Code of Ethics Comparison

Comparison of Ethics Codes: Church Focused or Self Focused Diana Calhoun Liberty University Abstract The American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA) have both established a code of ethics to assist and protect their members in serving and protecting their clients. While there are many differences between the two ethics codes, there are also many similarities. The first part of this essay will discuss the general differences in ethics codes adhered to from the AACC and the ACA.

The second part of this essay will discuss the differences between the two organizations’ codes of ethics in subjects of conflict of interest in fees, sexual intimacies, and discrimination. In conclusion clarification on how the similarities between the two codes are the AACC’s attempt to not adopt areas in which the ACA’s practice is not glorifying to Christ and how His church should respond in such subject matters. Comparison of Ethics Codes: Church Focused or Self Focused

The ultimate goal between the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA) is different in their code of ethics pursuit. In the ACA Code of Ethics the main goal of the association’s members are to “recognize diversity, and embrace a cross-cultural approach in support of the worth dignity, potential and uniqueness of people within their social and cultural contexts” (2005, p. 3).

The AACC Code of Ethics primary goal is “to bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, promote excellence in Christian counseling, and bring unity to Christian counselors” (2004, p. 3). Even though these goals are vastly different, in order for the AACC to accomplish its goal of honoring Christ and the church it also wants to lovingly respect God’s creation while counseling people. With that in mind the AACC Code of Ethics consulted the American Counseling Association in addition to other ethics codes in the drafting of its statement (2004, p. ). This creates many similarities and differences between the two codes. The similarities are revealed as the AACC retained ethical stances from the ACA that supported the AACC’s goal, not contradict it. The practices on how these two different goals are achieved by both organizations will be reviewed along with its affects on ethical views. Section I: General Comparison of the Two Codes Both the AACC and ACA have a similar general goal to do “no harm” to the client, and that all their actions should be consistent with that counseling goal.

There are many sub goals and protocols to assist the counselor in abiding to this counseling goal. Sub goals consist of regards to privacy, appropriate counselor-client relationship guidelines, counseling plans, training and resolutions of ethical issues. However the difference between the AACC and ACA is the perspective or definition of what each group considers being “no harm” to the client. The ACA code of ethics appears to be legal guidelines in counseling clients to learn to look inward and make decisions in life on their own based on the client’s moral values.

This can include to any degree the client’s view on sex, drugs, money, power or any pleasure deriving device to provide the client with immediate satisfaction. As stated in Competent Christian Counseling this however can be a numbing agent providing short term relief when one desires to find purpose for their life. This short term relief can lead to long term sorrow. Being entrapped in long term sorrow is not classified as a ‘no harm’ counseling goal for any client (Clinton, & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 26).

The AACC Code of Ethics goes beyond just legal guidelines in their dedication “to Jesus Christ as their ‘first love,’ to excellence in client service, to ethical integrity in practice, and to respect for everyone encountered” (2004, p. 5). According to Competent Christian Counseling, Christian counselors not only want to help foster growth for a healthy lifestyle but also to assist clients in a more fulfilling life that will sustain, to show clients “relief that lasts, purpose that remains, and direction that leads to a hope-filled future.

The sufferers who flee into the arms of God can discover this relief” (Clinton, & Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 26). This is ultimately the ‘no harm’ perspective and goal; long term ‘no harm’ and not just short term relief ‘no harm’. The AACC Code of Ethics also strives that even in having this ultimate goal they also honor the client’s choice in spiritual interventions in counseling, verifying that the client’s goals are the counselor’s goals and that the counselor is respecting the client’s counseling goals (2004, p. 11, 1-330).

This balance is shown by the counselor not condoning abortions, adultery, abuse, addictions, and divorce; yet the counselor will not discriminate against a client whose beliefs and values are not the same. The Christian counselor is spurred on to use the counseling sessions as Jesus did when he ate and fellowshipped with sinners (Matthew 9:10 NLT). The only similarity with the ACA Code of Ethics is the stance to avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals. (2002, p. 4, A. 4) Section II: Specific Comparison of Three Particular Areas

Fees Fees for services rendered should be clearly stated to the client. Both code of ethics for the ACA and the AACC contain guidelines for possible options for how fees can be rendered. The profound difference between the two is the lack of provision by the ACA for when funds are not sufficient from the client to cover the cost. In their code of ethics, the ACA (2002) makes an optional provision through bartering in section A. 10. d as an only alternative before referring clients to affordable comparable services as stated in section A. 10. c (p. 6).

In addition to bartering, in their code of ethics, the AACC (2004) goes on to encourage a sliding fee scale or even pro bono work as stated in sections 1-513 and 1-512 in order to meet the client where they are financially (p. 13). These solutions can be temporary or permanent for the client’s financial situation. These are additional ways that the AACC suggest for ethical compensation. They are also great ways to go beyond the basic legal criteria as stated in the ACA code of ethics in order to make assistance available for clients to obtain counseling.

These techniques are also supportive of the counselor’s goal of not abandoning the client. Sexual Intimacies Sexual intimacies are the application of pre-marital or extramarital sexual behavior in a client’s life. Both the AACC and the ACA share the ethical guideline of not imposing the counselor’s values and beliefs on the client. However the AACC and the ACA’s similarities stop at that point. In their code of ethics the ACA (2002) states in section A. 4 that counselors are to avoid imposing their own values and are to respect the diversity of their clients (p. -5). The AACC (2004) states in their code of ethics in section 1-125 that counselors will refuse to condone or advocate the pursuit or active involvement in sexual behavior outside of marriage (p. 7). There is a clear distinction between the two ethical codes on this matter. Christian counselors will not abandon a client by discriminating against a client even when the client’s beliefs and values are different. A counselor is not to impose their own beliefs and values on a client but the counselor can review a client’s motives that may fuel their actions.

Discrimination Discrimination is when someone is treated differently from others, due to involvement in a certain group. Specific groups receiving differential treatment can be identified by age, gender, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, education, sexual orientation, sexual behavior, denomination, belief system, values, or political affiliation. Both the ACA Code of Ethics and the AACC Codes of Ethics contain guidelines for on discrimination, and neither will tolerate discrimination.

In their code of ethics the ACA (2002) states that counselors do not discriminate in a manner that has a negative impact on a person (p. 10, C. 5). In the AACC Codes of Ethics states that not only would they not treat persons in a harmful manner, but that they will challenge harmful attitudes and actions while express a loving care and ultimately loving one well when pushing them forward (2004, P. 6, 1-101). These harmful attitudes and actions will not exclude discriminatory topics of sexual behavior, belief systems, values or others; but will be lovingly examined to what may fuel the actions in these areas.

Conclusion The distinctions between the two ethical codes from the AACC and the ACA do not exclude the Christian counselor from treating clients with situations that differ from the counselor’s personal values. Since Christian counselors are not to condone and advocate actions that do not bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, they are challenged with “fitting their counseling models to people, rather than fitting people to counseling models” as stated by Clinton & Ohlschlager in their book, Competent Christian Counseling (2002, p. 6). These counseling models may include some unique methods such as a willingness to confront people with an attitude of love and to challenge them to correct erroneous beliefs about the world. Research has shown these techniques to be most beneficial and potent (Clinton & Ohlschager, 2002, p. 43). These techniques can lead a client to a more fulfilling life that will sustain, as the Christian counselor honors Jesus Christ by handling his creation, the client, in the best way possible.

