for the people and more of a problem for the governing body. In the book The Social Imagination, Mills uses the examples of divorce and unemployment.

In marriage, a husband and wife may fight and experience marital problems. This occurs in private and would not affect the rest of society. The couple experiences these problems in their own home. They may even get divorced which again would be attributed to their own values and beliefs. In order to fix the problem, the couple may go to counseling or may split up for a few weeks to see if they can solve their marital troubles. This becomes an issue when half of all marriages in a society end in divorce. It is no longer the problem of the husband and wife who do not agree on where to spend their money but instead it is a problem for anyone who is considering getting married.

There is a larger problem with the foundation of marriage that must be worked out in order to decrease divorce rate. Helping a few couples get marriage counseling and work through their problems will not help the issue of divorce. It must be looked at not by why this one particular couple’s marriage failed but how and why is it happening so frequently. The values of the entire culture must be looked at because something changed in order to cause the issue.

The same holds true for unemployment. If one person in a society is unemployed than we must look at why that person is unable to find a job. The problem is not that there are not job opportunities, but instead the trouble lies within “the character of the individual, his skills and his immediate opportunities” (Mills, 1959, ch. 1). However, if half the population is unemployed, then the issue does not lie within the individual but instead within the job market. One reason could be a lack of opportunity, therefore regardless of an individual’s character or skills, they will struggle to gain employment. According to Mills (1959),in the case of unemployment being an issue, the economics of a society would be a major influence and therefore should be considered.

Migration has been an on going phenomena from past to present. Individuals, families or group of people may leave a country voluntarily because of events such as harsh environmental or economic conditions. Migration has always been an important part of human endeavour. Migration can have positive and negative impacts on the families and also the country. With pros such as freedom, job vacancies and benefits to host country, it’s no surprise most people don’t have second thoughts about the cons such as effects on child, decrease in economy and propagation of diseases.

Firstly migrants frequently settle in places with lesser population. These places would be having a shortage of skilled labour due to the decreased population. The migrants bring with them enough skills that will help support the economy. The migrants may be skilled people like doctors or unskilled people like construction workers. Migrants may increase unemployment in certain areas, but this is compensated by their raising the overall level of demand like housing and household related goods, needs…This promotes both a higher level and a wider range of goods and services produced, stimulating the economy and job growth. Migrants help to reduce labor shortages and also attract international traders through their foreign knowledge and language skills.

Secondly migrants will be usually willing to fill job vacancies that local people are unwilling to fill. These include jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and other activities. This is an advantage for the existing community. Migration benefits not only the migrants, but also the countries that receive them, and even the countries they have left. Migrants doing these jobs live a happy and free life in a country where they get equal opportunity and thereby secure a better future for themselves and their families. For many young people, the experience and skills they acquire in the jobs to which they have migrated can serve as a step to further migration for better paid jobs.

In addition to this researchers concur unanimously in reporting that migratory workers use part of their savings from working to improve their homes, whether by decorating them, extending them or introducing basic services such as electricity, water and drainage. Similarly, it is common to find that localities with migrants benefit from their contributions by receiving monetary support that helps them to improve diverse services, whether urban infrastructure, health, religious, educational or entertainment services. In towns with migrants it is common to find acknowledgments from the residents to their fellow townsmen for having helped them build a school or health clinic, or to introduce drinking water or build or improve the church,….

However the importance of keeping in regular contact: e-mails and text messages can in no way substitute for the physical presence of a parent, but they can help a child feel connected with family members who are away. Finally, there is the importance of the family’s relations and communication before the migration. Many parents presumably do not migrate unless they think their children can cope in the first place. A factor found to be extremely important is the child’s understanding of, and support for, the family goal. In fact, an individual’s migration can be highly valued within a family: it can give status, not only for the material objects the migration may bring, but in more symbolic form of being the family member who gives for others. Some of these observations might be extrapolated to the situation of children affected by HIV and AIDS.

Moreover it is generally believed that those migrants who have had the courage to leave one country and move to another are often enterprising and entrepreneurial, even if poor. As such, in many countries, migrants often set up small businesses. They however, become easy targets when the general economic conditions in that host country worsen. In other cases, people become migrants because they have fleed worsening conditions or persecution. In that situation, although they may live in another country, it may initially be quite difficult to adapt and change practices and customs. In such situations migrants are clearly seen as different and in worsening economic times can be seen as sapping away resources that could otherwise have been used for local populations.

Furthermore migrating parents may decide, whether by choice or due to untenable circumstances to leave their children in their country of origin, planning either to return to their household of origin or to reunite much later in their destination country. The decision of one or both parents to migrate and consequently, to leave children behind, may be the result of an individual altruistic decision to send remittances in order to make their family members’ lives better, or the result of household utility maximization that may take into consideration also the risks and perils of travel. Children whose parents are working abroad have a similar profile to those living in mono-parental families resulting from the parents’ separation or from the death of one parent. This shows that, although the work abroad is temporary, the impact on the children could be similar to that of the loss of a parent, through divorce or death.

In conclusion, children whose parents are working abroad should be considered at risk. That would be a first recommendation to children protection authorities, who should find solutions to strengthen the relations between school and the social services system. For many migrants, migration represents an alternative for supporting their families. Nevertheless, while going to work abroad contributes significantly to household incomes, it also has many social costs. Migration also affects social relations. Migration also changes the roles within the family additional tasks must be assumed by those left behind.

