Criminal Justice

Tor aaaresslng tne economic crlsls wnlcn Tlrst appeared In tne m10 ana late slxtl In other to restore sagging business profits, and then the welfare of working people had to be sacrificed. Another criminal Justice crackdown has become, intentionally or otherwise, a way to manage rising inequality and surplus populations. And the poor people where the one that suffered the situation throughout this process of economic restructuring, particularly poor people of color.

Thus it is poor people of color who make up the bulk of American prison. Also, equality was one of the roblems that blacks suffered during Jim Crow laws and it was what white American fears most. Not until February 17, 1919, when thousands of African American soldiers fresh from victory in the Ardennes offensive marched triumphantly up Fifth Avenue, through Manhattan’s cheering crows toa Harlem homecoming. This was because they had lived up to their end of the bargain with America.

So they expected the full rights of Citizenship, nothing less, only a year earlier, while they fought in France. Jim Crow and other hated laws that stigmatized African Americans had been reaffirmed. But this civil rights moment was not to be. Instead the euphoria of victory evaporated to be replaced by the worst spate of anti-Black violence; labeled the Red Summer, the riots and lynchings would last from April to November 1919, claiming hundreds of lives, and leave thousands homeless.

Mostly Blacks where the victims, at least twenty seven major riots and mob actions immobilized the nation’s capital and cities large and small, including Chicago, Omaha, Knoxville, Charleston, and the delta town of Elaine, Arkansas, but something happened that whites had not expected. Emboldened by the war, whether from experience in the trenches or not the factory loor, or in the cotton fields of the rural south, blacks fought back; picking up any weapon that was at hand, their retaliation against armed mobs was swift.

It was the first stirrings of the civil rights movement that would change America forever. Bibliography Mcwhirter Cameron. “Red summer”. New York: Herny Holet, 2011. Parenti Christian. “Lockdown America”. New York: Verso, 2008. Heard Alex. “The Eyes of Willie Mcgee”. Mississippi: Jim Leeson, 2010. Loury C. Glenn. “Race Incarceration and American Values”. Boston: Pamela S. Karlan, Tommie Shelby, and Loic Wacquant, 2008.

There are many types of people that make up our society. For criminal justice practitioners these people can be broken up in to two groups the law abiding citizens and the criminals. The role of the criminal justice practitioner can at time be simple for example: when it comes to the law abiding citizen the role is to serve and protect. But when it comes to criminal the role of the criminal justice practitioner can become complex. In this paper I will attempt to explore the criminal justice professional’s role in fulfilling society as well as individual needs.

There are three parts that make up criminal justice police, courts, and corrections. Each part consists of professionals that play a role in contributing to the reform of key social issues. Issues like cyber crimes, drugs, and school shootings. Each of these issues need criminal justice practitioners on all three levels to aide in some type of reform to make the individual (the victim) and society feel safe. On the web site Interpol 100 years of international police cooperation cybercrimes are said to be “one of the fastest growing areas of crime.”

This is where criminals are taking to their computers to commit crimes like “Attacks against computer data and systems, identity theft, the distribution of child sexual abuse images, internet auction fraud, the penetration of online financial services, as well as the deployment of viruses, Botnets, and various email scams such as phishing”.. So how does cybercrimes impact criminal justice practitioners, with technology constantly changing the need for more education in technology and cyber laws are needed if the practitioner is going to effectively find and stop the criminals, dole out punishment as well as seek retribution for the victims.

On of the saddest social issue plaguing America has to be school shootings. There are many instances of school shooting throughout history but the one that stands out to me is the Columbine High School shootings where on April 20, 1999 seventeen year old Dylan Klebold and eighteen year old Eric Harris committed suicide after killing twelve students, one teacher and wounding twenty-one others.

While most of the country sadly wondered how and where did they get the guns and ammunition the criminal justice practitioners were hard at work gathering evidence, securing the crime scene, tending to the survivors and what I think is the hardest part informing parents that they’re children had died. In this instance the criminal justice practitioners were the police department, deputies, and armed security working for the school. I would imagine that after working the crime scene that many of the officers grieved right along with the families.

As I researched this part of my paper I could not find one article on how this impacted the police all I can say is that as a parent I can only imagine that some of them must have needed counseling. I can also imagine the law makers coming together to find a way to prevent this kind of shooting from happening again. I would rather not get into the whole gun control issue because frankly I don’t believe there is a law that could be passed that would prevent guns from getting into the wrong hand.

