World War Ii

Who was Joe Louis, why is he important, and why did he help to increase black enlistment into the military? He was important because he defeated a white boxer and encouraged blacks to enlist In the army 2. What was the first concentration camp and when was it set up? Dachas, 1933 3. What groups of people were targeted during the Holocaust? Jews, Gypsies, Polish Catholic, Russians, mentally and physically disabled, homosexuals, and political prisoners. 4. What was the “Final Solution”? The mass murder of Jews 5.

Based on the reading, describe Auschwitz. More than 1. 6 million were killed in Auschwitz, they didn’t feed babies to see how long they could survive 6. During the asses, how was widespread anti-Semitism demonstrate by the US? The US only let 10 percent of the quota of Jewish people allowed into the country 7. How many nations were involved in ‘MINI and where did fighting take place? 70 nations were involved. 8. How many people participated In the war and how many people died? Over 70 million people served 9. Which nation suffered the greatest number of deaths? Which nation suffered the least?

Soviet troops, Germans, and Japanese suffered the most and Americans suffered the least amount of death 10. In what ways did the world change because of the war? The world is more observant of situations and people like Hitler and WI lead to the Nuclear age 11. How was US sentiments about international relations prior to WI similar to feelings prior to WWW? Because before WWW they were striving for Isolationism and they are striving for It again after WI 12. Why was the Kellogg- Brand Pact unsuccessful? Because the other nations didn’t agree with it so the other nations went to war anyways and tried bringing America into it. 3. In 1935, how did a large percentage of college students feel about war? Why did many people feel this way? They weren’t going to fight even if they were invaded 14. What was Merchants of Death and what did It argue? It was a book that said that the United States had been drawn into the European war by international arms manufacturers who had deliberately fomented conflict In order to market their products 15. What was Mien Kampala and what did It call for? Mien Kampala means my struggle. It laid out Hitless plan for Germany. 16. Why was Doll Hitler imprisoned?

Because he and his Anza party took over the 5 year old republic of Germany. The Beer Hall Putsch 17. What actions did Hitler take after becoming the chancellor of Germany? He outlawed labor unions, imposed newspaper censorship, and decreed that the Nazis would be the only political party of Germany. He also established a I OFF the age of 10 to Join youth organizations and follow Nazi beliefs. 18. What were the Unmerge Laws and what did they do? Forbade intermarriages, restricted property rights, and barred Jews from the civil service, the universities, and all professional and managerial occupations. . What did Japan do because of their lack of raw materials? What was the reaction of the US? They invaded Manchuria.. President Hoover rejected a military response. 20. As Japan ignored the reaction, what actions did they take during the asses? What was the reaction of the US? In December 1937, Japanese aircraft bombed the Panky, a U. S. Gunboat stationed on the Yanking River. The United States accepted Japan’s apology 21 . What event took place in Nanking and how did the US react? In December 1937, Japanese aircraft bombed the Panky, a U. S. Gunboat stationed on the

Yanking River. The United States accepted Japan’s apology 22. Who led Italy throughout WI? Bonito Mussolini 23. What was Italy’s political party and how was it similar to Hitter’s Germany? Fascism. He said he would end political corruption and labor struggles Just like Hitler. 24. What were Italy’s aspirations regarding Africa? To make an Italian empire in North Africa, 25. What actions did Germany take after dropping out of the League of Nations? He went seeking more land in England 26. What areas was Hitler able to annex without interference of Britain and France? Austria 27.

What is appeasement and why were Britain and France looked at as appeasing Germany? Appeasement is to make someone happy. They kept giving Germany breaks 28. What was agreed upon in the German-Soviet non-aggression pact? That the soviet union could have control over Poland 29. What event caused the war to begin and what was Germany’s war tactic? WWW. Germany’s war tactic was tip become the master race 30. Who became Prime Minister of Britain during the war? Winston Churchill 31 . What was the German Air Force called? Luftwaffe 32. After failing to destroy Britain, what actions did Germany take?

They invaded Belgium 33. What events occurred between Deck. 6 and Deck. 11, 1941? Soviet forces repulsed the German attacks on Moscow. This was Hitter’s first defeat 34. Between 1935 and 1941, how was the US involved in the war? We responded to the war by issuing a proclamation of neutrality. In 1941 the President offered a Lend- Lease aid to the Soviet union. 35. What actions did the US take against Japan because of their expansion throughout Asia? America froze all Japanese bank accounts in the US. 36. When did the bombing of Pearl Harbor occur? Deck 7th 1941 not destroyed the ship repair facilities. 8.