Excluding Christian counselors from working with clients whose lifestyles are different from the counselor’s personal values, gives the client the only option to find counselors that hold the same personal values and belief perspectives as the client. Counseling for the client will then be focused on themselves and the pursuit of their happiness. The AACC encourages Christian counselors not to let financial, personal value differences, or discrimination to interfere the main goal of the Christian counselor; to honor Jesus Christ and the church in the pursuit of the gospel call through counseling.

The ACA encourages the counselor to keep all personal values out of the counseling environment in order to push the client forward in their own personal pursuit of happiness as long as it is legal and supportive of their counseling goals. This illustrates differences in church and self focused ethics. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. counseling. org/resources/codeofethics/TP/home/ct2. aspx. American Association of Christian Counselors. (2004). AACC Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. aacc. net/about-us/code-of-ethics/.

Clinton, T. & Ohlschlager, G. (2002). Christian counseling and compassionate soul care: The case for twenty-first-century practice. In T. Clinton & G. Ohlschlager (Eds. ). Competent Christian counseling: Foundations and practice of compassionate soul care. (pp. 11-34), Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press. Clinton, T. & Ohlschlager, G. (2002). Competent Christian counseling: Definitions and dynamics. In T. Clinton & G. Ohlschlager (Eds. ). Competent Christian counseling: Foundations and practice of compassionate soul care. (pp. 36-68), Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook Press.

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Codification of Morals and Ethics Essay

About every organisation. establishment and profession has a set of codification of moralss which are by and large expected to steer their stakeholders on how to manage peculiar issues within that autumn within their topographic point of work. Basically. such codification of moralss are instituted and adopted in organisations every bit good as professions as a manner of guaranting that relevant stakeholders are in a place to pull a clear differentiation about on what is incorrect or right.

Understanding the ethical codifications of a peculiar environment. be it an organisation or a profession has been found to be instrumental in assisting the stakeholders make right determinations in determination state of affairss and this fact has hence awarded codification of moralss great importance across professions. Ethical motives vary from one profession to another every bit good as from an organisation to another depending on the type of operations carried out. besides. the environment within which an organisation maps. It becomes an duty to all stakeholders in a profession. organisation or even an establishment to understand the laid down codification of moralss available as such since go againsting such qualifies to be termed as a professional misconduct and punishable under the jurisprudence.

There is by and large a rich history about codification of moralss and once more. the history varies from one profession to another and besides across organisations. This paper will seek to offer a elaborate analysis of the codification of moralss that are available in accounting profession. its history of development. the beginnings from where these moralss were developed amongst other valuable issues about codification of moralss in general. It will research the major participants in the profession. who are fundamentally certified comptrollers. what outlooks are at least expectable from an comptroller in his work to their clients. every bit good as the organic structures across the Earth that has been awarded the authorization of puting the criterions or merely developing the codification of moralss for comptrollers. Accounting has grown to go one of the oldest and besides one of the most of import services that concern universe can non remain without.

In the concern universe. there is the built-in demand for the concern proprietors and other stakeholders to hold perfect cognition of the province of personal businesss of the concern establishment in which they have committed their resources. of class for expected returns. To derive this sort of cognition. an person who can truthfully and candidly reflect the true fiscal place within which a concern is at any peculiar clip is needed and this can merely be a individual who have relevant analysis accomplishments.

If such information is made available to the investors. clients. authoritiess and providers among others. so it becomes likely that such persons will be in a place to cognize whether a concern is doing net incomes or otherwise. If there have been steady net incomes in a peculiar concern and over a twosome of the old old ages. such a concern will stay as worthwhile investing chances to investors. a good beginning of authorities revenue enhancement to the authorities. a good determiner of how much net incomes to travel to each stockholder and would besides guarantee providers that their creditor is solvent plenty.

In instance of loss. non really many net income oriented persons will desire any association with such a concern as losingss are one of the marks of insolvency. Basically. accounting information is of really of import usage in determination devising and for this ground. such information must be true and nonsubjective. Incorrect accounting information has the potency to ensue into determinations that are uneconomical in nature and this is a state of affairs which is non acceptable in the concern universe where resources are ever limited.

Provision of such accounting information has hence come under really rigorous examination by organic structures which are globally recognized and mandated to give guidelines which every certified accountant must adhere to while set abouting their accounting responsibilities. Failure of attachment by comptrollers has been qualified to go a professional misconduct and in such a instance. the comptroller in inquiry becomes apt for his irresponsibleness. The ethical demands for professional comptrollers are established by the International Federation of Accountants ( I. F. A ) which besides enforces that all the guidelines are adhered to throughout the profession of accounting coverage ( Reamer. 1998 ) . Statement of Valuess

Integrity
Integrity is one of the four values that make up the codification of moralss in accounting field as a profession. An comptroller whose services have been hired by a concern entity has to show a high degree of unity in carry oning their responsibilities failure to which they can be held apt for any loss suffered. if such losingss are proven to hold been occasioned by deficiency of unity on the side of the comptroller.

Integrity implies that an history under responsibility has to show that he is straightforward every bit good as honest with issues that touch on the fiscal public presentation of the entity to which he is offering accounting services. It besides implies that there has to be just traffics every bit good as truthfulness throughout the service dispensation period. This accordingly requires that accountant must non hold any association with accounting information in which they believe there are material mistakes or are misdirecting. Objectivity

This is another rule in the accounting field that requires comptrollers non to let any via media on their concern or professional judgement. It states that a professional comptroller must be free from prejudice. struggle of involvement and besides undue influence while doing a concern judgement. Impaired objectiveness sums to a gross professional misconduct and relevant organic structures like the I. F. A ensures that such values are upheld throughout the profession. Diligence

This means that a professional comptroller is bound by the ethical codification to distribute their services with due acre and competency. They are required to keep an acceptable degree of professional cognition and accomplishments in services bringing so that their clients will be better positioned to hold true studies about the personal businesss of a concern at any peculiar clip. Informed determinations are likely to be made as a consequence of informations obtained through diligent services and would non be the determination shaper for unexpected results. Confidentiality

This is the demand that a professional comptroller must non unwrap any information he has come across during his service clip. in portion or entirely to a 3rd party or for excess fiscal additions. Parties whom may stand to derive upon geting such information are the rivals to the client and this may turn out to be black to the client. Professional comptrollers are hence bound by this value to merely utilize such information for the benefit of their current client failure to which would be looked at as a misdemeanor of one of the aureate regulations. The above are values that have been formulated by I. F. A and by and large accepted across the Earth by the aid of the states that recognizes this organic structure. Training and Communication

In every organisation preparation is a critical constituent. Training equips employees with necessary accomplishments. cognition. and become competency in their accounting work. Employees do take part in ethical preparation of the company and attain development and finally better their morale on the public presentation of the company. Ethical preparation provides advanced quality solutions to back up the company to run in an ethical environment and recognize their full potency of investors. Training should take topographic point in country of jurisprudence conformity and ways to handle assorted differing involvement. net incomes and safety. Communication on the other manus Acts of the Apostless as an sweetening to developing where issues are discussed openly.

Investors raise positions as they become participants and portion it out with others of anything they do non understand. Some of communications tools used are company newssheets. article in magazines. cyberspace web site and picture. There should effectual communicating to investors characterized by the undermentioned characteristics: honestness which accent on free flow of of import investing information. confidentiality that protect employees sing their rights and their professional while staying to legal act about unwraping information which affects public assistance of others and free address to give support for unfastened competition.

