Cyber Crime

Introduction

Computer technology is now a central part of everyday life. People can instantaneously

connect with friends in real time and without geographical limitations. However, computers have also brought challenges such as cybercrime (Holt and Bossler, 2016). In basic terms, cyber crime denotes the use of computer technology to a commit crime (s). Researchers have developed various theories that try to explain the whole concept of cyber crime.

Criminological theory fails to account for cyber crime on several accounts.

Criminological theory seems to have been developed on account of street crime or simply put; they are more responsive to ‘tangible crime’. The theories are helpful in addressing observable crime, but it is unclear how this theory applies in virtual offending. A particular limitation of the theory is its failure to specify testable prepositions in relation to certain offenders and victim condition (Holt and Bossler, 2016). As such, the specification that this theories proposes do not allow for more accurate prediction of crime.

The theory is to a large extent described as tautological, in that they propose causes that are difficult to measure or quantify (Walsh, 2014). For instance, a researcher may hypothesize that greed causes people to commit a crime. Then, it would be possible to theorize that the person is greedy because he or she committed a crime. In this case, it is proper to deduce that ‘greed’ should be defined as a person who commits crime. Such an ‘error’ is known as the circle of reasoning because there lacks sufficient conditions to scientifically test the ‘greed’ claim. Contextually, the theory may propose the causes of cyber crime, but the causes are not measurable in empirical terms (Holt and Bossler, 2016).

On the other hand, criminological theory is helpful in understanding cyber crime. The

rational is that it gives direct insights into the rates as well as the prevalence of cybercrimes offenses (Holt, 2013). The insights are based on data collected from a particular criminal justice jurisdiction. In addition, the theory gives its consumers deep understanding of prospective predictors of both offending and victimization. As such, agencies can address legal, technical as well as policy responses to crime (Holt, 2013).

The traditional approaches in explaining criminal behavior should be modified so as consistently and accurately explain cyber crime. Current criminological theory should be a multi- disciplinary that combines germane aspects of sociology, anthropology, psychology and biological theories so as enhance the understanding of criminal behavior (Walsh, 2014). In addition, the theory should ensure internal logical consistency where it has to be presented in a logical manner. The logical aspect is only satisfied if the theory has clearly stated propositions

that do not contract each other.

There are notable challenges in empirically testing criminological theory. Operational- zing a criminal construct is a considerable challenge (Miller, Reynolds, Ittenbach, Luce, Beauchamp, & Nelson, 2009). In particular, it is difficult for researchers to link a construct definition to a concrete indicator that can be empirically measured. Generally criminology researchers do not have existing instruments that can exhaustively measure various constructs.

Moreover, ensuring content validity is a critical challenge. That is, it is a challenge to develop actual items that will ensure clarity and content validity (MacDonald, 2011). The items may include; focus groups, clinical information, expert opinion or key informant interview. In same breadth, researchers have been unable to develop measurement items that guarantee “discriminant” validity. Items that lack discriminant validity is likely to tap into other construct. Lastly, another measurement challenge is variation in legal instruments (MacDonald, 2011). In a criminal justice jurisdiction like the US, different states have different laws on the same item. For

instance, different states have different marijuana laws. The variation in laws affect any measurement initiative as a single or common measurement plan cannot be instituted across jurisdiction. In the end, different scores are produced on the same variable.

References

1. Holt, T. (2013). Cybercrime and Criminological Theory: Fundamental Readings on Hacking, Piracy, Theft, and Harassment (First Edition). Cognella, 2(1-228).

2. Holt, T. and Bossler, A. (2016). Cybercrime in progress. Theory and prevention of technology-

   enabled offenses. Routledge

3. MacDonald, J. (2011). Measuring crime & criminality. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction

   Publishers.

Introduction

Internet communication can be traced back to the era of U.S military communications in curbing and monitoring cold war particularly the soviet nuclear attack. Additionally, the internet communication has ever sine been the most appropriate form of communication across the world. For example, certain information such as an attack can be relayed all over the world within the shortest time possible (Brown, 2010). This is evident from the online social sites which have served as international hubs for people from different walks of life can meet, share and exchange a lot of information about many things in the world.

