Condom

It is a hormonal method of birth control. They increase estrogen and progestin to prevent the egg from leaving the ovaries and to increase the thickness of cervical mucus. The pill is very effective, over 99% effective, when taken as directed. It is safe for most women, but some women with health conditions or who take other medications should not take the pill. The pill may have some side effects. The benefits of birth control are it helps regulate and lighten periods, can help with menstrual cramps, acne, and prevent certain illness.

It also improves many women’s sex lives due to their ability to be spontaneous. The disadvantages to birth control pills are that few women get spotting between periods, nausea, and breast tenderness. However, that usually goes away within a few months. It can also change a woman’s libido. It can also increase risk for some more serious illness. You need a prescription for the pill. You can go toa private clinic, community clinic, or free clinic for an evaluation and prescription. You can get the birth control from a pharmacy or a clinic.

You may need an exam to get the prescription, which can cost between 35 and 250 dollars. The cost of the pill each month is between 15 and 50 ollars. Some planned parenthood will give you birth control for very low cost or for free depending on income. You take a pill at the same time during the day every day of the month. Condom A thin piece of plastic or latex that is shaped to fit a pen’s. It is worn over the penis during sex. It is a barrier method, it prevents sperm from entering the woman’s vagina, anus, or mouth. Condoms are 98% effective when used as directed.

You can help their effectiveness by using spermicide and/or pulling out before ejaculation in addition to using a condom. Condoms are very safe unless a person is allergic to atex, in which case they need to purchase a plastic condom. The benefits of using condoms are their convenience, their protection against STD’s, don’t require a prescription, are cheap and easy to get, and they can help a man stay erect longer. The disadvantages of using condoms are that some partners may be allergic to latex. It also has been said to dull the sensation or interrupt foreplay to have to put on a condom.

You can buy condoms at drugstores, community health centers and clinics, or at planned parenthood. Individual condoms cost about a dollar The condom is worn on the penis. You usually roll it on from the tip to the base of he pen’s. Spermicide Spermicide is a chemical cream, gel, film, or suppository that stops sperm from moving. Spermicide is a chemical. It keeps sperm from moving or blocks the cervix. When you use spermicide correctly, it is 85% effective for women. The benefits of spermicide is that it can help protect against pregnancy if you are allergic to latex or cannot be on the pill.

The disadvantage of spermicide is that it does not protect against S You can get spermicide at drugstores, clinics, or planned parenthood Spermicide costs about 8 dollars. You insert most spermicide deep into your vagina using an applicator or your fingers. Sponge It is made of plastic foam and is filled with spermicide. It covers the cervix to block sperm (barrier) and prevents sperm from moving. Women who use the sponge correctly get pregnant 9% of the time. Most women can use the sponge safely but you should not use it on your period. The benefits of the sponge are that it is safe and convenient.

It can be carried in a purse or pocket. It can also not be felt by your partner. The negative effects of the sponge are it may be difficult for women to insert or remove. You can get the sponge at Planned Parenthood, drugstores, or clinics. It costs about 12 dollars for a pack of three. You wet the sponge with a little bit of water. Then you squeeze the sponge gently to activate the spermicide to get the whole thing wet. Then you fold the sponge and insert it as far as your fingers can reach. Feel around the sponge to make sure you can feel the loop and that it is covering the cervix.

After intercourse you must leave it in for at least six hours and then pull it out by the loop. Patch The patch is a thin patch placed on the skin to prevent pregnancy. The patch releases hormones, progestin and estrogen It is very affective. Less than 1% of women get pregnant when using the patch as directed. The patch is very safe but cannot be used with some medications. The pros of using the patch is that it allows for a spontaneous sex life. It gives you shorter, lighter periods. It can also help with acne, cramps, and prevent some cancers.

The cons of using the patch are that it does not prevent against STDs You can get it from a pharmacy. You need a prescription which you can get from a clinic or your doctor, and it costs about 15 to 80 dollars for one month. You apply the patch on to your skin and leave it for three weeks. Then you take it off for a week. Breastfeeding After giving birth breastfeeding releases hormones to prevent pregnancy. It is a hormonal method. If a women practices continuous breastfeeding less than 1% get pregnant for six months. There are no side effects.

The advantages of the method are the fact that it is very reliable and isn’t difficult to use. It is also very safe. The disadvantages of using this method some women find it difficult to exclusively breastfeed their baby and it is only effective for six months after birth. You don’t have to get anything, you Just breastfeed your baby. The method is free. You breastfeed your baby four hours during the day and six hours at night and your hormones will the prevent pregnancy. Birth Control Shot It is a shot you get in your arm. It releases progestin into your bloodstream and the hormones will prevent pregnancy.

Less than 1% of women get pregnant on the shot. It can not be taken with some medication but for most women it is safe. The advantages of the shot is that it is safe, simple, and is long lasting. The disadvantages are that there may be some irregular bleeding for the first 6 months. You can get the shot at a private health care provider or a clinic. It requires a prescription and can cost between 35 and 250 dollars. You use it by getting a shot from your doctor. Fertility Awareness Method Fertility Awareness Method works by tracking when the egg is released to prevent pregnancy.

It keeps sperm out of the vagina during the periods where she is most fertile. 24% of couples who do not use the method effectively will become pregnant. The method is very safe and has no side effects. The benefits are that it is very safe and it is free. The disadvantages are that you must abstain from sex for ten days each month. You don’t need to get anything. It is free and doesn’t require a prescription. You keep track of the days you are ovulating and abstain from sex for those times to void pregnancy. Outercourse It is sex without penetration. It works by keeping sperm out of the vagina.

It is practically 100% effective when used correctly. It is very safe and has no side effects. The benefits are that it decreases the probability of STD’s, and can make sex play last longer and increase closeness and trust between partners. The disadvantages are that some people may find it difficult to abstain from vaginal sex. It cannot be obtained, you Just have sex differently. It is free, you don’t need a prescription. The ways to have sex without penetration are oral sex, anal sex, masturbation, sex oys, kissing, manual stimulation, body-to-body rubbing, and fantasy.

Diaphragm It is a shallow dome shaped cup you insert into your vagina. It is a barrier method. When used correctly, it is affective 94% of the time. It is more effective when used with spermicide. The advantages of this method are it is immediately effective, can be carried in a purse, doesn’t affect hormones, and the sex partner can not usually feel it. The disadvantages are it may be difficult for some women to insert and can be moved out of place by aggressive sex or certain sex positions. You must see a health care provider to get a diaphragm.

You must be fitted and given a prescription, then you can buy it at a drugstore. It can cost between 15 and 75 dollars (not counting the cost of the exam). You put spermicide in the cup. You fold the diaphragm in half and insert i t into the vagina, making sure it covers your cervix. Morning After Pill It is emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse. It keeps a woman’s ovary from being released for longer so that it can not come in contact with sperm. Most are up to 89% effective when taken within three days of unprotected sex. It is very safe, there are no reports of any serious complications.