Communication should besides advance common apprehension between the investor and the facilitator of concern chance. Companies should develop. enforce and set down in composing codifications of corporate. A codification of ethic should further a stronger ethical clime and unfastened assorted channel of communicating to assist protects against deceitful fiscal coverage. Both corporate moralss preparation and communicating is really of import to employees separately by developing ethical decision–making accomplishments and to guarantee all staff understands and complies with company ordinances and policies. Code of Ethics Implementation Plan

The success lies on the corporation committedness on developing codification and their part ( Messikomer and Cirka. 2010 ) . Company needs to implement codification of moralss through informal methods noticeable to the context through proper communicating and understanding. The execution program sound to guarantee investing advisers adhere to codification of moralss sing concern affairs. protect clients and suppress any inappropriate action. The advisers are responsible for consumers salvaging and their security sing their fiscal position. Customers understanding on codification of moralss determine whether their representatives are moving conformity to jurisprudence and guidelines. every bit good as stand foring them suitably.

Prior to the execution of codification of moralss there are regulations: where all employees receive compensation of loss regardless of the sum. employees will execute their dismissed responsibilities diligently and competency. and eventually. organisation will confer with the populace to acquire feedback and suggestions sing on the efficiency and effectual bringing of services. Implementation composes organisational alterations where employees should conform to these alterations: designation of moral leaders who are moral mature and eventually. leaders should on a regular basis pass on codification of moralss to better perceptual experiences of trust and leading credibleness. This imperative normalizes ethicality by supplying everyday communicating on moral behaviour which reminds employees on their moralss affairs. Corporate Social Issues

It is most indispensable in every organisation that it promotes its vision of accountable concern to assorted stakeholders apart from investors and stockholders. There are assorted countries of major concerns: environmental preservation. good position of employees. community and community at big. Company do mostly profit through following a policy of societal duty through betterment of fiscal public presentation. take downing its operation cost. increasing it gross revenues and heightening clients trueness. The company accordingly attracts many consumers/investors every bit good as to retain the possible 1s to assist alter the company’s individuality and to greatly better productiveness and quality.

There are drivers forcing concern towards societal duty such as the authorities. which imposes statute law and ordinance to present societal and environmental aims in the country of concern. Second. the demand for corporate revelation from investor and interest holders. besides. investors are altering its manner of accessing companies public presentation based on standards of societal duty.

Management preparation plays a major function in execution of corporate societal duty. There is increased demand for corporate societal duty in every organisation to advance good administration between the organisation. investors. society at larger and authorities. Laws and Regulations Impacting on Corporations

The recent yesteryear has witnessed several pieces of statute law that finally come to coerce and impact both positively and negatively to corporation. Examples of such Torahs are the 1s refering environmental preservation that have required corporate organic structures to make their concern with small to no environmental debasement. This has to a greater extent dealt fabricating corporations large blows as they have to breathe waste merchandise into the environment as they do fabricating. These set of Torahs have hence required that there are sums of portion of the corporation’s gross set aside to try to acquire rid of the waste stuffs they emit from the environment.

This has become an excess cost to most corporations since carry oning an environmental killing exercising has in many fortunes gone into the melody of 1000000s of shillings. Basically. among other effects that recent Torahs and ordinances have imposed on the environment have been excess costs particularly meant for cleaning up the waste they emit into environment or counterbalancing persons who are fallen victims in one manner or another of this sort of wastes. Consequently. the grosss have well diminished with some of such corporations opted the walk of operations. Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Monitoring and implementing attachment to codification of moralss is of paramount importance and several benefits have been associated to it. Monitoring is in most instances done by organisational direction squads. senior officers in an establishment or even organic structures which are mandated to safeguard such codifications of moralss. Monitoring and implementing helps maintain those who are bound by such codifications committed to fulfilling the values as stipulated in the codification of moralss. As a consequence. professionals in whatever field are in a place to efficaciously forestall. detect and study suitably every bit good as reference any allegation of professional misconduct. A codification of moralss can be efficaciously enforced when there exist persons responsible for its execution.

Enforcing and safeguarding a codification of moralss from rampant misdemeanor would necessitate a clear account of the effects that are to bechance the lawbreakers. Such effects must look harsh so as to deter those bound by the codification from moving against it but alternatively help in implementing it to the full. Establishing an understanding that is adhering between the parties to a codification of moralss is besides a measure in the right way of implementing it. Last. to successfully supervise and implement a codification of moralss. there needs to be a consistent mode of supervising behaviour every bit good as honoring persons who duly comply with the laid down codification of moralss. Ethical motives Audit

Professionals in any field are needed to continually maintain in touch with the patterns within their professions that have an moralss relation in visible radiation of the of all time increasing demand from the societal universe. To accomplish this. the professionals have to prosecute in strict procedure of scrutinizing moralss and such audits should be hinged on set uping that which is being considered indispensable in societal work. This will in bend help the professionals make an designation of an ethical issue which is pertinent in their pattern scene. Furthermore. it will be helpful to professionals in reexamining every bit good as measuring how equal their current pattern is. Last. scrutinizing ethical codifications will go helpful in helping professionals to plan a scheme which is practical to tune current patterns as desired in the societal work. Working Internationally

Procuring a professional occupation internationally is in most fortunes fancied by many if non by all professions across several Fieldss. Such chances come with tonss of hope to win in one’s calling and of class earn fortunes out of the chance. In the existent sense. there are really few professionals if any. who will turn such a opportunity down. Ethically. before a professional takes on an international responsibility. he has to see issues like whether his codification of moralss conform with the general moralss upheld in a foreign state and whether such organic structures are concerned with the codification of moralss of his/her profession is acknowledged in that foreign state in which he/she is meaning to work.

This is so. because a instance of conflicting ethical values may originate and this may do a crisis that could hold been avoided if such issues were put into history prior to taking up of international responsibilities. Like for case. in accounting profession. there still be some states that have non subscribed to the guidelines offered by major accounting organic structures in the universe like the I. F. A or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( G. A. A. P ) . As a consequence. such states have their ain ways of covering with some accounting interventions which in many fortunes contrast what such organic structures provide in regard of those interventions. Therefore. holding an comptroller who has been trained and practiced in a state where such guidelines from these organic structures are adhered to work in such a foreign state may give a crisis which in another position may be termed as professional misconduct in that foreign state. Decision

In decision. this paper discusses and identifies the statement of values to include the beginning and foundation of ethical values and rules ; why these rules are non-negotiable. how they have evolved over clip. and what moral doctrine or societal issues affects the attack to moralss. It besides presented and given a preparation and communicating program. execution program. program for the function of leading. declaration to corporate societal issues. discussed the recent Torahs and ordinances impacting the corporation. how to supervise and implement the program ; moralss scrutinizing program and considerations for working internationally. As you can see. codification of moralss is needed in every organisation to avoid struggle of involvement and to cover with issues in a just and merely mode.

Mentions
Baker. R. ( 1999 ) . The American medical moralss revolution: how the AMA’s codification of moralss has transformed physicians’ relationships to patients. professionals. and society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Code of international moralss. ( 1953 ) . Westminster. Md. : Newman Press. Code of medical moralss: current sentiments with notes ( 2004-2005 erectile dysfunction. ) . ( 2004 ) . Chicago. Ill. : AMA Press. Reamer. F. G. ( 1998 ) . Ethical criterions in societal work: a reappraisal of the NASW codification of moralss. Washington. DC: NASW Press. Watson. D. ( 1985 ) . A Code of moralss for societal work: the 2nd measure. London: Routledge & A ; Kegan Paul.