Basically, since 1980s, the American society has undergone many transformations in the online world thus advanced communication skills. This is evident from the hyper-technological innovations experienced in the recent decades. The digital period has made life for humanity quite easier and affordable. Currently, people spend less time in search of information because everything is readily available online (Hennessy & Patterson, 2007). With the help of computers and life is quite interesting and full of fun. However, there are great dangers in this digital era because of its deadly impact on humanity at large. The following historical milestones have been made in the transformation systems. Some of these include;

The big computers which were once used in academic institutions, government offices and in bigger corporations are now readily available in most American households. Surprisingly, as of today, laptops have overtaken the heavy monitors and CPUs hence, championing the element of efficiency and portability. For example, a fifteen year old child can easily communicate using the new modernized communication gadgets. This could be either through text messaging, emails, fax and even Skype, which involves video calling. Based on the census

bureau of the United States in 1984 it were only 8.2% of the Americans owned computers as

opposed to 2000’s 51% of the entire population owning computers. This is a clear indication the world is transforming from the analogue period to the digital era.

Consequently, it is only 40million people could access internet in 1984 and this was

because most homesteads had no internet connection during that specific period. But as of 2000, more than 63% (128 M) of the Americans used the internet in various ways of communication and gaining of information. The speed of data transfer from one person to the other has enhanced and facilitated communication to greater heights of success (Walden, 2007). This is reached at through the use of mega fiber cables which have helping in upgrading internet speed especially in streaming, downloading and attachment of various files of information.

Emails

This one of the internet communication methods and it has really made life a bit simpler. Many people across the world use emails in both formal and informal communications. For example, most company employers use emails to communicate to the employees. This is equally possible for friends to chat on various issues through emails. However, many criminal offenses have been reported over the email method of communication. This is quite clear because criminals can easily hack into some people’s confidential emails and distort some information thus chaos and confusion on the rise (Casey, 2002).

Social Sites

Social sites such Twitter, WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram among many more are part of the internet communication. These are actually avenues of relaying any piece of information within the shortest time possible and unfortunately, criminals can easily penetrate into these sites

and be able to conduct illegal dealings. Criminals have fully exploited millions of people has they tend to cheat and con them up (Casey, 2002). For example, fraudsters are all over in the internet to compromise millions of people on various meaningless and valueless things.

Conclusion

In conclusion, cybernation has undergone tremendous transformations hence the ability to modify the modes of communication to greater extents right away from the analogue period to the digital era. Communication has been made possible and a bit simpler thus enabling the entire world to be fully updated especially based on the historical milestones undergone since 1984 to present. However, crime rates are the rise as millions of people are rendered vulnerable on their online security and privacy.

References

1. Brown, C. (2010). Computer evidence collection and preservation (2nd ed.). Boston, Mass.:

   Course Technology.> http://www.krollcybersecurity.com/computer-forensics/data-

   preservation/<

2. Casey, E. (2002). Handbook of computer crime investigation forensic tools and technology. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.

3. Hennessy, J., & Patterson, D. (2007). Computer architecture a quantitative approach (4th ed.).

4. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann.

   Walden, I. (2007). Computer crimes and digital investigations. Oxford: Oxford University

   Press.> http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199290987.do<

Introduction

The internet has become a platform in which the current world is increasingly being shaped. The internet has created advantages to humanity but also challenges in quantifiable measures. Cyber crime is a particular challenge where criminals use the internet to perform unethical or criminal’s activities (Saleh, 2013). This essay discuses identity theft and child soliciting as well as abuse as either cyber crime or non-cyber crime.