What was the US reaction to the bombing of Pearl Harbor? The US declared war on Japan 39. How did the war affect US economy? Give specific examples. The war brought unprecedented prosperity to America. 40. How did WI affect American fashion? Women had to work so they couldn’t wear more feminine clothes so they had to wear more masculine clothes 41 . What happened to the NAACP during the war? Their membership went from 50,000 to 500,00 thousand. 42. What was “Rosier the Riveter” and did it represent? She was the popular image of of women who abandoned traditional female occupations to work in defense industry. 3. What role did Mexican Americans play during the war? Almost 400,000 served during the war. 44. How were Mexican Americans treated in Los Angels during the war? Many youth gangs erupted in Los Angels 45. How was the naturalization of Italian, German, and Japanese immigrants to the US affected during the war? They weren’t allowed to in mass numbers. 46. What were Internment Camps? How did Sauerkraut v. US relate to these camps? Internment camps were for immigrants when they wanted to move into another country but they had to go to camps.

Because a US military official told Sauerkraut to go too camp and he said no and then he went to Jail. 47. How many people died at Straddling? 850,000 48. Before invading France, where did the US and British forces begin fighting? Germany 49. When did the allied invasion of France begin and what was it referred to as? 50. How/when did Hitler die? April 30th 1945. Gunshot to the head 51 . When was V-E day? May 8th 52. What were the US’ two strategies to defeat Japan and who led each of these? 53. What was the Enola Gay? Boeing 8-29 Superstores bomber

Radar and Bombsites. Both technologies played a crucial role in the defensive and offensive strategies of all the countries involved. During World War II RADAR saw its first use in combat operations. Although radar came of age during the war (Gobble) it is often referred to as the weapon that won the war and the invention that changed the world.

Radar was a technology that allowed land bases to detect Incoming aircraft and direct their anta-alarm defenses In the direction of the Incoming aircraft. Radar was also seed in an offensive strategy by giving aircraft the ability to attack targets at night and during inclement weather. Although the use of aircraft in combat wasn’t a new concept in World War II, the development of the bombsites helped to make them a strategic weapon. Bombsites technology allowed for more accurate bombing runs and precision targeting of military and industrial locations.

By factoring in altitude, air speed, and ground speed, World War II bombsites allowed bombers to fly at higher altitudes during their bombing missions which provided safety to the bombers and their crews from nit-aircraft guns and defending fighter aircraft. Radar Radar technology works by transmitting strong, short pulses of radio energy into the air in a specific direction using what is called a directional antenna. When these pulses hit an object like a ship, or aircraft they bounce off the object and back to the antenna.

These signals are then converted into an electric signal and shown on screen where they can be viewed by an operator. The position of a detected target Is determined by measuring the time It takes the signal pulse to travel to the target, ounce off, and return to the transmitting antenna. Combining this with the direction the antenna is pointing, gives the targets position. Bombsites A bombsites Is a device used by aircraft to sight a target from the alarm and then accurately drop a bomb on that target.

When a bomb Is dropped from an airplane It does not fall straight down but actually moves forward as it falls. This is caused by the horizontal movement of the plane in flight. A falling bomb is also affected by the air resistance created by falling through the air, which causes the bomb to always be Enid the plane when it strikes the target. A bombsites determines, in real time, both the range and the course of the plane so as to calculate the proper moment for releasing a bomb.

On the 7th of September 1940, the first wave of over 600 German bombers flew up the River Thames to attack the docks. This was the first night of a bombing campaign called the Blitz. Men and women living along the Thames believed “the whole world was on fire. ” For the next 56 nights London was bombed from dusk to dawn. Conclusion With the technology coming into WI, the war had changed. By building and reading new bomb sights, the Germans could easily bomb London from the air with out worry of artillery below.

Many civilians were killed in these bombing however, Londoner continued to go to work and move with every day life. Another new piece of technology, Radar, was also introduced in WI. This created a new era of technology based warfare. It is said that Radar could have stopped the bombing of Pearl Harbor as the Radar had picked up the incoming bombers. However, as Radar was only new and introduced, higher Captains didn’t believe what they were seeing was real and avoided it.

To what extent were Hitler and Stalin similar? Hitler and Stalin were both cruel dictators around the time of WW2, but to what extent were these two men similar? Firstly they were both dictators throughout WW2; however they were both of different beliefs. Hitler was a fascist and Stalin was a communist, however they were both such extreme versions of these beliefs that they were, in many ways alike. Starting with childhood, Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small Austrian town called Braunau, near to the German border.

His father, Alois Hitler was an abusive drunk similar to Stalin’s father, Besarion Vanovis Jughashvili. This evidence suggests that perhaps the bad relationships these men had with their fathers, who made very poor role models, may have had some contribution to the turnout of these dictators. Stalin did not graduate, unlike Hitler; instead he devoted his time to the revolutionary crusade against the Russian monarchy. He spent 15 years as an activist, who was arrested on a number of occasions and exiled six times in total.