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Enron Scandal with Code of Ethics

Arthur Andersen Limited Liability Partnership was one of the “Big Five” accounting firm who providing auditing, tax and consulting services to large corporations. This is an accounting firm that held by reputation and trust by public and investor but it facing bankruptcy in the end. Early of the 20th century, invertors don’t know who can be trust because there was spread of business scandals. All they need was auditors. Andersen establishes a company to be trusted. He and his auditors will check and certificate the company accounts if the accounts were honestly and accurately.

Andersen advises his partners to pay attention on public needs rather than the profit of company make. After 1950s, the company force to commercialize for the coming of Information Technology era but it still keeps its reputation. But to win the best customers, they must attract a new generation of employees. The new director was keen to explore more customers. They audit and certificate more accounts and made larger profits for their company. Andersen guaranteed the accounts for dishonest company from John DeLorean to Enron and WorldCom.

The code of ethics which Andersen against are: 1. Standard I (A) Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation.

Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations. A case of John DeLorean, the founder of the DeLorean Motor Company who goes Ireland to builds his dream car. British government desperate to create job and gave 80 million pound. It was Andersen responsible for the money he spends. But DeLorean spend the money not belong to him. He will spend the company fund s of purchase of equipment for decorating his houses. He orders two Mercedes Benz, one send to his wife use in California.

DeLorean asks to pay 17 million dollar to his Swiss bank account call GDP. In conclusion, DeLorean do nothing with the dream car. Although the Code and standard do not required that members and candidates report violations to their governmental or regulatory organizations but strongly encourages members to report violations. Andersen should report DeLorean who spend the money which are not related to the development of dream car and the money was not belonging to him. They shouldn’t participate in illegal activities such help DeLorean to cover the fact and follow the rules and regulations. . Standard I (B) Independence and Objectivity. Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities. Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity. In case of WorldCom, who was one of the company who use false account to earning profit by deceive public. After the scandal, WorldCom was the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history.

It led to a domino effect of accounting and like corporate scandals that continue to tarnish American business practices and the foundation of economic. Thousand hundred of investors lost their life saving. Arthur Andersen emphasizes professional view and implements independence and objectivity which were refusing to certificate dishonest accounts. New generation of employees who work in Andersen should follow the thinking and view of the establisher. Although they want to expand their business, but they should work independence to report or refuse to certificate dishonest accounts, not helping them to deceive public. . Standard I (D) Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence. Arthur Andersen has involved in dishonesty act which was making false accounting. The company has loss its reputation once the scandal burst out. In a nutshell, all company should follow rules and regulation. Otherwise, it may harm thousands even millions of people lost their life saving or in debt.

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Limitatitons of the Accounting Code of Ethics

Professional values, ethics, and attitudes. (AC 423) Group Assignment QUESTION: With the advantage of hindsight, what advice would you have given the Enron Board to avoid the 2001 disaster? GROUP MEMBERS 1. Augustine KuparaR082559R 2. Tonderai NyamadzawoR082987G 3. Simbarashe ChakaR089613J 4 Brighton Nzvuvu R089824H 5. Walter DangerR082990X 6. Simon ChigwandaR075968L 7. Ashley MurisaR082991Y 8. Frank […]

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International Coach Federation Code of Ethics

International Coach Federation Code of Ethics International Coach Federation Code of Ethics Professional Conduct at Large #7 – I will maintain, store, and dispose of any records created during my coaching business in a manner that promotes confidentiality, security, and privacy, and complies with any applicable laws and agreements Professional Conduct with Clients 12 – […]

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Code of Ethics ( Automobile Industry )

Subject: Business Ethics Project: ONZAA Automobiles Dated: 20/04/2012 Submitted To: Sir Assad Submitted By: Muhammad Naeem ( 068 ) Muhammad Adeel Kahlid ( 021 ) Adil Farooq ( 039 ) Umar Sadiq ( 041 ) Muhammad Ziad Iftikhar ( 032 ) Department:Management Table of contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………05 Guiding Principles at ONZAA………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 What is the “ONZAA Code of Conduct”……………………………………………………………………07 ONZAA AND US……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 08 OUR ACTIVITIES IN THE COMPANY………………………………………………………………………….. 09 1. Compliance with laws and regulations…………………………………………………………………………………10 2. Use and Management of Assets and Confidential Matters…………………………………………………10 3. Insider trading………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 4. Activities promoting safety………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 5. Environmental preservation activities…………………………………………………………………………………. 11 6.

Research and Development Activities…………………………………………………………………………………. 11 7. Production and Distribution Activities…………………………………………………………………………………. 12 8. Sales Activities…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 9. Overseas Business Activities……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 10. Profitability Enhancement Activities…………………………………………………………………………………. 13 SOCIETY AND US………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 1. Corporate Communication Activities………………………………………………………………………………….. 14 2. Philanthropy and Community Relations………………………………………………………………………………14 3.

Corporate Communication Activities………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 4. Shareholder Relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 5. Political and Religious Activities…………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 6. Government Relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………16 7. Traffic Safety Education Activities………………………………………………………………………………………16 8. Disaster Prevention and Crime Prevention Activities…………………………………………………………. 16 With Our Business Partners……………………………………………………………………………………. 17 1. Social Responsibility……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.

Sustainable Relationships……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 3. Global Procurement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 4. Business Continuity Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Integrity in the Workplace………………………………………………………………………………………18 Fair Treatment and Respect……………………………………………………………………………………………………18 1. Equal Employment Opportunity …………………………………………………………………………………………18 2. Health and Safety ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18 Accurate Information, Records, and Communications……………………………………………19 Treat Everyone with Respect…………………………………………………………………………………. 0 Gifts, Favors and Conflicts of Interest……………………………………………………………………. 21 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 Introduction: Since our founding, we have always pursued the development of products that offer superior value and contribute to an affluent lifestyle for our customers. The Suzuki name and our current lineup of products, consisting mostly of motorcycles, automobiles, outboards, electric vehicles, etc. , is respected by many not only domestically, but as a global brand in countries throughout the world.

We believe that in order to maintain our business activities and continue to hold the trust and respect, it is important to provide the customer with satisfaction through our valued products, be fairing obeying the rules, and show transparency in free activities as a global corporate citizen. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become increasingly prominent and as described pre-previously, we fully acknowledge its meaning and importance. Corporate Social Responsibility to Suzuki is providing our customers with products of value and above all, obeying the laws and rules, and acting fair and in good faith.

In a word “Compliance” in its Literal sense. We must maintain the trust of our customers, business partners, investors, local communities, employees and other stakeholders, and build solid relationships through compliance. Our first “Environmental Report” has been published since 1999. Last year, with the addition of social aspects, we published our “Environmental and Social Report. From this year we present ONZAA’s CSR Concepts and Activities, in a more comprehensive and systematic format so that more people can read with greater interest.