Child Soliciting and Abuse

Child soliciting and abuse takes many forms such as emotional, neglect, physical and sexual. The interplay between child soliciting as well as abuse and the internet is that people may use the latter expose children to emotional, sexual activity and pornographic material (NSOPW, 2016). Child abuse and soliciting is qualifies to be a cyber crime in that the internet enables people to store, access, make or distribute child pornography and other forms of child- based sexual activities. In addition, it also qualifies to be a cyber crime as people can use the internet to communicate with a child with the objective of luring or facilitating commission of sexual offenses and other offenses against the child (Holt and Bossler, 2016). Moreover, criminals can also use the internet to invite a child to engage in sexual activities. Statistics indicate that 1 in every 7 of youth has been subjected to sexual solicitation via internet. In addition, 9% of internet users have been subjected to distressing sexual online material. Moreover, 27% underage internet users claim to have been requested to provide personal sexual photographs.

Conversely, child abuse can also be treated as a non-cyber crime. An act qualifies to be child abuse from a sexual perspective if the following activities take place. Sexually touching

any part of a child’s body; rape or penetrating an object in a child’s mouth, anus or vagina. In addition, forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, make a minor to take clothes off, masturbate and touch another person’s genital is child abuse (Jewkes, 2010). Moreover, non- contact abuse may involve sexually grooming a child or encourage a child to hear sexual material. Surveys conducted in 2012 indicate that 26% child abuse victims between the ages of 12-14 while those 9 years and below accounted 34%. A general trend is that 35.8% of all child abuse cases occur to victims between ages 12-17. Statistics also indicate that 1 in 5 high school students have been subjected to either physical or sexual abuse (NSOPW, 2016). At a personal level, child abuse remains so irrespective of the mode or platform upon which it is committed. The ambiguity does not change the outcome of child physical or sexual abuse.

Identity Theft

Identity theft is actualized when criminals impersonate individuals typically for financial gain (Insurance Information Institute, 2016). If criminals can access personal information relating on social security number, names, signatures and phone numbers, they can use it gain access to the individual’s private and protected information. Identity theft qualifies to be a cybercrime if criminals use malicious software’s and spyware to steal personal information (Holt and Bossler, 2016). For instance, they use Trojan horses and chat rooms to steal passwords, usernames and credit card numbers to impersonate or access peoples financial records. The data

below indicate reveal the extent of identity theft as a cyber crime.

Table 1: Type of identity theft in the US

Type of identity theft in the US (Insurance Information Institute, 2016)

Statistics in Australia also indicate that 19.8% of ID theft victims have experienced more than two related incidences in the last two years. 10.0% of all personal information was obtained through the internet (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016).

Conversely, identity theft should plainly be treated as conventional fraud. The rational is that acquiring someone’s personal information and using it for financial gain without their express permission constitute a financial fraud. Identity fraud principally involves the use of stolen identity to perform criminal identity (Holt and Bossler, 2016). Therefore, irrespective of the means used, identity fraud should be treated as such. The stealing of personal information either ‘online’ or “off-line” qualifies to be fraud. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016) statistics on stealing of personal information has been presented below.

Table 2 above indicates that personal information found through Lost & Stolen (24%)

and Card ID theft (28%). It is evident that criminals do not necessary rely on the internet to commit id theft. At a personal level, identity theft and fraud define the same action as the statistics indicate irrespective of the mode of acquiring the information; fraud is committed.

References

1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). 4528.0 – Personal Fraud, 2010-2011. [online] Available

   at:http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/90A4971FB1FC0992CA2579E40012060A

   ?opendocument [Accessed 15 Oct. 2016].

2. Financial Fraud Action UK. (2016). Financial Fraud Action UK – Fraud the Facts. [online] Available at: https://fraudfacts16.financialfraudaction.org.uk/ [Accessed 15 Oct. 2016].

3. Holt, T. and Bossler, A. (2016). Cybercrime in progress. Theory and prevention of technology- enabled offenses. Routledge

   Insurance Information Institute. (2016). Identity Theft and Cybercrime. [online] Available at:

   http://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/identity-theft-and-cybercrime [Accessed 15 Oct. 2016].

