Conflict Scenarios

The model incorporates seven steps; define he situation, describe and collect needed Information, develop alternatives, develop agreement among those Involved, decide which alternative Is best, and determine whether the decision was a good one and follow up (Nickels, McHugh. & McHugh, 2010). In following the steps, eliminating steps that are irrelevant, the managers can develop a solution. The situation explains that the marketing department is no longer collaborating on an important project. The three members cannot decide on an ad visual causing the team to disband.

An alternative solution Is to have the manager ecocide which visuals to combine for the final product. This resolves the disagreement between members because the choice was taken leaving no conflict. The Just Right Tire marketing team can now meet the deadline. Conflict is common in workplace teams and is not always bad. Conflict is important because it provides different strategies for completing a common goal. A common cause of conflict in a group is a breakdown . Examples of communication breakdown are misunderstandings, cultural differences, and poor listening (Skills, Gulper, . 010).

The manager’s responsibility Is to find a solution and resolve the disagreement. Conflict resolution is important because too much conflict can lead to an impasse and effect performance. Since Jan, Sally, and Mark have been very successful in the past working on a team an effective conflict resolution process would be to have all the parties’ compromise. The Compromise approach Is where each party would be bring forth their arguments and find a common ground, each would receive some and each would have to sacrifice a little as heir marketing project, compromising would be an effective way for the team to resolve their conflict.

Another conflict resolution method that the manager could follow would be collaboration. Collaboration as defined by Winnable (2010), “is the parties attempt to resolve their conflict by finding a mutually beneficial solution through problem. Collaboration Is a win-win situation compared to compromising where everyone loses a little, the Issue Is that collaboration can take more time to come too resolution. Since Jan, Sally, and Mark have worked effectively in the past gather collaboration would be effective.

The reason is they all have the same goals in getting this marketing project completed however there was a breakdown in communication. Collaboration is the most effective when the parties have the same goals, have open communication, and have a shared level of trust (Wallace, 2010). In order to resolve the conflict with Jan, Sally, and Mark at Just Right Tire Company, ten manager snouts perform ten primary Tunnels AT management. I en primary functions of an effective manager consist of planning, organizing, leading, and monitoring (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010).

The first step of the manager is to setup a plan and approach the team to develop and to promote the new tires for the company. Once the team is aware of the plan, the manager should organize the responsibilities of each team member. The manager was aware of the strengths of each team member, that they worked well together, and produced successful ads in the past due to each member’s different strengths. While Jan, Sally, and Mark are working together the manager should also be leading the team by guiding, coaching, ND motivating them to achieve their goal to produce a successful ad for Just Right Tire Company.

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Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Introduction From the beginning of the 1988 a conflict lasts between the South Caucasian nations of Azerbaijan and Armenia over the ownership area of Nagorno-Karabakh. The conflict has resulted in a considerable crisis especially in Azerbaijan, with the number of dislocated refugees close to approximately one million. As a result of the war over the NK region with Armenia, Azerbaijan has lost the entire NK region and 7 more surrounding districts of Lachin, Kelbajar, Agdam, Gabrail, Fizuli, Khubadly and Zangilan to Armenia. So Azerbaijan’s territories are occupied and lost fourteen percent of the territory.

The conflict is considered as an internal conflict by the major powers and international organizations. As known, from the beginning of 1988 the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh had an intra-state dimension which means the struggle for independence of Nagorno-Karabakh where are populated Armenian population. But since the beginning of 1922 the conflict possesses an inter-state dimension between two sovereign states: Azerbaijan and Armenia. So the conflict has become one of the most intractable disputes in the international arena and it is also the conflict of the region which has the largest geopolitical significance.