In 1913 Stalin was captured for the sixth time, and was exiled to a region in Siberia near to the Arctic Circle called Turukhansk. He was then released for a final time in March, 1917, by Alexander Kerensky’s revolution. When you compare Hitler’s life before dictatorship it is obvious that this portion of the men’s life was extensively different. Stalin rose to power as general secretary covertly, into one of the most dominant communist parties at the time. And when revolution leader Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, control was thought by the Russian public, to belong to Leon Trotsky who was the head of the red army.

However Stalin rose to power instead and, although he incorporated fear into his tactics of leadership, like Hitler did, his actual claim of control over Russia was visibly dissimilar. Hitler’s early adulthood was difficult, after leaving his school in Vienna he was devastated by the loss of his mother to cancer. Shortly after which he was struck by another heavy blow, as he was rejected from art school and forced to give up his dream of becoming an artist.

He was now very poor and living in a doss house with the homeless, it was at this time many historians believe he developed his hatred of Jews as they were generally well-off people thriving in a time when he had nothing, this hatred would later play a major part in the mass genocide he lead during his dictatorship. When Hitler rose to power in 1933 Germany was facing a crisis, the great depression had struck, and America had stopped funding them or buying their goods, causing 6 million people to lose their jobs, on top of that the restrictions Germany had already suffered due to the treaty of Versailles were catastrophic.

So, the public began to question their current democratic leadership. For Hitler turning the public against democracy and communism was easy, they already doubted the democratic leadership and since the communist uprisings between 1919 and 1920 that had caused a major panic and the horror stories from Russia and Stalin, people already disliked the communists greatly. He used the similar beliefs between himself and the people to strengthen their relationship and allow them to worship him. Similarly, when Stalin came into power he influenced the people to turn them against his opposition by pointing out their similarities.

Stalin was a man of the people, a peasant who had fought in the revolution, and was in the public eye having attended and given the main speech at Vladimir Lenin’s funeral. However, his opposition Leon Trotsky was a Jewish Army leader who did not attend Lenin’s funeral (however sources tell that Stalin tricked Trotsky into not going). This was similar to Hitler because they both focused on what they had in common with the public , and ensured they kept themselves in the public eye as the hero when in actual fact they turned out to be the villains.

Another likeness between the two leaders was their use of terror to control their country. Both of the dictators enforced the secret police, who were one of the biggest fears of both countries public, in Russia the secret police were called ‘Cheka’ and in Germany they were known as Gestapo. The secret police were the secret force put together by the government to spy on and capture those who spoke out against them, in Hitler’s case for example the Jews. Once captured by the secret police the prisoners would either be executed or taken away to concentration camps, gulags or ghettos to be tortured and forced to work manual labour.

Both men additionally, believed in using children to spy on their parents, in many schools across Germany and Russia the dictator’s beliefs were broadcasted to young children, they were taught to snitch on their parents if they spoke out against the government. When using propaganda Hitler was linked to Stalin through their use of twisting the public’s mind. Many historical sources depict images of Hitler or images of Stalin hugging women and children and leading the army, in addition to this almost all of their osters depicted their political parties symbol, which with Nazis symbol (swastika)ironically meant good fortune and peace. A major difference was that Stalin’s posters were much more general, much more of Stalin loving the public whereas Hitler’s posters clearly defined his policies. For instance Nazi propaganda was widely images of the Hitler youth army, the Aryan race (the race Hitler believed to be superior to all others- blonde hair/blue eyes) and many images of ugly Jewish people perhaps eating German babies.

Often when observing Hitler and Stalin people overlook the changes they made for the good. In Hitler’s case he promised policies such as Lebensraum (the need for living space) -the reclaiming of land lost in the treaty of Versailles and, he promised to increase the army size from 100,000 to 1,400,000. He also came up with the Hitler youth army providing leisure events such as holidays, trips and sports events, moreover he gave the Germans cheaper cinema and theatre tickets and provided them with better meals.

He greatly improved the quality of German working facilities, as well as providing loans to married couples, and encouraging the birth of children by saying that the more children you had the less you had to pay back form the loans. Overall the main thing he provided to the poor Germans who had lost so much since WW1. Stalin gave the public hope for triumph for over the cruel grip of fascism taking the current revolution a step further. He made his country a world power alongside the USA, not like Hitler who made Germany suffer a colossal loss after WW2.

He greatly improved Russian industries and economy, the farming in Russia increased by 200 %. Additionally Stalin increased by decades the life expectancy of many Russians, he also enriched the lives of many Russians who lost faith especially throughout WW2. Furthermore, during Stalin’s rule he significantly enhanced the standard of women’s rights by allowing them to receive education and employment and permitting them to give birth in hospitals with prenatal care. Opposing Hitler immensely, who sacked hundreds of women believing their purpose was to stay at home with the children, and cook and clean.