4. Jewkes, Y. (2010). Much ado about nothing? Representations and realities of online soliciting of children. Journal Of Sexual Aggression, 16(1), 5-18.

5. NSOPW. (2016). Facts and Statistics. [online] Available at:

   https://www.nsopw.gov/en/Education/Facts Statistics?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 [Accessed 15 Oct. 2016].

When I was around fifteen, I received my first IPod for Christmas. I remember that

device like it was yesterday. Black front and a black back, with my initials engraved on it. It was a great gift because I loved music and still do. Since ITunes was the only way to acquire new music, I found myself constantly spending money on songs and albums. I decided to see if there were any other ways I could satisfy my addiction. The best alternative I could find was a website called LimeWire. You downloaded a program to your computer and it allowed you to synch your IPod with virtually any music you wanted. Looking back at this today, I realize that I committed a crime. Although this wasn’t a serious offense, downloading illegal music is still considered a cyber crime. This new wave of crime has been on this rise, and it is not limited to just downloading music. With advances in technology, cyber crimes have gotten much more severe. In order to protect society, a better understanding of why cyber crimes occur must be known, as well as how law enforcement can prevent these crimes from happening.

The article “Cyber Crime”, written by Ileana Ştefan, describes what cyber crime is. The piece discusses the various crimes that fall under the term ‘cyber crime’. Ştefan uses data

collected by professionals in the field of cyber crime to convey her point and make her paper

valid.

This

very

“Cybercrime is criminal activity done using computers and the Internet” (Stefan 115). quote is broad. You can do virtually anything sitting behind a computer. Almost every American owns a computer or has access to a computer. On college campuses, it is strongly encouraged to own a laptop so you can complete your assignments. When I was preparing to come to Mercyhurst over the summer, I received an email letting me know my housing, roommate, and a long list of others. One thing that stuck out most to me was that the email stated that your personal computer needed to be outfitted with anti-virus software. The email went on to say that you would not be allowed to gain access to the Internet without the

appropriate software. It was comforting knowing that my university was looking out for my

personal accounts and data on my laptop. However, it was also intriguing knowing that a

cyber crime might occur.

Cyber crime is not just limited to one area. Stefan writes, “Users are encouraged to use sites that appear to be legitimate but in reality they are fake, asking for personal information, such as login information” (116). There have been many cases of phony companies sending out emails to customers stating that they need to update their personal information. The people behind these fake emails use your personal information, such as your social security number and credit card information, against you. A few years ago my father received a call from his bank asking him if he had recently purchased two plane tickets to Europe. My father declined the transaction and no harm was done. Somehow a hacker on the Internet was able to extract my father’s credit card information, perhaps from a recent online purchase. The threat of online scams and theft is always there. The best prevention is education. Internet users need to know what could happen and be savvy about what you respond to and enter on the Internet.

“Policing Cybercrimes: Situating the Public Police in Networks of Security within Cyberspace” by David S. Wall is an article that talks about how the confusion of cybercrime can be solved. Wall talks about how the police are handling cybercrime. Nodal architecture is another point discussed in this piece, and Wall talks about the importance of reconfiguring it to better protect society.

‘Computer integrity’ is a point Wall brings up and it is an important topic to think about. “Computer integrity crimes are offending behaviors that assault the integrity of network access mechanisms” (Wall 186). Wall goes on to define what type of crimes ‘computer integrity’ entails. “They include hacking and cracking, vandalism, spying, denial of service, and the planting and use of viruses and Trojans” (Wall 186). When I am bored, which is very rare in college, I enjoy playing games online. Popular websites such as Miniclip and Candystand offer thousands of games that can cure any boredom. Last year, I visited a different game website and as a result my computer at home was infected with a virus. My anti-virus software did not detect the virus until it was already on my device. I was forced to take my computer into Best Buy. After countless hours and a hefty bill, my computer was finally free of all viruses. It’s safe to say I learned my lesson after that experience. Wall writes, “Socially engineered variants such as ‘phishing’, advanced fee frauds and the manipulation of new online sales environments, particularly auction sites” (186). This quote is significant because it shows how cybercrime isn’t just isolated to one area of the Internet. Like technology, cyber crime is advancing and growing as well. With the development of online auction websites such as EBay, it has enabled people to steal information from others with little to no work. Cyber crimes occur in many different ways. The ability for people to better understand what these criminals look for is a strategic defense against them.

