Achieve the Political Goals of The Reagan Administration’s War on Drugs

The War on Drugs and the legislation supporting it exemplified the efficacy of legislation, yet it also brought to light the morality entailed within and beyond legislation that must be cognizant of. Due to the failure of care and case-by-case analysis, thousands to millions of people were given unjust sentences, and rather austere and disciplinary laws were enforced. and even simple offenses weren’t given the consideration they deserved. An example of this failure of reflection is a man who stole children’s videotapes from a Kmart was sentenced to fifty years without parole. Alexander explains that the reason for mass incarceration and the spike in the prison population wasn’t on the account of a change in crime, but a change in law.

These changes in laws are an example of when our democracy strategized for specialized interests. Our democracy doesn’t fully account for the effects of this phenomenon because in order to achieve the political goals of the Reagan administration’s war on drugs, local law enforcement was bribed with cash grants, and was also allowed to keep the equipment on drug prohibition. Local police departments aren’t funded by the state, thus compliance within law enforcement was highly incentivized. This by definition is the opposite of what democracy stands for. Distrust between communities and local law enforcement greatly grew and heightened in this era because the majority of civilians felt as though the state wasn’t protecting them. If anything the state was encouraging crime.

This is also the period of time that focused and placed emphasis on broken-windows policing and perimeter policing. Alexander explained by how Obama funded anti-drug task forces that this drug war is not only unopposed but, “it is simply the way things are done” (Alexandar 93). Alexander argues that the real problem is not the length in prison sentences, but rather the prison label branded a felon. However, to be honest removing this prison label is politically unfeasible. It’s more politically feasible to provide felons or those branded with the prison label more government benefits than to remove their labels altogether. As Alexander previously explained it was a change in laws that brought this spike in incarceration and prison population. Therefore, it would only need a change or reform in laws to resolve this phenomenon.

I’m not convinced that only changing the prison labels would resolve or prevent a great amount of this second-class status that we are seeing. For this second-class citizenship was created as a byproduct of laws. This drug war has been a matter of flawed policy. Where preventative efforts would’ve been a more convalescent and effective path they found penalization to be most desirable, seeing that the profits were most advantageous. Then, with little to no regard people were herded away behind bars. I refuse to believe that this is just the way things are done, but I will cling to the hope that with incremental change one day this damage can be concluded and resolved.

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Decriminalization as a Solution to the Drug Problem in America

I have never done drugs in my life; however, the war on drugs still affects you and me as American citizens I have seen first-hand the injustices of the criminalization of marijuana. My family has been affected by drug use and addiction. My cousin has now been sober for many years, and I suspect my brother has relapsed after several years of not using it. Growing up my parents, though unsupportive of my brother’s smoking habits, were more worried that he would get caught than the dangers of marijuana itself. The truth is that marijuana doesn’t ruin your life, the prohibition of it does. You can lose the custody of your kids, lose your job, be denied financial aid, or serve jail time, all for being caught at the wrong time with a joint in your pocket. I am not advocating for the promotion of drugs to become “socially acceptable,” nor do I believe that they should be used in the first place. However, our current system simply does not work.

Our government needs a system that treats addicts as addicts and not criminals, otherwise, we are increasing the rate of recidivism in drug users, instead of helping them overcome their problem. The criminalization of marijuana promotes an oppressive agenda, costs taxpayers billions per year, and is an outdated and ineffective policy. The “War on Drugs” as you know it is a lie; a political ruse. The masterminds behind its conception, namely Richard Nixon, constructed it with the intention of disrupting minorities and policing political dissidents. John Ehrlichman, Nixon’s Domestic Affairs Advisor, came forward with the revelation in 1994 that the “War on Drugs“ was a complete fallacy.

The Nixon administration intended to criminalize marijuana and make the American public associate “potheads”i blacks and hippiesi as criminals, which conveniently allowed him to persecute the two largest groups of anti-war protestors. This “War on Drugs” has lead to racial imbalance in the judiciary system, The law legally defines “crack cocaine” and “powder cocaine” as two different controlled substances, even though they are the same drug. It discriminates against “powder cocaine,” a “black drug,” giving up to 100 times harsher punishments and sentences than “crack cocaine,” a “white drugt”. In today’s society, a black man is more likely to get arrested for drugs, and more likely to serve a longer sentence than a white man who is committing an equali or greater crime.