We hope that this report provides the reader with a good opportunity to understand our CSR activities. Guiding Principles at ONZAA 1. Honor the language and spirit of the law of every nation and undertake open and fair corporate activities to be a good corporate citizen of the world. 2. Respect the culture and customs of every nation and contribute to economic and social development through corporate activities in the communities. 3. Dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities. . Create and develop advanced technologies and provide outstanding products and services that fulfill the needs of customers worldwide. 5. Foster a corporate culture that enhances individual creativity and teamwork value, while honoring mutual trust and respect between labor and management. 6. Pursue growth in harmony with the global community through innovative management. 7. Work with business partners in research and creation to achieve stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits, while keeping ourselves open to new partnerships.

What is the “ONZAA Code of Conduct”? Our daily business operations are built on and supported by the corporate philosophy and its Values and methods that have developed through years of diligent effort and passed down from Generation to generation through ONZAA MOTOR CORPORATION and its subsidiaries ( “ONZAA”). ONZAA & US Through our communication and dialogue with the company, we (people working for ONZAA) strive to build and share fundamental value of “Mutual Trust and Mutual Responsibility”.

ONZAA (ONZAA MOTORCORPORATION and its subsidiaries) endeavors to improve its business achievements so that ONZAA can continue to provide employment and air and stable working conditions for each of us. Simultaneously, ONZAA promotes a work environment in which each of us can work in harmonious and dynamic manner. In return, each of us implement the “ONZAA Code of Conduct “and endeavor to fulfill our duties with integrity. By fully utilizing our ability and capabilities and cooperating with others working for ONZAA, we continue to improve the business performance of ONZAA.

OUR ACTIVITIES IN THE COMPANY Based on a philosophy of “Customer First”, ONZAA strives to provide attractive products and services that meet the needs of customers worldwide. ONZAA also seeks to achieve the top-level world standard in environmental protection and safety measures. In these regard, ONZAA is unfolding daring plans both domestically and abroad concerning environment and safety, and in relation to research, development, procurement, production, distribution, sales and services.

When carrying out our work, each of us should all be aware that our work is linked to all of the business activities of the company. In this regard, ONZAA does not tolerate illegal or criminal acts or acts in violation of the company policy and rules, regardless of whether such acts were motivated “in the interests of the company” or “in the interests of the customer”. We should comply with the law and should always act with awareness and responsibility.

We should rise to the challenge of solving the many issues that arise, as customer needs diversify and as progress is made in Toyota’s globalization, such as mastering of the world’s most advanced technologies, establishing the world’s most suitable procurement and supply networks, meeting environmental and safety standards, and improving customer satisfaction. 1. Compliance with laws and regulations: ONZAA will comply with applicable laws, internal company policies and rules, abide by sound Social norms, and take appropriate action against any illegal or criminal acts or act in violation of The Company’s policies and rules.

ONZAA will not make any exceptions to this commitment, regardless of whether an unlawful act is motivated “in the interests of the company” or “in the interests of the customer”, or carried out under the instructions of one’s superior. We should implement the “ONZAA Code of Conduct” and make a commitment to comply with applicable laws, as well as internal company policies and rules, and to abide by sound social norms in all aspects of our work. 2. Use and Management of Assets and Confidential Matters: Ensuring asset maintenance and confidentiality management

ONZAA possesses a wide variety of tangible and intangible assets that are indispensable and invaluable to its successful business operations. In order for ONZAA to use such assets effectively and at any time during the course of its business activities, ONZAA manages such assets with a firm hand in order to prevent such assets from being lost, stolen or used illegally or wrongfully. ONZAA endeavors to manage and protect confidential information (e. g. , its trade secrets) and tousle such information in an appropriate manner.

At the same time, ONZAA does not tolerate the illegal use of another party’s assets or intellectual property or the unauthorized use of another party’s confidential information. We must manage and protect ONZAA’s assets, intellectual property, company secrets (such astride secrets etc. ) and personal information, as well as respect the assets, intellectual property and confidential information of others. 3. Insider trading: ONZAA possesses a large amount of valuable internal (confidential) information and does no tallow people working for it to engage in insider trading, such as using confidential information to buy and/or sell stocks.

We must understand that insider trading is clearly not permitted. Not only is it illegal in many countries, but it also destroys the mutual trust that ONZAA has built with its investors, affiliated companies and business partners. Therefore, we shall not engage in or permit any insider trading. 4. Activities promoting safety: For an automotive manufacturing company such as ONZAA, the pursuit of safer vehicles is always one of its main challenges and mission.

ONZAA endeavors as a group, in cooperation with our suppliers and dealers, to engage in research and development, design, production, quality control and after-sales services in order to deliver its customers ONZAA and/or Lexus vehicles that display sophisticated safety levels under various conditions and that provide a comfortable experience for drivers. ONZAA will also be actively involved with “People Education” (i. e. , Driver Education) and with improving the “Traffic Environment. ”We should endeavor to think from the standpoint of our customers and pursue ways to make vehicles safer and offer our customers safety and trust. . Environmental preservation activities: ONZAA has a deep understanding of the necessity of environmental conservation on a global scale. Therefore, ONZAA has decided to “dedicate ourselves to providing clean and safe products and to enhancing the quality of life everywhere through all our activities” (Guiding Principles 3). Furthermore, ONZAA has developed a proactive policy and plans to assure continual improvements in environmental performance in the “ONZAA Earth Charter” and “ONZAA Environmental Action Plan”.

ONZAA regards environmental issues as one of the company’s major challenges and takes environmental impact into consideration at all life-cycle stages of its vehicles, including development, production, usage and disposal. ONZAA promotes compliance with international environmental standards, implementation of enhanced environmental assessments, and realizing the principle of “building people and environmentally friendly vehicles” in cooperation with its suppliers, dealers, etc. We must endeavor to attain the highest level of environmental stewardship in each country and area. . Research and Development Activities: Developing vehicles from the standpoint of our customers In order to provide innovative, safe and outstanding high-quality products and services that meet the needs of customers through “research and innovation”, ONZAA has established research and development centers around the world. These centers are well-staffed with leading innovators and actively cooperate with other ONZAA group companies, as well as universities and research institutes, in order to strongly promote research and evelopment of advanced technologies in various fields. ONZAA does not tolerate research and development that violates any applicable laws or breaches of its agreements with its research and development partners. ONZAA also does not tolerate the illegal or unauthorized use of another party’s intellectual property. Our goal is to develop vehicles from the customers’ perspective and to promote research and development. We respect the views of our research and development partners and seek to cultivate and maintain mutual trust.

In addition, we use our best efforts to build a relationship of mutual trust by satisfying our obligations to our partners. We shall be mindful of respecting the intellectual property rights of others when conducting research and development and when realizing production. 7. Production and Distribution Activities: ONZAA endeavors to produce high-quality ONZAA and Lexus vehicles and parts and deliver them in an efficient manner in order to meet customers’ expectations.

In order to realize such production and supply goals, ONZAA endeavors to build the “world’s optimum production network” and a “global distribution network”. In addition, in order to enhance the global competitiveness of ONZAA and Lexus vehicles, ONZAA developed the Toyota Production System, which continues to evolve according to the characteristics of particular regions of the world and aims to achieve worker and environmentally friendly plants. We endeavor to maintain the safety and quality of products and to comply with laws related to production and distribution. 8.

Sales Activities: Winning the trust of customers and dealers Based on the following three ideas, ONZAA strives to build a sales and service structure that meets various customer needs in a timely manner. In order to achieve such structure, ONZAA endeavors to build relationships with dealers based on mutual trust, and to bring mutual growth and support for fair competition and transactions. (a) Philosophy of “Customer First” Based on a “Customer First” philosophy, ONZAA strives to create a sale and service structure that promptly responds to the various needs of customer’s world wide.