The advantages to this method are that if you have unprotected sex, this can be a kind of last resort to protect yourself after. The disadvantages to the morning after pill are rare, but some side effects such as irregular periods, breast tenderness, or nausea. At 17 or older you can buy a pill over the counter without a prescription. Under 17 you need a prescription. It can cost between 10 and 70 dollars. You take the pill as soon as you can after your unprotected sex. Abstinence Abstinence is abstaining from, or not having, sex. It works because you are not penetrating the vagina therefore cannot get pregnant.

The method is 100% effective. The advantages to this method are it is free and there are no side effects. The disadvantage to abstinence is that it isn’t any fun because you cant have sex. You don’t need to purchase it. The method is free. You use it by exercising self control and not having sex. It costs about 295,560 dollars to raise a child until the age of 17 years old. It costs about 10,000 dollars for the babies first year of life. It costs about 550 dollars for diapers for one year. Formula will cost about 1,188 dollars. Other supplies will cost about 2,050 dollars for the first year.

Prostitution should remain illegal in Australia. By Alex Dimitrijevic Prostitution is a dark and dangerous industry. Allowing prostitution in Australia will only expand the sex industry, have an increase in child prostitution, damage the health of the women and also be against many women’s wills. In order to prevent these negative changes from happening in our community, the Australian Government should keep prostitution illegal and possible create a stricter law to protect the women and children.

Legalising prostitution means that venues such as brothels, sex clubs and massage parlours will be available for men and young boys to attend without many restrictions. These places will be advertised and made to seem ‘okay’ because they are approved by the government, when in fact, they are nowhere near okay. They are areas where women are sold and practically rented time after time. These venues are usually located in hidden, dark areas in order to function secretly but if they were to be legalised they could potentially be near your child’s school, in your local shopping centres or even down the road to you.

If you want to keep your children and community safe, prostitution should remain banned. In the prostitution industry the most preferred workers are young pure women. This category falls under young girls usually in their early teens. The high demand of women in the industry will only increase the number of young girls forced to work in these dirty circumstances. It is rare to find young teenage girls willing to participate in selling their bodies and being used by men twice or triple their age but the industry needs them! So they will force and persuade these girls.

More terrifying, they will be allowed to, simply because prostitution will be legal by the government that vowed to protect them. Women in the sex industry will be open to sexually transmitted infections by men who demand not to use protection. A study in the US shows that 47% of men expected sex without the use of a condom, 73% offered to pay more for sex without a condom and 45% of women admitted to being abused when insisting the use of a condom. This study proves to us that women in the industry risk their health and wellbeing.

They get abused for trying to protect themselves and if this activity was to be legalised then the number of patients with sexually transmitted infections would rise and even lead to deaths. These infections would be passed onto the women and back onto the men who were once clean before any intercourse, those men would probably pass it onto his wife or girlfriend, and the cycle would continue. The health of many would be at risk, not just the prostitute’s. Prostitution is not a preferred occupation by many women.

These women are not aware of the dangers they enter in order to earn some money. Many that do enter the industry describe it as their last option. A study shows that 67% of interviewed women did not enter prostitution voluntarily but were forced to. They work in an environment where they are treated like slaves and paid to do as they are told without arguing. They are forced to perform on men who may be sick, abusive, drunk, dirty or simply unpleasant and if they were to complain, they would be beaten. This does not sound like a job they would be proud of or looking forward to going.

In conclusion, the law against prostitution should remain illegal and possibly stricter to protect the women and young girls forced to work. If this law was to be changed and this dark and dirty act was to be allowed then we would only see negative changes in our community such as the expansion of the sex industry, increase in child prostitution, damages to the prostitutes and the general public’s health and the increase in women being forced to work. The facts and evidence are there for all of us to see and they can only worsen if prostitution is legalised.

Morning after-pill (MAP) or plan B is an emergency pill that stops a woman from becoming pregnant if contraception failed or wasn’t used. The morning after pill works best if taken within 24 hours of unprotected sex. Medics argue that plan B’s efficacy is up 70% and its effectiveness up to 72 hours there after its efficacy is not known. (http://www.netdoctor.co.k/whoisd.html). It is noteworthy that the earlier it’s taken the better. Examples of medicine currently used include levonelle one step in UK and postinor2 in most Africa states.

The pills contain a female-type hormone such as levorgestrel. Other names used to refer to MAP include post-coital pill (PCP) and emergency contraceptive (EC)-emergency because it is not used under normal circumstances and has stricter conditions under which they can be used for instance, the postinor2 mostly used in Africa states can only be used once within every menstrual cycle.

Remember MAP cannot work if one is already pregnant and therefore it is not an abortion-causing drug. MAP works in two possible ways; preventing ovaries from releasing egg or altering the lining of the womb so a fertilized egg wont be implanted.

I want to argue that MAP must be made readily available to interested consumers. Let us first consider the categories of people who use it and their circumstances.

1) Rape victims

A lady may be raped during her fertile days such unplanned and unprotected sex may result in unwanted pregnancy. An instance such as this justifies the use of MAP. MAP would help prevent pregnancy, which may alleviate the possibility of abortion (as the one raped may opt for it), and the humiliation a child who is as a result of rape may face from parent(s).

2) Women who have been lured into sex while under the influence of emotional whims or drugs. Women under such influence of drug and alcohol may find themselves having unprotected sex. Men may want to take advantage of them. Once such women regain sobriety, MAP may be handy in preventing anxiety and pregnancy. Everyone will agree that at some point in their life, at least every woman, because of circumstances such as the ones we have, may lose their sobriety. Isn’t it kind of medics for providing such women an alternative and possibility for preventing unwanted pregnancy?

3) Lovers or a couple may suffer condom burst/breakage. If this happens, without MAP there would be no other easy way of preventing pregnancy. The fact that such people were using a condom implies that they never wanted conception to occur. Isn’t MAP a relief to most couples?

I will reiterate that MAP does not induce abortion and therefore Christians opposed to abortion and other pro-life activists have no reason to be indifferent. As a matter of fact, they should advocate for it as it has come in to reduce cases of abortion emanating from rape, condom burst and unplanned sexual intercourse. When these happen, MAP provides the consolation that, ‘its not too late, there is plan B’.

With advancement in the medical field unlike the older MAP, today’s pills cause very little side-effects. Statistics show that one woman in every 60 actually vomits. Other mild side effects include tummy ache, breast tenderness, dizziness and vaginal spotting of blood. These side effects are less severe as compared with the risks of not using MAP. Critics of MAP feel there is no need for one to subject themselves to such side effects but the risks in not using it may be too heavy to bear. MAP can be used by a greater percentage of women apart from for instance those with porphyria and severe liver problems.