The only difference between these two men is the color of their skin America has the second-highest incarceration rate in the world. For every 100,000 American adults, 693 are currently serving time in a federal or state prison. Communist, autocratic nations that we criticize for their human rights violations have lower incarceration rates than we do Cuba’s is 510, Russia’s is 450, and China’s is 164‘ 50% of those incarcerated in America are serving a sentence related to drugs, 89% of those drug charges being related to the possession or use of marijuana Marijuana is still classified as a Schedule I drug in several states, putting it with the likes of Heroin and LSD, and putting it a step above cocaine and opium, meaning that the punishments for carrying marijuana are higher than carrying cocaine. By an extra two years, minimum. Not only is our criminalization of marijuana promoting a false- ideology of American superiority and freedom, it is costing taxpayers billions of dollars per year, and handing out felonies to the institutionalized left and right, creating a higher rate of recidivism due to the inability to find a job.

Portugal‘s drug policy, enacted in 2001, has seen a 60% increase in patients at rehabs, a 90% reduction in drug—related HIV infections, and a decrease in drug use by adolescents and other “at risk“ groups. All Portugal has done is decriminalized drug use; reduced the penalties of possessing a drug from years in prison, to a small fine akin to that of a parking ticket. With less money spent on mass incarceration, the government was able to introduce many domestic programs that distributed sterilized needles, aided addicts in overcoming their addiction through rehab and help re-introduce former addicts back into society with training and employment support. This new policy has also hurt drug traffickers, as the price of street drugs has declined quite significantly, incentivizing dealers to look elsewhere for profits. If the United States were to merely decriminalize marijuana, government spending would reduce government spending by over one billion dollars.

Regulating it federally, as seen in Colorado, would increase tax revenues by nearly $50 billion per year. The way the American justice system prosecutes drug users is unfair. Punishments are too harsh and “correction facilities” do nothing to help addicts overcome their issues. Even if marijuana is seen as “had,” our current policies do more harm to society than the drug itself. You don’t have to be a drug user, or even support the use of drugs to want to help improve the lives of institutionalized addicts, and to heal the racial divide. The time has come for discussion on how America can reform its drug policy to help users overcome their addictions, instead of giving them severe punishments and creating a positive feedback loop that breaks apart families, ruins lives, and contradicts the core American principles of freedom, equality, and justice for all.

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The War on Drugs in the United States

Any close examination of the “war on drugs” metaphor leads inescapably to the conclusion that one weapon could bring us to the brink of victory–legalization. But most who discuss this option consider it surrender, how have we confused surrender With victory? Let’s start by looking at the “war on drugs” metaphor closely, and define some “war” terms. First, who or what is the “enemy?” Second, what defines “Victory” in this “War?” Is the “enemy” in this “war” the drug addict? No reasonable person believes that. Addicts are in many ways the Victims of a “war“ policy that drives up the price of their craved substances to the point where criminal activity is their only alternative to cold turkey, Alcoholism is often described as a sickness. Drug addicts merit the same consideration alcohol addicts receive. Is the “enemy” in this “war” the drug dealers and cartels?

If we accept this premise. the argument becomes too easy! If they are the only enemy, then legalization Wipes them out With one blow! The huge profits from the inflated black market prices would be gone. That money is their only source of power. Without the vast Wealth accumulated from the black market, their nowrpowerful organizations would crumble, degenerating into the common thugs they really are. But the drug dealer is not the real “enemy,” that would be too simple. When President Nixon originally initiated the “war on drugs“ rhetoric, he referred to “drug abuse” as the problem. So the most effective way to analyze this metaphor is to identify “drug abuse” as the “enemy” we are fighting. Now that we have identified the “enemy.” what would constitute “victory” over that enemy? Would victory be the total eradication of drugs from our society?