So Azerbaijan and Armenia, as the two former Soviet Republics fought over the NK region from 1987 to 1994 in the forms of first communal clashes. Despite the fact that both states agreed on a cease-fire on the conflict in May 1994, the outcomes of the war are political turmoil, territorial losses and mass displacements. Though two sides recognized and ceased-fire armed force, but nevertheless conflict or confrontations existing in the form of diplomatic relations and by other ties relations. Problem and Significance The problem of this conflict lies under the disagreement of belligerents: Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Especially, on the side of Armenian which occupied over the enclave land and doesn’t want recognize any resolution are contested and suggested by organizations. Here, one of the problems is influence of external powers which can support its side and made financial and military aid. Also here another problem is the refugees’ problem from both sides to the conflict and their integration into society. To this day, discussion of the problem of refugees has focused exclusively on Azeris from Karabakh or Armenia, with no serious mention of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan.

A comprehensive and fair solution to the refugee problem, consistent with the most basic international human rights standards, will treat all individuals that qualify as refugees independent of their national identity or current location of residence. But in case of significance, the main issue is the security issue which is so fragile. Because Caucasus states are located nearby Europe, Central Asia, Russia and Islamic states in which there are sufficient problems. It is so fragile because the conflict can effect to the neighbor states.

This long-lasting problem must be provided by international organizations which peace-making process is going now and for future keeping safeness or security to the neighbors and for their sovereignty status. And this status must be resolve or guaranteed. Literature Review. The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh (NK) region of Azerbaijan, which in its modern form has continued for 20 years, is a complicated case study of multi-vector and multi-layered claims, mostly from the Soviet times, ranging from history, economy, and legal status, used to justify the military occupation (along with seven adjacent regions).

The article illustrates that some of the weaker claims were dropped altogether, whilst others were continually mixed with additional charges to make them “stick”. Despite solid legal, historic and moral grounds, Azerbaijan has been lagging in clarifying and explaining the fictitious charges of NK’s supposed transfer to Azerbaijan’s suzerainty in 1920s, the legal status of NK itself, its economic and financial well-being, and the impossibility to apply the 3 April 1990 Soviet Law on Succession to the NK case whether for the purposes of justifying its independence or attachment to Armenia.

Despite all the challenges and blame shared by all sides, NK and adjacent currently occupied territories are recognized as part of Azerbaijan, with the latter retaining all rights, including military, to return it under its full sovereignty. So, there are many scholars that wrote articles about Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. I want to mention some famous scholars’ articles. Philip Gamaghelyan wrote article about “Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A myth or a reality?

He provides a stakeholder analysis and examines political, economic, security and socio-cultural dynamics of the conflict. Distinguishing between the positions and the interests of the main actors, the paper evaluates the peace process, reveals the factors accounting for its continuing failure and develops recommendations on how the conflict can be resolved. This article is intended to call in question the myth of the intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Philip Gamaghelyan: “The ‘intractability’ of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is not attributable to the lack of vitality of a particular solution”. He also argues that any agreement that establishes a definite solution would require some concessions would dissatisfy one or both parties and would produce powerful ‘spoilers’ that could sabotage the peace process. Therefore it is necessary not to look for a fast solution, but to develop a long-term strategy of addressing underlying issues of the conflict such as mutual perceptions, security issues and democracy.

In our opinion, the ‘intractability’ of the conflict in this article largely originates from the desire of parties to have a sense of the final status of the region, before addressing the underlying problems. I suggest that if this approach is reversed, all other issues are resolved, and an acceptable level of stability and cooperation in the region is achieved, the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh will become less significant, which will make it easier for parties to come to a compromise. Next article “Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution” was written by Tigran Mkrtchyan.

Tigran Mkrtchyan: “Theoretically the risks of war or re-emergence of war are reduced by democratization and exacerbated by reversals in the democratization process, but rapid democratization which was the case after the collapse of the Soviet Union may bring weak regimes unable to establish effective control and political order” He mention these questions in his article “What can democratization give? Can it reach the peace? ”. And also he mention “Political change or democratization can take many different forms and need not proceed in a unidirectional or linear fashion.