The only thing gun laws would do, is make it hard for law abiding citizens to protect themselves. Another issue that criminal justice practitioners have to deal with is drugs. This problem is widespread to say the least because it not only affects the user. It is a known fact that when people use drug they will do whatever it takes to feed their habit even break the law. Drug abusers commit crimes like prostitution, robbery, breaking and entering and assault. Trying to make a person stop using drugs is like trying to stop the sun from rising.

A drug addict has to want to stop until that time it is up to the police to take steps to keep society safe. During the Reagan era there was a zero tolerance policy for drug abusers. This kept police and corrections officers busy because the policy was so strict that arrest and incarceration rates increased at a rapid pace. That was during the late 80’s and the war on drugs is still moving full steam ahead. The role of the criminal justice professional in serving individual and societal needs

Luz Santiago March 12, 2013 Professor Carty Sex and Gender Research Paper Are males and females treated differently in the criminal justice system? My intro Many people believe that the criminal justice system treats males and females differently. In my opinion I believe that this is false. Maybe it’s because the criminal justice system is strict on males because they are often the ones getting arrested. In this research paper I will determine if this is true.

The definition of criminal justice system is the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehending, prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. Source #1 As I was doing my research I came upon this book titled “The Gender of Crime” by Dana M. Britton. In this book it describes all different crimes and how men and women are punish in the criminal justice system. It states that women convicts are usually more violent, have been given several more chances, and that’s just the way we were raised as society was raised.

We were raised to respect women; women shouldn’t be taken away from their children. It also states that men are usually arrested more because they commit more crimes. Source#2 Statistic Statistics states that in 2009 6. 8%of all federal/state prison was women the total was 105,197. It also states that in 2009 93. 2% of men in the federal/state prison totaling to 1,443,500. Many people believe this is because of the chivalry theory, this theory explains how must male officials are more lenient on women.

It’s not that they are chivalry must of time it’s because of how the crimes are committed. For example the reason why women are less likely to receive the death penalty is that they commit different kinds of murder then men do. Source#3 statistic The America Crime Survey 2009/10 showed that men were at greater risk of personal crime and violence than women. Women were at higher risk of theft from the person and intimate violence. In 2009, there were differences in the types of sanctions issued to men and women at court.

A higher proportion of female defendants received fines than males (77% compared with 63%), but lower proportions of female defendants received community sentences (10% compared with 16%), suspended sentences (2% compared with 4%), and immediate custody (3% and 9% respectively). In 2009, newly received women in prison were serving proportionately shorter custodial sentences than men. Almost half (48%) of newly received men in prison were serving sentences lasting longer than six months compared to two-fifths (38%) of newly received women.

Men and women’s behaviour in prison also differed. In 2009, the rate of punishment in prison establishments was higher for women (150 adjudications per 100 prisoners) than for men (124 adjudications per 100 prisoners). More than one in three female prisoners (37%) self-harmed compared with fewer than one in ten males (7%). As in previous years, men accounted for the majority of self-inflicted deaths in custody (57 of the total 60 recorded in 2009).

Class: Criminal Justice Administration Date: 9/10/2012 Importance of Criminal Justice Administration The role of a Criminal Justice Administrator is to manage a criminal justice system. She/ He direct the administration of the day-to-day operations, participates in administrative decision making, enforce policies and procedures, and sets work flow priorities. Criminal justice administrators also oversee agencies’ budget, policies and program requirements. Each public agency, according to its primary function, has a support team.

The criminal justice administrator is in charge of supervising all agency staff; which can include lawyers, judicial clerks, secretaries, investigators and line officers. He/ She review and approve their reports, as it is his responsibility to make sure all information is accurate and prepared in accordance with established policy and procedure. The United States criminal justice system is a system that acts to enforce the criminal laws of the country. In the United States, the criminal justice system is divided in three categories: federal, state and military.

In addition to these three categories, each state has separate divisions that deal with adult and juvenile cases. Each of these systems is comprised of three major components. The first component of the criminal justice system and perhaps the most important and dangerous is law enforcement. This includes the local police department with all of its police officers and detectives. These people head the criminal justice system because they are the ones responsible for finding and capturing individuals who break the laws set forth by the state, federal government or the military.