Having explored MAP, we should be right to state that access to it must be made easy. Local pharmacists should be allowed to stock it and allow clients to buy it without necessarily needing a doctor’s prescription. (American Medical Association, 2006; Ellertson, Trussell, Stewart &Winikoff, 1998).   After all, the side effects are not problematic are again most ladies are knowledgeable of how to use it and for what purposes. Although others feel this may prompt its abuse but we can argue that Pharmacists can chat with client quickly about it to know whether they understand its appropriate use and the side effects.

It’s encouraging to learn that in America, an over-the-counter sale of the ‘morning after’ contraceptive pill to those over 18 has been approved. Abortion rights advocates hailed this although many bemoaned the age restrict.  “We are pleased that a common sense common-ground agenda for reducing unintended pregnancy and the need for abortion finally won out.” Said Kinsten Moore, President of the reproductive health technology project, Washington. (www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/health/24cnd-pill.htm)

Anti-abortion groups feel plan B is an abortion pill whose widespread availability would lead to increased STD. Other abortion rights pushed for over-the-counter availability of plan B arguing that its availability would sharply reduce the newly 1 million abortions performed annually in USA but this may not be true as studies suggest that in the USA, couples have so much unprotected sex. “EC don’t work if are kept in the draw” and studies show that even if women have pills on hand, the drawer is where they remain.” Says Dr James Trussell, Princeton University. But Dr Raines says, “Unintended pregnancy rates have been dropping over the last decade. Plan B will contribute to further decline. (www.nytimes.com/2006/08/24/health/24cnd-pill.htm)

The term morning –after pill is inmost cases misleading in its effectiveness. It’s

Not 100% and only works up to 70%. Therefore some women have unprotected sex hoping to use MAP but unfortunately they end up becoming pregnant and this may lead to abortion or disorient one’s family plan.  Some women are opposed to it because it doesn’t protect them from pregnancy for the rest of their menstrual cycle. It therefore compels them to abstain from sex or use a barrier method like a condom. Again, it is believed that MAP is not good at protecting ectopic pregnancy (EP) (Stewart and Van Look, 1998 P142).

Incase it causes EP, then the repercussions quite expensive and ladies who know what having an ectopic pregnancy tend to oppose MAP. However, as per now EP caused by MAP would be just like any other accident and so far medical researchers haven’t linked MAP directly to EP unless research proves it. We should not jump into conclusion.

Again no research has shown any increase in abnormities among babies whose mothers took MAP. Some people argue against MAP on the basing that past experience does show that other hormones taken in early pregnancy have harmed children. But instead of using assumptions, focused studies should be done to establish the connection between MAP and babies’ abnormalities and EP. Otherwise, we will not have a firm ground to stand and argue that simply because other hormones have caused abnormalities, MAP too causes it. It may be an exception

The intra-uterine device (IUDS)/the coil is an alternative for MAP. Unfortunately only few medical specialists are trained in fitting them efficiently. Again the intra-uterine device may make one anemic because of the volume and length of menstrual flow. Insertion is difficult and painful for women and has more restrictions, which include heart value problems, previous EP and pelvic infection. (Bucar, 1999). This makes MAP to remain the most appropriate and least expensive. So opposing its use and making it difficult to access only makes it strenuous for women.

I believe every one should be in control of their life. A medicine such as MAP gives women more means to control and plan for their lives. Arguing against MAP is like arguing that family planning should be done away with to allow chance and nature to rein it an arena that it otherwise shouldn’t.

In conclusion, the current price range of $25-$40 should be lowered and possibly subsidized by the federal governments. Arrangements should be made and possibilities explored on providing emergency contraception for free like its done in some parts of the UK. Youth advisory clinics, family planning clinics, college health centers, STD clinics and walk-in clinics must seek to stock and make readily available MAP at a lowest cost possible.

Work cited

1. American Medical Association, Council on Medical Service. Access to Emergency Contraception

[H-75.985] Chicago, IL: AMA, 2006;

2. Bucar, L. Caution: Catholic Health Restrictions May Be Hazardous to Your Health

. Washington, DC: Catholics for a Free Choice, 1999.

3. Devin, D. Contraceptive coils (IUDS) http://www.netdoctor.co.k/whoisd.html

Accessed online on 24 November 2007 1:50:42 GMT.

4. Ellertson, C., Trussell, J., Stewart F.H, Winikoff, B. Should emergency contraceptive

pills be available without a prescription? Journal of the America Medical Women’s Association. 1998; 53 (5, Supplement 2): 226-229.

5. Gardiner Harris, 24thAug 2006.In New York Times.

http://www.nytims.com/2006/08/24/heath/24end-pill.html. Accessed online on

23rd, Nov. 2007

6. Stewart F, Van Look P.F.A. Emergency contraception: Contraceptive Technology

.17th revised edition. New York: Irvington, 1998.

| PSYCHOLOGY REPORT| EXPLORE THE ROLE OF SEX EDUCATION AND AIDS INFORMATION IN THE CLASSROOM| | Submitted To Prof. Navin Kumar Submitted By Aayush Guide:Dr. Navin Kumar1 Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore April 2013 Abstract The study deals with social outlook towards sex education and AIDS patients. It aims to understand public perception towards the same. The study was carried out in 3 steps. The research outreach involved university students over a period of 11/2 months.

The students were required to answer a questionnaire dealing with sex education and day to day interactions with an AIDS patient. The research delved into the varied responses to understand general understanding of the terms ‘Sex Education’ and what deals with it and behavioural approach towards an AIDS patient in your immediate workspace or private life. The study allows us to conclude that the outlook to sex education and dealings with AIDS patients are liberal and progressive thought process of the society. Keywords: sex education, sex, education, students, HIV, parents

INTRODUCTION: What is sex education? Sex education is needful and necessary for today’s youth. Being aware of the exposure given to students in school, in the media and among their peers, sex education not only teaches them about sexual intimacy, but also enlightens them on their reproductive systems, birth control, and sexually transmitted diseases. It also exposes them to their gender identity, gender role, family role, body images, sexual expression, intimacy and the marriage relationship. Why is it important?

Sexual health can be identified through the free and responsible expressions of sexual capabilities that foster harmonious personal and social wellness, enriching life within an ethical framework[1]. Sex Education in schools addresses the issue of sexual health and also makes students aware of the above mentioned points, thus our society can only benefit from sex education. Sex education has been and is still a taboo to the Indian society but according to the Justice Verma committee, set up after the Delhi gang rape case,there is no basis to say sex education leads to early sexual initiation by children [2].

The committee suggests that sex education be introduced in schools in a clinical manner through trained teachers and child counsellors. Children should be able to access informed, non-prejudiced sources in sexuality rather than misinformation through internet ormisleading advertising. Ever since the internet boom and the outburst of the social media platform many teenagers turn to the internet and seek solutions for their queries regarding sex and the information they get is not always right and is often misleading.