To achieve this, ONZAA develops products that meet customer expectations and implements a marketing strategy and sales style that matches the product profiles and various customer needs. (b) Mutual growth based on mutual trust ONZAA develops and provides attractive product lineups, various styles of dealer showrooms and sales styles, and a meticulous customer and revenue management system. ONZAA does this to contribute to the improvement of sales efficiency and profitability of its dedicated dealers, to build mutual trust and to bring mutual growth. c) Importance of fair market competition ONZAA respects free trade and market competition, implements ambitious sales strategies in order to obtain customer satisfaction and support in various areas of the world, and endeavors to engage in fair competition and transactions. We conduct our sales activities with the above ideas in mind. 9. Overseas Business Activities: To become a global company trusted worldwide ONZAA engages in business worldwide and many of its activities are conducted outside Japan, including not only manufacturing activities, but also research and development.

ONZAA recognizes the ever-changing environment surrounding its business operations, global diversity, the specificity of each local area in terms of its own rules and customs, etc. , and the rapid changes in world political and economic climate. ONZAA respects international rules and laws, as well as the culture, customs and history of local societies. Thus, ONZAA promotes its business activities from “both a global and local” standpoint so as to contribute to the development of local economies and society.

We contribute to expansion of ONZAA’s business overseas by respecting the culture, customs and history of each country, as well as national, regional and international laws and rules. 10. Profitability Enhancement Activities: Building a stronger profit foundation In order to respond to the expectations of investors and society, ONZAA endeavors to perform various measures to improve business management efficiency, achieve sustainable increases in profit and strengthen the foundation of its management and profit. When determining investments or financing for various domestic and overseas projects.

SOCIETY & US Through its business, ONZAA creates close relationships with society and its stakeholders (customers, shareholders, local communities, etc. ). Based on the basic understanding that “as a member of society, the company engages in business that contributes to society”, ONZAA operates its business in an open and fair manner. Through active public relations activities, investor relations and philanthropy, ONZAA aims to be a “good corporate citizen” that is trusted by the international community. ONZAA’s business is expanding rapidly worldwide.

ONZAA feels that the support and trust of stakeholders in ONZAA has helped the company realize such expansion, and ONZAA should not forget gratitude towards its stakeholders. Thus, ONZAA will respond strictly with respect to illegal or criminal acts and acts that are not socially acceptable, regardless of whether job-related or whether in private situation. ONZAA also strongly desires that the people working for ONZAA, a company engaged in automotive business, are aware of traffic safety and lead safe and pleasant lives. We support ONZAA’s aim “to become ‘a good corporate citizen’ that is trusted by the international community”.

We strive to communicate openly and fairly with stakeholders, to gain more “ONZAA fans”, as well as to engage in activities that contribute to society’s sustainable development. We must also act, at all times, including when carrying out our works, in a manner that does not provoke unnecessary misunderstanding or misapprehensions, and to act with humility, honesty, and integrity. Regardless of whether at work or in a private situtation, we should pay careful attention to traffic safety, obtain basic legal knowledge, and be aware of common social protocol.

We need to do this so that we can be sensitive to illegal or criminal acts or acts that are against society’s common morals, and take swift and forceful actions against such acts. 1. Corporate Communication Activities: Communicating facts in an accurate and timely fashion Being Open and Fair -In order to become an “open company” and win the trust of society, ONZAA strives to communicate accurate and timely information to its stakeholders through active public relations and public dialogue, so as to enhance its corporate image and transparency.

ONZAA listens to and respects its stakeholders’ criticisms and suggestions, and incorporates these as appropriate into its business. We endeavor to build positive relationships with stakeholders through open and fair communication. 2. Philanthropy and Community Relations: Becoming a corporate citizen trusted by international society -Towards attaining an enriched society and sustainable development, ONZAA, in cooperation with society, strives to effectively use its resources and to engage in activities contributing to society.

Such activities are aimed at alleviating societal problems or issues and include initiatives with respect to the “nurturing of personnel”, the “environment”, and “traffic safety”. As a global company, ONZAA contributes to creating a sustainable society from the broad perspective of the future of the earth and humanity. As a good corporate citizen, ONZAA also focuses on local communities and focuses on social issues that each local community faces and endeavors to resolve such social issues. As members of the local community, we will take an interest in and gain awareness of local social issues.

Based on such awareness, we will actively take part in philanthropic initiatives such as volunteer activities. 3. Corporate Communication Activities: Communicating facts in an accurate and timely fashion – Being Open and Fair -In order to become an “open company” and win the trust of society, ONZAA strives to communicate accurate and timely information to its stakeholders through active public relations and public dialogue, so as to enhance its corporate image and transparency. ONZAA listens to and respects its stakeholders’ criticisms and suggestions, and incorporates these as appropriate into its business.

We endeavor to build positive relationships with stakeholders through open and fair communication. 4. Shareholder Relations: Respect for shareholders’ benefit In order to respond to the expectations of shareholders and investors worldwide, ONZAA strives to operate its business globally and to enhance corporate value, while achieving stable and long-term growth. ONZAA considers relationships with investors to be important, and through timely and fair investor relationship activities, endeavors to promote understanding of its corporate management and business activities.

As for corporate governance, ONZAA strives to enhance the transparency of its management and actively incorporates management -checks conducted by independent parties. We endeavor to contribute, through our work, to ONZAA’s efforts to meet the expectations of its shareholders and investors worldwide. 5. Political and Religious Activities: Moderate participation In the absence of any circumstances of concern (e. g. , such as the possibility that the activity will hinder the conduct of business), ONZAA respects participation in politics by people working for ONZAA and does not, in any way, interfere with individuals’ religious activities.

However, these are private activities and, in principle, they cannot be conducted on company premises or in company time. We respect the rights of other people working for ONZAA to participate in political and religious activities in a moderate manner. 6. Government Relations: Maintaining proper and transparent relations ONZAA strives to build transparent and fair relationships with political parties or administrative bodies (government agencies and public officials) and takes appropriate actions to comply with applicable laws and regulations.

We maintain healthy and transparent relationships with political and administrative bodies and public officials. 7. Traffic Safety Education Activities: Improve traffic safety awareness of society as a whole In order to help create a safe and comfortable society, in addition to pursuit of safer vehicles, ONZAA actively promotes traffic safety education activities designed for today’s realities. ONZAA strives to enhance traffic safety awareness not only among people working for ONZAA, but within society as a whole.

Recognizing the responsibilities of a company engaged in the automobile industry, we abide by traffic rules, and endeavor to be role models by safe driving and actively promoting traffic safety. 8. Disaster Prevention and Crime Prevention Activities: Creation of a safe society ONZAA, in cooperation with the local community, engages in disaster prevention activities and contributes to the recovery of local communities in the event of an actual disaster. ONZAA actively engages in crime prevention activities and the promotion of a safe society.

Each one of us will maintain high moral standards and actively participate in the creation of a safe society. With Our Business Partners 1. Social Responsibility: We feel that the highest priority must be placed on our mission statement “Develop products of superior value by focusing on the customer” when contributing to society. And in creating products of value, it is our belief that the procurement section’s role is to work in mutual cooperation with our business partners so that both parties may prosper.