The second component is the court; the court system includes prosecution and defense lawyers, judges and juries. These individuals make sure offenders are given fair trails. Judges, also known as finders of facts, hear the cases and preside over the participants to make sure that all laws are followed while the cases are being tried. Some cases are tried in front of a judge only, while others have a jury of 12 citizens who determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant based on facts brought forth during a trial.

The last but not least is corrections. The correction system, which is tightly intertwined with the previous two components, is very important and quite large. The correction individuals ensure that a defendant’s punishment and all of its stipulations are carried out. Like any organization, state and local criminal justice agencies must deal with issues of organizational management and employ the management styles that best allow them to achieve their objectives of crime prevention, adjudication of criminal offenses, and punishment of offenders.

In today’s world we have developed different styles of management that could apply to law enforcement agencies, criminal courts, and correctional facilities and departments. In my opinion managers are more important than supervisor because they have more responsibilities under their shoulders. Systems management requires a complete approach to organizational leadership, which involves not only management of personnel, but also of organizational knowledge. A systems approach to management recognizes the complexity of modern organizational processes.

In this perspective, organizations function based on the information and data that employees can access. A successful agency must properly manage all of these elements. Features of systems management include specialization within components of a large system and coordination among different components. System management could serve criminal justice agencies well, and some organizations exhibit elements of this approach. For example, many large law enforcement organizations have specialized divisions, such as homicide, gang enforcement, vice, and others, but with cooperation among these different units.

In general Criminal Justice Administration it is important because in order for law enforcement agencies to work properly a Criminal Justice Administrator needs to be in charge. Law enforcement agencies and organizations devoted to research in the field of criminal justice administration sometimes need professional researchers to perform ongoing work. Examples might include research into the most effective ways to run criminal justice agencies and how budgets impact the administration of criminal justice.

Administrators may have tasks that can include mathematical models and other methods in order to assess policies so those in the administrative side can make informed decisions. I personally believe that Criminal Justice Administration is not failing it just have its ups and downs. We have to keep in mind that in order for a criminal justice administrator to be successful he/she has to have a good working idea of the legal system and the role they play in it.

It is important for us to understand past, current, and future trends throughout the criminal justice system. Trends allow us to identify areas that need to be addressed so we may be equipped to handle them better. Society depends of the criminal justice system in many ways to offer them a sense of justice, safety, and peace of mind. Within this paper I will discuss past, current, and future trends and how it affects and changes our criminal justice system.

I will also address recent and future trends and contemporary issues that affect the criminal justice system, as well as the values of the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends Even though to most it may not seem like it, the criminal justice system has come a long way in its dealings with the public. In the past the criminal justice system was viewed as a faceless machine that acted independently of the areas it charged to look after.

It seemed that it was better to stay detached from the public in order to remain biased in their judgment and to keep their professional appearance. By studying past trends we not only were able to see trends in criminal behavior as well as having the ability to try and create possible projections on why it could lead but, we were also able to view the interaction between the criminal justice system and those it served. Both the criminal justice system and the general public realized the need for cooperation between the two to better the results.

Society has always and will always be changing and it is only through ongoing efforts and partnerships within the community that the criminal justice system can stay informed and better understand how to combat criminal trends. By understanding trends in the past and considering how certain criminal events began and where they are now, the criminal justice system has been able to gain a wealth of knowledge about illegal activity and how different attempts to control or stop the actions have worked or failed.

By examining the patterns of criminal activity and looking at the response is to the different tactics used to prevent them the criminal justice system can actually derive betters means to control possible criminal growth or be better suited to handle the events as they arise. Current Trends There are many current trends that the criminal justice system faces as far as criminal activity is concerned. Increased violence and drug related offences are just two of the many obstacles that they face. Another trend that is developing is the public’s move towards privatized protection.

There are a growing number of individuals and families that have begun seeking out more protection than what is offered by the local police department. Residents prefer to now have their own security in place something that is gear specifically towards them. I do not feel that this move comes from distrust in the criminal justice system to fulfill the task however, with the growing relationship being developed between communities and law enforcement now see what challenges the local law enforcement agencies have to overcome on a daily basis. With this in mind, the public has begun to move to the privet sector for personal and home security.