On June 22nd, 1941 Hitler, feeling himself losing the war and growing paranoid of Stalin’s communist power invaded Russia calling it Operation Barbarossa. It was a foolish decision which lost him a large portion of his army, and the war essentially. Stalin triumphed and by mid-April of 1945, Soviet forces had pushed their way into Berlin, and Hitler and his wife Eva killed themselves in order to escape the terrible punishments of losing the war. Stalin died later on in 1953 on March 5th, 1953 a stroke.

In conclusion although they were both at the furthest ends of right wing communism (Stalin) and fascism (Hitler), they were indeed so extreme, that in a way, they were a like. There methods of control, torture and advertisement were so remarkably alike and, their mass genocides will go down as two of the most dreadful, but painfully similar events in history. So to a certain extent I do agree that these dictators were very similar from a particularly young age, though at many significant points in their lives they did show great dissimilarities.

The Battle of Midway, which took place in the Pacific from June 4-7, 1942, is considered to be the most decisive battle between the American and the Japanese naval forces during the Second World War. The stunning defeat suffered by the Japanese Navy resulted to the loss of four of its large carriers and effectively loosened Japan’s stranglehold over the Pacific region. This development enabled the Allied Forces to seize the initiative in the region (Naval Historical Center 2005).

The decision to attack and capture Midway was part of the Japanese campaign in the region which started in December 1941 with the outbreak of the war in the Pacific, the purpose of which was to seize American, British, and Dutch territories located in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Naval Historical Center 2005). Japan first surprised the American Fleet which was stationed at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Then on December 10, the Japanese forces occupied Guam. Wake was the next to fall, on December 23, 1941. On February 15, 1942, Singapore also fell to Japanese hands (Geocities.

com). Then the Japanese also seized Malaysia, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and other groups of islands located in the western and central Pacific. It was only the first phase of the Japanese campaign in Asia and the Pacific and it was easily completed without much opposition from the surprised Allies by March 1942 (Naval Historical Center 2005). On January 23, 1942, the second phase of the Japanese campaign was planned by order of the Japanese Imperial Headquarters. Its objective was to effectively isolate India and Australia from the war.

For this phase to be completed, the Japanese forces planned to launch offensives aimed at capturing vital bases located in the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea. Their intention was to utilize these bases to support their planned campaign against Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia. During the first half of March, after successfully occupying the northern coast of Papua-New Guinea, the next objective of the Japanese forces was to seize Port Moresby which was nearer Australia, being situated in the southern coast.

Their plan was to launch an amphibious assault in order to capture the Port (Naval Historical Center 2005). At the outset, however, phase two of the plan of the Japanese Imperial Headquarters which was to occupy the islands of Fiji and Samoa was opposed by the Commander-in-Chief of Japan’s Combined Fleet, Admiral Yamamoto Isoruku, who believed that the two islands were not strategic enough to merit Japan’s attention and resources. Instead of Samoa and Fiji, Admiral Yamamoto Isoruku wanted to seize the island of Midway located in the Central Pacific.

Although the General Staff of the Japanese Armed Forces was inclined to decide in his favor, the plan of attack which was presented by his staff did not prove plausible enough for the General Staff, thereby eliciting objections from some of its members. Because of these objections, Admiral Yamamoto threatened to resign his commission if his plan was not approved (Microworks. net). However, Yamamoto’s plan suddenly became acceptable to the General Staff after the Imperial Japanese Navy, whose primary task was to protect the Home Islands, suffered what was considered to be its most humiliating defeat of the war.

The date was April 18, 1942 and the occasion was the attack on several Japanese cities and towns, including Tokyo and Yokosuka, which was carried out by “eighteen B-25 Mitchell medium bombers” which took off from the U. S. carrier Hornet. Although the bombers, which were commanded by Lt. -Col. James H. Doolittle, were not able to inflict considerable damage, the attack left the Japanese in fear of similar occurrences in the future which might result to the Emperor’s palace being hit.

The attack also demoralized the members of the Japanese Armed Forces. Because of this, Admiral Yamamoto’s threat of resignation was treated seriously and his plan of attacking Midway was accepted in full by the General Staff (Microworks. net). Admiral Yamamoto’s plan, as presented and approved by the Naval General Staff for implementation on May 5, would involve the whole Combined Fleet. It consisted of “seven battleships, ten carriers, some two dozen cruisers, and more than seventy destroyers” which, at the time, were distributed among six fleets.

According to Yamamoto’s plan, he would lead the “main body” of the force which would consist of three of Japan’s most powerful battleships: the Nagato, Yamato, and Mutsu. Hosho, a light carrier with eight attack planes on board for anti-submarine duties, would be supporting the three battleships. Several destroyers would serve as a screening force for the “main body” (Microworks. net). The second element would be the “Aleutians Strike Force” under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro. It was composed of the light carrier Ryujo and Junyo, a cruise liner which was converted into a carrier.