The significance is that there be steady movement towards democracy in a given state. Changes toward autocracy and reversals of democratization are accompanied by increased risks of war involvement. Reversals are riskier than progress”. At issue therefore is not the rapidity of change toward democracy but the linearity of the process. Also the elections are indeed the first test of democratization, but by fair and transparent elections only one does not build a democratic society.

So the ‘dangerous democratization hypothesis’ has suggested that emergent democracies may be quite prone to international violence, largely because of “deformed” institutional forces. The conflict is an obstacle to democratization, the solution of the war in the long run also rests with democratization. Democratization or “mature democracies” do not wage wars against each other. The democratization tendencies in the Soviet Union made many ethnic-nationalist conflicts within its space because the democratization was incomplete and political institutions weak.

So, he think in order to have complete democratization they need to consolidate their internal institutions and elect or choose a good leader. Last article that I want to mention is “Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic claims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war” written by Adil Baguirov. In his article he maintain that regarding the early claims that the economy of NK region was supposedly deliberately neglected by Soviet Azerbaijani authorities, to both “punish” and “root out” Armenians, and this, allegedly, left no choice than for Armenian separatism and military action.

Ironically, this argument did not stand the test of time and has been disproved by the fact, that the economic situation of the remaining Armenians in the occupied territories today is hardly better than it was before the war. This is not only the consensus of foreign journalists visiting the occupied territories, but also of the OSCE fact-finding mission in February 2005 – he argues such like this in his article. Hypothesis. Russian’s support to Armenia led to occupation 20% of territories of Azerbaijan.

Hence we understand that Russia totally support Armenian Governments and it is a one of the cause unresolved long – lasting conflict. Russia behind of this conflict as known obviously wants to keep influence to Caucasus states especially to Armenia, despite of other major powers in international arena. Subjects of study. In our work we are studying – Russian role in the conflict and its support for Armenia, consequences of the war, possible ways of resolving. To find out the ways of resolving and to determine the right side we also use UN Charter and International Law.

Exactly we will look at the International Laws branches – sovereignty of the state, self-defense right and self-determination right. Measurement. As “Russian support” we mean military, economic and political support of Russia to Armenia and its pressure for the Azerbaijan government. Another term is “Self-determination right” – means right for determining of their future, political system, sovereignty and etc by groups, nations, and autonomies. “Self-defense right” – the right for declaring a war for the other state in situation when it attacked first or preparing to attack.

References: • Philip Gamaghelyan: “Intractability of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: a myth or reality? ” • Shahen Avakian: “Nagono-Karabakh, Legal Aspects”. • www. flashpoints. info Nagorno-Karabakh: Azebaijani and Armenian perspectives. • Tigran Mkrtchyan: “Democratization as the key to Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution” • www. wikipedia. org Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict • Nora Dudwick, “Armenia: Paradise Regained or Lost? ” in Ian Bremmer & Ray Taras (Ed. ), New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 84; • George Joffe, “Nationalities and Borders in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus,” in John F. R. Wright, Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Schofield (Ed. ), Transcaucasian Boundaries, (London: UCL Press, 1996), p. 25 • Adil Baguirov: “Nagorno-Karabakh: basis and reality of Soviet-era legal and economic claims used to justify the Armenia-Azerbaijan war” • Turkish Weekly Journal:” Nagorno-Karabakh Problem: Claims, Counter Claims and Impasse” by Guner Ozkan

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EU and NAFTA: Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

EU and NAFTA: Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

            The European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are international organizations that emerged out of the necessity for the formation of regionalist, inter-state initiatives in the response to security issues and conflict resolution. One of the difficulties of the new global environment is its redefinition of disputes and security, as this security becomes as complex and multifaceted as it has never been before – for it can be cross-border, interstate, and inter-organization.  This abruptness in transformation renders necessary the conceptualization of new stratagems in dealing with security.  And this conceptualization process has become a task difficult for a single state or institution to take on, which hence is the rationale for intervention from international organizations.  Similarly, implementation and realizations of conflict resolution methods would require multi-party consensus and agreement to the method and tool.   Because of the increase interconnection and interdependence of countries, a domestic crisis or internal squabble would have international ramifications.  Dispute resolution and conflict management mechanisms, as proven by EU and NAFTA, has become an inter-state concern.