Moving to gated communities in order to restrict traffic into their neighborhoods as well as neighbors coming together to employ security guards is a sure sign that the public sees that the growing challenges of law enforcement are causing them to strain their resources very thin in order to keep up with criminal activities over large areas. They also realize that regular patrols in their neighborhoods for long periods is something that many local law enforcement agencies can no longer provide so, many other areas have started working with the police departments to form neighborhood watches.

This is a program that brings communities together with the common goal of protecting their neighborhood and their families. Home security systems, cameras and motion detecting lights around the home, fences, gated communities, privet security and patrols, neighborhood watches, and building community awareness along with the local law enforcement agencies have been beneficial to law enforcement in cutting down the amount of activity in small neighborhoods and communities allowing them to focus on other areas as well as having the advantage of having extra eyes and ears in several different areas.

Future Trends As the growing demands of crimes continue to over burden law enforcement, we will continue to see the utilization of privet sector security by the public. Future trends can often be seen and planned for by following trends from the past and present. For example; (past drug trend) drugs are easy to manufacture and move making it difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. Current drug trend) drugs are still easy to manufacture and the demand has steadily increased making it very difficult for law enforcement agencies to control. (Possible predicted future trend? ) Drugs continue to grow presenting an ever growing and evasive element for law enforcement agencies to try and control. By following the trend we can see that drugs are going to continue to grow but, this shows us that it will take a continuing effort and therefore plans can be put into action now to aid in future the future growth.

Criminal Justice Integration Project University of Phoenix Javon Lewis, Prysanthum Armstrong, Brigit Williams, and Deon Hagerty AJS/502 Harry Kirk, Instructor November 12, 2012 Criminal Justice Integration Project There are many prison facilities that are ran privately today. These facilities are known to better rehabilitate those convicted upon entering society again. Team B has developed a private prison to house those individuals who are convicted of committing crimes. Team B has also implemented different programs within the facility in hopes to deter the convicted of being repeat offenders.

Unlike other privatized facilities, our major focus is not to lock up as many people as possible. We will actually focus on making them better individuals so that they can reenter the world without having criminal thoughts. The remainder of this paper will include the policies for our facility. This paper also discus the budgets, projected revenue sources and expenditures, communications, and technology. In addition, it will elaborate on cultural or sub-cultural aspects of the organization as a whole. Policies and Procedures

In order to properly run the private facility, we will have a set of policies to abide by. Without rules and regulations, any organization can and will be chaotic. There will be a zero tolerance for harassment, whether it is towards correction officers or the prisoners. Harassment can lead to law suits and will in turn cost the facility unnecessary money that could have been used for something else. Some forms of harassment can include sexual and discrimination. It is considered unlawful to harass an individual because of their gender.

Sexual harassment can include unwanted sexual behaviors, sexual favors, and other verbal sexual content. Harassment does not always have to include sexual intent. It can contain remarks about a person’s gender. This is where discrimination comes into play. If any employee practices harassment in the workplace, they will be reported and possibly terminated depending on the circumstance. We will also follow a code of ethics. The code of ethics will help the company to remain fair in any given situation that may arise. Budget Our budget will consist of grants, donations, and tax payer dollars.

We will apply for state funding yearly and follow all necessary steps in order to receive that funding. According to the state, we will need a certain amount of prisoners in order to receive the amount of grants that we need. Other funding will come from donations. We will hold monthly meetings where the public can share their ideas and views for our facility. At the meetings, we will collect donations to help support our facility and the different programs that we will offer. Last but not least, funding will come from tax payer dollars. This portion of funding will assist the organization out a great deal.

Tax payers may be upset about their money going towards a facility but it will help them out as well. They are helping to keep criminals off of the streets. Over the years, we will come up with other ways to generate funding for our facility. Communications Communication is a very important aspect of any venue. In this Criminal Justice Integration Project our communication with inmate to inmate, inmate to guard, guard to guard, and so on. These communication techniques are how we stay accessible to the world. We share information with the family of the prisoners, by using the telephone.

If their loved one is in our facility and they have a major issues such as they are gravely ill or in need of a major surgery, we contact them by telephone. The prisoners are entered into a database once they enter into our facility. The database will be on a website on the internet and will be searchable by name, date of birth, or prison number. This database will be available for anyone who has access to the internet as well as to the government site we participate in. They must have the information of the prisoner correct in order to see the prisoner information.