Charleston, South Carolina area. But excluding all of its faults, my paychecks have never been late and I have yet to be laid off, which lay-offs are not uncommon in the DoD world. V. T. Malcolm – Leaves a lot to be desired I work for V. T. Malcolm, we are a Department of Defense contractor out of Charleston, SC. Our main corporate office is in Chesapeake, VA, we also have offices in CA and FL. Our main specialty is communications. There is a Joke at Malcolm, “that for a technology driven Communication Company our inter-company communication is antiquated at best. ” My so-called rise in the company

I have worked there for four years and all four years I have had “supply specialist 2” as my official title. Titles do not mean much at Malcolm. In those four years I have held the positions of; shipping and receiving clerk, warehouseman, forklift operator, forklift trainer, safety officer, tool room clerk, tool room supervisor, inventory specialist, building maintenance, warehouse supervisor, production supervisor, government tool specialist. My rate of pay has increased a dramatic seventy three cents from my starting date. There are no bonuses for non-managerial staff.

If my valuation is up to snuff and the moon is in the right orbit I have been lucky enough to get a Cost Of Living Adjustment of twenty-five cents for my yearly raise. Other than that we receive no other improvements in pay or incentives for our work. It has been written multiple times in emails and said in meetings to “be done with your work and you will be rewarded with more work”. This has been explained that you need to do you work as soon and as good as possible and your “reward” for this hard work will be more work. Meaning if they feel that you are not up to speed or quality on your org there is a possibility you could be furloughed.

At V. T. Malcolm they do not fire workers, but they do furlough. The idea being behind this is if you are fired you can collect unemployment almost immediately, which Malcolm has to pay into, however if you are furloughed there is a six week waiting period (hoping that they call you back to work) enacted by the unemployment department before you can begin collecting unemployment. During this time Malcolm figures you cannot go that long without a paycheck, so they are hoping you will find another Job so they do not have to pay any extra towards your unemployment check. These are Just a few ways in which they feel they motivate workers to work.

A sliver of management style Now when I first started at Malcolm they would do an “all-hands” meeting approximately every six to eight week in which the general manager would basically give us a “state of the company’ update and finish it with a grilled hamburger and hotdogs lunch with a couple of sides and a drink. About a year and a half ago we had a steak lunch with baked potatoes and all the dressings. Starting a week later we had a massive layoff of approximately half of our working force. Since that point we had one lunch meeting in which we were, for lack of a better term, told that we are doing k but things are looking up.

That was over six months ago and things are not looking great. There is a large contract that is going to run dry by the end of the year if we do not get replacement contract there will be a layoff in that department. In the department that I am currently in we have approximately six contracts currently at work. However three of them are not large and do not last for more than a few months. One is in the beginning stage and is contingent on a lot of things happening t the beginning and from what I understand we are struggling to keep up to the deadlines.

One is in full swing and it is also struggling to keep up. And the last one is the one I am on, it is scheduled to end September 30th of this year. As we sit right now it is well known that we will not be able to complete it successfully by the end of contract. There is currently sitting a possibility that the contract could be extended if we can show that we can do the work and meet the deadlines, but at this point with the amount of work left to do and the amount of employees currently assigned to the contract it will be very unlikely to happen.

Individual Management Style I have given you all this information to give you an idea of what it is like where I work. Now management wise, I will begin with myself, and tell you how I work with my employees. I am the immediate supervisor for four employees currently. I recently had one move to a different project and the other left the company for a better Job. I have an employee who is degreed but is currently working at a low end laborer Job go for an interview on Friday for a position that is within her area of study.

So there is a distinct possibility soon to have only three employees which will make it interesting n ending this contract successfully. I try to be a very people orientated manager. I have an open door policy with my employees and encourage dialogue flow both ways. I want to know when something is working and when something is not working. I ask them often if they need anything from me, if there is something I could do or get for them to make their Jobs easier. If the time is available for me and the workers are at a certain point where I can step in then I get in the warehouse and work with them.

On Fridays I bring in donuts in the morning, knowing which specific ones employees prefer and try to have them available. I do what I can do to have a good working relationship with the employees. I have had personal one on one meetings with the employees to get to know them better and tell them a little about myself. I tried to find out what their fears at work are and what they feel about the work they are doing, what I can do to help them, and what motivates them.

When I get emails regarding them or that concern them in any way I make it a point to either post the email or at least go to the ones involved and let them know exactly what was said so there is complete open dialogue. Now if there is something negative happening guarding one of my employees from higher up the hierarchy and I am made aware of it, depending on the situation I may make the employee at least partially aware of what is happening (I would want to know if the roles were reversed, and try to keep that in mind). Group Management Style Unfortunately this type of interaction between supervisors and employees stops with me.

My immediate supervisor has yet to come to my warehouse and check on me and the production rate since I took over from Just being a warehouse manager to both the warehouse manager and production manager which has been a little over a onto. When I go to his office for help or guidance I receive short curse-filled answers, when he is there, or get told how busy he is and that he couldn’t possibly do (whatever it is I ask of him) now but maybe later in the week he might have a chance, he will get back to me. Which doesn’t happen I usually have to get the answer else wards or make it up myself.