The source “Controlling Cyber-Crime and Gambling: Problems and Paradoxes in the Mediation of Law and Criminal Organization” by John L. McMullan & David C. Perrier talks about cybercrime and the methods used by police and law enforcement to prevent these crimes.

Law enforcement officials have begun to implement new techniques as well as stricter rules in order to prevent cyber crime. One of these techniques includes scare tactics. Some of the cyber crimes committed today are not that serious, such as downloading illegal music. When law enforcement implements scare tactics, many people don’t commit the act of downloading music. However, for more serious crimes such as identity theft and stealing money, police have implemented more strict techniques. Many law enforcement agencies have special units designated to cyber crime. They have the technology to determine the

origin of the crime so field agents can conduct an assault on that house.

“Law enforcement agents have the ability to secure telephone lines that connect the machine to the registration system, freeze the records, and seize equipment from the suspects’ home” (McMullan and Perrier 440). Many companies have begun to implement their own measures to combat cyber crimes. Banks, for example, call to ask the cardholder to approve of a transaction if it is over a certain dollar amount. This prevents purchases not made by the cardholder, if for some reason your account gets hacked. Another technique used by law enforcement is the use of online surveillance. This allows companies and agencies to watch activity on websites to monitor for suspicious activity. This surveillance can either be manned or unmanned. Downloadable software can be used to monitor activity and the money saved can go to further security measures. Security measures taken by law enforcement and companies has helped stem the flow of cyber crimes.

For my field research I wanted to see how many people have committed some kind of cyber crime before. Prior to this research I formulated that most people have not committed any serious cyber crime, except for downloading music. When posting this question I received feedback almost instantly. Out of the thirty-six people that responded to my question, thirty-two had downloaded illegal music at some point. Around eighty-nine percent of people who answered had downloaded illegal music. Perhaps that’s a good thing though. Law enforcement is focusing their time and assets to prevent larger crimes from happening such as identity theft. The insignificant crimes in the larger picture are being allowed. This field research shows how cyber crime, no matter how small, is occurring.

Cyber crime has been an increasing problem over the past few years. Advances in technology have made it easier than ever for criminals to gain access to the personal information of others. Law enforcement has begun to implement harsher punishments as well as creative strategies to help prevent these crimes.

Works Cited

1. McMullan, John L., and David C. Perrier. “Controlling Cyber-Crime And Gambling: Problems And Paradoxes In The Mediation Of Law And Criminal Organization.” Police Practice & Research 8.5 (2007): 431-444. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. ŞTEFAN, Ileana. “Cyber Crime.” Juridical Current 14.3 (2011): 115-120. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

2. Wall, David S. “Policing Cybercrimes: Situating The Public Police In Networks Of Security

3. Within Cyberspace.” Police Practice & Research 8.2 (2007): 183-205. Academic Search Complete. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

Introduction Cybercrime is nothing to new in this day and time; this has been a problem for many since the early onset of the 80’s. Although much seems to have been done to combat cybercrime over the years, criminals still have an advantage edge. With IT experts, companies see now just how important it is to involve law enforcement in the efforts to fight against computer crime. Computer cybercrime as we know it today is now used as potentially illegal activities.

Many issues surrounding this kind of crime has maintain a significant profile mainly toward hacking, copyright and infringement, for the most part this type of computer crime can be placed in two different categories. Crimes that target computer networks or devices directly (i. e. malware-malicious code, denial of service attacks, and computer viruses); Richtel, M and S Robinson, 2002) and crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device (i. e. cyber stalking, fraud and identity theft, an information warfare). Messmer, E 2002) According to the 2009 cybercrime forecast it was said that the global recession will lead to a rise of cybercrime worldwide, the attention to cybercrime was back than deflected toward more pressing economic problems,(Matthew Harwood, 2009) Describing a cybercrime trend that society is confronted with today within this paper will address the following key elements; the types of scams are associated with the cybercrime, are there certain profile that cybercriminal have who commits this type of cybercrime.