If “drugs” and not “drug abuse” were the enemy, maybe this would describe victory, As a practical matter. this Would probably be impossible, The attempt would necessitate a society so repressive that the price of this victory would soon be the end of many liberties we now take for granted. a price obviously too high. But the enemy is not “drugs,” it is “drug abuse.” 50 would “victory” be the total eradication of all drug abuse? Wouldn’t that have to include alcohol, prescription drugs, and maybe even caffeine? Here is another unrealistic and undesirable goal. What is the real goal? Let’s agree that drug abuse is over-consumption or dangerous consumption. How does society control the amount and mode of consumption?

By controlling and regulating the distribution of the substance being consumed. Right now. powerful, greedy, unscrupulous organized crime cartels control the distribution of these dangerous substances. With drug prohibition, we have handed control of distribution, a major key to victory, to organized crime! We can reverse this mistake by retaking control of distribution with the one» time detonation of the weapon of legalization. This will allow us to regulate how these substances are offered to the public. For example, the dangerous and addictive crack version of cocaine could be regulated out of existence while the powder. in a safe measured dose, is available legally. Wouldn‘t legalization allow our enemy of drug abuse more access to the public?

So we attack the allies of drug abuse ignorance and despair. We attack ignorance with education. We require accurate facts about these substances on their packages. We collect taxes on the substances and use the money for informative media campaigns. The education must be factual and honest, to maintain credibility. (For instance, we need to admit that nicotine is more addictive than heroin.) When we present the public with laughable, hysterical, exaggerated, and false information, all the education efforts are worthless, because they lose their credibility. Before drug prohibition was installed in 1915, consumption of the more dangerous forms of cocaine and opium was declining.

Why? Because the word was getting out on their dangers! And this was before radio and television. Surely an effective education campaign could be more effective in our current era of the mass media, we attack despair with opportunity and prosperity. We take back the drug warzones that prohibition has created in the poorer areas of our cities. We Weaken the lure of gangs by removing the promise of easy money from the black-market drug trade. We end murders over the issues of illegal distribution, including territorial disputes and legally unenforceable deals gone sour. Drug addicts Will be able to afford their habits without becoming criminals. And they will be able to seek treatment without fear of government sanction.

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Los Zetas Nolita Oliveira Wayland

RUNNING HEAD: Los Zetas Nolita Oliveira Wayland Baptist University Dr. Paul Lankford Borderland Beat Reporter Overmex (2010, August 26), reported 72 illegal immigrants from El Salvador, Honduras, Ecuador and Brazil, were found dead on a ranch in San Fernando, Tamaulipas, which is 150 km from the U. S. border city of Brownsville. This discovery came from one survivor who found his way to the Navy troops and reported members of the Los Zeta cartel at the nearby ranch. According to the Borderland Beat; 21 rifles, six 5. mm M4 carbines, three 7. 60 mm AK-47, seven 12 gauge shotguns, five . 22 caliber rifles, 101 magazines, two ammunition belts, six thousand 649 cartridges of various calibers, four bullet proof vests, one helmet, four trucks, one with the Ministry of National Defense (SEDENA), were also found at the ranch. With such a rich supply of ammunition and a massacre of men and women with their hands and feet tied, the question remains, how have the Los Zetas become so powerful?

Los Zeta’s was originally founded by a group of highly trained Mexican Army Special Forces deserters and has expanded to include corrupted former federal, state, and local police officers hired by Mexico’s Gulf Cartel (Los Zetas, 2010, November 22). The group originally consisted of 31 members with the first leader, Lieutenant Arturo Guzman Decena using his Federal Judicial Police radio code to become identified as Z1. This code was given to high-ranking officers for the Commanding Federal Judicial Police Officers in Mexico. Zeta is also named for the letter in Spanish.

Decena was born in 1976 and trained with an elite Mexican military group called Grupo Aeromovil de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE) which were trained in counter- insurgency and locating and apprehending drug cartel members, with Decena came 30 other GAFE deserters. Decena was killed in 2002 and his second-in-command Z2 was captured in 2004 (Decena, 2010, November 27). The current leader is Z3 Heriberto Lazcano. Los Zeta’s was originally hired to track down and kill rival cartel members and provide protection for the Gulf Cartel. Their power has grown and their savagery has had no boundaries.

