Design

Introduction:

Boring fluid is the fluid used while boring oil and natural gas. Boring unstable design is a really of import portion of boring procedure. Boring fluid is the media between drill spot and the formation. The design of boring fluid is based on the chief maps of boring fluid and the demand of each particular good. Generally, boring fluid has three major maps. They are:

1. Cools and lubricates the drill spot.
2. Circulates the boring film editings back to the surface.
3. Balances or overcomes formation force per unit areas in the well bore to minimise the hazard of well-control issues.

 Boring unstable environmental considerations:

The design of boring fluid should do boring fluid meets the specific demand of each well and besides should be the most cost-effective manner. The public presentation of boring fluid can impact the efficiency of boring. There are a few cardinal concerns of planing a boring fluid.

Health and environmental concerns are one of the issues the interior decorator of boring fluid should see. The type of boring fluid may pollute the groundwater and the chemical composing can impact the wellness of the operators. Safety is ever the first consideration and if the operation affects the ecosystem, it will go harder to obtain authorities permission. So it is of import to do certain the fluid is safe and lasting plenty during the boring operation.

As one of the major map of boring fluid, it is of import to calculate out the proper weight of the fluid. A proper weight of fluid has to be sufficient to forestall runaway and will non fracture the well. If the fluid is excessively heavy, it will fracture the well because the force per unit area of the fluid is relative to the denseness of fluid. On the other manus, light fluid can non equilibrate the force per unit area of formation.

In the instance of high-temperature well, the boring fluid should be able to bear 275-300 Fahrenheit of high temperature. When the formation being drilled is wage zone, the boring fluid should non impact the permeableness of the formation. It should be a non-damaging fluid.

Cost is ever a large concern for an applied scientist. Mud may represents 5 % to 15 % of boring cost but may do 100 % of boring jobs.  So a proper design of boring fluid is like a via media. It provides the maps every bit less as it can and the interior decorator should detect the possible hazard.

 Boring fluids types:

The basic types of boring fluid will assist us understand the design of boring fluid better.

• Water-based fluid.
• Drill-in fluid.
• Oil-based fluid.
• Synthetic-based boring fluid.

Water-based fluid is less expensive than oil-based fluid and synthetic-based boring fluid. It is widely used to bore 80 % of all Wellss.  Basically, most portion of a well is suited for water-based fluid. This system dissolve natural clays. The base fluid can be fresh H2O, saltwater, seawater and saturated seawater which do less injury to the environment. Some habit-forming can be added into the base fluid in order to assist fluid-loss control or complete certain undertakings. After the surface shell is cemented, the operator can still utilize water-based fluid unless another certain demand is needed. For all of these advantages, water-based fluid is a dominant system used in on-shore rigs. The two wide classs of water-based fluid are non-dispersed systems and spread systems. Non-dispersed systems can be weighted to 17.0 to 18.0 ppg and run at 350 Fahrenheit and higher. Dispersed systems are treated with chemical dispersants that are designed to deflocculate clay atoms to let improved rheology control in higher-density clay.

Drill-in fluid is the boring fluid after boring into a wage zone. The design of a drill-in fluid requires adequate cognition about the reservoir. It should make less or no harm to the reservoir stone and easy to clean up. Drill-in fluids are used widely in horizontal Wellss, where the wage zone is exposed to the boring fluid a long distance. Drill-in fluids can be water-based, brine-based, oil-based or synthetic-based. The pick of drill-in fluid is of import to the production of a well because one time the harm has been made to the formation, it is rarely possible to retrieve the status of wage zone to the initial status.

Oil-based fluids were designed and developed to assist turn to several boring jobs: formation clays that react, swell, or slough after exposure to WBFs ; increasing downhole temperatures ; contaminations ; and lodge pipe and torsion and retarding force. [ 5 ] Oil-based fluid can stand higher temperature without interrupting down. Oil-based fluids besides has greater cleaning abilities with less viscousness. It is used to avoid the jobs which water-based fluid could has. The disadvantages of oil-based fluid are:

1. It is more expensive and more toxic than water-based boring fluids.
2. Film editings can non be separated from the fluid while boring.
3. Sing the environmental facet, oil-based fluid incorporating Diesel fuel may incorporate aromatic hydrocarbons which can do taint.

