Communism

Lenins political finesse, his understanding of the strength of the peasantry and his rewriting of the communist thought are the characteristics which made Lenin one of the greatest leaders of Russia. Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, was born on April 22, 1870, in Simbirsk, on the bank of the Volga river. Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov, a man with high cheek bones, a dark complexion and dark brown eyes, all of which Lenin inherited, was Lenins father, and was the director of schools in Simbirsk province.

Lenins mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Blank, was a woman who was very devoted to her six children who all eventually became evolutionaries, except for one who died before she could follow her siblings. Lenin overall had a good childhood. He liked to play chess, swim, hike, and hunt. Although Lenin had no close friends, he did look up to his brother, Alexander, a great deal. When Lenin entered school in 1879, at the age of 9 he became a brilliant student and this was acclaimed to a teacher who came into the Ulyanov home before Lenin could enter school, and taught him to read by the age of five.

During Vladimirs young years Russia was quite quiet, although not for him. In 1886 Lenins father died and in 1887 his rother Alexander, whom Lenin looked up to, was involved in an unsuccessful plot to kill the czar and was hanged for doing so. The death of Alexander came as a great blow to Lenin. About his brothers death Lenin simply said “Ill make them pay for this! I swear it! ” The same year his brother was hanged, Lenin finished school at the age of 17 and received a gold medal for excellence in studies. During the fall of that year Lenin was admitted to Kazan University to study law there.

Three months after Lenin had settled in Kazan he was expelled from the University for joining in a student meeting protesting the ack of freedom the students were given in the school. Over the next three years Lenin tried many more times to regain admission to the university, but was unsuccessful on all attempts, until 1890 when he tried to gain acceptance to St. Petersburg University. He was admitted as a student but he was not, however, permitted to attend classes, though he would be permitted to take the examinations after studying on his own.

In 1891 after studying on his own and taking the final examinations Lenin received a law degree from St. Petersburg University and united with a law firm in Samara. While still in university Lenin was introduced to the works of Karl Marx, Marx being a major contributor to the Communist Philosophy. In early 1893 Lenin became part of the Social Democratic band, a Marxist establishment. In the latter part of that year Lenin reallocated to St. Petersburg and got a start on his revolutionary career.

While in St. Petersburg Lenin found that the quality of leadership came to him easily and he quickly became the leader of a Social Democrat group. Lenin came across as a bright intelligent man. All of Lenins written work was very precise, intensely specific, and crystal clear. In 1897 Lenin was banished to Siberia, after being held for questioning for more than a year, after he was caught by the Czars Secret Police while preparing a revolutionary newspaper, The Cause, in December of 1895.

During Lenins interval in Siberia he married Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. As banishment to Siberia did not mean confinement and Lenin took advantage of his freedom by carrying on his propagandist writings and also wrote one of his more dominant accomplishments, The Development of Capitalism In Russia (1899). During the p of 1898, while Lenin was in expulsion from Russia, a collection of concealed Russian Marxist groups allied to form the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

In the ensuing period following Lenins Siberian expulsion, January 1900, he received authorization to leave the country and go to Germany to assist with the founding of the parties newspaper, The Spark, of which the first issue appeared on December 24, 1900. In 1902 Lenin wrote a pamphlet called “What Is To Be Done” and from this pamphlet came the base of what is called Leninism. The following year the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party broke into two separate, equal, collectives over a ontention about party membership.

Lenin became the leader of the Bolsheviks, which translates to “The Majority”, which suggested that his group was larger. The Bolsheviks desired that membership to their party be confined to a small member of full-time revolutionaries. The other group, The Mensheviks, which translates to The Minority, desired that party membership be less restrictive and did not prefer a dictatorship, as the Bolsheviks did, but rather to practice more democratically. Just as all this was taking place a vitality of insurrection was taking place across Russia fronting the Czar Nicholas II.

The Russian people wanted land, higher wages, and increased political rights including a legislation. Included in these revolts was an incident called “Bloody Sunday” which happened when an Orthodox Priest led a march of “peaceful” peasants to the home of the Czar, on Sunday January 22, 1905. When they reached the palace the Czars head man panicked at the sight of the many people and had his troops fire on the defenseless crowd, slaying and damaging hundreds. By the fall of 1905 a full strike of nearly all workers stupefied the country compelling the Czar to give the people a Duma, which is a ower level Parliament.

By the end of 1905 mammoth strikes commenced and was followed by a brimming revolution to which the Czar quickly put a stop to. After this Lenin found it quite arduous to proceed with revolutionary actions in Russia and exhausted most of his time from 1906 until 1908 publishing radical leaflets and attending party congress in England, Germany and Sweden, chiefly with the intentions of keeping the party together, but also to expand the distance between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks alleging that the Mensheviks did not want revolution.

On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia and World War I commenced. As Lenin was in Austria at that time, the Austrian government arranged for Lenin to be transported to Switzerland who did not participate in the war. It has been noted that many extremists desired a victory for Russia, but it has also been noted that others wanted peace lacking a victory for any one country, but a victory of peace for all involved. Lenin, however, desired that his country suffer a defeat, and that would bring about revolution in the country.

During the war Lenin and his cause were aided financially by the German government, by performing this the Germans felt that they were eroding the Russian war endeavor. By this time most of Lenins supporters had deserted him, indicating as their more popular reasons that Lenin was using assets intended for the assemblage for himself, and that his apparent seizure of power was unwilful by some. This period in Lenins career was suggested by Krupskaya, his wife, as the loneliest point in Lenins career, and as a time when Lenin would transfigure his passions into a surely revolutionary conclusion.

It had been three years since the start of the war and the countries were still attling, Russia had lost many of her battles and the country was in annoyance. Food shortages were occurring all across the country, mainly in the cities, but bread was especially shortly yielded. In early February 1917 bread was nowhere to be found in Petrograd and immense lines aside the bread shops collected and the tensions increased. By the end of the first quarter of February approximately two hundred thousand workers were on strike and demonstrating in the capital.

On the fifteenth day of March nineteen- seventeen, the Czar Nicholas II, gave up his throne and also gave up the throne or his son. This left the throne to the Nicholass brother who did not want the throne, thus ending three hundred years of autocratic rule. With no one in power of the country a democratic provisional government was formed. For a duration the governing power was shared by the provisional government with the Petrograd Soviet, but before long the Bolsheviks, although very unorganized demanded that all ability be granted to the soviets.