In 2003 Los Zetas negotiated a pact with the Gulf Cartel and the Beltran –Leyva Cartel to engage their own drug shipments (Los Zetas, 2010, November 22). Seven years later after the pact, Los Zetas have violently turned against their former partner, the Gulf Cartel, and have formed alliances with the Juarez Cartel, Tijuana Cartel and the Beltran- Leyva Cartel. The other major faction alignment includes the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel, and La Familia Cartel. In response to the Los Zeta’s savagery the Sinaloa Cartel hired another armed enforcer gang, Los Negros, to fight back.

Los Negros have also turned their back and become independent are gaining more control of regions. As with other terrorist organizations, such as al Qaeda, there are roots to the source of the evil. According to Brookes (2005), it is important to understand the many reasons for the terrorist phenomenon includes radical religious ideology, poor governance, a lack of economic opportunity, social alienation, demographic pressure, and political isolation (page 11). Although Los Zeta’s. Los Negros, or other Mexican Cartels have not been listed as terrorist organizations by the U.

S. Department of State their actions are in compliance with the different definitions of terrorism. Narcoterrorist would describe what these Mexican Cartels are. The statutory definition used by National Counterterrorism Center NCTC states that terrorism is premeditated, politically motivated violence directed against non-combatants (Benjamin, D. 2010,August 5). According to Narcoterrorism (2010, December 6), former Peru President coined the term narcoterrorism when describing terrorist-type attacks against nation’s anti-narcotics policy.

The term was originally understood to mean “the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of a government or a society through violence and intimidation and to hinder the enforcement of the law and the administration of justice by the systematic threat or use of such violence (Narcoterrorism). FARC, ELN, Hamas, Taliban, and AUC in Colombia, and PCP- SL in Peru are all known terrorist organizations that engage in drug trafficking activity to fund their operations and gain recruits and expertise.

Describing the horrific killing and torturing tactics Los Zetas use against their countrymen, government, innocent men, women, and children could be best described as simply terrorist, the best term when describing them would be narcoterrorist. Their battle against their own and the United States is not deeply rooted to a religion or some other similar ideology known terrorist organization’s base their practice on. These cartels are simply money hungry, power tripping, double crossing, unfaithful to any cause, and will burn their own to reach their desired level.

The War on Drugs is not a new concept simply invented overnight by someone to calm people down or put the fear into those pushing and selling. According to Head (2011), there is a history dating back to the early 1900’s when the Harrison Tax Act of 1914 was enforced to restrict the sale of heroin and cocaine. The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 attempted to tax marijuana because it was an alleged “getaway drug” for heroin uses and was popular among Mexican- American immigrants.

President Eisenhower was considered the first president to literally call for a war on drugs and he stressed his determination by establishing mandatory minimum federal sentences for possession of marijuana, cocaine, and opiates. The increase in federal penalties was under the Narcotic Control Act of 1956. Today the war on drugs has made it difficult to determine what is legal and illegal. Depending on the drug and the wording of drug policy legislation, narcotics are illegal except when prescribed to a certain individual.

In 1996 California legalized marijuana for medical use and both the Bush and Obama administration have arrested California medical marijuana distributors (Head). The current strategy for the War on Drugs as determined by President Obama’s drug policy coordinator, which is end War on Drugs terminology and attempt to rebrand federal antidrug efforts as simple harm- reduction strategies (Head). Head also quoted “you can’t declare war on inanimate objects, social phenomena, moods, or abstractions— and it’s a rhetorical convention that has determined the way our country views drug policy enforcement (Head). If you can’t declare war on these inanimate objects, social phenomena, moods or abstractions, and you can’t declare war on a country without resources to fight a war, than how do you rid the world of narcoterrorist? It’s simply not possible. Mexico has been the main foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamines to the U. S. Drug cartels have been illegally transporting an estimated 70 % of foreign narcotics such as cocaine, heroin, and other drugs into the United States and other countries but were not transporting in such violent methods as used today (Mexico Drug War, 2011, January 3).