Synthetic-based fluid is a fluid which the base fluid is man-made oil. It is designed to avoid environmental impacts. It is frequently used on seaward rigs or environmentally sensitive countries, because it has the belongingss of an oil-based clay, but the toxicity of the fluid exhausts are much less than an oil-based fluid. This is of import when work forces work with the fluid in an enclosed infinite such as an offshore boring rig.  6  Major types of synthetic-based boring fluids are:

• Esters
• Poly-alpha alkenes
• Linear ciao alkenes
• Internal alkenes
• LAO/PAO ( additive alpha olefin/poly-alpha alkenes ) [ 7 ]

Additives

Barite is a common used addictive to all systems. It is used to increase denseness of the system.

Keeping a high pH by adding NaOH helps command H2S and CO2.

Bacterias can be controlled by utilizing a microbiocide additive.

Decision

Mud control is an of import portion of boring. A good boring fluid design can avoid a batch of work and supply a good status of the wage zone which can better the public presentation of the well. With the development of the engineering for horizontal Wellss, the design of boring fluid truly became a more of import procedure.

References

1. Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print.
2. Bloys, Ben, Neal Davis, Brad Smolen, Louise Bailey, Otto Houwen, Paul Reid, John Sherwood, Lindsay Fraser, and Mike Hodder. “ Designing and Managing Drilling Fluid. ”( Oilfield Review ) , Schlumberger. 1 Mar. 1994. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slb.com/resources/publications/industry_articles/oilfield_review/1994/or19940403_drilling_fluid.aspx & gt ; .
3. Oilfield Market Report 2004. Spears & A ; Assoc. Inc. , Tulsa, Oklahoma, www.spearsresearch.com.
4. “ Drilling Fluid Types. ”–. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //petrowiki.org/Drilling_fluid_types & gt ; .
5. Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print.
6. “ Drilling Fluids. ”AES DRILLING FLUIDS, LLC. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aesfluids.com/drilling_fluids.html & gt ; .
7. Meinhold, Anne.Model for a Comparative Environmental Assessment of Drilling Fluids. Washington, DC: United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy ; , 1998. Print.

First Recruit Bradford (FR) and Deluxe Office Design (DOD).

An Example of Offer and Acceptance Analysis in Contract Law.

This case involves an interruption in a contract negotiation due to a communications delay. The communications delay was due to equipment failure at DOD and a problem with a third party (the postal service). During this communications delay, FR made the incorrect assumption that DOD had been slow in continuing negotiations and made the contract with another supplier who had made a lower bid than DOD.

This new contract excluding DOD was formed while DOD assumed the negotiations were essentially over between DOD and FR and that the terms of the contract had been set and agreed upon. What is the legal position FR holds with regard to DOD? An important issue may be that DOD requested that FR confirm the final agreement by post. However, FR had requested that the payment to DOD be made in stages rather than a lump sum.

Although FR was unaware of what the response of DOD would be to this request, DOD had in fact agreed to this ‘consideration’. Because of the delay in the post from DOD, the negotiations were broken off (by FR) before FR received confirmation that the requested ‘consideration’ would be met. Thus, there was never a post from FR to DOD confirming to DOD that all conditions of the contract were met. This seems to be a condition, set by DOD, that would signal that all parties to the contract were of the same mind.

The aspect of contract law which appears to apply in the instance described above is ‘Offer and Acceptance’. The offer is considered to be the indication by one party to the other party of their acceptance of terms without the need for further negotiations. According to this principle, the contract only becomes binding when the offerer of the contract has communicated that the terms of the contract are accepted.

That is, the offer and acceptance principle says that the contract becomes binding when the two parties are of the same mind.  According to Acme Grain v. Wenaus, “… to constitute a contract, there must be an offer by one person to another and an acceptance of that offer by the person to whom it is made. A mere statement of a person’s intention, or a declaration of his willingness to enter into negotiations is not an offer and cannot be accepted so as to form a valid contract”.

So how does the offer and acceptance principle apply in the instance of interaction between FR and DOD?

