City

An airport master plan (AMP) is a standard document used by the airport industry in the planning and design of new airports and redesign or restructuring of existent ones in order to meet the existent and emerging market demands (Ricondo & Associates et al 2009, p89). The plan is often prepared based on principles like how the airport authority should act in the process of planning in generating the necessary documents required by government and other related bodies. An AMP is a very important document that airport authority needs to prepare not only because it is a government requirement but because it defines certain levels of services (LOS) for all the terminal handling procedures that ensure that high quality standards in the airports are met and maintained. These principles include factors like the waiting times at the counters and airline handling procedures. Furthermore, the manual contains information on the recommendations on the relationship between the number of passengers using the airport and the necessary space needed by the airport in enhancing smooth operations on the basis of service provision.

Brief background on the London city airport AMP

The London city airport AMP was prepared in November 2006 and details a projected market growth with a proposition of a phased expansion plan aimed at meeting the demands of the airport up to 2030. The document was published as a response to the 2003 government aviation white paper that requires airport operators to produce the plans indicating how they can maximize the use of the existent runway capacity (Crider et al 2011, p36). This plan advocated for an increase in the movements in King George V dock, hence resulting in the generation of more noise to the city. Although an AMP is an important document as already outlined, it has its own shortcomings that arise from the fact that they are often prepared by individual airports which by itself fails to fully take into account the needs of the city as a whole. This is a major challenge facing the London city Airport master plan 2006 because it fails to outline how the city aims at competing at the top level with other cities like Amsterdam and Frankfurt in terms of capacity.

It is important to regularly review AMPs because of the dynamic nature of the airline industry and changing demands of different cities. The London city airport AMP is fairly efficient as it aims at increasing the number of flight movements from the current 80,000 to 120,000 by 2030. This implies that the airport will be able to handle 3.9 passengers per annum from the current 2.5 million. Its major fault stems from the fact that it does not take into account the future of the city in the long run which is worrying owing to the fact that airline industry is ever expanding hence leading to probable capacity constraints (National Research Council et al 2012, p16).

The PESTEL analysis analyses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal issues that affect a business entity. Senguttuvan (2007, p79) claims that in the airport business, the PESTEL analysis is important because it aids in the analysis of market and prediction of the future industrial trends.

PESTEL analysis

Political

As the market increases in size, deregulation may lead to economies of scale
Liberalization of skies which leads to an increase in market size

Economic

Some airlines are experiencing financial troubles caused by the recession
Increase in costs like insurance (Kincaid et al 2012, p66 & Grothaus et al 2009,p88)
Decrease in number of passengers owing to economic difficulties

Social

Some passengers are reluctant to fly especially after the attacks of September 11
The knock on social affect results to loses

Technology

Economies of scale especially in production that comes from market size expansion
E-commerce and other logistics have been made more efficient by technology (Ashford, Mumayiz, & Wright 2011, p38)

Environment

Noise pollution that accompanies increase in the number of flights
Expanding the airport by creating additional runways may lead to displacements

Legal

The need to comply with both local and national laws

Key challenges that affect the reliability of AMP & the PESTEL Analysis

Although the AMP is a good document forecasting the future of the London city airport, there are factors stated in the PESTEL analysis that may actually inhibit the actual realization of the plan. Burghouwt (2007, p55) says that the economic challenges may actually stop people from flying as they opt for other cheaper methods of transport like road and railway. Additionally, noise pollution may hinder the expansion of the airports as the local authority may step in to protect the people living around the airports by stopping the addition of more flights. The insulation offered by the airport authority against pollution may not be sufficient in controlling noise pollution.

The London city Airport master plan 2006 should be amended to take into consideration the long term interests of the city. The document should have proposed for an expansion of the terminals in order to cater for the projected increase in the number of both passengers and cargo. This should be in tandem with improving the road and rail networks so as to aid the handling of both passengers and cargo (Baglin et al 2012, p56 & National Research Council, 2011, p33). This would ensure that the airport takes into account the future interests of passengers in terms of capacity, efficiency and convenience. Future airport planning and development should always be aimed at catering for the long term interests of the passengers (Elizer et al 2012, p51). This is because the airline industry is still growing and as the economy continues to grow more people are likely to use air transport in the future. Generally, the London city airport plan is a good plan because it has not only taken into consideration factors like environmental impact but has also ensured an increase in capacity without having to go for 24 hour flights which would have been a big nuisance to the people living around the airport. This plan can be termed as strategic because of its pragmatic approach in tackling the capacity issue at the airport.