When visitors enter the facility they must be on the visitors list. Anyone who comes to the facility without prior authorization will not be acknowledged. Visitors will be allowed to visit the prisoner for a limited time. Conversations between visitors and prisoners will be monitored at all times and maybe used later if needed in a case. In our facility, help groups will be established with the prisoners. Our duty is to try to rehabilitate the prisoners in the system if they want to be rehabilitated. We will have a group of prisoners in a guarded room in the facility, with counselors who can speak to them in a group.

The prisoners at some point may be able to help one another understand what their issues have been in the past that helped to lead them to the situation that caused them to be sentenced to this facility. Our goal as a helping group for the inmate is to get them to understand if they are ever eligible for parole what they can do in life to avoid the situation that put them in prison in the first place or ways to think quickly to a less dangerous situation where they will be able to make a better choice in life. Our facility offers one-on-one counseling.

This counseling will take place between a prisoner and a criminal social service counselor in a guarded room. The counselor will be able to have multiple sessions with prisoners to find the root of their problem and hopefully be able to work on ways to resolve some of their underline issues. They will be able to find the reasons that lead to them ending up with a prison sentence and find out the base problems of why the prisoners begin to act the way they do and what can we do to change the way they think. What issued cause them to change from an innocent child to a vicious adult are more issues that they will address.

Our facility will have prisoner interviews to see what are the thoughts and feelings of the prisoners is after their helping program to analyze if they are being helped by the programs, if their ideas of life have changed, if they developed any goals and are there any chances or rehabilitation as we hoped. We will assess the prisoners weekly until we have made of final determination of rather they are leading in the right direction truthfully or are they faking their rehab just to try to get an early release. The Components of Prison Security

As all prison becomes more and more over crowded and the internal problems continue to rise, it is very important for the facility to be able to maintain control and stability both inside and outside the prison. Although there are several different means of security measures that are put in place, it is hard to say whether or not the security can be achieved because of the layout of the prison or is it due to the trained professional who makes the difference whether or not the facility is secure well enough or not. Both of these factors play a vital role in keeping the prison facility as safe as it is going to be for both inside and out.

Technology and Physical Security The physical layout of a prison is actually very important. The role is twofold: this is made in order to keep society out and the inmates in. This being said, this is why prisons are built with high walls, tall fences, and you cannot forget the different forms of security that are also being used according to the Department of Corrections Services. It is believed that the lay out, design and age and level of maintenance of a prison has a direct on impact on the safety and level of security. Department of Correctional Services, 2003). The department describes physical security as “the prison building itself, the layout thereof, the design as well as the fixed security systems that are attached to the building as close circuit television, security fences, alarm and detection systems, etc. “(DCS, 2003). With this being understood, you can understand why the prison designs play a major role in the prison system. Pretty much every day more and more innovations are being introduced as ways to be able to improve security form now and into the future.

In 1999, the Federal Bureau of prisons had about 120,000 inmates under their watch, having this many inmates it is great to have technology to depend on in order to keep the prison safe as much as possible. With technology on the side of The Department of Corrections they were able to develop a new system that helps prisons to keep track of all vehicles that come in and leave their facility, this system is called AVIAN- Advance Vehicle Interrogation and Notification System, This system detects the presence of persons hidden in vehicles and notifies security guards of potential escape.

Using the data from seismic sensors that are placed or the vehicle, the AVIAN reads the shock waves generated by the human heart, which then couples to another surface or object with which the body is in contact. It collects the data and analyzes them with advanced signals processing algorithms to detect hidden persons in less than two minutes. (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 1999)Another form of security is the classification and reclassification, combine with the proper placement of the prisoners, things like this are considered to be very important factors of security.

Prisoners are divided up by their different risks they pose to their fellow prisoners, and the community. The prisoners are sorted by different levels or categories and this is decided by how much of a threat the offender is to society (Category “A” prisoner and very dangerous to society, the police, and the state. ) If someone in this category were to escape they would be considered to be very dangerous to the outside community. Prisoners that fall into the category B do not have to be in such of a high risk security facility, but escape is still made to be very difficult to do.