It appears that DOD made an offer to accept the terms set forth by FR of a staged payment and was then waiting for the confirmation by post from FR. From the point of view of DOD, the negotiations were finished and the agreement to the contract was implied by the previous communication with FR. From the point of view of FR, an offer had been made to DOD that the contract would be accepted if staged payments could be allowed. From the FR point of view, no such acceptance of the offer had been made, it was unknown if DOD were of the same mind as FR and thus there was no binding contract in effect when FR made a separate contract with another supplier.

The legal position of DOD will likely be based on the precedent set by Household Fire & Carriage Accident Insurance Co. v. Grant (1879) in which the decision stated the “post office (is) the agent of both parties. If the post office be such common agent, then it seems to me to follow that, as soon as the letter of acceptance is delivered to the post office, the contract is made complete and final and absolutely binding as if the acceptor had put his letter into the hands of a messenger sent by the offerer himself as his agent to deliver the offer and receive the acceptance.” DOD will likely argue that this decision says that the contract should not have been lost because of a problem with the post office. In addition, DOD will argue that FR and DOD were of the same mind on the terms of the contract because DOD had agreed to the staged payment terms of FR and thus the contract is binding.

However, FR also has a legal avenue to pursue. DOD stipulated that final acceptance of the contract should be stipulated by letter from FR. FR never sent this letter because it was unaware that DOD had accepted the additional terms of staged payment. In the case of Holwell Securities v. Hughes (1974), a similar situation is considered. This case decided that “The postal rule does not apply if (1) the express terms of the offer specify that the acceptance must reach the offeror and (2) … the negotiating parties cannot have intended that there should be a binding agreement until the party accepting an offer … had in fact communicated the acceptance or exercise to the other.” FR can argue that the terms of the negotiations, as set forth by DOD, specified that the contract was not binding until DOD was notified by FR via post that all terms were acceptable.

It is proposed that this argument puts FR in a stronger legal position than DOD. As such, FR should be able to continue the current contract with the lower bidder and should also be able to avoid the payment of any damages to DOD.

Invalidation of contracts based on false statements and remedies for the ‘innocent party’.

If one of the parties in a contract perpetuates a fraud to entice an ‘innocent party’ to enter into the contract, then there may be recourse for the innocent party to void the contract. The court may consider a contract invalid if the ‘innocent party’ entered into the contract because the offerer made false statements. The definition of a false statement, for legal purposes, must meet certain criteria.

Fridman has discussed that four conditions must occur before the court can consider statements of the offerer to be fraudulent. “

1. that the representations complained of were made by the wrongdoer to the victim (before the contract);
2. that these representations were false in fact;
3. that the wrongdoer, when he made them, either knew that they were false or made them recklessly without knowing whether they were false or true; and
4. that the victim was thereby induced to enter into the contract in question (a legal presumption exists in this regard).” (Fridman, G).

These conditions specify that a party to the contract becomes the ‘wrongdoer’ when there is intent on committing fraud in order to entice an ‘innocent party’ into the contract. Some examples of case law on misrepresentation are Redgrave v. Hurd (1881) and Redican v. Nesbitt (1924). In Redgrave v Hurd, the seller exaggerated claims on the value of a law practice. The buyer of the practice found the practice to be “utterly worthless”.

The court ruled that the contract as invalid because of misrepresentation, saying “If a man is induced to enter into a contract by a false representation it is not sufficient answer for him to say, “If you had used due diligence you would have found out that the statement was untrue. You had the means … of discovering its falsity, and did not choose to avail yourselves of them.””. Thus, false statements can invalidate the contract if the statements about the value of the contract are exaggerated beyond what would be considered a reasonable advertisement. This is true even if the ‘innocent party’ has the means to determine that the value has been misrepresented.

On the other hand, the court must decide if the misrepresentation is meant to deceive. In Redican v. Nesbitt a house was bought without inspection. When the buyer saw the house for the first time, the buyer thought that the seller had misrepresented the condition of the house. The court ruled against the buyer, saying “Innocent misrepresentation (i.e non-fraudulent but such as renders the subject of sale different in substance from what was contracted for), such as will support a demand for rescission in equity … will serve as a good equitable defence to a claim for payment under contract as well as afford ground for a counter-claim for rescission.”