Mexican Drug War also states that Mexico only accounts for a small share of worldwide heroin production but is the major distributor of heroin introduced into the United States. The U. S. Department estimates 90% of the cocaine is mainly produced by Colombia but entered into the U. S. through Mexico. Mexico and the U. S. borders have been used since the mid- 1980’s when Mexico had established organizations competent and reliable to transport Colombian cocaine. Mexican cartels were given 30 % to 50 % of the cocaine shipment which led the cartels to become traffickers and distributors.

Although the first few decades after the development of the cartels was passive, since 2006 the Mexican Cartels have turned deadly battling for territory rights and turning on each other. According to Timeline of the Mexican Drug War (2010, December 18), the deployment of Mexican Army soldiers into Michoacan to end drug violence was regarded as the first major retaliation made against cartel violence in Mexico and was regarded as the starting point of the Mexican Drug War between the government and drug cartels.

The war escalated with each increase in military troops making Los Zeta’s violence against Mexicans harsher and frequent. It was reported 150 Mexican soldiers and police officers were killed as opposed to the 500 cartel gunmen killed in 2006. Violence surged and by 2008 there was a record of 5, 630 death. The kidnapping, torture, and decapitation of seven off duty soldiers and one police commander were included in this death toll. In 2008 high ranking police officials and government officials were gunned down or executed.

The decapitated heads of the off duty police officials were left in a shopping center to be found with a threatening note to the military. Their terrorism tactics have since left their marks to be remembered. With Los Zetas becoming more violent and demanding more plaza’s the need for outside and local forces free from corruption is highly in demand. Regardless of the attempts to weed out those with possible links to Los Zetas or any cartel will remain impossible to prevent the introduction of new and easily corrupted officials.

This can be said for their recruitment of poor, military, law enforcement and government officials. According to Los Zetas, their main recruits are all corrupted ex- federal, state, and local police officers as well as the poor men and women and former Kaibiles from Guatemala. This group does recruit women to help run the organization. The Kaibilies are special operations force of the Guatemala military and specialize in jungle warfare tactics and counter- insurgency operations (Kaibilies, 2010 November 2).

There is also hierarchy within the group, just like other organized crime organizations. According to Los Zetas there are five groups. The first group consisted of the Los Halcones (The Hawks) and they were responsible for monitoring the distribution zones. The second group is the Las Ventanas (The Windows) who are bike-riding mid- teens responsible for warning the presence of police and other suspicious individuals near small stores that sell drugs. The Los Manosos (The Tricky Ones) gathered the arms.

Los Zetas employ prostitute women who are called Los Leopardos (Leapards). The Los Zetas also have the Direccion (Command) which consists of 20 communications experts who intercept phone calls, follow and identify suspicious automobiles and are also known to accomplish kidnappings and executions. All of these groups form the composition of Los Zetas (Los Zetas). Los Zetas can also be compared to al- Qaida, in that their myriads of extensive criminal activities.

They kidnap, murder- for- hire, use extortion, money- launder, smuggle humans and are involved with oil siphoning. Like al Qaeda, they have adopted a cell- like structure to limit the information known about members within the organization. Los Zeta’s boldness and cells are spread globally and it has been reported that the FBI were warned that a Los Zetas cell in Texas would use full tactical response if they intervened on their operations. Los Zetas have been able to take over and lord over a great deal of territories by battling it out with their enemies.

Los Zetas is mainly based in the border region of Nuevo Laredo and have established lookouts in airports, bus stations, and main roads. They are also along the Gulf Coast region, Tabasco, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Chiaps, Pacific Coast states, including Guerror, Oaxaca, Michocan, and in Mexico City. Los Zetas hires Mexican gangs such as the Texas Syndicate and MS-13 to carry out their contract killings (Los Zetas). According to the NarcoGuerra Times the DEA officials in Canada, Italy, and Mexico had arrested 175 members of the Zetas who were connected with the Ndrangheta.

Los Zeta’s has been operating in approximately 47 countries and have been said to have established connections with the Italian Calabrian mafia known as Ndrangheta (NarchGuerra Times, 2009, September 19). There is research showing the Zetas and Ndrangheta had been working together for more than two years, since Europe needed the cocaine. The main reason their connection is important is because Ndrangheta is considered a major transnational criminal organization dealing in nuclear waste. Their partnership has also allowed the Zetas to advance their money laundering, real estate and human trafficking into Europe (Narco Guerra Times).