This is the response I receive from the project manager as well (for him it is usually by email for he is impossible to locate in person). I recently sent an email to the project manager breaking down all the tasks we have until the end of the contract (September 30th) as per time it will take to do them in man hours and material needed and compared that to the employees I have at my disposal, their amount of man hours left till the end of the contract and asked for a specific number of more employees to be able to complete this Job successfully by the end date.

He then did not address the email I sent him but sent out a department wide email asking what resources we need to complete the tasks at hand and gave a sooner closing date. I then adjusted my numbers and sent him back an mail asking for the adjustment, Justifying the reason why and attached the previous email to the one that was sent out for all to see with the hopes that some good will come of it.

In a later email that I was cad on he briefly mentioned that he is requesting additional help in areas needed but we need to strive to complete this contract with what we have since that is the task that we were originally given and at this late stage the “Calvary’ may not arrive in time. But at the end of each email he writes “motivate your people to be done with the work that they have and they will be rewarded with more work”. I liken that to telling someone in captivity to each your slop (even though the dogs refuse to eat it) and we will give you more.

From my perspective on an upward trend this is where the management skills end and threats and intimidation begins. Then the department head always has a bad attitude and is in a hurry to be going somewhere. I have tried to have conversations with this man and it always ends with him telling me we are working on getting more contracts but right now he’s not even sure if he will have a Job come tomorrow. That is the last thing you want to tell your employees!! Next as a general manager for the Charleston division’s level this man is more concerned about the aesthetics of the place then how the place is actually running.

We may not have working toilets (true story) but he was very upset that our lawn service was a day behind on cutting the grass. When the air conditioning was out in the building besides the one he works in there was a 10 day delay in getting it fixed due to cost? But when it went out in his building and the part was going to take two days to get delivered, he paid extra to overnight it and have it installed the following day. Which by the way while waiting for the part he went home because it was Just too hot to work.

The place was 80 degrees. My warehouse hits 80 by eleven am and is usually hovering between 94 to 97 degrees by the time we go home. Of course we have no air conditioning and during the summer we have two small heaters. I had to “acquire” individual space heaters for the workers to get them close to being warm enough to do their work. Corporate Style Management Finally at the corporate level, well basically if you are not in the corporate office you are an annoying little ant that keeps getting in the way.

Once a year we have awards sent out for “outstanding” workers. It always works out the same, one award for San Diego, one award for Pensacola, one award for Charleston, and the rest for Chesapeake. All of the events and recognition on our company web site goes to VA. We have even had pictures of work that was done by workers in Charleston, at Charleston locations mislabel as VA Jobs. And even though there were corrections sent into the main office about that fact a re-print, correction, or update was never publicized acknowledging the mistake.

All of the current events are about VA, locally e have volunteered at charity events and those have been overlooked to write about how the CEO ran a marathon (not for a charity, Just for his own good). The one time the CEO came to Charleston for an “all hands meeting” it was to tell us that we were doing good and keep up the good work and that VA thanks Charleston for supporting them. Even though at that moment in time Charleston had the highest amount of revenue coming into the company including all North America entities. When you get that kind of support then you question why moral is as low as it has almost ever been?

I think you have answered your own question. V. T. Malcolm used to not be like this from what I hear from the “old-timers” even as short of a time as seven years ago Malcolm valued their employees. Bosses used to take pride in what their workers did and in reflection workers took pride in what work they put out. After being sold four times and this final one to a holding company out of England I think workers are Just too shaky in their Jobs and bosses are too concerned with their Jobs and the bottom line to care what happens to the company.

The consensus is that the company will be broken apart and sold piece by piece to the highest bidder. And that leaves everyone’s Job in a state of limbo. Management is either too self-absorbed or too nervous as what’s going to happen next that all management training (if any) has been thrown out the window and it is simply look out for one’s own good. Meanwhile we are bidding and receiving Jobs we are not even remotely qualified for, but get them because we are the lowest bidder.

Which means we have to cut costs (usually on the working man, not the overpaid administration) and thus we have multiple mistakes by workers who are making barely above minimum wage so they don’t care what kind of product they put out. So we transfer everyone around hoping to make a change but we still have low skilled, low paid workers doing Jobs that are scrutinized by government employees (usually paid a lot higher) and thus the product is rejected and our management cannot figure out why they are receiving such low quality work.

So I have a couple of theories; first you get what you paid for, meaning low paid workers gets low quality work. Second, when the only time you check the work is when it has already gone through your customers Quality Assurance program and failed miserably, that leaves a bad taste in the SQ rep and they will be expecting poor laity work from your company so things will fail even if they are within passing range. Finally issues like this start from the top down and if you want good work you have to hire good workers and support them.