Some common misconceptions: 1. Many people believe that washing the genitals after sex protected them from STDs. Likewise, urinating after sex and use of oral contraceptives are considered as ways of preventing STDs [3]. 2. You can get STDs from toilet seats. 3. You can tell if someone has a STD. Educating students about STDs has also become very important in recent times. Most people have a stigmatizing attitude toward people living with HIV aids and also misconceptions about its transmission routes.

Hence sex education can bring about a positive change in the society. Methodology: 1. Research method: This research is on the analysis of sexual education in schools. Over 230 university students were the respondents for this research. As this research needed the respondents to make their evaluation on their experience of sexual education thus, it was suitable for the university students to be the respondents since their age and cognitive level are at its best level to evaluate [4].

In the background of this research, the respondents are matured thinkers that are able to make comparison and evaluation on their experience of sexual development that they have gone through since school. 2. Research instrument: This research was based on the qualitative method and the instrumentation of the research was on structured questions where the respondents needed to answer 14 questions. 3. Procedure: Questions were decided after an exhaustive group discussion.

A questionnaire (appendix A) was prepared using Google forms and it was posted on various social media platforms. Reponses were then recorded over a time period of 3 weeks. The data was analyzed using Microsoft excel tools. Results and findings: Responses given by people for various questions: 1) Was Sex Education provided in the classroom? The poll abovesuggest that there is an equal number of students on either side of the line. So as to say that an equal number of students received sex education in the classroom and an equal number did not.

Now there can be various reasons to this, such as the kind of school these students received their education in. Also, not attending or bypassing such sessions (when they are provided to them). Another reason beingnot paying attention to detail. Discrepancy in the data is another reason, which can be due to not taking the survey seriously (although a sincere attempt has been made to cordon such answers) 2) When were you provided Sex Education? The above result clearly indicates the findings that most of the students have received their sex education between 9th-12th standard.

This gives an idea that students generally receive sex education in the Age Group of 14-17 years. Now, the remaining 24% receive their sex education while in college, this indicates that these students receive their sex education through friends mostly, as no such sex education is provided specifically in college. 3) Where did you get your Sex Education, if not in Classroom? This clearly indicates that students not receiving their sex education in school premises receive it primarily through ‘Friends’ and ‘Internet’.

Now this points out the fact as to why so many students get misleading information about HIV and Sex, because internet and peer groups are themselves not fully aware of the nuances of these things. This leads to dispersal of wrong information which can, at times, be dangerous. 4) What do you think is the right age to receive Sex Education? This poll substantiates our findings about most number of students receiving their sex education between Classes 9th-12th. This indicates that the people who are providing sex education are providing it at a correct age and to the correct age group. ) Did you share your Sex Education experience with your parents? Now this was something very much expected as most of the students do not share their sex education experience with their parents. Now the particular reasons to this can be like being Not so extrovert with parents, a situation similar to when kids leave the room when an advertisement on condoms or HIV is projected on television. Also, the society and culture of our country where things such as sex and HIV are considered taboo. Another reason being fear of the fact as to how the parents would react to it.

Some of the possible solutions can be parents taking the initiative with their children, also parents should try to teach their kids the ‘Bees’ thing so as to give them a fair idea of sex and HIV. Also, children can initiate the issue with their mothers/fathers whoever they feel more comfortable to discuss with. 6) Do you think ‘Teen Pregnancy’ will be reduced by Sex Education? To a certain extent this result was expected, 90% of the people believe that ‘Teen Pregnancy’ will be reduced by the help of sex education.

Reasons as to what we feel why students think this way in these regards is that Sex Education introduces them to condoms and contraceptives; this helps students to realize as to how the mechanism of birth can be controlled. Apart from this, it opens them up to more ideas and they might have a healthy discussion as to how it can be controlled, which helps the overall reduction of Teen pregnancy. We also believe that sex education does help the youth in understanding the way intercourse can be performed and at the same time drawing the line.

Also, it is the duty of the individuals to take care that a mistake does not occur which might hamper their personal and professional lives. 7) Should we have ‘Condom Vending Machines’ in public? This result draws a very positive focus on the fact that students are basing their answers on something that is very essential, also it points out as to how the youth has totally transformed into something more modern which makes it less vulnerable and open minded. 8) Have you ever tried finding about AIDS at your own will?

This is a very positive aspect of the students that can be seen through the above poll, the tenacity to want to learn more about the subject of HIV on their own makes us feel that the students, who of course hold an image of the future in them, are taking an initiative on their own to get to know more about this ghastly problem AIDS. 9) Have you ever met someone with AIDS? This does not come as a surprise as to very few students have actually met an AIDS infected person.

It also draws light on how many students have wanted to visit an AIDS infected person (though in a very subtle manner), because those who have met might have met them out of their own accord or while working with an NGO. 10) What will you do if you find out that an AIDS infected person? The goal of this poll was to find out how students would react if they find out that they are dining with an AIDS infected person. Now we are happy to realize that there have been answers on both ends which show that an AIDS infected person can be maltreated, albeit in some cases only. 1) Do you think HIV+ people should have different schools and colleges? A very optimistic result, which again projects the positive mentality of students who would not want AIDS infected people to be maltreated. 12) Will you change your attitude towards your best friend if you find out him/her having AIDS? This poll projects the honesty of individuals in specifying the way they would treat or change their behaviour if they find out about their best friend being infected with AIDS.

It shows that more number of people (92%) are ready to not change their reaction towards their AIDS infected friend (if they come across such a case). Conclusion: There were so many facts and opinions related to Sex Education and HIV which were presumed to be true, but with the help of this survey, we can now clearly accept these facts and statistics reason being that most of the questions had a ‘one-sided’ weight age which shows that these question were correctly answered and can be accepted.

It also points out that Sex is still treated as a taboo topic in India where most of the students, not only those surveyed, still do not discuss Sex and HIV with their parents and instead receive and discuss these issues with their friends and over the internet, which leads to students leading to receiving ‘misleading’ information. The survey also draws light on the positive aspect of ‘student thinking’ when it comes to taking personal initiative to enquire more about AIDS and HIV, which shows the enthusiasm and ‘wanting to learn’ capacity of the students apart from personal awakening.

Overall, the survey has indicated the thought process of the student community in a college curriculum. References: 1. Coleman E (2002), Promoting sexual health and responsible sexual behavior, J Sex Research, Volume 39, Page no. 3-6. 2. The Economic Times, 25-01-2013 3. Richard A Crosby et al (2000), Misconceptions about STD protective behavior, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 19, Page no. 167-173. 4.