Bibliography

Ashford, N. J., Mumayiz, S. A., & Wright, P. H. (2011). Airport engineering: Design, planning, and development of 21st century airports. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Baglin, C., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2012). Airport climate adaptation and resilience. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Burghouwt, G. (2007). Airline network development in Europe and its implications for airport planning. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Crider, R., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2011). Guidebook for developing and leasing airport property. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Elizer, R. M., Gresham, Smith, and Partners., Texas Transportation Institute., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2012). Guidebook for implementing intelligent transportation systems elements to improve airport traveler access information. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Grothaus, J. H., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2009). Guidebook for managing small airports. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Kincaid, I. S., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2012). Addressing uncertainty about future airport activity levels in airport decision making. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., United States., & Landrum & Brown. (2012). Guidebook for incorporating sustainability into traditional airport projects. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., United States., & Delta Airport Consultants, Inc. (2011). Airport industry familiarization and training for part-time airport policy makers. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Ricondo & Associates., National Research Council (U.S.)., Airport Cooperative Research Program., & United States. (2009). Strategic planning in the airport industry. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board.

Senguttuvan, P. S. (2007). Principles of airport economics. New Delhi: Excel Books.

UPDATE:

At first glance, this thing looks like some sci-fi contraption that swallows up cars. Actually, the idea is a lot less aggressive. It’s the city bus of the future.

Plans for this elevated bus were unveiled at the recent China Beijing International High-Tech Expo, . The basic idea is that passengers can ride higher up, allowing usual traffic to pass by underneath.

Related: 

One can imagine that the people behind this project are aiming to reduce traffic problems and congestion on Chinese roadways.

In the video above, the model appears to be moving along a set of rails in the road. Sort of one part bus, one part trolly, and a whole lotta weird. Each bus could someday hold as many as 1,200 people, the project’s engineers said at the big tech event.

These buses could start showing up in China before the end of the year, the report says.

Related: 

I don’t know about you, but if I saw this thing in my rearview, barreling down at me, I’d pray I had some adult diapers in my glove compartment, if you know what I mean.

Jerusalem, the city of the three faiths. Jerusalem founded in between 4500-3500 BCC has become a center of the three major monotheistic faiths in the world, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Rising from a proto-Cantle village to a city that has had crusades and Jihads launched In Its name has truly been an amazing turn of events. How did It happen? Why Is It Important? Why here and not elsewhere? What makes people so driven to capture Jerusalem? Why has It been captured and recaptured no less than forty four times? Questions that have great difficulty to be answered often times yield the most interesting answers.

Jerusalem has been beckoning those of the three major monotheistic faiths to come and seek her since all three faiths inceptions, The City of David, The City of Jesus and the place where the prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven can be seen as truly a focal point of the World’s religions, though it is in a relatively isolated area in the Eleven. Jerusalem has been a center of religious fervor almost since it’s inception, it has perhaps been this way due to its almost geocentric position in accordance with the empires of the world. At first glance, Jerusalem on a geographic level seems to have very little owing for It.

In a region of relatively little rainfall and with an elevation of approximately 2500 feet It Is difficult to move water Into the city. The forests that were once around Jerusalem have been devastated by wars. Overall, It does seem to indeed have very little actually going for it in the geographic sense. The majority of Jerusalem allure might be seen to have come from the location and the centrality in world politics that it has had. Perhaps the main reason that it has been such a religious center since its inception is not due to the geography of the region at all but it’s location. Jerusalem is located in the center of the Eleven.

The Eleven is located at a prime position to be a part of quite a few empires. The Babylonians, Persians, Eclectics, Romans, and the Ptolemaic peoples laid claim toastmaster at some point during the Biblical time frame. The Byzantine, Muslim, Turk, French and British empires have also led claim to it since then as well. Jerusalem has been fought over so many times that It has been fully destroyed and rebuilt twice. Being In a prime location has surely helped Jerusalem be a city of all three major monotheistic faiths, f one looks at the original monotheistic faith, one might see this in practice.

With the Jewish faith, one sees a people that came from the legendary figure Abraham who purportedly gave a figure named Milkweed a tithing of his possessions. Moses, another patriarchal figure of the Jewish faith desired to lead his followers into the promise land. This promise land was none other than Canaan, the land in which Jerusalem is located. After the conquest of Jerusalem, David made it his capital and following the building of the Temple by Solomon, it became the capital of the Jewish Faith.