At the present time Lenin was still in Switzerland and was pondering a way to return to Russia. The German government was willing to allow Lenin passage through Germany, by way of rail. The only thing the German government was, however, worried about during Lenins trek was of him agitating the German workers. Because of this the German government had Lenin ride in a single sealed train car that was deemed, for the duration of his trip, Russian territory.

On the sixteenth day of April nineteen seventeen Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov returned to Russia landing in Petrograd and receiving a welcome fit for a hero. After arriving in Petrograd Lenin abruptly took back control of the Bolsheviks and ordered the overthrow of the provisional government. Lenin was unable to take control of the provisional and upon the reorganization of it, Alexander Kernsky took control and decreed Lenins arrest on the account that he was a German agent, and Lenin quickly fled to Finland. The rest of the Bolsheviks also quickly dispersed or were taken into custody.

After living in Finland for about three months, during this time writing The State and Revolution, which was considered to be one of the most important of his labors in which he described how to come about power by way of revolution, Lenin returned to Russia, October 1917, as he felt it was necessary to bring about the revolution. Upon Lenins arrival in Petrograd he strongly recommended to the Bolshevik Central Committee to take advantage of Kerenskys weak government. The Central Committee decided to take action while they had the chance.

The Bolshevik president of the Petrograd Soviet, Leon Trotsky, managed to gain control of some government troops and some Naval crews who supported the uprising, and then with minute amount of brutality the Bolsheviks captured Petrograd on October twenty fifth, nineteen seventeen. The Bolsheviks now only had one more thing to do before they were to hold all power of the government, capture Moscow. The capturing of Moscow proved to be more difficult and rougher, but at any rate Moscow was seized and the Bolsheviks had taken power.

November 8, 1917 was the day that the Second All-Russian Congress opened with representatives from all across the country in attendance. At the meeting of the congress, which was controlled by the Bolsheviks, Lenin was appointed chairman of The Council of Peoples Commissars, and therefore he became head of the new Russian State. When Lenin ade his first appearance before the congress he asked to be allowed to ask Germany for a three month truce, and for the eradication of private land ownership, both of these requests were authorized.

Soon after Lenin took control he found himself in a battle to stay in control, as the Red Army had broken apart, German forces were advancing deeper and deeper into Russia, and also other opposing forces were gathering large groups in parts of Russia. Lenin believed that if the Bolsheviks were to stay in power then the war with Germany would have to come to an end soon and at any cost. It was the third day of March 1918 when the battles between Russia and Germany ended with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

This treaty made it obligatory for Russia to give up a lot of land, which in effect hurt her, until the end of World War I when Germany lost and the treaty became void. In order to put his government further away from German power, in the territory that Russia gave up, Lenin moved the countrys capital to Moscow from Petrograd. In December of 1917 Lenin brought into existence the Cheka, which was a political police force setup to se extreme force to control anyone with an opinion that differed from that of the Bolsheviks.

Most of the people that the Cheka arrested were imprisoned, murdered, or sent to the Gulag, which was a system of prison labor camps where most died. In 1918 Lenin suggested to the Bolshevik Central Committee that they change the name of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party to the Russian Communist Party and this was done. In July 1918, for fear of the former Czar making an uprising, the Bolsheviks had the Czar and his entire family, including servants, slayed.

About a month after the Czar was killed, Lenin as at a factory giving a speech to the employees and he was shot twice by Dora Kaplan, who was a member of a Socialist Revolutionary Party. After quickly recovering from the bullets Lenin had Dora Kaplan executed and to set an example for others he had hundreds of others executed, claiming they were hostages. The revolution was like a speeding locomotive in the cites, but was slower to catch on in the more remote parts of the country and in these parts of the country resistance was becoming a major problem and civil war was breaking out.

The two enemies in the war ere the Red Army, which Lenin had created in January 1918 and named after the color of the world Communist movement, and opposing them were the whites, who were for the most part democrats, Russian Nationalists and those who opposed change in any form. The Whites had a major problem though, this problem was that they lacked any organization. The Bolsheviks easily won this civil war by 1920, although not untouched. By the end of this war the Russian economy was in shambles and millions of Russians had left to go afar, or died. But yet still the Communist government survived.

Although Lenin had successfully taken control of Russia he had not yet accomplished his true goal that he had set out to achieve many years before, which was the goal of a Communist world revolution. In 1921, in a radical attempt to regain control of his country, Lenin instituted a program called the New Economic Policy. This policy replaced a lot of the measures that were put in place when the Bolsheviks took power, it allowed small businesses to continue to operate, peasants to sell food to private customers, free trade was reinstated, and foreign business was invited to invest in Russia.

By this time Lenins health had also started to suffer from the stress, among various other things. Although foreign nations were invited to invest in Russia few did and by this time, also, no major country still held diplomatic relations with Russia. In the month of May in 1922 Lenins health took a turn for the worse and he endured a stroke. Lenin then, opposing his doctors advice, kept on working. It was the December of 1922 that Lenin suffered his second stroke and that same month the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established by the Bolshevik government.

On March 9, 1923 Lenin suffered from a third stoke and his ability to speak clearly was impaired. Less than a year later, on January 21, 1924, Lenin died of a brain hemorrhage, thus ending his rein of power. Lenin used the strength of the peasantry in revolution by appeasing some of their demands, such as implementing the New Economic Policy. The masses supported Lenins beliefs and showed their unrest in ways such as striking. Lenin also utilized his fellow politicians in his bid to accomplish the first part of his goal, to bring communism to Russia, y finessing them into his turn of mind via his personal fervor and his writings.

Lenins vision of communism included bringing theories into practice. He also brought widely varied classes of people to his conclusions. Thus by using any and every means possible, Lenin brought communism to Russia, although it took far longer that he expected and he died before reaching his ultimate goal of World Communism. Whether or not communism is or was beneficial to a society, Lenin was a great leader in as much as he reshaped an entire country and its ideals.

One of the factors that caused the relationship between the USSR and the USA to change was the fact that the USA were Capitalists and the USSR ere Communists. This meant that they supported and believed different things. America wanted people to live a free life – earn as much money as they want, allow the public to vote freely for the Government they want – where as Stalin did not agree and thought that everyone should earn the same amount of money and that the public were only allowed to choose Communists for the Government.

This put a big strain on their relationship because it meant that both sides wanted different things to happen in the world and it meant that they couldn’t agree on the same things. Another factor which caused the frosty relationship between the two powers, was the Berlin Blockade which Stalin thought would make him more in control of the Eastern/ Soviet part of Berlin. Stalin feared that the Western allies were planning the permanent division of Germany.