Courts can evidently decide that misrepresentations are ‘innocent’ if the representation is not too far from the truth, or that the misrepresentations were ‘innocent and not meant to deceive. The court may also decide that what turns out to be a misrepresentation after the contract has been executed was merely an unjustified opinion of the offerer and not a purposeful misrepresentation. Further, the court may also decide that incorrect predictions of future occurrences by the offerer are not purposeful misrepresentations even though they may turn out to be false.

When a contract is considered void because of misrepresentation or because of nonperformance of one party within the contract, then the innocent party may approach the court to legally void the contract and provide a financial remedy for the situation. The remedies available to the ‘innocent party’ depend on the damages suffered by the party. If the court decides that fraudulent misrepresentation has occurred, then the court can decide rescind the contract so that the parties are in a situation such that the contract never existed.

The court may further allow the ‘innocent party’ to collect an indemnity from the ‘guilty party. These funds would cover the costs created by the innocent party attempting to carry out the contract and would be paid by the guilty party. An example of an indemnity judgment is found in Whittington v Seale-Hayne “The plaintiffs bred poultry and were induced to enter into a lease of property belonging to the defendants by an oral representation that the premises were in a sanitary condition. In fact the water supply was poisoned and the manager fell ill and the stock died. The terms of the lease required the plaintiffs to pay rent to the defendants and rates to the local authority and they were also obliged to make certain repairs ordered by the local council.

Farwell J rescinded the lease, and, following the judgment of Bowen LJ in Newbigging v Adam held that the plaintiffs could recover the rents, rates and repairs under the covenants in the lease but nothing more. They could not recover removal expenses and consequential loss (ie, loss of profits, value of lost stock and medical expenses) as these did not arise from obligations imposed by the lease (the contract did not require the farm to be used as a poultry farm).

Had they been awarded, they would have amounted to an award of damages (ie, expenses resulting from the running of the poultry farm).” (Asif, T, n. d.). Damages beyond that paid for by the indemnity may also be determined by the court. These damages paid by the guilty party are supposed to restore the innocent party to the financial position held prior to the execution of the fraudulent contract.

An example of damages is found in Royscott Trust Ltd v Rogerson. “A car dealer induced a finance company to enter into a hire-purchase agreement by mistakenly misrepresenting the amount of the deposit paid by the customer, who later defaulted and sold the car to a third party. The finance company sued the car dealer for innocent misrepresentation and claimed damages under s2(1).

The Court of Appeal held that the dealer was liable to the finance company under s2(1) for the balance due under the agreement plus interest on the ground that the plain words of the subsection required the court to apply the deceit rule. Under this rule the dealer was liable for all the losses suffered by the finance company even if those losses were unforeseeable, provided that they were not otherwise too remote. It was in any event a foreseeable event that a customer buying a car on HP might dishonestly sell the car.”

An illustration of the way the court limits damages in contract disputes is found in the very interesting case of  British Westinghouse v Underground Electric Railway of London. Tufal describes this case as follows “The defendant agreed to supply the plaintiff with turbines of stated efficiency, but supplied less efficient ones, which used more coal. The defendant accepted them and used them for some years before replacing them with turbines which were even more efficient than those specified in the contract with the defendant. After replacement, the plaintiff claimed damages from the defendant.

The plaintiff was held to be under no duty to mitigate by buying new turbines, but since he had done so, the financial advantages he had gained from new turbines had to be taken into account. Thus, as the plaintiff’s saving in coal exceeded the cost of the new turbines, he was not entitled to damages. However, if the plaintiff had claimed damages before buying the new turbines, the defendant would have had no defence.” . In this case, the innocent party accepted a remediation from the wrongdoer and then tried to sue the wrongdoer for damages. However, the ruling was that the damages had already been mitigated by the wrongdoer. This would seem to suggest that, at least in this case, the court will not make the innocent party ‘more than whole’ and will attempt to avoid unjust enrichment.