Poor management breeds poor workers. I believe it is time for a shakeup at Malcolm from the top down. 1 . Set Goals, setting clear and concise goals lets you know exactly what you expect and where you expect to go. 2. Prioritize, what tasks to I need to do to achieve my goals, how does this task help me complete my goal, and what extent does this task help me achieve y goal. By choosing which one of those your tasks falls under it helps you achieve your goal quicker and easier. 3. Keep a task list and use the above guidelines to help prioritize those tasks. . Schedule tasks; this helps keep them in control and gives you a guideline to follow 5. Focus on one task at a time; trying to do too much at once gets confusing an leads to frustration, failure, and ultimately giving up. 6. Minimize distractions; we are used to multitasking today but if we can concentrate on one thing and do it to the best of our abilities we will succeed. 7. Overcome Procrastination: simply stop being lazy 8. Take breaks; Even superman took a break every now and again. 9. Say “No” – when you feel overwhelmed Just say no.

There are times where you Just can’t do it all. 10. And finally Delegate Tasks; you have people who work for you and you hired them to do more than make copies and get your coffee. Use their skill set and ease your load a bit. (William) These are all things that Malcolm supervisors need to learn. Add these in with people skills and V. T. Malcolm is set for success. We put out a good product usually. We need good people working for us. To get good people working for you, you need to have good management.

Management that trust and uses their employees to the fullest. Management at its lowest form is managing people. You don’t manage people by scare tactics and bullying them. That is something that most people learn in high school. Management is a bit like water once the flow starts downhill it usually trickles all the way to the bottom. References William, D. K. (n. D. ). Http://www. Lifelike. Org/articles/productivity/lo-proven-time- management-skills-you-should-learn-today. HTML. Retrieved from http:// www. Lifelike. Org.

Nowadays, many companies use outsourcing to be an alternative source to do specific work, processes, and activities to get benefits from within an organization to outside providers without aware of effects on local worker or country economic. According to Reap W. (2012), some companies in United States and other area make a lot of profits from outsourcing in term of economy and businesses such as production of material product while others are suffer from transferring outsourcing job to other countries that impact on United States economic.

Companies should once about local workers more than self-benefit because if they continue to destroy local Job that will cause major problem to society. According to wry. Serviette. Com, what is outsourcing (n. D. ), outsourcing is a process of hiring outside internal companies or workers from domestic or abroad to do specific work such as manufacturer, marketing or even content writing. Presently, outsourcing is very popular in slow develop countries such as Laos, Vietnamese, India and Thailand because several factors.

According to Overly (2007), low costing, lack of n-house resource, variable capacity, access to specific IT skills, increase flexibility to meet new business and commercial conditions , these are the major factors that lead big country come to invest outsource in undeveloped country. For example, according to Matthews (2012), many U. S companies invested in India and Vietnam such as Aids, Leno. These companies mainly produce their product oversea because lower labor cost that make them produce product in cheaper price and customer can afford it.

Another example is gasoline, gasoline price is continue decrease, even Hough much oil are produce from other countries so public was stated that the factor effect to gas prices are more money spend needs and other wants. According to Plunked research, “Introduction of outsourcing and offshore industry’, one of outsource service very popular and continue to be strong hiring thousands of Jobs to work in China and India is engineer and researcher that in 2010, the number of worker in IBM is from oversea is over 80000 people and it reached to 112000 people in 2012.

These examples were connected to the reasons of manufactured goods and sots, materials and services. Outsourcing causes local worker who live or work in developed country lose their Job. According to Mapping (2008), outsourcing purpose is to cut production cost by hire other foreign companies and workers to do specific work so it leads to people losing Job and 40 percent of US company is sending Job to foreign countries and over 31 percent of US citizen are lose their Job. This statistic seems obvious that outsourcing make US citizen loses their Job and it can connect to major problem.

For example, according to kimono (2009), an increase of trade U. S. Jobs to oversea as well as increase of Jobs losses that has impact on U. S. Economy as a whole such as MM, Ford Motor and GE Capital have sent a high number of Jobs to other countries and chosen employ cheap labor instead of hiring worker in their country. According to the article “what is outsourcing”, one of the major factors companies choose outsourcing is cost of outsourcing that can reduce amount of money by outsourcing some of the Jobs and tasks such as content creation and server monitoring and management.

According to Alex (201 1), a research shows the estimate number of outsource in 201 5 is 3. Millions Job send to oversea as a result thousand of U. S Jobs will be lost each year and it leads to be shutdown country economic and that layoff can cause stress on human mind and lives. For example, some common depression symptoms are feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, guilt, fatigue, insomnia and restlessness, according to Empower. Some symptoms of anxiety include worrying, obsessive thoughts, fear, panic, impatience, concentration problems, rapid or irregular heartbeat and nausea.

Moreover, outsourcing can make many Jobs at risk to distinct, according to Opposing viewpoint “Legislation to Limit Outsourcing Is Essential and Effective”, The Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that about 51 5 occupations are at risk to distinct and 160 of these Job are change to be offshore outsource and over 300,000 occupations will disappear annual after year 2015. These reasons have showed that outsourcing causes Job losing, slow development and mental illness on people. Moreover, outsourcing causes global economic crisis which is major problem to every country because it can affect to world economic.

According to Rather (2014), who has a PhD in organic chemistry from Oxford University as well as a Bachelor of Technology n chemical, In 2013, the number of unemployment is increased millions people that causes global economic crisis, in contrasted, India, a country which education has just boomed, there are now has fewer people unemployment than U. S. ‘s. According to Losing Jobs, The real impact of the Economic Crisis (2012), “As more and more businesses go to the wall, rising unemployment levels are a clear and devastating indication of the problems that workers are facing worldwide.