The Western allies also began to develop a new policy such as new currency and a new German assembly which would develop a new constitution, which Stalin did not like. Stalin thought that by Blockading his part of Berlin, it would keep the Eastern part of Berlin separate and protected from the Western and that it would make him look more powerful. A third factor which caused the relationship to significantly change was the Truman Doctrine.

The Truman Doctrine was a promise which President Truman had made to help any country which were threatened by Communism, by sending troops or economic resources such as money or military equipment. Truman feared that the Soviet Union would spread Communism so he thought that by making a promise, it would prevent Communism from spreading anywhere in the world. This could have put a strain on the USA and USSR’s relationship as Stalin could have felt as if he was being threatened by the USA.

The factor which is most important, significant and was the causation for the relationship to change, was the fact that the USA were Capitalist and the Soviet Union were Communist. This is the most important factor because if it wasn’t for both the USA and USSR to have different beliefs, then the Berlin Blockade and the Truman Doctrine may not have existed in the first place. It may also mean that there may not have been a historical event – such as the Cold War – if Capitalism and Communism did not exist. The Change in Relations between the U. S. A. and the USSR: 1943-1956 By sorayha98

Patent is one of the aspects of Intellectual Property. A patent gives its inventor or the true owner, the right to exclude others from making, using and selling an invention for a specific period of time.

Invention can be electrical, mechanical or chemical in nature, which is product or process, which provides a way of doing something or to make something new. No other person can make, use, distribute or sell the invention without the owner’s or true inventor’s consent. The rights of the patentee are enforced in Courts, to stop the infringement of the patents.

Every country owning patents want to create long-term relations with China and they were finding an investor for licensing their patent in the future to use Chinese Patent System.

In order to get the patent protection in China, the inventor or the true owner of the invention has to file a Chinese Patent Application. The State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO), also known as the Chinese Patent Office of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), founded in 1980, is the government authority which receives and examines the applications for patent.

Intellectual Property protection measures should not end with filing the patent application, it also have to cover legal, technical, administrative and political aspects.

The Patent Law of China was issued in 1984, and it was amended 3 times in 1992, 2000 and 2008 respectively. According to the last statistics/ report given by World Trade Organisation (WTO) on Intellectual Property indicators that are approximately 560,681 patent applications are filed by the people of china in 2012 and ranked first in the world. Over the years, china has received the patent system well and started to use the system actively.

Historical Background of Patent Law in China

After the end of the second world war (WW II) (about 4 years of civil war), communist became superior and gets all the powers. And the People Republic was founded in October, 1949.

The new leaders of China copied everything from the Soviet Union, such as the model of central planning system.

STALINISM THEORY: This theory is copied by the new leaders of China from Soviet Union’s Model. Based on this theory, communism is superior and capitalism is inferior because capitalism is based upon the private ownership which causes injustice, exploitation of labour, civil inequality, imperialism, etc.

Based on this theory only, China implemented its new social, political and economic structure. Whole land of China was captured by the state of China and distributed among the farmers. Private businesses were abolished. All state laws, regulations and public policies were implemented for the safeguards and to honour state interest and public interest rather than personal interest.

In 1996, “Cultural Revolution” stated, in which Chinese people were in high fever of communist “fundamentalism”. This revolution created the disturbances in the social and economic development in the country. The revolution ended in 1976 after the death of Mao. At that time, the whole economy was collapsed and people of china realised that their country was huge technically and economically backward. After the huge discussions and debates, the leaders decided to make the new economic reform and adopt the ‘open-door’ policy in late 1970’s.

The leaders of China had never thought to have a patent system until the end of the “cultural revolution”. Eventually, after that revolution, the First Patent Legislation was initiated by the end of 1970’s.

The First Patent Legislation

The leaders of the whole world are happy with the thinking of the China’s leaders to set up a patent system, to attract the foreign investments in China. The State Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Trade were in full support to establish patent system in China and were working to get a patent law enacted.

In 1978, Hua (the successor of Mao), the Chairman of the Communist Party, decided to give the State Science Commission the mandate for all patent related matters. After a year, in October 1997, the State Science Commission submitted the report to the State Council for establishment of a patent system in China.

On January 14, 1980, the State Council approved the report which resulted in the approval of the:

1. Preparation of drafting of a patent law
2. Types of patent: regular invention, small invention (utility models) and designs
3. Examination of the patent applications for regular inventions
4. Establishment of the State Patent Office
5. Establishment of the patent agency to represent foreign incoming filings
6. The forms of patent were to be decided taking into consideration both the regular patent and the inventors certificate as was difficult in industrial countries and Soviet Union respectively.

After this decision of the State Council, the debate was end on the appropriateness of a patent system in China. But that was not the end of the whole debate. After one year of study in March 1981, the State Science Commission proposed the first draft of Patent Act.

In the report it was highlighted that China was a socialist country because of which European type of patent did not work in this model. Then the report was submitted to take the Yugoslavian-Romanian Model. The inventors would be remunerated, and inventions made by the state-owned firms were to be owned by the state. The firm will just hold the invention.

Then the Patent Act submitted to the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress for approval, where it again met heavy opposition by politicians until 1984 when it was finally passed.

The First Patent Law

The First Patent Law was passed by the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress on March 12, 1984 and it came into force on April 1, 1985.

The Patent Law in China

The First Patent Law which is quite similar to the “European” model can be summarized as follows:

1. Definition of Patent Rights: Patentees had the right to prevent others from making, using or selling the patented products, or using the patented processes for production or business purposes.
2. Types of Patents: In China, Industrial Property Rights include 3 types of patents:

• a. Regular Invention Patents: novel apparatus or method of achieving a useful task must show “novelty” and, may not be obvious.
• b. Utility Model Patent: creations, constructions or fitting of an object in which the technical requirements are not as high as for an invention patent.
• c. Design Patent: original designs related to shape, pattern, colour, etc.

(3) Duration of patents: The term or duration varies depending on the type of patent:

• Invention patent – 15 years before the amendment but now it is extended till 20 years from the filing date.
• Utility Model Patent – 5 years before the amendment but now it is extended till 10 years from the filing date.
• Design Patent – 5 years before amendment but now it is extended till 10 years from the filing date.

(4) Un-patentable subject matters: According to article 5 and 25 of the Patent Act of China, Patent Rights shall not be granted for any of the following or following are not the inventions within the meaning of the Patent Act:

1. Scientific discoveries
2. Rules of mental activity
3. Methods of the prevention and treatment of the disease
4. Foods, Beverages and Dressings
5. Pharmaceuticals and substances obtained by chemical process
6. Animal and plant varieties
7. Substances obtained through nuclear transformation
8. Inventions that violate the law or social ethics or harm public interest

(5) Publication and Examination:

• Regular patent application will publish after 18 months from filing date, and examined upon written request which must be filed within 3 months from the filing date.
• Utility model and Design application will be patented automatically upon preliminary examination.