References

1. Acme Grain v. Wenaus as cited in author unknown, n. d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con4.aspx
2. Fridman, G., The Law of Contracts in Canada, p. 295 (1994) as cited in Author unknown, n.d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con5.aspx#misrepresentation
3. Holwell Securities v. Hughes (1974). as cited in Author unknown, n.d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con4.aspx#offer
4. Household Fire & Carriage Accident Insurance Co. v. Grant (1879) as cited in Author unknown, n.d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con4.aspx#offer
5. Redgrave v. Hurd (1881) as cited in Author unknown, n.d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con5.aspx#misrepresentation
6. Redican v. Nesbitt (1924). ) as cited in Author unknown, n.d., http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con5.aspx#misrepresentation
7. Tufal, A. , n. n d.,http://www.lawteacher.net/Contract/Discharge%20and%20Remedies/Remedies%20Cases%201.htm

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Parking in big parking lot can be very challenging and effortful. Even when an indication is provided that a small percentage of slots is still available in the enormous car parks, most drivers do not seem to be able to locate those slots. Car Parking Slot Allocation System is a system that automates the searching and guides drivers on which location is their chosen slot located in the parking area. The system is designed to prevent problems usually associated with parking cars in a certain parking lot. How does it work?

When a car is waiting at the entrance, the operator will give the driver the slot card number indicating where to park in the area. This will avoid time delay if there are any cars waiting in the entrance waiting for their turn. How does the system know which parking slot to allocate? The group created a simulation of a parking lot which composed of two separate parking areas – Parking Area A and Parking Area B, and thus each area is consisting of 40 parking slots. Because there are two parking areas in the parking lot, both of this areas will be applied using Allocation Algorithm.

The application of Allocation algorithm in these areas will only allocate the vacant or available slots. Those slots that are not vacant or already occupied will not be allocated anymore and this will be ignored by the system. The purpose of this project is to simulate and implement a real parking lot environment that allocate vacant parking slots using Allocation algorithm. As computer science students, the used and application of algorithm is the most important foundation of the field of Computer Science. Through this algorithm, this will tell the computer to do the task in the most efficient manner.

Hence, by applying Allocation algorithm in the group’s study, an effective and efficient solution in the problems of allocating parking slots will be easily located by the system because of the application of algorithm. In addition, an algorithm is a solution of a problem by a finite sequence of instructions each of which can be performed by a machine. Every computer program is essentially a set of instructions placed in a systematic fashion, that when executed, produce a desired result. The advantages covered in this system will be user interaction, ease f use, and effectiveness in demonstrating Allocation algorithm to those who don’t know much about it. Furthermore, the group hope that through this project, they can improve technological improvement to the car parking establishment in making an efficient and systematic car parking. Statement of the Problem The researchers envision solving the problems by answering the following questions: 1. How does the application of Allocation algorithm will be implemented in the Car Parking Slot Allocation System? 2. How will Allocation algorithm allocate or search vacant slots? 3. Will Allocation algorithm allocate occupied slots? 4.

How does the system know which parking slot to allocate? 5. How to simulate the parking areas consisting of 80 slots that applies Allocation algorithm? Objectives of the Study The primary objectives of this study are the following: 1. 2. To implement the application of Allocation algorithm in allocating and searching for vacant or available parking slot. 3. To create and design a sample parking lot that demonstrate the simulation and use of Allocation algorithm. 4. To test and prove that the used of Allocation algorithm in the simulation of the parking areas will be functional, applicable and appropriate. Significance of the Study

This study will be implemented and expected to give good effects and will be beneficial to the following: For the Operators, this study is significant to the Operators because this will provide a valuable guide to the advantages and disadvantages of the car parking operations. For the Car Drivers, this project easily assists the car drivers in finding parking slot quickly with no trouble. The system helps to cut down the amount of searching time that drivers spend on looking for an available parking slot. Therefore, through this project, it will save their time by providing instant space availability information and frustration levels.

For the Students, they would be able to use this data for them to get the ideas and references if they are planning to conduct the same study. This study could inspire interested students to make their own project or improve and innovate on our project. This helps them enhance their skills and potential in their field of specialization. For the Future Researchers, this project will benefit other group of researchers who wish to undertake similar studies as they can get more background information from the result of the study, which can serve as a basis to modify or improve their own research.

For the Proponents, conduting this study is significant to the proponents because it can add knowledge in their field as a computer science student. It also enables them to research more about programming languages and various algorithms which is very essential in their course. Through this study, this also adds significant knowledge and experience to the proponents’ capabilities of making a simulation system. Scope and Delimitation There is no hardware required in the system, the group limit its study on the algorithm used together with the simulation of the parking lot.