The International Labor Organization is forecasting that more than 50 million workers could lose their bobs this year and up to 200 million more will be plunged into extreme poverty. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development says that by next year jobless numbers in rich nations could rise by eight million to 42 million. The UK has just registered the biggest quarterly Jump in unemployment since the 1981 depths of recession. ” This is a result from outsourcing that lead to local worker in U.

S loses their Job and it may lead to major problems. For example, according to Junker (n. D. ), investment in real capital cities is stagnant and a lot of consumers have slowed Roth in paying money and it make economic crisis. These factors are connected to slower develop country and if this continue to long-term protesting will happen in finally. On the other hand, outsourcing can improve country economy and develop country standard. According to Grant G. (n. D. ), outsourcing can offer over 90000 Jobs to local worker and foreign worker in 2003 that U.

S. Companies use offshore sourcing lower costs, to allow them to hired U. S. By called for a tax credit to help pay extra money for American companies which agreed to stop hiring worker overseas operations to take umber of Jobs back to American land as part of his “incurring” agenda. Surprisingly, more than 100,000 IT Job software and hardware are moved to other countries , but the number of U. S. Job is created more than 90000 as the result from cost saving and offshore outsource. However, outsourcing can destroy country economy and overview of country.

For example, outsourcing causes major problem by job losing when people lose Job, they will concern their money how to live, how to spend their money as the result they will spend money less and country economic will struggle then country will slower developed. Moreover, when people get more stress and it over limited that person can cope with, they will suicide and this problem will bring overview of country get worse so these can demonstrate that outsourcing can cause many problem that a problem connected to other and it will be major issue.

In sum, U. S. Companies and government should cooperate to reduce number of using outsource to solve the following problems that will happen after offshore order to relief economic crisis and decrease number of unemployment that caused by outsourcing.

Before the 1932 election, Roosevelt had promised the people of America a ‘New Deal’ that would help them to recover the effects of the Great Depression. It had lasted four long years, and had caused suffering for the American people. When Roosevelt had taken office as the President Of The United States in 1933 he put the New Deal into order. The New Deal took action to bring about immediate economic relief in areas such as industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour and housing.

The aims that Roosevelt wanted to achieve with his New Deal was firstly to spend billions of dollars on creating jobs to be of use for the thousands unemployed in America, due to the depression. Another aim of Roosevelt’s was to rebuild trade and industry in as many companies and businesses as possible to get the American Economy up and running once again. His final aim was to improve the lives of the ordinary Americans. To help them to acquire a fair and well-paid job to look after their families and to have an overall, better quality of life.

In his first one hundred days of presidency, Roosevelt introduced his first New Deal, and established a host of Alphabet Agencies. They were so named, for their abbreviations. The first of his New Deal programs was the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA). This was approved on the 12th May 1933. Although the act extended federal participation in relief for more than two years, it then decided to change the nature of its funding. This was from loans to direct grants for the use of several States. FERA was also supportive of nearly five million households each month and funded thousands of work projects for the unemployed.

It also provided vaccinations and literacy classes for the millions of poor and uneducated population. The aims that had been achieved by Roosevelt with the FERA was that money had been spent creating jobs, and that many lives had been improved as they had, on some cases learnt to read and write and most men had received a job due to the work projects. The Emergency Banking Act was close to one of first things that Roosevelt introduced. It was responsible for closing down weak banks and paying the strong ones to stay open and carry on with business.

Trade and industry was the only aim achieved by Roosevelt with this alphabet agency. It had rebuilt that banking world which seemed to be the centre of all industries, as money is needed and stored by the bank itself. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), ran by Harry Hopkins, was introduced as an alphabet agency. This was because of previous years of extensive flooding in the many states surrounding the Tennessee River, which caused all the good and rich soil to be washed away with the river water. This was a major problem, as crops could never be grown for food in such dreadful conditions.

Roosevelt solved this problem by means of hiring unemployed men to build dams and reservoirs, to prevent soil erosion and to encourage irrigation, which helped to moisten the dry and hard soil to be able to grow crops for food. The aims achieved by the TVA were that money was spent on the jobs created to build the dams and reservoirs for the unemployed, and that lives of ordinary Americans were made a lot better as floods would no longer occur, destroying their food. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was an agency used to build structures that the public would benefit from such as a bridge, road, school, hospital or library.

Roosevelt gave the unemployed the job of doing this. The aims that Roosevelt achieved with the CWA was that money was being spent on creating jobs, again because of the unemployment situation being reduced as men were building things of a public use. This is why the lives of ordinary Americans were improved due to the new buildings available for them to seek medical help or for an educational purpose. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was completed by major industries that joined the program promising to be fair in their businesses, and not to take advantage of the staff and buyers.

Things such as prices being at a reasonable amount, and wages being of a fair price as well. In exchange for this, Roosevelt allowed the industries the opportunity to display the symbol of the Blue Eagle on the manufactured goods that they produced. Also including posters and vehicles. Anything to do with the industry involved with the NRA. The Blue Eagle symbolized to the American people that they had joined forces with the president to help with the success of the New Deal and to help America achieve a better standard of life.