(6) Rejections and Appeals:

• Rejection made by the Patent Office can be appealed to the patent Re-examination Board.
• Decisions of Board on regular invention application can be appealed to court, but the decisions of the board on utility model and designs are final.

(7) Opposition and Invalidation: Oppositions can be filed within 3 months against the allowed patent after the announcement of the allowance to the Patent Office. And the decisions of the Patent Office can be appealed to the Patent Re-examination Board. An invalidation request can be filed at any time with the Patent Re-examination Board after the issuance of the patent and Board’s decisions can be appealed to court.

(8) Infringing Activities:

• The use or sale of a patented product which was produced without the patent owner’s permission
• The production and use of the patented invention, where the preparation was not ready before the filing date of the respective patent application.

Throughout history, there have been numerous nations that risen and fallen apart in the blink of the eye. There’s one aspect that separates all the nations that have existed through the course of human history: the person that leading the nation at its peak and its worst. Queen Elizabeth 1, Abraham Lincoln, and Mao Zedong are all leaders who have cemented their names in history for their contributions to their countries.

Queen Elizabeth 1 become the queen of England (UK) in 1558 and would go on to rule England for 45 until her death in 1603. Her rule is often referred to as the golden age of English history. Despite this, Queen Elizabeth greatly struggled with maintaining peace in England and pursuing their country that she was a great leader. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States (US) from 1861 to 1865.

He also lead the north in the civil war and reconstruction the south after the war was over, but sadly was assassinated before he was able to follow through his plans. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-Tung) was the founder of the People’s Republic of China and ruled China for 27 years. He lead China through a civil war to unite the whole country together and create a new government. Even with being blinded by their own perspectives, all three successful governments had leaders who had the ability to unite different people and were cautious when picking their advisors.

The Weakness of Each Reign

Despite the powerful governments that Queen Elizabeth, President Lincoln, and Chairman Mao built, they all had a weakness that hurt their time in power. When Elizabeth began her reign, she made Protestantism of England but allowed Catholic to practice their religion in private. Some protestant weren’t happy with her decision because of the harsh persecution they had faced during Queen Mary’s reign; They felt that they had to get their revenge and Elizabeth wasn’t going to give to them.

So, they turned against her and become to be known as Puritans: protestants but with more extreme views. Puritans would actively try to change the structure of the religion. On April 4 1566, William Strickland went up to parliament with the proposal to reform the prayer book and to change the practices of the clergy. Elizabeth was not pleased because she wanted to be the only one to make all the religious decision and as a way to punish Strickland for his actions, Elizabeth suspended him from parliament.

This decision was bad on Elizabeth part because she was silencing Strickland and others puritans who had the same view because they didn’t agree. Even though Strickland would get restrained, he inspired many Puritans to start rebelling against Elizabeth that would lead to death and a mini- war. People like John Greenwood and Henry Barrow and others would be executed for not conforming to Protestant religion which sparked more hatred from the Puritans to Elizabeth.

Elizabeth had a hard time looking at another perspective which created conflict because when anyone wanted to make changes to her ideas, she thought that they were already perfect and the changes weren’t needed. Another thing was that she took the recommendation for changes personality when it wasn’t. Queen Elizabeth inability to view made weakened her ability to rule without bias in her decisions.

Abraham Lincoln was an intelligent man but a war wasn’t his area of expertise. So when the civil war started, President Lincoln relied heavily on his army generals to lead the war but his decision of army general almost cost him the war. George B. McClellan was a great general when it came to ” drilling troops and inspiring them with loyalty and trust”, but he was “low, overcautious, duped by his spies’ fantastic exaggerations of enemy strength” and would rather “to win the war by strategy, not butchery”.

McClellan’s overcautious caused his popularity to drop because he appeared to be doing nothing with the men and when he did fight, he lost the battles but wouldn’t take responsibility for the loss. All the people wanted him gone even Lincoln who was very indecisiveness when it to General McClellan. Lincoln allowed him to lead the army despite the damage he was causing for the north;

The president reasoning for not replacing him was the general’s popularity with the military men and that if McClellan was gone then many men would abandon their cause for fighting too. This time period created a negative image for Lincoln as the people realized that he wasn’t the strong leader that they needed in the time of war and caused many people’s support for the war to decrease.

In 1958, Mao Zedong started the Great Leap Forward program which was meant to start allowing China to progress and catch up to the same progress as developed nations. The idea for the program was that people would be group together and share everything from food, clothing, farming supplies, and homes. In theory, Mao’s ideas should have worked perfectly because everyone would be sharing their resources, but humans are greedy.

Many officers who were in charge of the communities started to take extra food from the communities combined with terrible weather lead to negative consequences. 36 million people were reported to die during the Great Leap program due to starvation and direct killing. The famine would lead to cannibalism, people abandoning their families, and civil unrest in the country. Officers were often violent to citizens who were caught trying to take food by torturing and beating citizens.

Instead of taking responsibility for his actions and policies and the effect it had on the Chinese people, Mao Zedong just attempted to cover up by blaming his party members. “As for talking of responsibility, [other CCP leaders] have some responsibility – but the one with the most responsibility is me… The chaos caused was on a grand scale and I take responsibility.

Comrades, you must all analyse your own responsibility. If you have to shit, then shit. If you have to fart, then fart. You will feel better for it.” Mao isn’t willing to allow himself to take responsibility for his faults but trying to share it on the other members so that his reputation isn’t tainted.

None of the three leaders are perfect and all have faults that negatively impacted the citizens of their countries. All three were blinded by the perspectives because they thought that their methods were the best which created problems. Elizabeth wasn’t able to see things from the puritans perspective, Mao wouldn’t take responsibility for the famine that killed million due to his policies, and Lincoln was afraid to dismiss McClellan even when he was hurting the North’s war effort. At the end of the day, all 3 leaders were just humans who have faults but still managed to unite the different people during times of trial.

Ability to Unite People

Having to unite room of people and having them agree on one decision is something most people would dread to do. Yet, the three leaders were able to unite nations when the countries were at their lowest points. When Queen Elizabeth started her reign, she had to solve the issue of what to do with religion in England. When her half-brother had been king England was protestant but when her half-sister took over, Catholicism became the religion of the country creating a civil war between the two religious groups.