European Union

            The dispute resolution is a primary concern of the European Union; in fact, alternative dispute resolution strategies was outlined in the Green Paper, which states that dispute resolution of the organization is not meant to fill in gaps in judicial performance, but rather to have a peace-keeping mechanisms in situations that require intervention beyond court proceedings. (EJMCCN Website) Social consensus and conflict resolution is highlighted, as with the retention of commercial interactions between parties in dispute.   The European Code of Conduct seeks the establishment of an area of freedom, security, and access to justice, so that resolution of disputes would be fair, and the rights of parties upheld.  The European Union are also conceptualizing innovative means to dispute resolution, like extra-judicial means and event the use of cyberspace to address conflicts.

            The European Union also has interstate mechanisms that are indeed binding as these are accepted agreements by the member states.  Unlike the NAFTA which is an international organization established because of security concerns, the European Union has a less limited power over its member states, as the latter has established a supra-national government to ensure compliance to dispute resolution mechanisms.  Member states of the EU agree on shared judicial and policing functions that ps borders, states, and political actors.

NAFTA

            The NAFTA prescribes consultations between parties who through dialogue can reach a certain consensus.  If this consultation would prove ineffective, then the party can report the dispute to the NAFTA office, which would form a panel to decide on and mediate the issue. (NAFTA Website) Scientific review boards can also be formed to assess the situation and give scientific and academic reports.  The NAFTA Agreement provides for a bi-panel system of review for issues like anti-dumping or countervailing duty matter. (NAFTA Agreement, Chapter 19)  Guidelines for different types of disputes, like finances and investments, are also outlined.

Conclusion

            The dispute resolution mechanism of NAFTA is also consultative and mostly the strategy is mediation, which is similar to EU, but the latter has more implementing mechanism and compliance powers than the former, as the European Union ha already established a quasi-government system.   The European Union is open to alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, which the NAFTA provides for the traditional panel review method.  Despite differences in method, it must be noted that the two organizations has essentially provided a conflict resolution framework to guide the management of disputes.

References

“Alternative dispute resolutions – community law”. European Judicial Network in Civil and Commercial Matters. <http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/adr/adr_ec_en.htm> Accessed 4 February 2008.

“Dispute Settlement”. NAFTA Secretariat. < http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?ArticleID=5> Accessed 4 February 2008.

 

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The Need for Academic Integrated Conflict Resolution in Education

The conflict between individuals aged 13 to 19 is so high that the need for academically integrated conflict resolution programs is quickly becoming a focal point of those involved in the educational world. Parents, teachers, and psychologists alike have all expressed horror that the rising number of youth offenders, violence in the schools, racial intolerance and the like has rapidly risen among their teenaged children, students, and clients. It has become second nature for students to solve their conflict with verbal confrontations and physical altercations.

Tragically, the use of guns either aimed at the person that they believe to be the cause of their angst or at themselves in suicidal attempts is sometimes the heartbreaking epilogue of an inability to properly deal with conflict. It seems as though students don’t know how to peacefully resolve the conflicts that they find themselves in on a day-to-day basis. A conflict resolution-training program that is integrated into a student’s academic program will encourage students to learn the methods of peaceful mediation.

It will induce students to apply the methods of conflict resolution into their day-to-day disputes not to mention the positive impact that it will have on their academic achievement. “A conflict exists when actions come into opposition. Conflict can occur within an individual, group, organization, institution, or nation. Conflicts can cross boundaries. They can occur between individuals and institutions, and across cultures. How we manage or resolve conflicts is the central issue.