With being the Political capital, there surely was some incentive to be the religious capital as well. When It comes to the Christian faith, It Is one of the two holiest clues In Christianity. Rome and Jerusalem are these two holiest cycles in the Christian faith. Jerusalem was the orally of the Christian faith and has always been the epicenter of protestant faith. Catholicism associates Rome as Its faiths epicenter. Other cities also exhibit importance in various churches as well. Jerusalem journeys of Jesus are centered around Jerusalem.

With all of this writing based round Jerusalem, there was absolutely no reason for it not to be one of the primary centers of the Christian faith. When it comes to Jerusalem and the Muslim faith, it is the third holiest city of their faith behind Mecca and Medina. Jerusalem is the location where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. The Dome of the Rock is located on top of where the prophet Muhammad allegedly ascended to Heaven. Due to this fact, several Jihads have been launched in the name of reclaiming Jerusalem for Islam. Jerusalem is definitely a holy city by any measure of the word.

The three major monotheistic faiths have claimed Jerusalem among their holy cities since each of their inceptions. The reasons that they have claimed it originally were not strictly and completely religious. Some of the claims over Jerusalem have been due to its central location. Because of this central location, the propensity for historical events to occur there has greatly increased. One could also argue that from a religious perspective, like the formerly pagan Pantheon, that some cultures find sites that do have something truly special about them and other cultures come and build upon this belief.

From a critical observation, the American metropoliss since the 1950 ‘s to day of the month has gone through a figure of cardinal alterations in countries like industrialisation, authorities, instruction and many others. This paper focuses on the development of the great American metropoliss from the 50 ‘s through to this twenty-four hours. Between 1900 and 1970, the Southern black Diaspora began migrating from the South into the Northern and Western parts of the US. This inflow was mostly due to the wake of the bondage epoch therefore inkinesss needed to travel off from the southern parts for a complete sense of emancipation ( Grossman. par 1 ) .

To appreciate how the African American mass going altered history we must get down with the fact that these migrators were come ining into some of the largest metropoliss in America and they were making so exactly at the clip when these parts benefit from their greatest political and cultural prosperity. New York, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and Washington DC were the cardinal spiritual, industrialisation, media and political centres for new America ( Grossman. par 2 ) . African Americans from the South such as Rev. Jesse Jackson found channels to act upon some of the institutes housed by these cardinal parts and through them gained pull that finally, over the old ages, would be used to change the state ‘s systems of cultural dealingss and regional nexus. Important to that embryologic influence was a distinguishable community creative activity that converged in big North and western metropoliss during the first half of the twentieth century popularly referred to as the Black Metropolis.

The 2nd moving ridge of the mass hegira occurred in 1960 in Chicago and this led to the addition of population from about 270,000 to over 800,000, an about three-base hit. At this point in times, many parts of Chicago and New York, peculiarly the Bronx, were considered capitals of African Americans. The great figure of inkinesss traveling into Chicago significantly changed the demographics of Chicago and the full Illinois province. Prior to the monolithic inflow, most of Chicago ‘s public was White Americans ( Grossman. par 3 ) . The figure of inkinesss in Chicago continued to increase with the great migration. Other Northern and Eastern parts such as Pennsylvania and New York ‘s Harlem became hubs of black civilization and ethnicity with the being of few cultural minorities such as Hebrews and Italians. As more and more inkinesss came into these new countries, they became increasingly incorporated into the community.

Even as the mass hegira assisted in educating and bettering the life criterions of many African Americans, the immigrants encountered a figure of problems in footings of racial segregation, competition for occupations and resources and cultural differences ( Grossman. par 4 ) . Due to the fact that there migration was really fast with a big incursion, autochthonal white work forces felt threatened and vulnerable and feared fring their occupations and businesss. In several parts, workers attempted to guard what they saw as their district. In add-on, abode proprietors and Realtors would halt migrators from purchasing places or renting flats in white vicinities. Furthermore, when inkinesss moved into white territories, Whites would frequently respond sharply toward their new inhabitants, including immense public violences, bombardments, and even slaying. Still, with increasing racial tensenesss, many black Americans managed to get a assortment of occupations with different incomes making an earlier unknown phenomenon known as category ( Bullard. Pg87 ) . These experiences led to the division and segregation of these two groups of inkinesss but they still retained their ties by populating together in similar vicinities and countries.