JohariTalib et al (2012), Analysis of Sex Education in Schools across Malaysia, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 59, Page no. 340-348 AIDS & Sex Education Survey A survey to understand the role of sex education and AIDS information at the classroom level. ————————————————- ————————————————- Top of Form Specify your sex *  Male *  Female Mention your Age Was Sex Education provided in the classroom? *  Yes *  No

When were you provided Sex Education? *  Class 7th – 8th *  Class 9th – 12th *  College Where did you get your Sex Education, if not in Classroom? *  Parents *  Friends *  Magazines *  Internet What do you think is the right age to receive Sex Education? Did you share your Sex Education experience with your parents? *  Yes *  No *  I was given Sex Education by parents itself Do you think ‘Teen Pregnancy’ will be reduced by Sex Education? *  Yes *  No Should we have ‘Condom Vending Machines’ in public places?  Yes *  No Have you ever tried finding about AIDS at your own will? *  Yes *  No Have you ever met someone with AIDS? *  Yes *  No What will you do if you find out that an AIDS infected person is dining with you at a restaurant? *  Will continue dining *  Will switch places or leave Do you think HIV+ people should have different schools and colleges? *  Yes *  No Will you change your attitude towards your best friend if you find out him/her having AIDS? *  Yes *  No Bottom of Form

AIDS has proved to be among the most serious challenges to mankind’s health in the 21st century. Given its devastating effect in Africa and the fact that a cure for AIDS is still far removed, governments across the world made the fight against the disease their priority.

Innovative methods are observable in Brazilian and Indian societies where authorities act in line with or opposing cultural patterns. Thus, in India the government successfully taps local barbers to talk about AIDS to their clients, reinforcing their sense of worth and respect as folk counselors.

Love of movies offers another vehicle for marketing condoms. In Brazil the anti-AIDS campaigners come to grips with machismo of the local men who leave women with little bargaining power to insist on the use of condoms.

The efforts to market condoms to population have proved effective, raising awareness of AIDS dangers and role of condoms in prevention of the deadly infection.

The US situation is vastly different from that of Brazil and India and thus requires different marketing methods. The absolute majority of Americans have no financial problem with buying condoms, and women have a lot more clout to insist on their use.

At the same time, sex out of marriage is less of a sin in the liberal American culture, especially among younger generation, which makes it easier for person to have multiple partners.

As for campaigning, Americans are less prone to believe things they see on the screen or hear from a counselor, since in the culture of excessive marketing people at a certain age develop a sort of immunity to public messages. For this reason, Brazilian and Indian methods would not work as well for the US.

London International Group correctly focuses on its role in the prevention of AIDS. To strengthen this message, the company could launch courses at schools or colleges that would include just a few sessions, promoting the knowledge of the infection and the way condoms can fend off the danger.

Alternatively, the company can sponsor the production of documentaries about AIDS and its victims.

Case 4-7. AIDS, Condoms, and Carnival.

Introduction

Around the world sex workers are defined as “female, male and transgender adults and young people who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services, either regularly or occasionally, and who may or may not consciously define those activities as income-generating.”The term sex worker has gained popularity over prostitute because those involved feel that it is less stigmatizing and say that the reference to work better describes their experience.

According to UNAIDS,(2005) a sex worker is person who provides sex for money or goods and this may be occasionally or on regular basis. The groups involve female male adolescences and transgender adult, but they don’t exactly consider this act as earning money.

It estimated about 1995, 333 million cases of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occurred in the world, 65 millions of which were from Sub-Sahara Africa alone. WHO, (2007)

In Tanzania sex work is illegal under Tanzanian law. However, sex work is practiced openly in many areas across the country Due to lack of money Many women and children engage into this business due poverty which is caused by lack money???

Sex work in Tanzania including child trafficking is a major problem, especially in Zanzibar and Pemba child sex tourism is largely operated, and majority of them are infected by STI. Many of the children got involved into this sex work due to various problems for example after becoming orphans after their parents died from HIV/AIDS. ILO, (2001)

Majority of women and youths are the most affected groups due to being unstable economically, socially and cultural. Therefore, it is evidence that lack of money is one of the country determinants. Sex workers are categorized as a mobile population (sex workers) which is at high-risk due to their vulnerability to infectious diseases due to the nature of the work like plasticising sex without use of condom. NACP,(2007).

get tempted easier to exchange sex for money which put them into risk including their partners to acquire sexual transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. More than 50% of the Tanzanians live below the poverty margin which forces them into sex exploitation.Sex workers usually has low access to health services including screening and treatment of HIV and AIDS. NACP, (2007).

Ford .N. et al, (1999), revealed that in sex worker industry there are different groups involved in this practice men who sell sex to other men and gender issue is not a problem to them.

This report is mainly going to look on Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of female sex workers. There are two types of sex workers direct sex worker and indirect sex worker. Direct Sex Worker is a person, male or female, selling sex as an occupation or main source of income.

Direct Sex Workers may be either street based or based in a brothel or other fixed location, whereby an Indirect Sex Worker is a person, male or female, working in the entertainment business, such as in bars, karaoke canters, beauty salons or massage parlours, who to increase their income also sell sex. It should be noted that not everyone working in these places sells sex.

Sexual and reproductive health needs of sex workers

Around the world sex workers are regarded as higher vulnerable groups with high prevalence (United Nations, 2003). In order to minimize the prevalence of STI, several steps measures needs to be enforced into this groups.

• Education on sexuality-It includes comprehensive sexual education programs including community based health programs
• Screening and Treatment of STIs-It involves the screening and treatment of STI for sex workers and community at high risk for various diseases like gonorrhoea Chlamydia including HIV/AIDS and HIP.Screening and treatment has being identified as the effective way for sexual and reproductive needs for female commercial sex workers in Tanzania . Steen, (2002.2003) in his study revealed that both presumptive for sex workers and community based STI treatment for whole communities at high risk, can reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
• Family Planning Services–Ongoing and availability of Contraceptive and counselling services are vital to these groups. Moreover, types and how to comply with the pills is very essential as this will help to minimize the unwanted and unsafe abortions.
• Delivery Services –It includes ANC and Delivery services -This type of service is essential for Sex workers due high number of pregnancies caused by unsafe sex. (Guttmacher Institute 1998).
• Condom Use Services (programs). Availability of Condoms and their utilization among female sex workers in Tanzania is vital as many of sex workers are forced to perform unprotective sex by violent clients and the amount of money given.
• Establishment of clear policy framework for sex work– It involves development of strategies , legislative changes and its implementation
• Healthcare access –Fare/available access to healthcare services such drop in centre

In Tanzania there are severalReproductive and Sexual health policies that aims to improve and also address the needs of women such as National policy on HIV/AIDS National adolescence health policy but all these policies does not contain provision of sexual Reproductive Health for Female Sex Workers .

The reproductive and sexual health policies that exist within the Tanzanian health system aims to address the needs of women include; the national reproductive health strategy, national adolescent health policy and the national policy on HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, because sex work is illegal in Tanzania sex workers are outside the scope of national HIV/AIDS programmes. However, these policies have no provision for specialized Reproductive Health services for FSWs which is necessary to address the reproductive and sexual needs of Female sex workers.