Elizabeth had the difficult task of unifying the two fighting groups with a settlement that would please everyone so that England wouldn’t fall into a civil war; Also, she had to be aware of Spain and France who were Catholic countries and didn’t want the two countries to attack England. As a solution, Queen Elizabeth created the Elizabethan Settlement which tried to be the middle ground between the two religion by incorporating two aspects of both religions.

The Act of Supremacy made Elizabeth the “supreme governor of this realm” which made her in charge of the Catholic people instead of the pope; Another aspect was that clergy had to “make, take, and receive a corporal oath upon the evangelist” pleading their allegiance to the Queen. This ensured that Elizabeth was able to make religious decisions over the whole country and everyone would obey her orders. Catholic would be executed if they were found conspiring with the pope because they had pledged their alliance to Elizabeth.

The Act of Uniformity was the most important because it put all the prayer books into a common one where everyone could use and wrote it in vague language so that both Protestant and Catholics would be pleased. It also required that everyone attend church or they would pay 12 dollars for each time they missed. This act would unite all of England even if forced while other parts of Europe were engaged in religious war. In spite of the many challenges that she had to overcome, Elizabeth was able to unite the Protestants and Catholics and evade a war.

President Lincoln entered the presidency when the united states was in a tense state with the US beginning divided between the slave south and the free north. Lincoln tried his hardest to perverse the union but when South Carolina seceded from the union, other states followed the pattern. When the war began, the north struggled with military strategies and not all the states in the north were in support of Lincoln actions.

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which had many benefits for the north. ” Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States …order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free” .The emancipation proclamation made slavery illegal in the states that had seceded from the union which made the north happy because they had started the war for this reason.

Something important to recognize is that Lincoln only made slavery illegal in states that had seceded so that states that were in the union and had slaves wouldn’t get angry and feel offended. The northern states now had a common goal that united them together of deafening the south and freeing any slaves being held. The slaves begin free was an advantage because the north had more men to unite the war and slaves in the south would start fighting the south giving Lincoln more time.

Mao Zedong came into power with communist party of China when China was fighting the war against Japan who was dominating all of west Asia and had it’s sight set on China. Mao Zedong realized how important it was that China is united or get conquered. ” The Chinese people now find themselves in the following situation: the Japanese aggressors have not yet been defeated; the Chinese people urgently need to work together for a democratic change in order to achieve national unity, rapidly mobilize and unite all anti-Japanese forces, and defeat the Japanese aggressors in co-operation with the allies” stated Mao in political report.

Mao along with his party was able to unite a scattered Chinese population to fight against Japan and won. Mao known that united China would be a threat to the world and would only make China stronger, so he counted to advocate for unity from the Chinese people. After the war with Japan, then communist and nationalists started a civil war over who would control China. Under Mao’s leadership, the communist party was able to defeat the nationalist party.

10 years later, Mao stated ” It was only after the Communist Party led the people in waging a long and arduous struggle that they were able to change to being united from being like loose sand, a condition which favoured the reactionaries’ exploitation and oppression, and that the people achieved this great unity among themselves within a few years after victory in the revolution”. Due to Mao’s persistent fighting for a unified China was the country able to defeat Japan and became a strong nation.

The Cold War was a period of entrenched, ideological opposition, between the East Bloc-?the Soviet Union ND its allies-?and the West Bloc-?the united States and its allies-?in which both sides did everything to undermine one another, short of outright military conflict. As the age of empire came to its precipice in 1945 CE, the Cold War ensued and lasted for decades, to about 1989 CE.

The Second World War heralded a new international system that was not based on empire; it was based on the diametrically opposed binaries of the East Bloc and West Bloc, which defined the international system for decades thenceforth. The stakes On 08 August 1 945, the United States released atomic bombs in Hiroshima ND Nagasaki, Japan. For those individuals that grew up during the Cold War, the threat of nuclear war was constant. Cold war chronology: the dates Yalta conference: 04-?11 February, 1 945 Decided on the post-war division of Europe; the Cold War was not meant to occur.

The great powers agreed on the unconditional surrender of Germany; the division of Germany into four zones of occupation; free and fair elections in Poland, the Baltic states, and eastern Europe; the war criminals would be punished; and Europe would be divided into two spheres of influence thence. Potsdam conference: 17 July-?02 august 1945 Participants were the Soviet union, the united States, and the United Kingdom and they agreed to work together. Germany would be demutualization, democratic, demoralized, decentralized, and identified. Agreement on persecution Of the war criminals.

Germany’s eastern border would be shifted west from the Odder-Noise Line, reducing its size by about 25 percent compared to its 1 937 territory. “Orderly and humane” transfer of Germans from eastern Europe and Poland; Germans would be expelled from this area. Winston Churchill iron curtain speech: march 1946 The phrase “iron curtain” was coined by Churchill to describe the division of astern Europe from the west imposed by the Soviet Union. The key message was that an “iron curtain” descended upon Europe, and that the great cities of Berlin, Budapest, and Prague, among others, were within the Soviet Union sphere of influence.

A spirit of collaboration and cooperation quickly dissolved between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences and Churchill speech. From here, the situation declined. German currency reform: 20 June 1948 Introduced the German Deutsche Mark in the Western occupation zones. The currency reform was the acceptance that there would not be one German economic zone governed by four powers; East and West Germany would have their Own currencies and the continent would be divided into two economic blocs. The German economy, suffering from a depression, was transformed.

HOW did we get from 1945 to 1948 CE? Orthodox interpretation Revisionist interpretation George Seaman’s thesis. Soviet Union has ingrained tendency for expansion and had to be checked; this tendency was rooted in the Soviet Union’s history. Soviet Union had to treat outer world as hostile, as that hostility was key to its existence. Cold War resulted from American reaction to Soviet expansion. The fault of the Soviet Union. William Appleton Williams’ thesis. The idea was to invert politics and economics.

American policy was driven by a constant need for markets, explaining the constant expansion across the west in the United States, policy in Latin America, and hostility to the Soviet Union. An economic need determined American economic policy. The fault of the Americans. Political history of the cold war Stalin and Churchill: October 1944 Stalin and Churchill meet without Roosevelt and devise a “percentages agreement. ” Europe would be divided into spheres of influence. Each power loud be given a certain percentage Of power over a jurisdiction.