Prisoners who are in the “C” still cannot be trusted in open conditions, but they do not have the ability or resources to make a determined escape attempt. The prisoners in the “D” categories are considered to be trust worthy and they are allowed to serve their time without being totally confined, they serve their sentences in an open environment (Price, 1999). An allocation refers to the placement of a prisoner in a certain situations, which can include certain institutions, which includes the local jails, a state penitentiary, or even a federal prison. Cultural Aspects

The culture of prison facilities is very important in terms of positive leadership. Culture sets “the values, assumptions and beliefs that drive the way people think and behave at work” (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009). It sets the tone of the prison facility and how it operates. In recent discoveries, there has been a proven need for a more unified prison system across the country. They have been shown to “often operate as if they are comprised of independent parts—the silos we hear about and experience. The staff of each part knows very well their perceived level of importance and the power of their voice.

All too often, voices that are not as highly valued, coming from staff who are nonetheless critical to the running of the facility, are not heard, or are stifled and disregarded” (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009). This process must change. The staff is one of the most important factors to the successful operation of a correctional facility. They know firsthand what it is like to deal with prisoners and the voice of the staff is what keeps the prison’s culture intact. It is very common for prison sub-cultures to exist and create differentiators.

This derives from the camaraderie that is being sought. Some discoveries have shown “the cultures in corrections facilities to be dominated by the following characteristics: conventional, “don’t rock the boat” thinking; a pattern of dependence, with a value on following rather than leading; avoidance of conflict, leaving many disagreements unresolved and even unidentified; a high level of oppositional behavior, focusing on what is wrong and holding on to past wrongs rather than working to find solutions; and a limited willingness to share power and information” (Flaherty-Zonis, 2009).

The goal of our facility is to create a culture of positive leadership for staff as well as prisoners to follow. In the implementation of our “Positive Leaders Program”, we strive to create conceptualizations to accomplish tasks and create common understandings amongst staff and prisoners. Due to the fact that employees have direct dealings in the facilities with prisoners, we want to give them added responsibility to ensure that they are completely involved in this program. This will allow them to have a distinctive voice and always be interactive.

Having strong leadership and employee interaction calls for a great deal of readiness and willingness to be direct and straightforward. The involvement of the staff is very important because individual participation forms and strengthens cultural group dynamics. This is where the staff works together to create a common process or understanding. In order to implement a successful and positive culture, we need a strategic planning process which is composed of shared ideology and focuses on strategic thinking, planning, management and response.

We believe that following a strategic plan and sharing the ideas of everyone will allow for a great respect towards our culture, organizational diversity and pride. We want to encourage employees to remain involved in the development of a positive culture so that inmates feel like more than just a number. We want to be able to effectively implement programs and community sanctions to help improve the personal lives of prisoners so that they find inspiration to maintain a positive attitude and outlook while serving their prison term. Discussion

The private facility that Team B will start for housing convicted prisoners will indeed be a success. The many programs that we will offer and implement such as the one on one counseling and prisoner interviews will be life changing for them, and assist them with making the right decisions upon entering society again. The security measures that we have in place will secure all inmates as well as correctional officers. The cultural aspects leadership program will aide prisoners to be more positive individuals so that they will have a better chance at not being a repeat offender.

Overall, this facility will attempt to focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Everyone deserves a second chance at life, and that’s what we plan on giving our housed inmates. References American Jail Association (1993). American Jail Association Code of Ethics. Retrieved January 28, 2003, from http://www. corrections. com/aja/resolutions/index. html Associated Press (2001). Prison escape probe to focus on lax security. Retrieved January 28, 2003, from http://www. clickonsa. om/ant/news/stories/news-20010108-085202. html Department of Correctional Services (2003). Safety and security. Retrieved February19, 2003, from http://www. dcs. gov. za/OffenderManagement/Safetyandsecurity. htm Federal Bureau of Prisons (1999). Introducing AVIAN. Retrieved February 5, 2003, from http://www. heartbeat-detector-avian. com Flaherty-Zonis, C. (2009). Corrections Systems: Creating Positive Culture and Dynamic Leadership. Retrieved October 22, 2012 from http://www. corrections. om/news/article/22540-corrections-systems-creating-positive-culture-and-dynamic-leadership Goldberg, E. & Evans, L. (1995). The prison industrial complex and the global economy. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www. prisonactivist. org/crisis/evans-goldberg. html Johnson, A. (2000, July 28). Security at prison in doubt, union says. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2003, from http://www. dispatch. com/news/newsfea00/jul00/364974. html Liberty (2002, August). Allocation. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from http://www. ourrights. org. uk Price, D. (1999). Questions and answers about security categorization. Retrieved February 5, 2003, from http://www. postcardsfromprison. com/research/catsecfq. htm Schlosser, E. (1998). The prison-industrial complex. Retrieved April 4, 2003, from http://theatlantic. com/issues/98dec/prisons. htm Vertuno. J. (1999). Prison official says guards receive more than recommended training. Texas News. Retrieved April 22, 2003 from http://www. texnews. com/1998/1999/texas/prison0130. html