Assessment of unmet needs

Contraceptive services.

Family planning helps to reduce the number of highly risk pregnancies that results in high level of maternal illness and death (Health Policy 2009). In every country, sex workers face many of the same dangers and rights problems.

Despite legal restriction and the medical risks associated with clandestine procedure, Tanzanian women obtain abortion from a wide range of providers, including doctors at private clinics, organisation when vacuum aspiration is not available. Women in rural areas have less much access to treatment for abortion complications than do women in urban settings.

Private sector facilities handle more than half of post abortion care cases despite the fact that they charge patients about three times more than public facilities do.

In East Africa in 2003, almost one in five maternal deaths were due to unsafe abortion .Even more common are long term health problem social stigma and infertility. Abortions performed by a skilled person are much more expensive than riskier procedure performed by unskilled provider’s .Therefore it is likely

In Tanzania the need for safe abortion is very important issue especially among FSWs as some of them due the lack of the clear abortion service .From my own experience when FSWs they get pregnant they end up killing their born infants and wrap them in a bin liner or any plastics bags and throw them along the road.

Assessment of needs

STI screening

The sexual and reproductive health needs of sex workers have been neglected both in research and public health interventions, like Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which have almost exclusively focused on STI/HIV prevention. Chacham et al, (2007), revealed that the reasons among this issue are due to the condemnation, stigma and ambiguous legal status of sex work

Majority of Female Commercial Sex Workers (FCSW) often have high rate of STIs due to unprotective sex activities and access to effective STI treatment. Frequent unprotective sexual exposure put sex workers, their clients and other partners all at high risk of acquiring HIV/STIs Steen, (2003).

Reducing the prevalence of Sexual Transmitted infection (STIs) would greatly reduce the risk of transmission of HIV.

Condoms

According to (UNAIDS 2000), It is very essential to involve sex workers in policy and programme development and implementation as part of the overall empowerment –building process and for greater programme effectiveness.

Many 100% condom use programs are focused on the experience of Thailand. In the 1990s, Thailand conducted a massive programme on control of HIV which showed a significant drop on visits to commercial sex workers by half, utilization of condom Increased, the prevalence of STDs fell dramatically, and achieved substantial reductions in new HIV infections. Avert (2007).

Similar programs were implemented successful in Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia and Philippines whereby, in most of these programs local or national authorities, including police, were required to use condoms in every sex act.

Use of contraceptive

A study conducted by Delvaux, (2003) found that huge number of female sex workers had limited knowledge of how to use contraceptive pills, condoms and syringes for those who are IV drug users. In Tanzania the use of contraceptive pills among majority of sex workers was very limited which increased the percentage of safe abortion due to poor awareness.

Globally condom use alone is considered problematic by family planning promotion due to fear of birth rate increase or abortion and this happens during the first year of condom use when more accidents are likely to happen (Berer, 1997) .

Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003). Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003).

Healthcare access – Some of the sex workers in Tanzania fear to use Public healthcare facilities due to discrimination and stigma from healthcare workers, other service users, lack of money and insurance due to poverty.

Many sex workers in East Africa lack access to the insurance system because of their profession. Some are trafficked women from rural area who do not have identification or permanent residence documents they need to get health care. Landipo, (2005) revealed that high attendace to private health facilities like Pharmacies and medical stores; to purchase contraceptive pills contributes to low attendance to public facilities, which can results to poor compliance of the contraceptive pill among sex workers

Recommendations

Based on findings above, the following recommendations are being made to the national centre for HIV/AIDS and STIs:

Proposed programme components:

• Sensitise policy makers to enact laws which lead to tolerance of FSWs. This will be a cornerstone to destigmatisation and allow these women to enjoy a greater degree of human rights. It will also allow the government to set aside specific funding and to solicit ate further input from the donor community.
• Mobilization of FSWs for a systematic STD/HIV/AIDS prevention course that includes participatory education, prevention, and positive living when infected and peer counselling.
• The condoms should be free or at a price the FSWs can afford. Proper use of condom is crucial in the absence of a vaccine or cure. It is also important for FSWs to know where to get condoms for example. Clinics, chemists and peer educators also storage and disposal methods should be covered in education.
• Although condom is the prevention method of choice, it is not 100% efficient due to breakage or slipping, meaning that some FSWs will still get infected. Therefore prompt and proper management of STDs which includes counselling, condom use, contact tracing and compliance is vital for prevention of HIV transmission.
• Proper use contraceptive pills needed in order to meet compliance and its irrational use.
• The FSWs should be trained and offered opportunities for alternative income generating activities. This is because according to the writer’s experience, well over 90% of women in Africa are in commercial sex due to poverty and lack of an alternative. The low economic status also interferes with condom negotiation and therefore should be addressed.

Bibliograaphy

UNAIDS Guidance Notes on HIV and Sex Work, 2009, p. 2.

http//www.Sciencedirect.com/science bibliography

UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People (2006) Section 2. (reference above) bibliography

Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2004) Part 2 (reference above) bibliography

Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex Workers: Two feminist Projects in Brazil. Bibliography

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M., Piot P.: Condom Promotion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment and Declining Incidence of HIV1 Infection in Female Zairian Sex Workers. Lancet 1994; 334:246-48.

Ngugi E.N., Staugard F., Gallachi A., Njoroge M., Waweru A.L Social Economic Empowers Commercial Sex Workers to Reduce Reported Attack Rate of STDs. Xth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa, Abidjan, December 1997. (C. 290).

DITTMORE, M. 2008. Punishing Sex Workers Won’t Curb HIV/AIDS, Says Ban-Ki Moon. 24 June. RH reality check. [online]. [Accessed 18 January 2011]. Available from: http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2008/06/23/sex-workers-grateful-banki-moon

World Health Organisation (2010).“Health systems policies and service delivery”. [online]. [Accessed 15 feburary 2010]. Available from:

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Ford N, Koetsawang S. The socio-cultural context of the transmission of HIV in Thailand. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33(4): 405-14.Wojcicki J, Malala J.

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GEETANJALI.G, 2002.Unmet needs: Reproductive Health Needs, Sex Work and Sex Workers .Social Scientist.30 (5/6) pp.79-102

INTRODUCTION

Over the last 25 years sexual health has become one of the most important areas of health care across the world a global pandemic of HIV, the rapid worldwide spread of other sexually transmitted infections and an increasing awareness of sexual health issues by the public globally have all increased enormously the needs of those dealing with sexual health problems to have access to information on theory and practice that can help them adverse the diversity of issues they now face Miller and Green (2002). According to WHO Sexual health is a state of complete physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled WHO (2002). This essay focuses to describe about sexual health, importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers, different levels of interventions, sexual health policies, theories and different sexual health strategies.