Today, underlying the violence that surrounds our schools, neighborhoods, and communities are conflicts which have never been addressed or have been improperly resolved. Indeed in a diverse and complex society, Conflict Resolution Programs are much needed and an important component of all schools. In the 60’s and 70’s this need was understood by the Quakers and peace activists. In the early 1980’s, Educators for Social Responsibility examined alternative strategies of dealing with violence. The Children’s Creative Response to Conflict, the Community Board’s Program, and the Peace Education Foundation were in the forefront of the movement.

In 1984 the National Association of Mediation (NAME) was formed which served as a clearinghouse for information and training for school- based conflict resolution programs. In 1983 the National Institute of Dispute Resolution (NIDR) was formed to promote the development of conflict resolution tools and processes. Several types of programs have now emerged in schools of a collaborative and cooperative problem-solving approach involving processes such as negotiation, conciliation, mediation, fact finding, and arbitration.

The Gandhian method of conflict resolution, called “satyagraha”, or truth force, is concerned with human needs and recognizes the importance of resolving the “conflict triangle”: the attitude, the behavior, and the goal incompatibility itself. For Gandhi the desired outcome of a conflict is in the creation of a better social structure, and a greater degree of human unity. ” (C. W. Post Library on Nonviolence). Conflict resolution in the inner city schools is quickly becoming an epidemic.

Many schools have implemented preventative programs which include both uniformed and undercover armed guards to metal detectors to metal detectors in the school hallways. “… Though one New York City study suggests the effectiveness of metal detectors, many experts fear that detectors do little more than create a false sense of security in schools” (Witkin, 1998). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects that a conflict resolution program that is integrated into an English literature class has on students in an urban high school in New York.

According to Johnson and Johnson (1996), conflict resolution programs can be divided into three ways. There is the cadre or total student body approach, which trains certain students to become peer mediators or training every student in the school in constructive conflict management, respectively. Levy (1989) and Maxwell (1989) divide conflict resolution programs into two categories: curriculum-based programs and peer mediation programs. Curriculum based programs are preventative in nature and focus on teaching students to about conflicts and the alternatives to violence as a method of resolution.

They emphasize social skills, empathy training, stress and anger management, attitudes about conflicts, and bias awareness. The third division is a division of skills-oriented approaches and academically oriented approaches. Opotow (1991) has found skills-oriented approaches to be those in which students are taught the interpersonal and small-group skills which are needed to resolve conflicts constructively (D. W. Johnson, 1997; D. W. Johnson & F. Johnson, 1997); in the academic approach students are taught the intellectual procedures and cognitive skills for managing conflicts such as academic controversy (D. W. Johnson & R. Johnson, 1979, 1995a), violence prevention (Prothrow-Stith, Spivak, & Hausman, 1987), and critical thinking (Paul, 1984; Seigel, 1988); and the last approach is the structural-change approach which emphasize changing the school structure from a mass-manufacturing approach to a team based, high-performance organizational structure (D. W. Johnson & R. Johnson, 1994) and providing a cooperative context for a management of conflict (Deutsch, 1973; D. W. Johnson & R. Johnson, 1994).

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Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution

Running head: COMMUNICATION Communication University of Phoenix Teamwork, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution SOC/110 Ken West Feb 17, 2010 Communication The way in which people communicate is as varied as the languages spoken throughout the world. People cannot just exchange a few words, there must be an understanding and acceptance of these variations or there will be a breakdown in the communication process. This is shown in the interactions between men and women, people of different cultures and even when exposed to a new environment. Verbal communication is the form that is most easily recognized.

People can hear and see this form of communication without even physically experiencing a part of the conversation. When a person is sitting in a room and two people outside of that room are speaking that person can hear them and in one’s mind imagine what that conversation looks like. This does not mean that verbal communication is the most used form. Nonverbal communication is used constantly. People use it to show their opinions on political matters, whether or not a particular restaurant sounds good or if the dress one’s wife is wearing makes her look fat.