Are law enforcement initiatives to combat this crime enough, the penalties for committing these crimes what are they. Trends in cyber-crime In today business world the economy and national security have become heavily dependent on the internet, and will continue to be adversely impacted by cybercrime. With the internet being vulnerable to malicious codes, the possibility for a money-making opportunity for cybercrime will continue to increase.

When an opportunity for a profit to be made is available cybercrime will exist, cybercrime should not be allowed to intimidate our confidentiality and wealth. It is going to be important that we step up with more resources to protect the security of computer systems that include the internet. This most require sole responsibility from individuals and organizations. It will not be enough just for individuals and organizations to do their parts; with the help of the resource cooperation from the private sector industry and the resources from the government.

It is necessary to lower the susceptibility of the internet, there is going to be a move with such strategies to be set forth in order for the national strategy to secure cyberspace and prevent cyber-attacks against our critical infrastructure. It is important that the national vulnerability to cyber-attacks have very little damage and enough time from cyber-attacks that will allow recovery time to be implemented. Should this not happen cybercrime havoc will continue on the economy with straight financial losses, production losses, and the stealing of identities and intellectual property.

There can be an enormous risk to run of having a tragic failure of the weakening of our critical infrastructure; what’s good about all this is the technological resources that we have can meet the challenge along with a tremendous intellectual. Taking advantage of the leadership and being persistent with our efforts, the tables can be turn on cybercrime. Types of scams are associated with the cybercrime Using the internet is the most important thing of this day and times, without them we are lost, with many different types of cybercrime today we find that we are exposing ourselves to the many threats out there.

The scams that are used today if not knowledgeable about computers or the in’s and out of the internet scam first hand it is going to be difficult to spot it right away, as you get to understanding many of the mechanisms that these schemes entails you will quickly see that the scammers are always the same, with some small differences occasionally. Many of the crimes usually are not bad as one might imagine. They are however common place, those that are very serious will carry a felony charge with it.

Of the eight know cybercrimes I have listed I will give briefly what each one does mean. Spam with email spam laws being fairly new, the laws on the books regarding “unsolicited electronic communications” for years this one is most common of the types of cybercrime. Fraud again another common form of cybercrime, this would consist of credit card fraud. Certain computers viruses can log keystrokes on your keyboard and send them to hackers, what happens next comes with the using of your Social Security number, credit card numbers and your home address.

Information of this kind is used by the hacker on for his or her purposes only. Cyber Bullying this form of cybercrime has been increasing with teenagers, simply look back at the cheerleader who got her mother involved in her problem with another young girl who trying out for the cheerleader squad, it is differently a growing problem with teens, in Europe and many of the States in the United States have rules to reprimand anyone who harass someone over the internet.

Drug Trafficking one would ask how is it possible to enter act any type of drug dealing over the internet. Traffickers only use encoded email or password secure messaging boarding to handle up on any drug deal they are arranging. Cyberterrorism usually it takes a smart hacker that can break into a government website, but there are several forms of Cyberterrorism, for the most part it is a group of likeminded internet users that will crash a website by drowning it with traffic. Although it may appear to be harmless it is not, it is differently illegal.