This force, which also included the battleships Hyuga, Yamashiro, Fuso, and Ise, would be protected by a number of destroyers and cruisers. Another element of the Combined Fleet, the Second Fleet, was commanded by Admiral Kondo Nobutake. Aside from the battleships Haruna and Kongo, Admiral Kondo Nobutake, whose primary responsibility was to provide protection for Rear-Admiral Tanaka Raizo’s “Invasion Force,” also had at his disposal the light carrier Zuiho and a big complement of cruisers and destroyers (Microworks. net).

The pride of the Combined Fleet was, however, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichi’s “First Air Fleet. ” According to historians, this fleet was already known to sow fear among the enemy ranks because of its role in the attack of Pearl Harbor and in every major operation since conducted by the Japanese Navy. This imposing force consisted of two heavy cruisers, two battleships, and a squadron of destroyers (Microworks. net). However, what really made this fleet a force to reckon with were the Japanese Navy’s six heavy carriers, namely: Akagi, Soryu, Kaga, Hiryu, Zuikaku, and Shokaku.

For this particular mission, however, the carriers Zuikaky and Shokaku could not participate in the action because of the heavy damage which they suffered during the earlier “Battle of the Coral Sea” (Geocities. com). The plan called for a diversionary attack against the Dutch Harbor facilities of the United States Navy in the Aleutian Islands so that the American forces, especially their carriers, would be forced to leave the vicinity of Midway in order to defend Alaska.

This diversionary attack would be conducted by the “Aleutians Strike Force” under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro. After luring the Americans away, the planes from the carriers of the Combined Fleet would conduct an air strike against the American defenses in Midway. At the same time, the forces of the Combined Fleet would prepare to ambush the American ships once they go back to defend Midway. After sinking the American ships, the Japanese, using their seaplanes, would immediately occupy some parts of Aleutian Islands such as Kiska and Attu, including Kure Island, and Midway itself.

Admiral Yamamoto also wanted to decimate the American naval forces by putting in place a submarine cordon near the islands of Hawaii so that a weaker American fleet would make contact with his “main body. ” This plan was approved by the Naval General Staff under the leadership of Admiral Nagano (Microworks. net). Historical observers, however, noted two significant defects in Admiral Yamamoto’s plan. The first defect was his failure to appreciate the true worth of the aircraft carrier in the conduct of naval operations.

He did not realize that his carriers could be devastating without getting dangerously near the enemy ships by simply dispatching their aircraft complement. Since he was not convinced of the carrier’s importance, Yamamoto considered his battleships to be more valuable than the carriers relegating the latter to a supporting status. In addition, because of the slowness of his big battleships, the other ships which composed the Combined Fleet were forced to keep pace, effectively affecting their maneuverability (History Learning Site 2009).

The other, more significant and consequently more fatal, defect of Yamamoto’s plan was the fact that his diversionary attack against the American facilities in the Aleutian islands was bound to fail because the Americans were already aware of it and in fact, knew that his real objective was Midway. Because of this knowledge, American ships were not lured to the defense of Alaska and instead waited to ambush Admiral Yamamoto’s fleet (History Learning Site 2009).

The Americans knew of Yamamoto’s plan to attack Midway through two naval intelligence stations. One was operating out of Melbourne, Australia while the other was based at Pearl Harbor. These intelligence facilities were able to intercept radio communications which helped them not only to pinpoint the locations of the major fleets of the Japanese navy but also to study their operational patterns. Based on these, the Americans were able to predict the future operations of the Japanese forces (Naval Historical Center 2005).

As early as May 25, the Americans were already aware of Yamamoto’s intentions and prepared accordingly. Their three carriers which were at sea at the time were immediately ordered to return to Pearl Harbor. The carriers USS Hornet and USS Enterprise which comprised Task Force 16 (TF 16) arrived on May 26. USS Enterprise of Task Force 17, on the other hand, came back on May 27. However, since it suffered major damage during the “Battle of the Coral Sea,” USS Yorktown had to undergo urgent repair to prepare it for another battle.

The repair that was supposed to be completed in three months was rushed in only three days to enable the carrier to participate in the “Battle of Midway” (Geocities. com). Meanwhile, over in Midway, the Americans scrambled to strengthen their defenses. Six brand-new “Avenger” torpedo planes which missed their mother carrier (USS Hornet) were deployed to Midway. Then seven F4F-3 and another twenty F2A-3 Marine fighter planes were also added to Midway defense, in addition to 27 dive-bombers, 23 army bomber planes, and 32 reconnaissance planes (Geocities.

com). On May 29, TF 16 under the overall command of Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance sailed out of Pearl Harbor to prepare for the battle. It was composed of the carriers Enterprise and Hornet, with a screening force composed of four heavy cruisers (Minneapolis, Pensacola, New Orleans, and Northampton), two light cruisers (Vincennes and Atlanta), and a total of nine destroyers. On the other hand, TF 17, which was under the command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, was not able to sail until after the completion of the repair of USS Yorktown on May 30.