Nonverbal communication can go much further in expressing one’s needs, feeling, and wants to another person. If a person is taken to Germany and is ignorant to the German language that person would be able to obtain food, a place to sleep, and many of the other basic requirements needed to survive. Many of the expressions and gestures one can make are universal. If one points to their left wrist, one is asking the time. If one puts their hand to their mouth in a drinking or eating fashion, then those actions are conveyed to the other person. Examples of nonverbal messages which actually take the place of verbal messages are shaking a clenched fist, a look of disgust, shaking the head in disbelief, a look of contempt, rolling the eyes, a deep sigh and tone of voice. All of these can tell a person that he or she is incompetent, of low character, or can imply a threat” (Jones &amp; Remland, 1993, 133) Although being taken to an environment in which one has no concept of the others language would be challenging it is nowhere close to the challenge of being locked in a room filled with those of the opposite sex.

It is not fair to say that two people of the opposite sex could not understand each other because nothing is absolute. When a woman wants to talk with a man about her problems and issues, she wants to share with him and in turn have him share with her. “When a man hears a woman wanting to talk to him about her problems and issues he assumes that she is requesting his advice and would like a solution” (Tannen, 1991, p. 96). In fact, the woman is wanting to draw closer to the man open up and share her intimate secrets, he just thinking of a quick fix and what time is dinner going to be ready.

A practice is to be aware of other cultures and their ways of communication whenever possible. In Arab countries, for example, the handshakes are not as firm as in the United States or Europe and although Americans usually will just shake hands at the first meeting, Arabs will shake hands every time they meet a person and leave that person. “Touching, long handshakes, grasped elbows, even walking hand in hand by two males is common place in the Arab world. A considerable number of Arabs touch more between the same sex, to show liking–not sex.

They hold hands, hug each other, kiss if close friends. As Arab customs and behavior condones the outward display of affection between male friends, one may see Arab men, even officials and military officers, holding hands as they walk together or otherwise converse with one another” (Nydell, 2005, p. 112). Were someone to act in this way toward a man here in the United States he would probably not enjoy the reaction. This is why when dealing with people from other cultures one needs to be aware of their beliefs and customs and not jump to conclusions immediately based-off their actions.

The United States is a wonderful place to experience diverse communication because there are so many cultures living so close together. The ability to immerse ourselves in the cultures that thrive in America is ours to take. Learning from them and growing one’s knowledge of how the world communicates is an essential part of ones evolution in this big world that grows smaller every day. Learning the verbal and nonverbal way that people communicate in one’s environment is the key to one’s success.

When one faces the challenges that the opposite sex can present to each other, and learn to communicate effectively with one another one can begin to see the world from a different perspective. This different perspective can oftentimes be a better way of viewing things then the same old way that has always been used. In the same respect gaining an appreciation and understanding of the way other cultures communicate can give one another tool to use when tackling problems. Sometimes good old American ingenuity might not be the answer. Being able to understand another culture may bring in fresh ideas that have never been implemented before.

References Jones, T. S. , &amp; Remland, M. S. (1993, January 1). NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT ESCALATION: AN ATTRIBUTION-BASED MODEL. International Journal of Conflict Management, 4(2), 119-137. Nydell, M. K. (2005). Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: Intercultural Press. Tannen, D. (1991). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (1st ed. ). New York: Ballantine Books.

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Conflict resolution techniques

 Conflict resolution techniques form one of the most crucial factors in ensuring sustainable harmonious existence of members in the community. This is because they promote forgiveness, understanding, and some sense of justice between conflicting groups or individuals. Of the numerous techniques of conflict resolution, negotiation is a commonly employed and practiced in the solving business […]

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Conflict Resolution Assignment

Finally they do the same job therefore there s a possibility of workplace competition causing conflict. Although the most obvious sign of the conflict is the argument between the colleagues there may have been signs before this. Unfortunately there is not enough background information given about the history, however it could be speculated that someone […]

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