Piracy most talked about form of cybercrime, pilfering, stealing, yes copying music from music websites is illegal and it is a form of cybercrime. Assault by threat this one I believe we all should take very seriously, no one wants or like to be threaten in any fashion certainly to be in fear of your life or that of a family member or members safety, not just the safety of your family but what about that of your community, friends, employees, through the use of a computer network, such as e-mails videos, or even phones. What Might the prof

Cybercrime, or PC arranged wrongdoing, is wrongdoing that includes a PC and a network. The PC may have been utilized in the commission of a wrongdoing, or it might be the target. Cybercrimes can be characterized as: “Offenses that are perpetrated against people or gatherings of people with a criminal thought process to purposefully hurt the notoriety of the person in question or cause physical or mental damage, or misfortune, to the casualty straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, Web (systems including however not restricted to Visit rooms, messages, see sheets and gatherings) and cell phones (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS)”.

Cybercrime may undermine a man or a country’s security and monetary health. Issues encompassing these kinds of violations have turned out to be prominent, especially those encompassing hacking, copyright encroachment, unjustifiable mass-reconnaissance, sextortion, youngster erotic entertainment, and kid grooming. There are additionally issues of protection when private data is blocked or unveiled, legitimately or something else.

Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar additionally characterize cybercrime from the point of view of sex and characterized ‘cybercrime against ladies’ as “Wrongdoings focused against ladies with a rationale to deliberately hurt the casualty mentally and physically, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, web and versatile phones”. Universally, both administrative and non-state performers participate in cybercrimes, including secret activities, budgetary burglary, and different cross-outskirt violations. Cybercrimes crossing global outskirts and including the activities of no less than one country state is now and then alluded to as cyber warfare.

TYPES OF CYBERCRIME

IDENTITY THEFT OR INVANSION OF PRIVACY

Cybercrime influences both a virtual and a genuine body, however the impacts upon each are unique. This wonder is clearest on account of fraud. In the Assembled States, for instance, people don’t have an official personality card yet a Standardized savings number that has since quite a while ago filled in as a true recognizable proof number.

INTERNET FRAUD

Plans to cheat customers flourish on the Web. Among the most well known is the Nigerian, or “419,” trick; the number is a reference to the area of Nigerian law that the trick damages. In spite of the fact that this con has been utilized with both fax and conventional mail, it has been given new life by the Web.

In the plan, an individual gets an email affirming that the sender requires help in exchanging an extensive aggregate of cash out of Nigeria or another far off nation. More often than not, this cash is as a benefit that will be sold, for example, oil, or a lot of money that expects “laundering” to cover its source; the varieties are interminable, and new specifics are continually being produced.

The message requests that the beneficiary take care of some expense of moving the assets out of the nation as an end-result of accepting a considerably bigger whole of cash sooner rather than later. Should the beneficiary react with a check or cash arrange, he is informed that confusions have grown; more cash is required. After some time, casualties can lose a large number of dollars that are completely unrecoverable.

ATM FRAUD

PCs additionally make more unremarkable sorts of misrepresentation conceivable. Take the robotized teller machine (ATM) through which numerous individuals currently get money. With a specific end goal to get to a record, a client supplies a card and individual recognizable proof number (Stick). Crooks have created intends to capture both the information on the card’s attractive strip and in addition the client’s Stick. Thus, the data is utilized to make counterfeit cards that are then used to pull back assets from the clueless person’s record.

WIRE FRAUD

The INTERNATIONAL idea of cybercrime is especially apparent with wire extortion. One of the biggest and best-sorted out wire extortion plans was coordinated by Vladimir Levin, a Russian developer with a PC programming firm in St. Petersburg.

FILE SHARING PIRACY

Through the 1990s, offers of minimized circles (Albums) were the real wellspring of income for chronicle organizations. In spite of the fact that theft—that is, the unlawful duplication of copyrighted materials—had dependably been an issue, particularly in the Far East, the multiplication on school grounds of reasonable PCs equipped for catching music off Cds and sharing them over fast (“broadband”) Web associations turned into the account business’ most noteworthy bad dream.

In the Unified States, the account business, spoken to by the Chronicle Business Relationship of America (RIAA), assaulted a solitary document sharing administration, Napster, which from 1999 to 2001 permitted clients over the Web access to music records, put away in the information pressure organize known as MP3, on other clients’ PCs by method for Napster’s focal PC.