The aims that Roosevelt had led to success were that trade and industry was rebuilt due to the public buying their products, allowing money to be made by themselves. The quality of the American life had increased as well. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created in 1934 to serve as a federal ‘watchdog’ administrative agency to protect the public and private investors from stock market fraud, deception and insider manipulation on Wall Street. The SEC is still in existence today, (its reputation was flawed a bit by the Enron collapse in 2001-02)

The aims of this were to improve the lives of Americans by protecting them from things that could potentially damage their lifestyle or business. The CCC, PWA, AAA and the NYA and WPA of the second new deal grew as the agencies pumped increasing amounts of money into the economy. Roosevelt had many opponents to his New Deal programs but not even the angriest of them had much to say against the good work initiated by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It was not only one of the first organizations to begin operation, but was also one of the most successful.

Its major role was to pay the town dwellers to move to the country and help the people there. It also provided financial support and helped implement conservation projects. In its nine years of existence, it put twenty five million young men to work planting two hundred million trees, digging drainage ditches, building firebreaks, clearing campgrounds and building reservoirs. This great effort of conservation and reforestation benefited not only the nation, but also the men themselves. The average enlistment for an employee in one of these camps was ten months.

The CCC had many camps in the El Paso area, including those in Fabens, Ascarate, Ysleta and Elephant Butte in New Mexico. CCC workers completed major improvements at Elephant Butte. Including the planting of four thousand, five hundred trees and building a clubhouse. Campsites, cabins and a playground. They also widened and straightened roads around the dam and built several new stretches of roads. The aims achieved by the CCC were that money up to sums of millions of dollars were being spent to get young, healthy men to work with the CCC to be involved in reforestation and conservation of the country.

Also the lives of ordinary Americans were being improved by the effort in improving the countryside to make it a better, healthier and more enjoyable area to live. People would be able to use or enjoy the things that had been made or built such as the forest. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was established by the NIRA in 1933. It was intended both for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Eventually over four billion dollars was spent on thirty four, thousand construction projects including things such as public buildings, highways, bridges or dams for water and power.

The aims that Roosevelt managed to make happen with the PWA were the first one of spending money to create jobs for building, and improving the lives of ordinary Americans as they could make use of the things built. The Agricultural Adjustment Acts (AAA) was an agent whose job it was to pay farmers to produce less by not using their land. This was because of the farmers already producing too much, which was part of the overproduction of the Great Depression. Roosevelt promised to pay the farmers, in exchange for them leaving some of their own fields alone.

This was so that the prices of goods would remain steady. The AAA attempted to raise prices by controlling production of major crops through cash subsidies to farmers. In 1934, the AAA paid the El Paso County Cotton Committee three point five million dollars for their cotton crops, by the AAA. This included over two hundred, thousand dollars in rental payments for land that was taken out of their production. The aim Roosevelt managed to achieve here, was that trade began to rebuild itself. Because the prices remained steady, the businesses were able to get on with their work and make steady progress each day.

By 1935 Roosevelt’s New Deal had ran into serious difficulties. It was decided that some of the Alphabet Agencies were unconstitutional and Trade Unions were organizing strikes to complain about low wages. Instead of giving up, Roosevelt introduced new laws to replace the ones that the Supreme Court had ruled illegal. These became known as the Second New Deal. It was aimed at improving the social welfare, such as wages and employees. Compared to the first new deal that was aimed at the local, and ordinary Americans and improving their lives, and the businesses and industries in America.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) replaced the CWA. By 1935, local residents felt the ever-increasing art collection at Springville High School, needed a larger facility for its’ preservation and display. Nebo School District donated a lot, the city if Springville donated approximately twenty-nine, thousand dollars in equipment and materials, the LD’s Church donated twenty, thousand dollars or more, and the federal government, through the WPA spent fifty-four, thousand dollars on the project.

Work began on 23rd November 1935, where the WPA was responsible for the manufacturing of the tile for the museum. The work was complete under the direction of Virgil Hafen, a local artist. Although most of the alphabet agencies were organised for temporary solutions to relieve problems, the agencies permanently broadened federal interest and involvement. The aims achieved by the WPA were all of them. The first being money spent on creating jobs, with the same reason as the CWA, jobs were being created in reorganising and moving the art work.

The trade and industry was being rebuilt, as the artwork would be in a much better condition to view and maybe sell. And the lives of Americans were improving due to the wages given so they could afford food and drink to have a better quality of life. The National Youth Administration (NYA) was created under the emergency relief act of 1935. It provided more than four point five million jobs for young people. Therefore, the aim achieved here was the first; millions of jobs were available for young people of America, which meant their life was improving due to the help that their wages could give them.

The Wagner Act replaced the NRA which the Supreme Court had ruled illegal. This new law gave workers the right to join Trade Unions so that they could work together to improve working conditions and pay. Employers were now banned from stopping workers joining Trade Unions and a National Labour Relations Board was set up to make sure the employers obeyed. Unlike it was before 1935, when it was illegal to join a union. The aim achieved here was that lives were improved of Americans.