AIM OF THIS ESSAY

According to formally family planning association sexual health defined as the capacity and freedom to enjoy and express sexuality without fear of exploitation, repression physical and emotional harm FPA (2007). Rising STI rates and increasing termination rates DH (2008) indicate there is now a real need to address both issues through progressive work in sexual health care. Indeed, the HPA (2008) highlighted a clear need for people to be aware of how they can protect themselves from unplanned pregnancy and STIs, and the importance of sexual health promotion.

The essay will begin with a brief overview of sexual health promotion in young men and women in UK. The UK has the worst sexual health record in Western Europe while the teenage pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted infections including HIV and sexual violence are increasing. So the importance of sexual health promotion is increasing within young men and women. The aim of this essay is to highlights the need to reduce sexually transmitted infections among teenagers both girls and boys DH (2010) .young people reflects concerns about unintended teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections .Researches are showing that how being young influences sexual behaviours exploring issues including teenage negotiation of contraception and the influence of gender and peer norms both UK and internationally ( Widdice et al. 2006).High rates of sexually transmitted continue to be reported in UK,especially among young people, men who have sex with men and some ethnic minority populations these groups remain at greatest risk infection Miles (2006). I choose the group teenagers (young men and young women) with the age group of 14 to 24for this essay. I selected the teenagers for this assignment because now the rate of teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, HIV and sexual violence is increasing in UK.

IMPORTANCE OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION

The Importance of sexual health promotion in teenagers is to reduce teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Health care providers play a valuable role in educating their patients, and accuracy and completeness of information are the accepted standards in medicine Santelli (2008) Clinicians are held to professional standards involving medical and public health ethics, and are guided by professional health organizations. Guidelines in preventive medicine for HIV, other STIs and unintended pregnancy support the delivery of needed services, including counselling on condom and contraceptive use. Although recognition of evidence-based medicine has been increasing, wide variation exists in medical practices; often, the provider’s judgment is a component in determining patient care. Make awareness about the supportive clinics and provide counselling to the teenagers parents as well AMA (2009).

Sexuality is an important part of one’s health and, quality of life and general well being. Sexuality is an integral part of the total person, affecting the way each individual from birth to death to every single person. A healthy sense of sexuality can provide numerous benefits including a link with the future through procreation, a means of pleasure and physical release, a sense of connection with others and a contribution of self identity Norbun and Rosenfeld (2004). A teenager may go through many physical, mental, emotional, and social changes. The biggest change is puberty that means becoming sexually mature. It usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. As their body changes, the teenagers may have questions about sex and sexual health. During this time, they start to develop their own unique personality and opinions. Some changes that they might notice including, increased independence from their parents, more concerns about body image and clothes, more influence from peers, Greater ability to sense right and wrong. All of these changes can sometimes seem overwhelming Medline plus (2011).

LEGAL ISSUES OF SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION

In the past there has been a confused legal response to creating a balance between protecting vulnerable members of society, and giving people the right to access support for sexual health problems. The legal structure in the UK divides into civil law and criminal law. Legislation can place boundaries on the extent to which health care workers may become involved in promoting the sexual health of an individual. The introduction of the Human Rights Act (2000) has an impact on the rights of the individual and the provision of health care. Criminal law governs people’s sexual behaviour by making some activities unlawful. The purpose of the legislation is to prohibit certain sexual activities and prevent exploitation .To provide young people with the knowledge, skills and confidence to resist any pressure to have inappropriate, early or unwanted sexual relationships and to manage their sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develop their self-esteem and self-awareness. .To allow young people space to explore their values and attitudes .To encourage young people to make informed decisions about their behaviour, personal relationships and sexual health .To use discussion about sex and relationships to help young people develop their self-esteem and self-awareness Mellor and Williams (2005).

SEXUAL HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES

This implies that whether an individual puts protection that is contraception and condoms) into practice depends on the susceptibility to pregnancy or STI infection, severity of that occurrence, the result of implementation of self protection, and the barriers to implementation (Abraham and Sheeran 2005) The motivation theory is a more complex model that contains lots of components such as perceptions of severity, response costs, vulnerability, pleasure and social approval. It also includes belief that the suggested behaviour will reduce the threat and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is a person’s belief that they can be successful in carrying out the suggested behaviour (Norman et al. 2005)

The theory of planned behaviour is a complex theory. An individual’s perceived behavioural control is the expectation that behaviour is within their control, and therefore is linked to efficacy and autonomy. Within perceived behavioural control lie several factors, including information and skill (Conner and Norman 2005).

Social cognition theory focuses on individual motivation and action based on three types of expectancy. These are the situation outcome, action outcome and perceived self-efficacy. The theories are complex and therefore need further study before putting them into practice NICE (2007) recommended that trained in sexual health care professionals put the theories into practice in one-to-one structured discussions with clients.

SEXUAL HEALTH STRATEGIES

Increase the contribution of youth mothers in education, guidance or work to decrease the danger of long term social elimination. The national strategy for sexual health and HIV accepted that the consequences of poor sexual health can be severe leading to amongst other outcomes unwanted pregnancy and termination. The strategy has established a number of key indicators including to increase access to sexual health services, including contraception, particularly to young people. To increase the percentage of young people aged 15-24 accepting screening for Chlamydia. To provide access to Genito-Urinary Medicine clinics within 48 hours DH (2001) .The legal age for young people to consent to have sex is still 16, whether they are straight, gay or bisexual. The aim of sexual offences act 2003 is to protect the rights and interests of young people, and make it easier to prosecute people who pressure or force others into having sex they don’t want. Although the age of consent remains at 16, the law is not intended to prosecute mutually agreed teenage sexual activity between two young people of a similar age, unless it involves abuse or exploitation. Young people, including those under 13 will continue to have the right to confidential advice on contraception, condoms, pregnancy and abortion Mellor and Williams (2005).

To remove the main barriers of sexual health care is to provide health education and that teaches about the sexual health care and care giving clinics. studies show that training in the area of human sexuality and taking sexual histories increases comfort and with addressing sexual health Nussbaum and Rosenfeld (2004).Sex education is offered in many schools, but don’t count on classroom instruction alone. Sex education needs to happen at home, too. Sex education basics may be covered in health class, but the teenagers might not hear or understand everything he or she needs to know to make tough choices about sex. Awkward as it may be, sex education is a parent’s responsibility. By reinforcing and supplementing what the teen learns in school, teachers can set the stage for a lifetime of healthy sexuality. Various factors peer pressure, curiosity and loneliness, to name a few steer some teenagers into early sexual activity. But there’s no rush. Sex is an adult behaviour. In the meantime, there are many other ways to express affection intimate talks, long walks, holding hands, listening to music, dancing, kissing, touching and hugging. If you’re teen becomes sexually active — whether you think he or she is ready or not it may be more important than ever to keep the conversation going. State your feelings openly and honestly. Remind the teenagers that you expect him or her to take sex and the associated responsibilities seriously.