America protested against this plan. Stalin violated promises made to Churchill on the percentages. When Stalin went to the Yalta Conference, he had already violated the percentages agreement. Stalin agreed to democratic elections without any intention of adhering to his pledge. Stalin asserted that the Soviet Union would determine policy in any area in which the Red Army occupied. Iran and turkey After the Second World War, the Soviet Union made moves on Iran and Turkey, giving the Soviet Union sovereignty and monopoly over Turkish traits.

The Soviet Union demanded territory from Turkey and pushed troops into northern Iran, and only relinquished its control when the United States took the issue to the United Nations Security Council. Under diplomatic pressure, the Soviet union withdrew from these regions. It was in this politics that George Keenan wrote his “X” article. Eastern Europe: 1945-1948 CE The Soviet Union went on to install regimes through eastern Europe, including Poland, where a communist government was imposed by force; the Baltic states; Hungary; and in Czechoslovakia, there was briefly a enigmatically elected government, which was overturned by the Soviet Union.

In this politics, Germany became a line in the sand. German women were sexually assaulted across the Soviet occupied zone. The East German regime lost legitimacy; in response, the Western Allies created West Germany-?the front line of the Cold War. Western policy toward Germany was highlighted by denationalization and decentralization. In its most extreme, the plan was to restore Germany to agricultural lands-?making the Germans affluent but powerless. Germany reintegrated into the western canon as an ally. 06 September 1 946: secretary of state James f. Erne Noted in speech that the Americans wanted to assist the Germans work their way out of hardships, to rejoin the international community. A year later, the British pulled out of Greece, and the United States stepped in. “Stalin has broken every one of the promises he made at Yalta. ” -Franklin Roosevelt “All of Germany must be ours; that is, Soviet communist. ” -Joseph Stalin The Marshall plan: 1947 CE Massive destruction, starvation, and poverty across Europe necessitated an economic recovery plan. Currencies across Europe were severely devalued and raising credit was difficult. The Marshall Plan was announced by George

Marshall in 1947 CE to kick-start the European economy. The economic recovery program provided credits to Europeans to purchase and import North American commodities. This was fundamental to reinvigorating the European economy. The Ignited States gave 13 billion dollars in rehabilitation aid. The plan was offered to the Soviet Union, but it was rejected; thus, all countries allied with the Soviet Union were forced to reject the plan as well. Stalin’s reaction to the Marshall plan First and foremost, Stalin rejected the Marshall Plan and prohibited all Soviet allies from participating.

In September 1 947, Stalin announced the formation f the Conform, to coordinate actions be;en communist parties under Soviet direction. Orders would be dictated from Moscow to the capitals in Soviet juju restrictions. “Don’t start throwing your weight around. In Moscow, we know better how to apply Marxism-Leninism. ” -Andrei Cadenza, spokesperson within the Conform In February 1948, Stalin approves a plan for a communist takeover of Czechoslovakia. Truman doctrine: 1947 CE The Truman Doctrine was a United States policy to halt the expansion of the Soviet Join during the Cold War.

The policy sought to contain communism in Europe and elsewhere. Truman implored that the United States must support free peoples. The policy also provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey as the British pulled out. Berlin: city of binaries Berlin was deep within the Soviet bloc. Initially, in Berlin, there was some effort to collaborate between East and West Berlin. This began to break down as democratically elected officials in the Berlin Parliament were being harassed by communists. Berlin blockade: 24 June 1948 The Soviet Union decided to draw the entirety of Berlin into the Soviet zone.

All land access points to West Berlin were cut off; travel was restricted and thing could be delivered. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche from West Berlin. Hunger was a strategic political tool. In response to this, the Western Allies arranged an airlift to carry supplies and necessities to the people Of West Berlin. The Western Allies managed to feed Berlin to get them through the winter. In early 1949, the blockade was lifted; effectively, it was a failure for Stalin and a propaganda disaster.

For the Germans, the Americans became saviors and liberators; this cemented the German-American relationship. Battle lines set for the cold war On 01 October 1949, the Communist Party of China declared victory in the Chinese Civil War, and proclaimed the people’s Republic of China. Williams’ thesis was that America was ideologically hostile to China; however, there was brief hope that China would be communist but independent, allied to either side-?the Soviets and Americans. Moscow sought to bring China under its control.

Mao-?the Chinese Communist party leader-?allied himself with Stalin and embraced a destructive and unbending version of Marxism-Leninism, which resulted in the obscene starvation of at least 30 million people between 1959 ND 1 961 when Mayo’s theories of agriculture were lacking-?the Great Chinese Famine. During the Korean War, Mao-?aligned with the Soviet union and North Korea-?pitted 300,000 Chinese troops against South Korea, which was defended by the United States and the United Nations. The atomic age: the sass This period exemplifies the evolution of Cold War strategy.

It was believed during the sass and sass that war could limited and conducted with nuclear weaponry. Policy was based on two ideas: cities would not be bombed, and Europe would be defended through a second Normandy. Everything would be pulled off the continent, and nuclear bombs would be dropped along the coast. Cuban missile crisis: 1962 The idea of going to war ended with the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a basic illustration of international relations: behavior which is used as defensive by one faction is viewed as offensive by the other.

As defense, the Ignited States installed missiles in Turkey; when Khrushchev, the Soviet Union’s leader, got word of this, he installed missiles in Cuba. The Americans took images of the missiles in Cuba, and threatened the Soviet union that if the missiles were not withdrawn, war would ensue. In the early sass, the world edged closer to nuclear war than it had to that point. The Soviet Union backed down at the last moment, and the Americans began to draw conclusions from this: no one wants a nuclear war. Paradoxically, the idea of a limited nuclear war was abandoned as an idea; rather, mutual assured destruction would occur.

Thus, any one nuclear assault would result in one response: a massive counterattack, resulting in a total war. The strategy to preserve peace, therefore, would be the constant threat Of the alternative: the risk of total war. This doctrine existed from the early sass o the mid-sass, and emerged again in the 1 9805. The central point was parity: peace can only be achieved in a nuclear world when both sides have an equal number of nuclear arms. The sass and sass: dtent, parity, and eventual dissolution The nuclear bombs race was characterized by the constant need for parity, and not madness on both sides like some peace writers suggest.

Richard Nixon, the united States President, and Henry Singer, the United States Secretary of State, believed in the use of “carrots and sticks” to achieve dtent-?the loosening of tensions -with the Soviet Union. To achieve parity and end the ongoing nuclear race, both factions were to negotiate a reduction in nuclear arms-?they could step back together. The idea behind this was classic realism: states with contrasting interests can only achieve cooperation through international institutions, rather than recognizing inherent state interests.