We select our business partners through an impartial procedure based on quality, cost, deadline delivery, and technical development capabilities. And we have an open door policy, which offers the chance of teaming up with ONZAA regardless of size or track record. 2. Sustainable Relationships: In creating trusting relationships with our business partners we hope to build sustainable relationships. And because we feel that mutual communication is an important part of this, we promote the sharing of ideas not only with the top management but also among middle management and project heads, etc. . Global Procurement: We are working to develop stronger global procurement activities by working with global manufacturing bases. Procurement activities in the past were mainly focused on individual bases, but we have shifted to a more global approach to obtain the most suitable parts at competitive prices. This benefits not only ONZAA, but also our business partners who benefit with volume order stability, and also give way to the accumulation of technology. By sharing these merits we can build more confident relationships. 4. Business Continuity Plan:

In addition to earthquake-proof reinforcing of individual office buildings, we have started compilation of a business continuity plan (BCP). We also recognize our responsibility to local communities, our business partners and customers for being prepared for large-scale disasters, including earthquakes, and recommend quakeproofing measures to our partners located in areas that are likely to experience heavy damage. We are also prepared to aid our business partners in their recovery if they should fall victim to such disaster. Integrity in the Workplace Fair Treatment and Respect:

We hire, promote, train, and pay based on merit, experience, or other work-related criteria. We value the wide range of backgrounds of our employees. Our diversity is a strength in the increasingly diverse marketplace. And we strive to create work environments that accept and tolerate differences while promoting productivity and teamwork. Each of us is responsible for creating and maintaining a productive work environment where the dignity of all employees is respected. 1. Equal Employment Opportunity: ONZAA is committed to equal employment opportunity.

ONZAA extends employment opportunities to all qualified applicants and employees and strives to maintain workplace environments free of discrimination, hostility and physical or verbal harassment with respect to age, race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, or being a disabled veteran, a veteran of the Vietnam Era, or other covered veterans. ONZAA employees are entitled to a work environment free from conduct that even appears disrespectful.

Certain jokes, cartoons, pictures, language, gestures, and touching may offend people and may result in a hostile work environment, which ONZAA does not tolerate. 2. Health and Safety: ONZAA’s overriding priority is to protect the health and safety of each employee. We all have a stake in a healthy, injury-free work environment that protects the health and safety of each employee. We should not compromise any person’s well-being in anything we do. This means following procedures for reducing accident risks, and it means using equipment safely.

It means following safe workplace practices ? no exceptions, no shortcuts. It means promptly voicing safety concerns to supervisors, so we can correct situations that may endanger employees. Don’t assume that a safety hazard has been reported – take responsibility for reporting it yourself. ONZAA encourages employees to continue safe practices outside of the office, such as following safe driving practices: wearing your seatbelt; avoiding distractions (cell phones and texting); not driving while impaired; and and speed limits.

Accurate Information, Records, and Communications Intentionally creating or inserting false or misleading information in any ONZAA financial or other business record is strictly prohibited. Inaccurate information leads to bad decisions by ONZAA. And our customers, suppliers, investors, business partners, communities, and government officials rely on us for accurate information. All business records are to be maintained accurately. Whenever an inaccuracy finds its way into a record, it should be corrected and, where appropriate, the reasons for the correction should be noted.

This is also important in engineering records. An inaccurate record is an “open loop. ” We need to “close the loop” by clarifying and supplementing the “open loop” record with the accurate data or judgment. We must also ensure that ONZAA’s business records are available to meet the company’s business needs, including legal and tax requirements. That’s why we must comply with ONZAA’s Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) policies in creating, managing, and disposing of all ONZAA records. Be alert to and observe Litigation Holds. These are instructions from the Legal

Staff requiring that certain records be retained beyond normal retention periods for legal or compliance reasons. Failure to comply with Litigation Holds can result in serious harm to ONZAA and its employees. It is unlawful to destroy, conceal, alter, or falsify any ONZAA business or other record, document, or object for the purpose of obstructing or influencing any lawsuit or other legal or governmental proceeding or investigation. The ONZAA Information Security Policy and Practices provide guidance on the classification and protection of ONZAA information.

The ONZAA ILM policies provide guidance on creating, maintaining, and disposing of all ONZAA records containing ONZAA information, and for the Acceptable Use Practices that govern use of ONZAA information resources. These policies also apply to those third parties, including contract workers, who have access to ONZAA information. Each of us must learn and comply with ONZAA Information Security and Information Lifecycle Management policies and Acceptable Use Practices applicable to our jobs.

This includes everything from securing workstations, to keeping passwords secret, and much more. Treat Everyone With Respect Remember that customers, colleagues, supervisors, suppliers and competitors may have access to whatever you post. These individuals reflect a diverse set of customs, values and viewpoints. Offensive, demeaning, abusive or inappropriate remarks are as out-of-place online as they are offline. You are expected to abide by the same standards of behavior both in the workplace and in your social media communications.

Be Aware That Your Online Communications Travel Fast, Remain Forever and Are Usually NOT “Private” There are no secrets on the Internet. Information you may think you have protected as “private” on some social media sites may be accessed by others. Make sure you will have no regrets about what you said or did online if a reporter, a relative or your manager were to view it. If you are still unclear what actions are considered to be a violation of ONZAA policy, please refer to the Social Media Policy?

Whether you are using email, voice mail, or social media channels, never make any illegal, unethical, unauthorized, or disruptive use of ONZAA information systems or equipment. This includes, for example, accessing, transmitting, or storing inappropriate material (e. g. , pornography, depicted nudity, lewd or violent materials, chain letters, sexually oriented jokes or cartoons, or other offensive/demeaning material related to age, race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation).

Violations will subject you to disciplinary action up to and including discharge. If you get an inappropriate message, or are confronted with instances of unethical business practices or behavior, report it to your leader, or contact the Aware line. Gifts, Favors and Conflicts of Interest • Do not use your position at the Company to privately enrich yourself or others (such as family or friends). In fact, you should avoid situations that could even look to outsiders as if you are doing something improper. Never ask for a gift or favor from an individual or organization that does business with the Company, or is actively seeking to do business with the Company. • Accept a gift or favor that is freely offered by suppliers, dealers, and others only if it is of nominal value, involves a normal sales promotion, advertising, or publicity, and there is a legitimate business purpose. In the United States, $50 is considered to be nominal value. See your local appendix, or ask your Human resources representative to find out what is considered “nominal value” in your country. Never accepts any of the following types of gifts or favors from an individual or organization that does business with the Company, or is actively seeking to do business with the Company: – Cash, gift certificates, or a gift of packaged alcohol (including beer or wine) – Tickets to any event, unless the supplier is in attendance and the situation meets all other entertainment limitations – A loan, unless it is from a regular financial institution on normal terms – Discounts on goods or services, unless the supplier makes them generally available to all employees in the Company – Gifts or other donations for parties or social events attended principally by Company personnel (for example, retirement or holiday parties) • Return inappropriate gifts with a polite note explaining the Company’s policy. If it is not possible or practical for you to return the gift, consult your local Human r resources representative to determine what to do with the gift. • Ask if you are not sure if something is appropriate.