Following this huge diverseness, there were a assortment of good and bad happenings that shaped the African American community. Religion and political relations greatly helped keep together the black community. Harmonizing to Grossman ( par. 6 ) , it was obvious that the African American society had deep religious devotedness and this is why it was non uncommon to happen legion churches and religious establishments within the black community, largely Catholic and Methodist ( Grossman. par 6 ) . It is besides of import to observe that there were more churches in the lower category inkinesss than the upper-class ; this is due to the fact that the elect frequently concentrated on their concern enterprises and their connexions with their fellow white concern associates. In add-on, the church provided basic services such as nutrient, lodging and medical installations to the less privileged in their society. Politicss to a great extent besides united the black society, for case, of import politicians such as Malcolm X assisted inkinesss in geting much needed metropolis services and basic human rights.

Bullard ( 2007 ) argues that by the terminal of the 1950 ‘s the black society in these antecedently dominant white parts had radically mechanized with the constitution of Shopping centres, more industries and mills in bend making more occupations. These parts became extremely independent and there was a noteworthy addition on suburban countries. The roar in economic system caused the federal authorities to increase services such as loans, mortgages and capital investings in concerns. The authorities provided avenues in which populace could be able to purchase places otherwise impossible with so much costs. The terminal of World War II and a competent president saw great civilisation with edifice of larger places by householders and a big figure of young person go toing schools and other establishments. By the early 1960s, African Americans were super-urban, more dumbly populated in inner metropoliss than other cultural groups.

As mentioned, non every African American immigrant moved into the suburbs and chief metropoliss ( Grossman. par 5 ) . Other opted to settle in other countries, particularly the Northwestern and southwesterly sides of Chicago. The changeless protests and conflicts caused many inkinesss to get down go forthing preponderantly white countries. The political instability that is apparent from the 1930 ‘s, peculiarly the disgraceful Frank Skeffington saga of running for another mayoral term, obviously leaks into the 60 ‘s doing a great moving ridge of political volatility that farther destabilizes the African community. His loss and eventual decease distorted the visual aspect of urban political relations and left Boston starved for a strong and straightforward political leader who could give the South a good sense o authorities.

In add-on to the assorted incompatibilities within the Democratic Party, peculiarly within the parts of black inflow, the migrations during the early 1900 ‘s had considerable consequence of both the North and the South ( Grossman. par 6 ) . Changes in political relations, concern, health care and instruction consecutive drew migrators back from the North and besides making a stronger base for the Republican Party. In the 1950- 1960 elections, Republicans won in all the three elections. The more profoundly rooted Democrat provinces such as Alabama and Georgia retained their democratic seats despite the political alteration. In the 1964 election nevertheless, ‘Goldwater Republican ‘ ran an old school run which opposed the Civil Rights Act protecting the black minorities. This controversial run was popular with the White militants but the black Americans were non happy with it. He finally lost his ballot through the absence of Black ballot.

As reported by Bullard ( 2007 ) , this loss in the Republican Party gave Democrat Richard Nixon a downwind manner to gunner the Southern ballots and retrace the Democrat southern foundations. This was followed by the blackwash of Republican Martin Luther King Junior on April 4, 1968 ( Grossman. par 7 ) . His death was followed by public violences and force by African Americans in metropolitan countries in major metropoliss around America. Thus his non force steering rule was thwarted and ignored by many. The instability and volatility caused by this great black leaders demise saw African Americans in all parts of America abandon their hopes and dreams to mourn for a much loved peoples politician. The black segregation that resulted had great economic impact on the society. A degage black economic system was established which had a assortment of professionals, tradesmans, politicians and linguists.

At this point in clip, political relations had become the order of the twenty-four hours in Black America and a distorted system saw politicians making favours for citizens to gunner ballots alternatively of geting them in the old traditional manner or truth and justness. Politicians would pay for funerals and instruction demands, acquire occupations for people who are under qualified or even out justly give the citizens money. This saw a big inflow of ailing incompetent politicians into the Congress and federal authorities mostly due to the fact that many electors had lost hope in the political system. For illustration, Kennedy ‘s entry into Congress was mostly due tot the fact that he was visually delighting to the electors contrary to Nixon ‘s anterior entry due to his intelligence and frankness ( Grossman. par 7 ) .