Stress the importance of safe sex, and make sure your teen understands how to get and use contraception. You might talk about keeping a sexual relationship exclusive, not only as a matter of trust and respect but also to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Also set and enforce reasonable boundaries, such as curfews and rules about visits from friends of the opposite sex.Teenager’s doctor can help, too. A routine check-up can give teen the opportunity to address sexual activity and other behaviours in a supportive, confidential atmosphere — as well as learn about contraception and safe sex. For girls, the doctor may also stress the importance of routine human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to help prevent genital warts and cervical cancer MFMER (2009).

Now we are failing young people in their sexual health needs, given an increasing trend in sexually transmitted infections and unplanned teenage pregnancies .significant changes can achieve by numerous endeavours including, equipping young people with the right knowledge, reaching their aspects of themselves which hold significant value in their present day lives to get focus and attention, providing solid basement of self esteem and self preservations in the first place. This must be delivered by open minded, unbiased and non judgemental professionals in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.HPA (2008). A number of government education initiatives over the last 10 years including the healthy schools status programme. The aim of this curriculum is to support the young people as individual and to improve their concept about sexual health in society. But in some schools trained staff refused to implement this strategies and this act as a barrier of communication with young people DH (2005) sexual relationship education in school by trained confident and up to date professionals, employing straight forward language can make an awareness of pupils existing knowledge Ingham et al (2009).young people’s sexual health clinics are available and confidentiality of service is very important. Condom distribution services are also available locally for young people. Now the sexual health campaigns for teenagers are changed from use of condoms and condom essential campaigns to a new campaign. It aims to improve the knowledge and encourage open communication about relationships among young people, their parents and professionals DH and DCSF (2009).

.the UK is still predominantly a patriarchal society. Gender imbalance can create a negative imbalance in our society. It has a reverse role when it comes to a sexual health provision. Young people’s contraceptive clinics habitually target young females. This stems from a political system desiring to protect itself from the negative consequences of un planned pregnancies ,neglecting young male services to the determent of their sexual health and well being Evans(2008).teenage pregnancy is increasing in UK among highest in Europe by year by year. There are two goals, to decrease teenage conceptions among under18 and get more teenagers parents for education, training and employment to reduce the risk. These goals were accomplished through government media voluntary and private sectors to change young peoples to sexual behaviour DCSF (2010).Health promotion programmes should be adaptable and innovative and offering different methods for feelings and expressions,and opportunities to help build self esteem. There are various economic and social influences contribute hopelessness in young people .young people are trying to express their individuality and find their position in the world Cater and Coleman (2006).According to Department of Health(2009)risk assessment is carried out by three tyre approach they are primary ,secondary and tertiary approach. In primary ,risk to teenagers that means unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections including HIV ,secondary risk is undiagnosed and un

Symptomatic sexually transmitted infections, infertility and pelvic inflammatory infections etc Territory risk is known as collateral risk to another chronic illness like exacerbation to DM depression or leukaemia .these three approaches allows for effective evaluation of both sexual and holistic consequences of risk taking behaviour among young men and women.

Another example of health promotion planning support is the effective sexual health promotion tool kit. It provides supportive toolkit for the professionals working with young people on sexual health promotion including practical tips for building self esteem and effective health promotion delivery DH (2002). Dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults. Understanding teens’ reaction to dating violence offer the potential to understand the factors that lead to perpetration of violent behaviour and to elucidate prevention strategies Dating violence, that is, violence between non-cohabitating, but courting individuals includes physical abuse, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse and has been recognized as an international and national public health problem of major proportion A great deal of current research indicates that dating violence is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults today Reyburn(2007).

Using contraception also reduces the chance of pregnancy, but the type of contraception matters, and some methods are typically more effective than others. This essential fact is the key element of the analyses reported by the research team. The investigators guess how an enormous deal of the decrease in teen pregnancy rates might be credited to better contraception by probing shifts in the types of method used at last sex combined with the typical failure rates of these methods. How shifts in contraceptive use might give to declines in pregnancy rates have not been used beforehand improves on previous attempts to estimate the behaviours fundamental changing pregnancy rates. While more teenagers are doing the right thing adults continue to debate whether the reduction in accidental pregnancies is the result of efforts to encourage abstinence or to promote improved contraceptive protection. The analyses offered here cannot distinguish the factors and motives behind reductions in sexual risk taking among teenagers SAM (2004).

The counselling with young people for their sexual health problems, and the importance of sexual health promotion will also help tanagers to get a positive approach to the area of sexual health (Lopez et al. 2008) .Thoughtful, comprehensive approaches from providers are important, given that much of the information adolescents receive on sexuality and sexual risk is erroneous and unhealthy for them (Teitelman et al. 2009). Although this study has explored the content of preventive care received by adolescents at high risk, access to care is also critical, because most adolescents—particularly low-income adolescents, who are at highest risk of pregnancy and STIs do not make normal preventive care visits. For the at-risk adolescents who do present for a clinic visit, it is all the more important to provide effective prevention counselling (Chandra et al. 2008).Pre teenage education and counselling about the prevention of un wanted teenage pregnancies, STIs and HIV to teenagers is very important.

Dual protection refers to strategies that provide guard from unnecessary pregnancy and STIs, as well as HIV. Dual shield can take various forms, including the use of condoms only or the use of condoms with a different form of contraception and the support of emergency contraception, for added safety in opposition to unwanted pregnancy. Except a couple know they are free of HIV and other STIs and are not at risk through sexual activity with others, condoms are the key constituent of double protection. Thus, better interventions are essential which hold up women as

well as men to make use of condoms through sexual intercourse, both for those living with HIV and those who may be in a discordant couple or when one or both partners are engaged in sexual activity with others who may be at risk. Most methods of contraception can be used irrespective of HIV status (Gruskin et al. 2007).

Children and Young People in Wirral are the most significant asset. We should help them all raise into positive and victorious adults. They can do this for themselves but we will help them by ensuring they receive information and services when they are needed and in a way they can best make use of them. We are committed to removing barriers that prevent us from providing the services that children and young people tell us they need Wirral Health and Well Being Charter for Wirral Children and Young People (2008) The aim of the policy is to enable any member of staff to assess and respond appropriately to young people’s needs with regards to sexual health, within their professional boundaries, and from an informed perspective.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, sexual health promotion in teenagers is a very central matter. Social cultural and political factors can hold back effective communication between health professionals and young people and can put off young people from seeking professionals help regarding sexual health issues. Sexual health promotion will reach the young people at a level that has considerable meaning to achieve change in their sexual practice and to help them to reach their most favourable sexual health and sexual identity. Sexual health promotion in teenagers will assist to reduce the rate of sexually transmitted infections, HIVs, teenage pregnancies and sexual violence.

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