Forming alliances with foreign countries organized criminal divisions will only make it harder for the Mexican government fight their war against the cartels and for these countries to fight their wars on drugs. America has been battling with the war on drugs and so have other countries’ making it harder to clean up the streets is becoming more impossible with each cell developed in other locations. Mexico’s battle with corruption within all the levels of police departments and constant recruitments with gangs across the border and international waters has made it harder for Homeland Security to fight the battle.

Mexico’s war against the cartels seem to only be escalating the issue and although many of the main cartel members throughout the different territories have been brought to justice, it seems their war on that side of the border is not accomplishing much but more bled shed on both sides of the border. As one of the strongest and dominant countries, America could provide the assistance needed. Many may debate this or feel America has their hand in too many countries affairs but the fact remains the brutality and narcoterrorist tactics used by Los Zetas and other cartels will continue to increase.

This is not saying President Calderon has rejected American help or has been using other security tactics to help prosecute criminals associated with known narcoterrorist organizations. According to Hansen (2008, November 20), Mexico has pursued different methods for security tactics including extraditing alleged criminals to the United States, including the head of the Gulf Cartel. They have also been actively attempting to dismantle illegal methamphetamine labs, cocaine shipments, and eradicate marijuana. This shows promise but only twenty six meth labs were dismantled between 2002 and 2007.

President Calderon developed a 2008 constitutional reform that merged their Federal Preventive Police (PFP) and the Federal Agency of Investigation (AFI). The AFI is similar to the FBI and gathers intelligence and the PFP is responsible for maintaining public order but does not have investigative abilities. President Calderon constitutional reforms of 2008 also called for reforms on criminal procedures. The reforms include oral trials with public proceedings, sentencing based on the evidence presented during trial, judges who are allowed to quickly rule on search warrant requests (Hansen).

Their old ways used written trial procedures that could last for years. These efforts show some willingness to adopt new and effective methods using foreign help and using modern legal methods but it is still not enough. According to Hernandez (2010, February 25), the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) based out of Vienna stated that Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina were sending out the wrong messages in their legislative and judicial developments that were aimed to decriminalize the possession of some drugs.

With their declaration Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina rebutted and claimed that the INCB was overstepping their organizations mandated and were unwarranted intrusions in their countries sovereign decision-making and that the INCB has no jurisdiction over police changes made within sovereign nations. In 2009 Mexico decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (Hernandez). Brazil replaced prison sentences with education and treatment for small-time drug offenders in 2006.

In 2009 Argentina’s Supreme Court declared punishment for possession of marijuana for personal use as unconstitutional. Argentina also called INCB’s arrogant for questioning the highest judicial authority of a sovereign state. Hernandez also stated that the INCB was deeply concerned with the United States moving towards legalizing or regularizing the use of marijuana for medical purposes may send the wrong message to other countries. The INCB had a legitimate concern for these countries actions of making it easier for criminals to pursue selling and people using marijuana and other drugs.

In the United States inmates are allowed to pursue an education or gain their GED to help them gain employment when released but this does not prevent repeated offenders. Taking tough actions and measures is the only way to decrease crime and drug usage. Mexico’s President taking two steps forward and then two steps back is only causing confusion for others to know what actions they need to take. The hard core facts that these Mexican narcoterrorist organizations were developed by corrupted ex military or law enforcement officials make it hard for the rest of the world to believe Mexico is competent to battle against the cartels or protect heir citizens from the unthinkable. With Mexico’s incompetence comes inpatient Americans’ willing and ready to battle for their land. When the Arizona rancher was found dead on his land it was automatically assumed illegal immigrants had killed him. Arizona government officials quickly used his death as an example to push forward their Senate Bill 1070. Now other states have developed similar versions for their own state immigration laws. The growing concern has somewhat shifted from illegal immigration, to how to battle Los Zetas and other cartels.

Arizona’s Bill may have opened people’s eyes to the growing problem of illegal immigrants advancing in the United States, but no one in their right mind could have ever imagined seeing those poor immigrants hog tied, gagged, and executed by Los Zetas; for trying to make it across the border. The American people don’t want the Mexican’s killed, simply accounted for. When talking about Los Zeta’s and their narcoterrorist ways, it seems impossible not to think of them as terrorist in the same class as al Qaeda.