As per the RIAA, Napster clients frequently abused the copyright of account specialists, and the administration needed to stop. For clients, the issues were not all that obvious. At the centre of the Napster case was the issue of reasonable utilize. People who had bought a Compact disc were obviously permitted to tune in to the music, regardless of whether in their home stereo, vehicle sound framework, or PC. What they didn’t have the privilege to do, contended the RIAA, was to make the Cd accessible to a huge number of other people who could make an ideal computerized duplicate of the music and make their own Compact discs.

COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERY

Record sharing of licensed innovation is just a single part of the issue with duplicates. Another more unremarkable angle lies in the capacity of computerized gadgets to render about ideal duplicates of material ancient rarities. Take the conventional wrongdoing of forging. As of not long ago, making acceptable cash required a lot of ability and access to advancements that people more often than not don’t claim, for example, printing squeezes, etching plates, and uncommon inks. The coming of cheap, top notch shading copiers and printers has conveyed forging to the majority. Ink-stream printers currently represent a developing level of the fake money seized by the U.S. Mystery Administration.

Businesses are becoming more and more reliant on the Internet in modern society and it is important to study the crimes that are committed electronically. There are criminals on the Internet just as there are criminals on the street, the Internet has several common crimes that businesses need to understand. Users on the Internet have rights and violating these rights are the same as violating rights in person. The Internet has laws. That means that people need to be aware of cyber laws and illegal cyber activity. Torts made on the Internet are referred to as cyber torts. Torts are simply violated someone.

To start, there are several instances where a person is violated on the Internet. The primary example of being violated in cyber space is defamation. Defamation is essentially any type of slander against someone on the Internet. Whether it is through a blog post, video post, chat room, or message board, attempting to harm someone’s reputation is against the law. The person committing the crime of defamation can be sued for libel. It is wrong to try and ruin someone’s reputation and businesses need to realize that even if they are just joking around, saying derogatory things about someone is against the law.

However, the Internet Service Provider cannot be held accountable for someone committing defamation. The Internet is a place of freedom but abusing that freedom cannot be the fault of the service provider. The Federal Communications Decency Act was created to protect these ISP’s and remind users to be decent on the Internet. Several laws have been created due to people abusing the Internet and the service providers are not to be blamed. To continue on the topic of cyber crimes, spam e-mails are constantly being thrown around but only some are actually legal.

If a user is sending so much spam e-mail that it slows down the use of the computer or disrupts the Internet Service Provider, then it is a crime. The trespass of chattels is interfering with a person’s use of the Internet. All the junk e-mails and pop-ups are annoying for user’s and is considered a violation. However, the use of these spam type e-mails for commercial use is allowed. The Internet is a great way to advertise so companies are allowed to send bulk e-mail all around the Internet to hope generate some business. It is definitely important for businesses to understand how to properly use spam e-mails.

Also, financial crimes are beginning to become more common on the Internet. So much banking and paying bills is done electronically now and it has is pros and cons. Being able to use the Internet for tedious activities like banking is great. However, all of a person’s information is now on the Internet, a very public place. Identity theft is a serious offense committed in cyber space. A person can find all of the information needed such as social security numbers, date of birth, mother’s maiden name, and all kinds of information about a person that would lead to identity theft.

Users need to be extremely careful when entering any financial information on the Internet because it can lead to crimes like identity theft. Businesses need to be extremely careful when putting anything on the Internet. It can destroy a business if someone can access all of the company’s records and private information. These crimes are very serious and the culprits face serious consequences. Overall, all of these types of cyber crimes are important for businesses to understand because so much business is done on the Internet nowadays.

Companies are taking more and more precautions to avoid all kinds of cyber crimes. Violating someone on the Internet is the same as violating someone in person. There are now cyber laws and breaking these laws has real consequences. From spam e-mails to defamation to identity theft, businesses need to understand all of the dangers that exist out there in cyber space. Knowing the laws will protect businesses and guide employees to stay within the boundaries of the law and keep the company strong.