The screening force of TF 17 was composed of Portland, which was a heavy cruiser, a light cruiser (Astoria), and six destroyers. The mission of TFs 16 and 17 was to lie in wait for the Japanese naval fleet (Geocities. com). The diversionary attack on Dutch Harbor was launched by the “Aleutians Strike Force” under Vice-Admiral Hosogaya Moshiro at 0243 hours on June 3. The attacking force consisted of a total of 35 planes: twelve dive-bombers and six Zero fighter planes from the light carrier Junyo and eleven torpedo bombers and six Zero fighters from the light carrier Ryujo.

Although the Americans defended with heavy anti-aircraft fire, the Japanese attackers were able to kill more than twenty American sailors and soldiers in the course of shooting up their army barracks, a radio station, and a tank farm. The “Aleutians Strike Force,” however, did not succeed in its actual mission which was to lure the American naval forces present in the area away from Midway. What happened was that one Zero fighter plane which made an emergency landing was later recovered by Americans who later discovered the one weakness of the plane: “a very light armor protection.

” This weakness was later exploited by the Americans to defeat the Zeros which earlier terrorized the skies over the Pacific (Geocities. com). Meanwhile, the attack on Midway took place early morning of June 4 – the first day of the Battle of Midway. A total of 108 planes took part in the first attack. Thirty-six were fighter planes (nine each from the four carriers) while the remaining 72 were bombers. The other Japanese bombers were kept in reserve in the four carriers just in case a second attack would be needed or if American ships showed up.

While the attack on Midway was ongoing, the Japanese fleet also dispatched three reconnaissance planes to search around in case American naval fleets showed up to intervene. At almost the same time, the American defenders in Midway launched six “Wildcat” fighters to patrol the skies and 11 reconnaissance planes to search for the Japanese fleet. Two of the reconnaissance planes of the Americans spotted the Japanese fleet at around 0530 hours and 0552 hours, respectively. By 0600 hours, Midway dispatched all of its bombers to launch an attack against the Japanese carriers.

The Americans, however, were almost annihilated by the anti-aircraft guns of the carriers and the more superior Zero fighters of the Japanese (Geocities. com). In the end, the Americans were aided by their more superior intelligence. While the Japanese reconnaissance planes finally spotted the American fleet, they were not able to identify the kinds of ships composing the American fleet. In other words, the Japanese commanders did not know whether carriers were part of them. In contrast, the Americans knew with certainty that the four heavy carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy were in the Japanese fleet.

In the final analysis, the defeat of the Japanese came as a result of their indecision whether to arm their planes with bombs for the Midway attack or torpedoes needed to attack the American ships, especially their carriers (Geocities. com). In the absence of an intelligence regarding the composition of the American fleet, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichi, the commander of the “First Air Fleet,” decided to load his planes with bombs so that the second attack on Midway could be launched. He thought that if the American fleet did not have any carrier with it, the attack on Midway should take precedence.

When the report from their reconnaissance planes came in at 0820 hour stating that the American fleet included a carrier, Vice-Admiral Nagumo Chuichi changed his decision and ordered that the bombs be replaced with torpedoes so that an attack against the American fleet could be launched. Unfortunately, he could not immediately dispatch his planes because he still had to wait for the planes from the Midway attack to return safely to the carriers, otherwise all the returning planes would have to ditch because they could not land on the carriers.

This moment of confusion left the Japanese fleet without any aerial defense and allowed the Americans to attack the Japanese carriers. In the end, all four heavy carriers of the Japanese were sunk, while the Americans lost only USS Yorktown. The Japanese never recovered from their loss in the Battle of Midway after which, they lost the supremacy that they were enjoying in the Pacific and ultimately lost the Pacific War (Geocities. com). Bibliography Geocities. com. “The Battle of Midway. ” http://www.

geocities. com/Athens/Rhodes/8384/midway. html (accessed April 15, 2009). Microworks. net. “Stopping the Tide: The Battle of Midway, 4-6 June 1942. ” http://www. microworks. net/PACIFIC/battles/midway. htm (accessed April 15, 2009). Naval Historical Center. 2005. “Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942. ” http://www. history. navy. mil/faqs/faq81-1. htm (accessed April 15, 2009). Trueman, Chris. 2009. “Battle of Midway. ” http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/battle_of_midway. htm (accessed April 15, 2009).

Time is one of the utmost valuable entities that we have while we’re alive. We need time to develop our personal characteristics and talent, understanding relationships. Nothing becomes instantaneous, nor is it happenstance when it comes to understanding the importance of time.