They may not share the same fanatical ideology as al Qaeda but their terrorist tactics used against the Mexican and American people is on the same level. With the vast growth of their cells spreading globally and forming alliances with known organizations handling nuclear waste, the threat they pose to all those against them is even scarier than those threats by al Qaeda supporters living in the United States. Mexico has been using underground tunnels and smuggling drugs, humans, and weapons across both sides of the borders for decades.

There have been reports that al Qaeda has helped train Los Zetas recruits with similar tactics. These Mexican military deserters have trained in the same American military installation, Fort Bragg, as known al Qaedan terrorist members have. The connection is too great and should not be ignored. Los Zeta’s is in a country that has a poor economy but extremely rich in the illegal drug trade. The promise of pay, respect, and fear is what appeals to those who join their ranks. This can be said for any organization. The Mexican government will not be able to use only their military forces to combat against these cartels.

Los Zetas has proven they have no loyalty to any one organization but to themselves and their greed for territory and wealth has been fueling their fire. President Calderon should not wait for a full out battle to develop between the cartels and the cartels against the Mexican military. Zetas is growing rapidly and stronger with support and alliances from other countries. Instead President Calderon should call upon Mexico’s allies for help battling them and cleaning up their streets. These cartels have gained their intelligence from working on the inside and gaining as much intelligence, expertise, and experience as possible.

Their knowledge, tactics, and alliances will keep them thriving and defining who they are. It is up to the Mexican government to develop solutions to their economic crisis, drug laws, and protection of the people. Their military can only combat so long for so little pay and then they will turn to the darker side. If they paid their people enough salary there would be fewer traitors. It’s like a mother developing rules for her children and expecting them to follow without having to actually enforce them. Countries have been known to break down barriers such as Germany.

Countries have also sat by and watched a power hungry Jew hating man murder thousands of innocent people before calling in the big guns. Countries should not sit idly by and watch thousands of people get slaughtered because some men in uniform are greedy for territorial rights and making money by distributing, marketing, laundering drugs, humans, and weapons. There are American military installations located across Border States and if that is what it takes, so be it. References Arturo Guzman Decena. (2010, November 27). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved 20:30, January 2, 2010. From http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Arturo_Guzm%C3%A1n_Decena&oldid=399212394 Benjamin, D. (2010, August 5). Briefing on the release of country reports on terrorism for 2009. U. S. Department of State: Diplomacy in action Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://www. state. gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2010/145734. htm Borderland Beat Reporter Overmex (2010, August 26). Zetas Massacre 72 Illegal Immigrants in San Fernando, Tamaulipas. Borderland Beat: reporting on the Mexican Cartel drug war. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from http://www. orderlandbeat. com/2010/08/zetas-massacre-72-illegal-immigrants-in .html Hansen, S. (2008, November 20). Mexico’s Drug War. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2010, December 30 2010 from http://www. cfr. org/publications/13689/mexicos_drug_war. htm Head, T. (2011). History of the War on Drugs. About. com Civil Liberties. Retrieved 2011, December 2, 2010 from http://civilliberty. about. com/od/drugpolicy/tp/War-on-Drugs-History. Hernandez, D. (2010, February 25). The International Narcotics Control Board criticizes several Latin American countries.

La Plaza: News from Latin American and the Caribbean. Retrieved December 22, 2010 from http://latimesblogs. latimes. com/laplaza/2010/02/united-nations-latin-america-international-narcotics-control-board-incb-mexico-brazil-argentina. html Kaibilies. (2010, November 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Kaibiles&oldid=395893797 Los Zetas. (2010, November 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Los_Zetas NarcoGuerra Times (2009, September 19). Zetas/La Compania, Ndrangheta and the Nuclear Options. NarcoGuerra Times. Retrieved from http://narcoguerratimes. wordpress. com/2009/09/19/zetasla-compania-ndhrangeta-and-the-nuclear-options/ Narcoterrorism. (2010, December 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Narcoterrorism Timeline of the Mexican Drug War. (2010, December 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved January 2, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? ttle=Timeline_of_the_Mexican_.