This diminution in the political scene saw a sense of licking and the public focal point on different issues such as household, instruction, employment, young person and matrimony ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The 60 ‘s, 70 ‘s and 80 ‘s were characterized by the female public being actively involved in the social issues but there were still no attempts by authorities to cover with such societal issues. Although the authorities established public high rise undertakings to cover with the lodging jobs, these undertakings merely served to farther increase the societal segregation amongst citizens. The labour force besides though extremely racially segregated saw the constitution of labour brotherhoods that catered to all signifier of workers. Another noteworthy constitution of this epoch was the development of the Television which meant that less people were traveling to cinemas and opted for remaining place and adhering with their households and in bend shortly get awaying the economic difficult times through amusement.

This period lasted through the twentieth century with a slow but steady rise in industrialisation. A positive work ethic in the public combined with acquired accomplishments and uninterrupted mechanisation served to hike production and workers living criterions. As the industrialisation and mechanisation grew, so did the consumer market for merchandises and services rise and present a farther encouragement to the economic system. By the terminal of the 1900 ‘s America had become one of the most successful civilisations of the Earth with free market parts including New York and California being widely regarded as representations of developing states around the universe to emulate. After the recession, in which America recovered faster than the full universe, there is no understanding amongst experts sing the enlargement that extended throughout those old ages but economic experts agree that President Roosevelt ‘s schemes and policies stepped up the recovery procedure. Many have argued that Gold Standard epoch besides significantly assisted in the recovery procedure of the planetary economic downswing ( Bullard, pg 132 ) .

Most bookmans and coevalss agree that the period after the Reconstruction epoch and the late 1900 ‘s is when America attained its highest technological and pecuniary stature ( Grossman. par 8 ) . This point in clip, as discussed earlier, saw the state being changed from a crude agricultural economic system to a to the full fledged ace power. Development of America ‘s transit web through H2O and air saw its mingling with similar ace civilisations such as China and Russia and in bend led to an intricate trade webs that progressively put America on the map. Although the old economic recession popularly referred to as the Great Depression challenged the US industrialisation force, the state over the old ages regained itself and emerged as a force to be reckoned with.

This characteristic betterment in industrialisation saw the young person and immature urban professionals begin re come ining urban metropoliss and towns. There is a general diminution in the fringy population as people began migrating into the urban countries, this clip people of all ethnicity. There is besides a important rise in the figure of migrators from abroad, some coming to look for employment and other coming to put in the promising economic system ( Bullard.pg 127 ) . The investors were largely Nipponese and German who came to merchandise in motor vehicles and the latter to present all sorts of electronics. At this point it was progressively apparent that other states were besides germinating at the same rate and this was further confirmed with the great inflow of Korean ships into American Waterss.

Bullard ( 2007 ) studies that, following this development and revolution of the US economic system, major Reconstruction began with the rupturing down of Philadelphia centre to pave manner for the Reconstruction of other major installations and besides the slum upgrading undertaking was established. The slum undertakings experienced a batch of renovation with most undertakings being established in the African American vicinities to upgrade their lodging. The federal authorities gave the occupants periods in which they could adequately travel out of the slums in order for the Reconstructions to get down. The authorities employed the usage of designers who were responsible for the earlier nineteenth century edifices therefore occupants were optimistic that they would acquire high rise lodging.

In Chicago, the country known as the Black city, when the public lodging undertakings were completed, the population was preponderantly African American with a per centum of approximately 85 % ( Bullard, pg. 133 ) . In the beginning, the undertakings were clean, fresh and orderly with a good environment for childs and others likewise to boom but shortly, largely hapless households that inhabited the colonies began maltreating the installations and thenceforth they ruined the community construction in the public high rise. The increasing insecurity and offense within these hapless vicinities served to stain the name of these undertakings but the authorities is still hopeful at reacquiring and re set uping these cardinal lodging undertakings to what they were made and meant for ( Grossman. par 3 ) .

Decision

All in all, this diverse alteration in the political, societal and economic inclinations of the United States over the century basically shaped the Country ‘s history. The development of Science, engineering, and industry has non merely greatly shaped America ‘s accomplishment in trade and industry, but has besides contributed to its single political society, societal construction, educational and cultural system. American values of difficult work, entrepreneurship, and autonomy are attested to its bequest of ground-breaking proficient constitutions.