Individual Policing Functions Paper The police departments have come a long way from the way they were many years ago. The police have changed for the better but there is still room for improvement. In policing today there are a lot more officers, detectives, and other law enforcement officials accounted for then there was in the past years. When we have all of these people in the criminal system, it has made the government to be able to provide better protection for the people in the communities. Policing in the past and in the present there are many different outlooks of how the policing functions..

These functions stem from different levels of law enforcement which includes the local, state, and federal organizational levels. These are very important parts of the criminal justice system, because every individual within these levels must be sure to protect citizens, enforce law, and perform the duties that are required of them in order to keep the United States safe from criminals and terrorist attacks from other foreign countries that might try to attack the United States. As years have passed on within policing, there are many possible future changes that will have an effect in the field of policing.

Within each level of policing there are many different roles in which every individual in the policing field must take part in if they are going to be on the law enforcement team. I say this because this is a very serious 24/7 operation and the duties are never ending for each of the levels. The local law enforcement agencies were put in place to do routine patrol within the communities that are within their jurisdiction. Local police officers are also able to assist with emergency services, upholding traffic enforcement, and conduct criminal investigations.

These local police officers overall role is to ensure that all citizens are safe within their communities. To ensure residents in their community, officers will ensure that they are safe by communication. Back in time officers were not to friendly with the residents they came in contact with, but that has also changed because law enforcement need residential help. Officers that work within the state level also have different functions that they must fulfill while working under the state level. State police will sometimes work with the local police officers, if need be.

The state officer’s main function within the criminal justice system is ensuring that the main state highways and any rural areas within the particular state are safe. State officers are also in charge of inspecting suspicious vehicles. Under the federal government there are different agencies that have different functions. There are three popular organizations that are within the federal government in which they are Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), The United States Marshal Service, and the United States Border Patrol, in which all three organizations have different functions that must be completed correctly.

The functions of the FBI are responsible for major criminal investigation such as major drug organization, and any other high profile crimes. The United States Marshal Service function is to apprehend suspects that may be on the run because of their high profile case. The Us Marshal must also transport criminals/prisoners from state to state if needed. In addition the United States Border Patrol function is to ensure that even individual that enters or exist the United States have the proper documents in order to re-gain entrance into the United States.

The Border Patrol also will have the right to check for any illegal good or drugs that individuals might try to smuggle into the United States. All there organizations work hand in hand in order to protect the citizens of the county and the county as a whole. All three level of the criminal justice system have many different functions within each level organizations, but they all serve for the same purpose in which is to protect citizens from illegal acts, and to ensure that the United States is free from different attacks.

The levels of the criminal justice system have faced many changes in the past and still more changes to come for the near future. Since the attacks on the United States occurred on September 11, 2001 it damaged the United States in the worse way. There were changes that occurred after this attack, in which affect every level in the criminal justice system. At first the levels of the criminal system were out looking for individuals that commit misdemeanors and felonies, now the main function and role of the local, state, and federal levels is to ensure that the United States is protected from terrorism.

In the near future there will be more effective technology, such as upgraded computer system, radar system, and different technology features that can help pinpoint and suspect. Lastly, all three levels in the near future may become one whole. I say this because in the near future every helping hand and every set of eyes is what the government is going to need. Reasons behind this are; as the world continues to change the crimes in the near future may be worse in what it has been in the past, and how it is at this current moment.

These changes may have affected each level of law enforcement but the positive outcome of the change for all levels is that all local, state, and federal agencies now have the ability to share and use information with each other. This is a great choice because all levels will always be on the same page, and will all be alerted if something arises in the United States. All missions, functions, and roles within all levels still remain the same. The local, state, and federal level must learn how to maintain the crime level at the same time while protecting the country from for highly dangerous terrorist attacks.

Thus the criminal justice system and the levels local, state, and federal level are always going to face different situations and will always encounter changes within the system. At all time the local, state, and federal level must still maintain all functions that are required from them. As stated in this paper it has examined the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational level. In this paper it has addressed the possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these levels must face in the field of policing.