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Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Whether or not many have read the book, Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” has been referenced numerous times in social media. It has been used in media in such formats as movies and cartoons. Because of this, many believe Tom Sawyer to be a children’s book, while others believe it to be a more literal adult influenced novel. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel.

Many believe it is more suited as an adult book. The Influence of religion in any storyline can affect the plot greatly. “If we maintain the implicit conjunction between the Bible and Tom’s books, this can be read as a very serious critique of the abuses of religion” (McIntosh-Byrd 15). In his critique, Byrd states how religion is often seen as the only way to go. Many don’t know any different and therefore Byrd believes the book to be more centered on religion and its constant critique. “The fact that both of these scenes take place within the church in indicative of an implicit critique of the role of religion in St.

Petersburg” (McIntosh-Byrd 15). Again here Byrd says that religion has changed the storyline somewhat. Because of these reasons it can be argued that Tom Sawyer is more suited for adults because adults can understand what Twain was trying to say more and he knew this by the way he wrote. The different writing styles in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer change the audiences that the story appeals to. “These defects of structure would probably not appreciate the flexibility of the narrative, it’s easy, casual gait. ” (Doren 431).

From this view, Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,” can be seen as more of a children’s book because of its easy going nature. The lack of responsibility in this book translates well to children. “But Tom’s energy did not last. He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. ” (Twain 12) Many are without responsibilities and hope to never gain any. “Mark Twain drives with careless, sagging reins, but he holds the general direction. ” (Doren 431) Twain keeps a general hold on the story but he allows the characters to roam bout freely, which makes it more kid friendly, in the sense that the kids want to feel like they are truly in charge. “And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor, poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. ” (Twain 15) The different writing styles affected the story in one way but at the same time it can affect it in the other opposite direction. On the other side of the spectrum, this book can be seen as an adult’s novel based on the writing styles evident in the text. Twain borrowed its structure from several literary genres popular in the United States during the late nineteenth century: Local color-fiction, Juvenile fiction, sentimental romance, and the dime thriller” (De Santis). Adults can handle a lot more styles in books such as these. “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer…Represented an attempt to cultivate the gentled, eastern-seaboard audience currently enthralled by local-color fiction. ” (Baetzhold) Again here critic has noticed the same trend. Local-color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters of a story.

This is evident in De Santis’ critique of “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”. Noticing the author’s opinions the reader can tell whether they meant for their book to be a children’s book or an adult’s piece of literature. “It had no history, and no future, existing in the framed bookends of the author’s comments at the beginning and end of the tale. ” (McIntosh-Byrd 15) Twain’s opinions about the way things should be in society affects the story. Say another writer had written about the exact same topic it would be completely different. Twain put a lot of his own thoughts and beliefs into his story. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an extremely difficult work to approach analytically because it is so embedded in the author’s own childhood. ” (McIntosh-Byrd 13) It has been argued that the town of St. Petersburg in the story was Twain’s interpretation of his childhood hometown. “Uncertain whether it should be aimed at a youthful or an adult audience, Mark Twain once more submerged in the shadow the realistic aspects of puberty, removing portions of the book which might offend younger readers. ” (Baetzhold) if Twain didn’t remove these portions f the story it would have definitely been focused towards a more mature audience. Since he did it is more appropriate that “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” be focused more on the youthful audience. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel. The book was originally written as an adult’s novel, but over the years since it has been written it has slowly been more closely analyzed as a children’s book.

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Prison and the War on Drugs

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX Prison and The War on Drugs Week One Assignment CJA 234 [Type the author name] 10/4/2011 ? Prison and the War on Drugs. The war on drugs has been implemented for more than 30 years. Currently, there are close to a half million persons imprisoned on drug charges in this country. That […]

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The War on Drugs Critique Essay

Drugs have been around since prehistoric times as “times lacking written history”, the first drugs known to historians were alcohol and marijuana. Although, alcohol has changed in type and flavor, marijuana due to its prohibition has gone through many changes, including being more potent, being extracted for its THC, and being bricked down to smuggle […]

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