There was a series of arms reductions in the 1 9705, which dissolved later in the decade, prompted by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the election of Ronald Reagan in the United States, who was ideologically hostile to the Soviet Union. Reagan believed that dtent had failed and revealed American weakness, potentially exposing America to strike by the Soviet Union. Thus, Reagan ramped up the rhetoric, called the Soviet Union an “evil empire,” and launched a massive American military expansion to increase defense. Soviet plans in 1979 CE The Soviet Union’s plan was predicated on the assumption of a NATO attack.

The plan was defensive, and in the event of an American attack, the Soviet union planned to sacrifice Poland; launch nuclear strikes on Vienna, Verona, Munich, Stuttgart, and Numerous; launch conventional attacks on Britain and France; assume Budapest destruction; and send Soviet troops to the Rhine. The intention was that the United States would negotiate and the Soviet Union would wage a nuclear war if the United States responded with a nuclear strike. On the brink of nuclear war: 1983 CE On 26 September 1 983, the threat of a total nuclear war was imminent.

Ronald Reagan increased defense spending, which prompted the Yuri Android, the General Secretary of the Communist party in Soviet Union, to believe that the Americans were contemplating a preventative strike against the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union set-up new technology-?radar technology-?to detect attacks. In 1981 and 1 983, NATO launched a series of exercises. The most aggressive form was sending bombers near Soviet Union air space, and then having them keel Off. There were naval exercises near Turkey. These exercises were predominately to conduct psychological warfare and to collect intelligence data.

In February 1 983, Soviet Union intelligence went into overdrive, convinced that the Americans were prepared to launch an attack. NATO began launching another series of exercises in the summer and autumn of 1983. On 01 September 1983, a Korean Airlines aircraft was shot down by the Soviet Union. Ronald Reagan launched Missile Shield System to intercept potential missiles. This convinced the Soviet Union that the United States had hostile intent. Senior members of the United States defense team participated in a mock nuclear war, further convincing the Soviet Union that the United States intended to strike.

Blips equals missiles equals bomb equals war: the closest point of total nuclear war In the midst of all this, on 26 September 1 983, Satanists Petrol was monitoring the security screen for the Soviet Union. He observed five blips, representing incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles. He was to press a button which would trigger Soviet Missiles to be fired. However, he contemplated why there would only be five missiles-?if NATO were to strike, they would send more than five missiles. He paused, and the blips disappeared.

This was the closest point We came to nuclear War. Two years later, Mikhail Geographer became the General Secretary of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. He launches perestroika economically and reformed communist in order to save it; a result of this reform was a series of arms reductions strategies. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , effectively ending the Cold War. The end of the cold war: different interpretations The end of the Cold War revealed the inherent weakness of the Soviet union-?the united States did not need to do anything.

The Soviet union was a flawed economic model and did not produce any growth. Some argue that it was Geographer, paradoxically, while he wanted to save the Soviet Union, that led to its collapse by initiating reform, allowing dissent, and announcing the Sinatra Doctrine, allowing east European sovereignty over their affairs. A fading economy and political upheaval lead to the end of the Soviet Union. The great hero was Ronald Reagan, because he spurred the Soviet Union into ear bankruptcy by causing the Soviet Union’s defense spending to surge to unsustainable levels.

Cold war: varying theses as to its cause To the revisionist thesis, America was hostile to the type of government that the Soviet Union imposed on Eastern Europe. The hostility was about politics, not markets. The fundamental failure of W. Williams’ argument was that 70-80 percent of America’s market was based on domestic consumption; until the sass, the American economy produced a surplus. Therefore, the United States was fundamentally and Ideologically opposed to Soviet Union communism. Nevertheless, the United States baited, bluffed, and outnumbered the Soviet union.

However, this does not mean that the Cold War was the American’s fault. The Cold War could not be avoided. The revisionist, anti-American thesis is supported by their actions in Latin America, Vietnam, the Middle East. The orthodox, pro-Soviet union thesis denied the terror and believed the Soviet Union was a workers paradise. Despite the depression and absence of democracy, the Soviet Union received massive intellectual support. Imagine, if you will, someone who read only the Reader’s Digest between 950 and 1970, and someone in the same period who read only The Nation or the New Statesman.

Which reader would have been better informed about the realities of Communism? The answer, I think, should give us pause. Can it be that our enemies were right? -?Susan Sonata Key terms War is an organized and often prolonged conflict that is carried out by state and non-state actors. Limited war is a conflict in which the belligerents participating in war do not expend all of each of the participants’ available resources at their disposal. Total war is a war in which a belligerent mobiles its population for war reduction. The word total refers to the extent of manipulation, not the extent of destruction.

The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society. Thus the reason I chose to study George Orwell’s Animal Farm is because its characters share (originally) this same ambition. Animal Farm represents the oppressed masses rising up and forming a ‘classless’ society of their own. While offering a critique of communism in general, the book also serves to act as a mirror of Soviet Russia under Stalin. As reflected throughout the text, it was no secret Orwell considered Russia, and consequently Communism, a counter-revolutionary force that would inevitably become corrupted by greed and power.

Indeed, perhaps in order to go further in offering a Marxist reading of the text, it is necessary to pass judgement on the author and the epoch in which the book was written. In doing so, I hope to show just how progressive (or anti-progressive) the book is. From almost the very beginning of this book it possible to see Orwell’s criticism of Karl Marx, displayed through ‘Old Major’. Many of the characters in the book symbolize real political figures. Old Major’ is very much like Karl Marx, at times he appears single minded and unrealistic. Before his death ‘Old Major’ gave an unwavering speech stating no animal should ever “touch money, or engage in trade” . This is clearly a direct criticism of Karl Marx’s naivety, as shown later through Orwell’s narration: Never to have any dealings with human beings, never to engage in trade, never to make use of money – had these not been among the earliest resolutions passed at the first triumphant meeting when Jones was expelled?

It soon becomes clear that ‘Animalism’ (which bears a striking resemblance to communism) is a system that cannot be maintained the way originally intended. The morals that, at first, rule on the farm become controls. The animals effectively split themselves into ‘classes’. This class splitting becomes accepted as normal through a process of Hegemony . As described by Raymond Williams, hegemony is a form of social control that becomes accepted as ‘normal’ after becoming the predominant influence.

Indeed the notion of hegemony is closely related to a concept developed by the French Marxist Louis Althusser. Althusser’s theory of Ideological Structures becomes hugely relevant when applied to Orwell’s political satire. These Ideological structures are effectively institutions that prevent the masses causing a revolution. In the case of religion for instance, a Marxist would suggest that it prevents a revolution by imposing the notion that you will be rewarded in the ‘after-life’, for all you put up with in this life.