It gave them the opportunity to have a say in what they are entitled to in regards to the work place, and discuss what a fair wage would be for them to earn. The Social Security Act (SSA) was responsible for allowing workers to pay into a fund to receive benefits at a later date when they were out of work. It also provided the use of a public assistance program for dependant mothers, children and the physically disabled, and an unemployment benefit. The aim achieved by the SSA was the third of Roosevelt’s original aims.

Improving American lives due to the benefits they were getting, especially the unemployed, and the sick. The Rural Electrification Administration lent money to farmers so they could electrify their farming equipment and farm itself. The aims fulfilled by this, were that trade was rebuilt, because of the better quality farms. This would mean better products would be made. Ordinary American lives would also have been improved like the farmers. They would be working in better conditions, and probably making more money because of it.

Finally, money was spent to make jobs in the farm. There was also the Farm Security Administration (FSA). This was used to set up temporary housing for ‘Okies’ and ‘Arkies’ who were refugees from Oklahoma and Arkansas, who migrated to California in hope of finding work. The aim was to provide a better quality of life for these American people in giving them houses to live in. They were given the opportunity to find a job themselves whilst living a temporary but stable condition. The Fair Labours Act provided the last major piece, of the New Deal legislation in 1938.

This important labour law set minimum wage (twenty five cents an hour) and a maximum standard (establishing the forty hour work week). It also severely curbed the use if child labour. Finally, the aims that Roosevelt achieved with this alphabet agency of the Second New Deal were trade and industry being rebuilt, as a standard for wages was set, leaving all businesses with a fair and economical wage for all their employees. And, lives of the Americans were improved because no one working could be cheated in their job of what wage to get. Everyone would be treated as an equal in the work place.

America was in a severe economic Depression when Franklin D. Roosevelt made his New Deal speech in June 1932. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 made the Depression in America much worse. Roosevelt had to do something to bring confidence back to the country. There was despair all around the country, 23,000 people committed suicide, the largest yearly figure of American history. Employment was a very big problem during the Depression. Over twelve million Americans were unemployed this was a quarter of the countries workforce and the number of people out of work was going up by 12,000 every day. 0,000 companies whose shares were now worthless went out of business, putting even more people out of work.

There was no government system of unemployment pay in America, so most people had to rely on charity to stay alive. The unemployed lined up in queues that could be seen in every city, these queues were called ‘Breadlines’ and the people were waiting for free bread and soup just to say alive. This was very humiliating for men because they were used to providing for their family. Because people didn’t have jobs, esteem was low and this is one of the reasons why Roosevelt introduced the New Deal.

Another reason why Roosevelt introduced the New Deal was for the people in agriculture. People in agricultural areas were hardest hit by the Depression, because the 1920’s had not been kind to them in any way. Huge numbers of farmers were unable to pay their mortgages. By 1932, one in twenty of all farm-owners had been evicted because they were unable to pay their mortgage. Because people were out of work the people in the cities could not all the food the farmers produced therefore their incomes dropped. Most farmers however had no choice but to pack their belongings into their trucks and live on the road.

They picked up work where they could. Things couldn’t get have got any worse for farmers, over farming and drought in the central southern states turned millions of acres into a dust bowl, this badly ruined farmers and drove them off their land. Homelessness was very high during the Depression and something had to be done. Over a million of the unemployed were homeless. Without wages many people could not afford to pay rent or mortgages. 250,000 Americans stopped paying their mortgages in 1932 alone. When this happened they were evicted from their homes.

This meant many had to take to the roads and they often became ‘hobos’ or tramps. The others moved onto the waste ground in the cities where they built huts with old wood, scrap metal and sacking, which they found in rubbish dumps, they often called these places ‘Hoovervilles’ after Herbert Hoover, the President of that time in the Depression. People were living horribly and there was no hope left, Roosevelt wanted to sort this problem out through the New Deal. In the Depression, many people with savings in the bank stayed alive by taking out their savings.

This led to a new problem because some small banks did not have enough ready cash to pay savers their money, so the banks went bankrupt. When a bank failed this scared people so they rushed to their banks taking money out, thinking it was safer to keep it all at home. This sent people panic-stricken and savers demanded their money at once, but the banks too found they didn’t have enough ready cash, so they also had to close down. In 1932, 1616 banks had closed down for this reason, and the number of bank failure was increasing every month.

Economic and social problems affected the whole country during the Depression as seen from the historical evidence. Prosperity would not return by it self and when the presidential election of 1932 the Americans were looking for hope and they hope to find this in Roosevelt’s New Deal. He believed that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. ” This put hope into people’s hearts. Roosevelt’s over riding aim was to create confidence and help the forgotten man, this is why he introduced the New Deal.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a Democrat, came from a wealthy New York family and was educated at Harvard University. He entered politics in 1910 and elected Governor of New York State in 1928 after surviving a bout of polio.

The Democrats choose Roosevelt as their candidate to oppose Hoover in the 1932 Presidential Election. During the campaign he said, “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a New Deal for the American people”. He promised to use government money and power to rebuild the economy.

Roosevelt won with a landslide victory. One of the main reasons for this was that the previous President, Hoover, had not controlled, or attempts to help the economic downfall of the United States. Hoover thought matters would right themselves and therefore took little action. In 1932 Hoover did eventually find some money to help a number of struggling banks and businesses, but he refused to set up federal relief programmes to aid the unemployed. As the Depression dragged on, a protest movement developed among the hungry and the unemployed. Many Americans had lost confidence in President Hoover and were looking for new leadership that arrived in the form of Roosevelt.