Everything in life requires time…from simply eating a meal to driving to a remote destination to developing a career. It is only thorough time that we are able to mature and develop wisdom through experiences we participate in as we move along our life’s journey. Time help us to set our priorities. Looking at the importance of time, we find that life is but a whisper—one day we are born, we grow up to experience an array of decision-making events (good and bad), and if we are fortunate to get to a ripe age, we leave this world—hopefully leaving a positive mark on society. In comparison to time, life goes by so fast. Time is one commodity that can be stored up and used for a later occasion—everyone has the exact amount of time in a day—24 hours.

In fact, time is so essential that there never seems to be enough of it and we tend to believe that if we only had more time we would be able to accomplish great things, or something productive like a develop a relationship, accomplish a project or task, or even just rest for a longer period of time. On the contrary, some believe that they have too much time on their hands and have not discovered a true sense of using time wisely.

While the management of time in terms of applying principles, skills tools and systems is essential from a military point of view, I’ve learned that the precision of time is extremely critical when it comes to collaborating operations in order to accomplish satisfactory results. Planning timed events not only does it save lives, but we learn to be an army in sequence and on one accord.

Not only have I heard echoed as long as I can remember catch phrases like, ‘time is money’, ‘seize the moment’ or ‘time is of the essence’, but I’ve learned that the consumption of time that is wasted cannot be retrieved and that time must be appreciated. When time is not cherished, causalities will develop in terms of seizing the perfect moment, taking advantage of the perfect scenario, or lost opportunities. Inappropriate use of time always affects others—it produces a domino effect. It’s gone forever.

For centuries, time has left its mark in history and many fallen heroes have paid the ultimate sacrifice because of it. Timing has also allowed us to commemorate victory in liberating countries out of the bondage of hatred and despair.

When time is taken more seriously, great accomplishments are made and outstanding memories grace the pages of history for all to know about. While none of us are perfect in any area of our lives, I’ve learned that we should get the most out of each day, and that we should enjoy life to the fullest; which helps us to understand the importance of every moment. Time allows us to recognize triumph and failure…especially when it comes down to military strategies. Through a series of strategically planned and comprehensive precisely timed events, which included all components such as the time of day, natural elements, environmental surroundings, scheduled events, and a host of other supportive circumstances, the Allied Airborne Operations during Operation Overlord, otherwise recognized as D-Day, is noted to this day for its historical success.

The landings were conducted in two phases and synchronized timing played a major role in this operation. The first landing of an airborne assault consisting of 24,000 British, American, Canadian and Free French airborne troops arrived shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armored military on the coast of France that started at 6:30 a.m. sharp. The surprise attack was achieved thanks to inclement weather and set of comprehensive deception plans implemented many months before the landings. One deception plan, Operation Bodyguard was intentionally launched to distract the German’s attention from the possibility of landings in Normandy.

A key success was to convince Adolf Hitler that the landings would actually occur at another location. There were also decoy operations taking place simultaneously with the landings under the code names Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the German forces from the real landing areas. These operations were successful because of timing and operating as an army of one clearly defined goal. Operation Market-Garden on the other hand was considerably an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War.

It was the largest airborne operation up to that time. While the beginning parts of the strategy plan were successful; the operation failed miserably because of lack of synchronized timing and delays, unforeseen circumstances and inadequate information which caused system breakdowns and total chaos near the end of the carefully strategized operation. The end resulted in severe negligence factors which left our military and allied forces trapped and vulnerable to enemy attacks, and unplanned resources had to be called in to evacuate and help support the initiative.

If this operation had been successful, it would have shortened World War II by six months but instead a prolonged war became inevitable. From sunrise to sunset, timing affects everything that we do. Timing should be treated with the upmost respect; because once time is used up…it cannot be recovered again. Whether time is wasted, mismanaged or even used wisely, it always has a significant bearing on others. Time can either help or hinder others from their achievements and we must all learn to be considerate of using someone else’s time wisely. Each day, I have decided to be more intentional in planning, and I am not the same person I was a year ago.

Within a year timep I now value time because past experiences have taught me not to take it for granted. One thing that I have learned for sure is that everyone experiences time differently, and I have decided take a conscience approach to use my time wisely.

The occurrence of wars all over the world induced various alterations to the economic situations of all countries and states on the globe; therefore, the conclusion of World War 1 left nations without much of a choice but to work hard to improve their typical stable economies. This then led to the emergence of the gold mechanism, enabling world-class nations to have their economies stabilized once again. In this system, every nation’s currency had to gather the help of other nation’s money and mineral stores to a particular extent.

However, the gold mechanism resulted in the breakdown of communications among the economies of nations, leading to the Great Depression which happened during the early 20th century (James, 1996). So the nations could negate the impacts of this financial distress, each country made initiatives to improve the efficiency of their goods and services due for exportation; this was meant to minimize the nations’ deficits through deflation of their money. This mechanism however, looked to be perfect only when the nation’s deflation level is quicker and more stable than others.