The manor in which religion is depicted in Animal Farm leads one to think that Orwell was not a particularly religious man, and in this instance at least he would have agreed with Marx’s views on the subject. Here religion is portrayed through the aptly named Moses, the raven. Moses refuses to listen to the rebellious speech given by Old Major, though later preaches about a magical place for all animals called ‘Sugar Candy Mountain’. In Animal Farm the pigs work hard to convince the other animals that ‘Sugar Candy Mountain’ (heaven) does not exist, though, significantly, this is done before the rebellion takes place.

This shows a slightly hypocritical side to Marx’s work because after the rebellion takes place the pigs are keen to enforce their own ideology on to the other animals (proletariat), leading to the important question ‘Is the will of the people also transferred to their leader”‘ In this instance the answer seems to be a resounding ‘No’. However on second reading, it could be argued that, up until the very climax of the book, the animals actually get what they want. One gets the impression that in offering a true Marxist critique of the book, it is actually the case that the animals do achieve their top priority; ousting man.

In this sense they do become free (from man at least) and it is only their subsequent inability to grasp the prospect of equality that leads to another regime of dictatorship. Although at the same time it cannot be argued that the majority of the animals (or the ‘masses’ as they appropriately refer to themselves) are treated fairly. Evidence of this can be found in the extract of the book I have largely chosen to focus my attentions on (appendix one), where from the outset the animals, in my opinion, are treat worse than ever before.

As a result of the revolution that took place on the farm the animals, excluding the pigs, presume that the luxuries that were once taken away from them, such as milk and apples, would be shared equally among the group, however this is not the case: (p. 23) You do not imagine, I hope, that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege. Many of us actually dislike milk and apples… milk and apples (this has been proven by science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well being of the pig. We pigs are brainworkers. (Appendix one)

Consequently the animals find themselves in a state of confusion. Their situation, they are constantly reassured, is better than before. They now live under their original ideal of animalism, they are told. This can be closely related to the theory of ‘Carbonarism’, which was identified as having been created under the Italian Communist Party (1921-43). The theory is largely based around the recurring tendency to distract the masses from the ‘real’ (or perhaps relevant) problems that were occurring under communist rule. In reality the animals are living under a harsh dictatorship, under the veil of animalism.

Engels refers to this as an illusion of democracy. By creating this illusion of democracy the ruling class (Napoleon/Stalin) can ensure they stay in power, while everything will stay ‘natural’ to the proletariat. Indeed this illusion of democracy is further emphasized when the animals are asked questions by the pigs; questions to which there can be only one possible reply. In a sense the rhetorical questions act as a tool to reinforce the false class-consciousness: It is for your sake that we pigs drink that milk and eat those apples. Do you know what would happen if we pigs failed our duty?

Jones would come back! Surely comrades… surely there is no one among you who wants to see Jones come back? (p. 23) Althusser calls this Interpellation. A process where by a person is made to feel like they have a choice, when actually the ‘choice’ does not exist. Peter Barry offers an example: ‘You can have any colour you like… as long as it’s black’ Animal Farm can also be linked to another theory. The German philosopher Friedrich Hegel offered the notion that contrasting ideas can be bring about new situations, this is known as the dialectic.

Thus, a process whereby ‘contradictions are inherent to its structure’ becomes particularly relevant when discussing Animal Farm. Hegel’s dialectic was constructed around three key concepts: the thesis, the antithesis and the resolution. What Karl Marx did was effectively reinterpret Hegel’s work and relate it to his own concepts based on class struggle. Thus, Hegel’s thesis becomes Marx’s ‘the way things are’; Hegel’s antithesis became ‘the conflict’ and the resolution, or the ideal, communism.

This process is known as ‘dialectical Marxism’. However, what Hegel or Marx failed to anticipate was the collapse of their ideal, once it became accepted (‘the way things are). Indeed, I contend that Hegel’s dialectic was a process fuelled by repetition. In other words, it will continue a ‘natural’ process through the stages until the resolution is reached and when the resolution fails, it will start again. This undoubtedly is the case in Animal Farm, where once the animals achieve the goal, they slip back into Hegel’s thesis.

In terms of offering a Marxist reading, the era in which the book was written and, significantly, published is very important and relevant to Orwell’s satire. Animal Farm was written in 1943 (the end of communist Russia), but not published until after the end of the Second World War in 1945. Indeed at such a historical moment in time, I believe that a Marxist would see Orwell as a product of the society in which he was raised, and therefore the book becomes the ‘bi-product’. Too add weight to this argument, the dominant ideologies at work at the time the book was written suggest Orwell had capitalist ideals at heart.

However, George Orwell was an active socialist. He did strongly oppose the views of Karl Marx and was not impressed with the idea of communism, but he was equally opposed to the idea of capitalism. Therefore I believe that Animal Farm should not be regarded as the ‘bi-product’ of the distinctly capitalist society Orwell was a part of. Instead I argue that Animal Farm is the consequence of such a system in which Orwell was expected to conform. This would perhaps explain why it took so long to get published; society (capitalists and Marxists) was weary.

Capitalism’s central idea is that the marketplace decides what will be made and sold. In Capitalism the government exists to protect individual rights. Capitalism fir SST emerged in the 16th century; Capitalism in Europe was preceded by feudalism. Capitalism ca n be tracked back all the way to Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Then it began to devil pop into a more modern version during the Early Modern Period in countries in northwestern Europe, like the Netherlands and Europe. The founder of Capitalism was Adam Smith; he creak Ted Capitalism around the 18th century.

Socialism is an economic system in which the government owns and controls manufacturing, and is also responsible for planning the economy. Socialism w as created in the early 1 8th century by Karl Marx. Socialism was created in an attempt to eliminate ate the differences Hernandez 2 between the rich and the poor. If you are a socialist you are not allowed to owe n anything not even a house! Socialism is the concept that individuals should not have ownership of land, money, or industries. But the whole whole community collectively owns and controls pro Perry, goods, and production.

In the other hand under Capitalism, individuals own and control I ND, money, and even production of industries. The individuals are even free to own homes an d cars. Capitalist also have the freedom to live where ever they want Socialism was emerged to eliminate the rich and the poor. But Capitalism me urged because of the problems in the feudal society and because of the industrial re volition government started to change. Personally I like capitalism more because of all the freedom people have and I believe that it is unfair that if someone works more or less t hen someone else they get paid the same and that is basically what socialism is.