Once elected, Roosevelt had many problems facing him and his party that the American people expected him to solve.

* Most of the populace was unemployed. Over 12 million Americans did not have a job, and this figure was increasing by 12,000 every day. Families relied on charity to stay alive and breadlines were common in every city.

* Over 1 million people were homeless. In 1932, 250,000 Americans stopped paying their mortgages and were evicted from their homes.

Because of this, many became ‘hobos’ or tramps while others moved to waste ground to build huts from scraps of wood and metal, these unhealthy camps were known as ‘Hoovervilles’ after Herbert Hoover.

* Total economic collapse followed – With so many people out of work the cities could not afford to buy all the food the farmers produced; and by 1932 – 1 in 2 farm owners had been evicted.

* Many veterans living in poverty demanded bonuses immediately. Their annoyance at not receiving their money came to a head when, during summer 1932, veterans from all over the country went to Washington capital to protest. Many hijacked trains to get there and fought with police who tried to stop them.

In June of the same year, more than 20,000 veterans had arrived in Washington and set up a Hooverville opposite the White House.

Congress voted against paying the veterans their bonuses and Hoover ordered the army to evict the veterans from their Hooverville.

The army thought it was necessary to bring in 4 companies of infantry, 4 troops of cavalry, a machine gun squadron and 6 tanks to disperse the veterans.

In the ensuing chaos 2 veterans died and 1000 were injured.

* Bank failures were another large problem. During the depression, many people with savings in the bank took the money out to stay alive.

This led to new problems; small banks did not have enough money to pay their savers and went bankrupt.

After a bank failed, savers with deposits in other banks rushed to take out their savings from other banks, leading to more banks going bankrupt- A total of 1616 banks in 1932.

* Many people affected by the depression organised protests in hope to improve conditions.

In Iowa, the farmers union organised strikes to stop food reaching markets. This aimed to create food shortage and increase food prices.

Roosevelt took a tough stance towards these areas of difficulty, and in his inauguration speech he stated that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”. To affect change in America, Roosevelt need more power than he already had. In 1917 congress had allowed President Wilson to change laws without asking and this ‘trading with the enemy” act was still effective when Roosevelt came into power. Roosevelt realised he could use this act to speed the healing process for America’s economy.

Roosevelt proposed, and Congress passed, a series of measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and promote economic recovery. Roosevelt also hoped that the New Deal would help America’s problems by bringing about a number of long-term reforms.

Two days after his inauguration on the 6th of March, Roosevelt ordered all banks to close for a long bank holiday while he and a cabinet worked out a way to solve the problem.

Most Americans were glad to see Roosevelt dealing with the problem although some though he was becoming a dictator and leading America down the road to socialism.

By 1933, the number of people unemployed was about 13 million. To get America moving again, these people had to have work and be earning money, allowing them buy products from others.

Roosevelt decided that a program of temporary jobs should be put in place, as well as food distribution to the hungry and low-interest loans given to home-owners.

Roosevelt’s most famous actions against the depression were the Alphabet Agencies; so called because all were condensed into a set of initials for ease of use.

* The Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) was set up in 1933 and was a popular Roosevelt idea. Unemployed young men were given six-month jobs in the countryside working on projects concerned with forestry, flood control and soil conservation. By doing this, they received a small wage, food, clothing, and shelter. By the end of the 1930’s, two and a half million men had been in the C.C.C.

* Another popular program of reform for that year was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (A.A.A.). It was designed to help farmers who were suffering from low incomes, with many being forced off their land. The government paid the farmers to grow less, which forced prices of food up. Crop prices gradually recovered, and within four years the average farm income had almost doubled.

* One of the most important New Deal measures was the National Industrial Recovery Act (N.I.R.A.). This comprised of two sections; the first being the Public Works Administration (P.W.A.), which organised and provided money for the building of useful projects: schools, hospitals, roads, bridges etc. The Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) was another successful New Deal agency that funded a number of projects to create employment, although these were on a smaller scale than the P.W.A.

The other section on the N.I.R.A was the National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.) which recommended an eight-hour day, together with a minimum wage, to help create jobs.

Employers who accepted these recommendations were allowed to display a ‘Blue Eagle’ sign on their goods. Over 2 million people embraced the new standards and benefited because of it; the public was encouraged to buy only from businesses that had joined the scheme.

* Roosevelt’s many plans were new, and his kinds of tactics for dealing with depression was regarded as blunt by many people. His other plans however were over-shadowed when he decided to set up the Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.) in order to help a poor, badly eroded region which was also prone to flooding. The T.V.A built a network of dams to control the floods and give the area a supply of cheap electricity. This attracted industry and gradually the whole region began to prosper.

* Finally, in 1935, the Social Security Act provided pensions for the elderly and benefits for the unemployed, as well as providing help for dependant mothers and children and the handicapped.

Roosevelt brought about partial recovery to the United States with the New Deal and ‘Pump priming’ strategy. It was not until the Second World War and the demand for American goods however, that the American economy returned to its former prosperity.