You may ask your manager, your local Human resources representative, the office of the General Counsel, or your local legal office. Know and follow Company policies regarding accepting refreshments, entertainment, and other social events associated with your work at the Company: – You may accept refreshments provided by a supplier while attending a business meeting. – You may accept only one meal per quarter per supplier. – You may accept only one meal per week, in total, from all suppliers. – You may accept up to two entertainment events (such as a golf outing, or a sporting, theatrical, or cultural event) per calendar year, per supplier, provided that the supplier is in attendance and the event does not require extensive travel or an overnight stay. Do not attend an event that involves adult entertainment when you are on Company business. • Do not travel on a supplier’s aircraft or vehicle for transportation unless it is an authorized Company business trip (such as a trip to a supplier’s plant for a Quality review, or a local social event that complies with the Company’s entertainment policies). Additionally, any travel on a supplier’s aircraft must meet the requirements of directive. • Although you may accept invitations from multiple suppliers, remember that frequent acceptance of gifts or invitations (even if within policy limitations) may create an appearance of impropriety. • You may accept a gift while at a supplier-paid event, as long as the gift is of nominal value.

Remember, prizes given out at such events are considered gifts. Therefore, you may not accept a prize of greater than nominal value, even if you win a contest to qualify for the prize. See your local appendix, or ask your Human resources representative to find out what is considered “nominal value” in your country. • Use good judgment when you are offered gifts or invitations. If there is any doubt whether the conduct is appropriate, you should consult your Human resources represented d o not act on behalf of the Company with an organization in which you or a family member has a financial interest, or which employs a family member or close friend. Do not give preferential treatment, and avoid a situation that would raise the suspicion of preferential treatment. Consult with your management, Human resources representative, or the office of the General Counsel or your local legal office about any questionable situation. • Do not use any nonpublic information gained through the Company for your personal advantage, or to enable others to profit from it. For example: – do not profit from a business transaction in which the circumstances indicate that the opportunity belongs to the Company. – do not disclose any Company information outside the Company, including financial, product, or bid information, prior to its authorized release. If you are a salaried employee, obtain prior written approval from the Company for the following circumstances: – Before working or performing services for an organization with which the Company does business – Before becoming a director, officer, or consultant of any other business – For employees who are ll 5 (or its equivalent) or above, before becoming a director, officer, or consultant of a nonprofit or charitable organization (such as the United Way or a disaster relief organization) at the national level, or before accepting a local position (in a similar organization) that has high, community-wide visibility • Consult with your local Human r sources’ representative before you act, if you are in doubt about how this policy affects you. I’ve or pay your own way. Conclusion We strive to act with personal and institutional integrity in the workplace, the marketplace, and the communities where we live.

We must all understand and apply our values and policies to ensure that we compete – and win – with integrity. Winning with Integrity poses a challenge to each of us. It requires strength of character to act when the easier course would be to ignore the problem. We can all fulfill our responsibilities by: * Following Winning with Integrity, ONZAA’s Code of Conduct; * Raising potential instances of misconduct to leadership; * Giving feedback on problem areas and suggesting improvements to leadership; * Listening to the concerns of customers, co-workers, dealers, and suppliers – and Making sure this information gets proper attention; and * Conducting ourselves with the highest ethical standards.

Employees who violate these requirements are subject to disciplinary action that, in the judgment of management, is appropriate to the nature of the violation, which may include termination of employment. Employees may also be subject to civil and criminal penalties if the law has been violated. References 1. http://www. toyota-global. com/company/vision_philosophy/pdf/code_of_conduct. pdf 2. http://www. mitsubishicorp. com/jp/en/about/philosophy/pdf/conduct100624e. pdf 3. http://corporate. ford. com/doc/corporate_conduct_standards. pdf 4. http://www. globalsuzuki. com/corp_info/environmental/pdf/2005_env_soc_report_e. pdf 5. http://www. gm. com/content/dam/gmcom/COMPANY/Investors/Corporate_Governance/PDFs/Winning_With_Integrity. pdf

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Accounting Code of Ethics

Introduction

The accounting system is constantly changing. During these changes, it is important for accountants to adhere to the high ethical standards that they have always lived by. Adhering to the high ethical standards is an accountant?s obligation to the public, the profession, and themselves. An accountant?s ethical conduct usually lies within four different areas. This includes competence, confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity. NYSSCPA.ORG states,

Members also have a continuing responsibility to cooperate with each other to improve the art of accounting, maintain the public?s confidence, and carry out the professions special responsibilities for self-governance,? (Article 1).

New York State expects its accountants to act in a way that will serve the public interest. The public includes clients, credit grantors, governments, employers, investors, the business and financial community, and any other person that relies on the information provided by the accountant. It is the accountant?s responsibility to maintain an appropriate level of professional competence through continuing education of their knowledge and skills. New York State also expects its accountants to perform their duties in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, as well as providing clear and complete reports.

It is important for accountants to maintain their integrity. Often times, accountants are faced with situations that are questionable. It is important for the accountant to avoid situations of apparent conflicts of interest and to advise other public interests of these conflicts. Accountants should refuse gifts and favors

that would appear to influence their actions and should refrain from any activities that would prejudice their ability to perform their duties ethically. NYSSCPA.ORG states, ?Integrity requires a member to be, among other things, honest and candid within the constraints of client confidentiality,? (Article 3). Accountants must be willing to recognize and communicate professional limitations that would preclude successful performance of their activities. They are expected to communicate unfavorable as well as favorable information.

Client Confidentiality

Client confidentiality is very important in the accounting profession. New York State requires that accountants do not share any client information without the specific consent of the client. However, under certain circumstances, the State finds it necessary that an accountant might have to share client information. Read also research proposal on Forensic Accounting

Examples of these circumstances include an accountant?s receipt of a subpoena or summons or an accountants participation in actual or threatened legal proceedings or alternative dispute resolution proceedings (NYSSCPA.ORG, ET section 301).

Accounting Work Product

New York State requires its accountants to adequately maintain its work papers in accordance with specific requirements. Work papers include the accountant?s records of the procedures applied, tests performed, supporting information, and the material conclusions reached, including, but not limited to an audit, review, compilation, and forecast or projection (NYSSCPA.ORG). NYSSCPA states, ?

Work papers shall contain sufficient documentation to enable a reviewer with relevant knowledge and experience, but having no previous connection with the specific work product, to understand the nature, timing, extent, and results of the procedures performed for the work product, information obtained and conclusions reached for the work product, and the identity of the persons who performed and reviewed the work for the work product,? (section 29.10). Accountants are required to maintain these papers for a period of at least seven years.

Code Violations

New York State has strict guidelines as to the professional conduct of their accountants. Accountants are suspended from their position without hearing if they are found guilty of certain crimes. If an accountant fails to file an individual tax return, this would result in criminal liability against them and would be terms for suspension.

Another criminal offense that would result in suspension is the false filing of the accountant?s tax return or that of a client. Accountants can also be held liable for making false or misleading statements or by omitting material facts on financial documents.

Conclusion

Accountants in New York State should make themselves aware of the Code of Professional Conduct. They should maintain their integrity by not taking advantage of any personal gains encountered in their profession. Accountants should maintain objectivity and independence by keeping free of conflicts of interest. They should also take responsibility in providing due care to their clients through competence and diligence. Often times there are not rules written in black and white for the accountant to follow during certain situations. Therefore, it is the accountant?s responsibility to think these situations through before acting.

References
The Website of the New York State Society of CPA?s. (2004). Retrieved May 28, 2004 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nysscpa.org/

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