The consequence is that the fighting for global deflation significantly increased, resulting to major losses of different businesses, tremendous lack of job opportunities, unfair inflation rates and the loss of trust on financial institutions. While certain meetings have been accomplished in the early 20th century to find solutions to the global financial dilemmas that have been the major impacts of the Great Depression, all of these meetings did not bore any significant results.

After the conclusion of World War 2, the countries came to the realization of the immediate importance to establish a mechanism that will help control all operations of economies. Particularly, this very creative financial mechanism will take over the evaluation of global economic initiatives. This then led to the meeting at Bretton Woods in America. The significant achievement of the meeting is the establishment of two primary world institutions.

The meeting in Bretton Woods happened in 1944, and there were a total of 44 nations present during the meeting. The main goal of this meeting was to establish changes and initiatives within global money flows and economic interactions. The strategy to establish the Bretton Woods mechanism was suggested by two leading economic experts during that period: John Maynard Keynes, a leading economics expert based in the UK, and Harry Dexter White, the American secretary of treasury.

As stated by both economics experts, the establishment of the Bretton Woods mechanism is a daunting and difficult endeavor because the economic policies have to be agreed upon by each and every participating nation (Hallerberg, 2004). The formulation of the Bretton Woods strategy resulted to the establishment of America as a superpower. In comparison to other countries and taking into consideration the tremendous consequences of the recently concluded World War, America still possess the financial stability that other nations crave for.

Aside from having an astounding amount of mineral stores, the American money during that period was the money with the most stable buying privilege. The World War 2 relegated all nations based in Europe into having to suffer from huge financial deficits in spite of the fact that they had the most mineral stores given to America; therefore, the emergence of America as a superpower did not came as a shock to everyone. This situation was used then by the Bretton Woods mechanism in selecting the American currency as its primary monetary unit, upon which all member countries agreed in unison.

The mechanism is under the control of two primary organizations: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. These organizations had also been founded in America. The mechanism functioned through the application of stable exchange rates utilizing the American currency as the primary monetary unit (Bordo, 1993). The major mechanism that identified its functions was based after the strategic ideas of White and not Keynes. With these circumstances and with the other elements under consideration, the superb power of America over the Bretton Woods mechanism was obvious.

Effectiveness in relation to its Objectives Based on the situations identified above, here is no doubt that the primary goal of the Bretton Woods is to give aids with regards to the financial stability of countries globally as well as initiate financial strategies for growing and emerging countries. These goals are primarily attained through the allotment of loans that can be attained by all member countries. The long duration of functioning of the Bretton Woods mechanism proved that these goals had been attained.

One of the proofs was that the situations of global monetary currencies changed in accordance with level that most nations can afford in the previous and succeeding years. Aside from these, the Bretton Woods era also resulted in the establishment of unreal growth in terms of financial opportunities (Culpeper, 1997). It has also been proven that the growth of the financial opportunities during the Bretton period had been valuable. Specifically, the level of inflation was minimized in accordance to the basic level for each country excluding Japan.

Through the initiatives of these organizations the goal of enhancing profit was attained as the development of GDP during that period had been larger as compared to any other economic period; moreover, the level of interests, with the help of the Bretton Woods organizations, is still strong and affordable. Aside from these tremendous benefits, the goals of both organizations had been attained through their consistent initiatives and application of beneficial economic policies, particularly for growing countries.

For example, the World Bank has an organization under its control called Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) which primarily offers loans to enable that start of various programs of the growing countries. Loans for political initiatives are also being given by MIGA in order to give protection for investors against abuse and corruption. This results into the fulfillment of programs since all delays caused by financial problems are being stopped. Through MIGA, growing countries are also able to encourage and manage their economic policies and programs, enabling the stability of their economies (Boughton, 1995).

Composed of almost all nations globally, the purpose of the existence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is based on the provision of global economic interaction through the establishment of a global evaluation organizations, which will do all the monitoring, support and communications regarding financial dilemmas and current news. Its primary goal is to help in the emergence of global trade in order to attain profitable options and abundance of job opportunities. It is also the goal of the IMF to guarantee the fairness of the trading, thereby, eliminating the possibility of unfair competition.

Its objective is also based on the deletion of complicated policies that prevent the establishment of payment mechanism for economic transactions (Helleiner, 1996). Most significantly, nations having economic dilemmas are provided with chances to solve them with the guidance of the IMF and its current economic conditions. The foundation of the World Bank is an integral factor in the worldwide economic mechanisms, especially among growing nations. As an important organization that provides economic support, growing nations are able to gain access to loans annually.

Through its highly-qualified personnel, money and information database, the World Bank has the capability to help each growing nation towards attaining a manageable plan and program to counter poverty (Battilossi, 2005). The primary goals of the organization involve the enhancement of the growing nations’ ways of survival as well as the deletion of mediocrity. Primarily, is objective is to manage the financial plans and programs of the growing countries and give ample financial aid.