The group used Allocation algorithm in conducting the study to emphasize the use and its function in the implementation of the system. The group created a simulation of the parking lot so as to indicate the result of the algorithm. In the simulation, a car will run to locate the slot that has been selected. Once the car reaches the correct slot, it will stop and the animation ends there. The purpose of the simulation is to guide the driver to the slot where it is located. The group colored the vacant slots with color white, while the slots that are already occupied are colored with color red.

Also in this study, the group included other features which is beneficial in the system such as generation of reports – specifically list of cars report and income report, and the parking payment system. The parking payment system will calculate the total payment of the driver during its parking period. Other than that, this study will not describe problems regarding human decision making or behavior issues. Like, if the driver will park on the wrong slot of fail to follow the operator had recommended, the system will identify the slot that the driver has chosen to be occupied and that the rong slot which the driver had wrongly parked will be noticed as available in the system. Problems like this will arouse conflicts in the parking lot. The solution of this matter will depend on the behavior of the driver. Another consideration in this study is that, if the parking area provides 5 slots, 5 cars can be parked in the area. When the driver forgets to remember where he parked his car in an area, the operator will ask for the plate number of the car and then the system will identify where slot the car was parked. The driver is also able chose whether to follow recommendations provided by the operator of the system or not.

The driver is still able to choose any slot he/she likes. This study is also not about creating new parking slots. Once a parking lot is fully loaded, the parking problem remains. There are other solutions to solve that problem, but they are outside the scope of this study. Definitions of Terms Algorithm. It is the central concept of Computer Science. Formally, an algorithm is defined as a well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result in a finite amount of time. Algorithms are intended to solve computational problems.

Allocation Algorithm. It is an algorithm that will only allocate slots which are vacant or available. Allocated Slot. A slot is called allocated when there is no car parked at the slot, but the system is guiding a car to that specific slot. Cars. This refers to those designed to run primarily on roads, typically have four wheels and is construct principally for the transportation of people. Entrance. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can enter in the parking lot. Exit. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can exit or leave in the parking lot.

Full. A parking lot is called full or filled, if all the slots are occupied. This means that no slot is vacant. Gray-box Testing. The gray-box testing is a combination of black-box and white-box testing. The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to bad design or bad implementation of the system. Microsoft Access. It is the database application from the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. Usually abbreviated as MS Access. It is an easy-to-use program for creating and maintaining databases. Microsoft Visual Basic 6. It is the third generation ve-driven programming language and integrated environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage. Occupied slot. A slot is called occupied if and only if a car is parked on the slot. Parking. It is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking Lot. It is a building or area that contains slots where cars can be parked. A parking lot has at least one entrance and exit. Simulation.

It is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system. Slot. A certain amount of space in a car park, often surrounded by white stripes, that can hold exactly one car. System. It is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a common purpose. Vacant Slot. A slot is called vacant when there is no car parked on the slot, and the system is not guiding any car to this slot at the moment. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Apparently, this problem is not very new. Siemens already wrote about it in the early 90’s and they were already thinking about solutions back than. Concrete results where not found at that time though. Toyota (a car manufacturer from Japan) started developing Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in 1995. It looks like there isn’t much guidance though. The users seem to guide themselves, after receiving information about parking intensity around the city. Initiatives like this also arose in other countries but they only indicate an approximation of the number of vacant slot per car park.

Related Literature iSpot One of the initiatives out there is iSpot, also referred to as iPark. The creators, four students from Boston University, call it a vision based awareness system. The project identified the exact same problem and tried to find a solution for it. Though the system uses digital cameras to detect whether slots are vacant or not, it does offer single space monitoring as well as parking slot reservation. Parking slot reservation can be compared with the user preference for certain slots.

The information about which slot is vacant and which one isn’t is communicated to the user at the entrance using an image of the car park, so the user can choose one of the vacant slots and drive there. Though their system has quite some overlap with the group’s system, there are some problems which are not addressed. First of all, the system uses digital cameras in combination with license plate extraction to detect whether certain slots are occupied, and to keep track of the cars. Though this might sound promising on paper, an initiative like this could get quite some resistance from organizations which are fighting for privacy.

Another problem which is not addressed is the chaos of the crowd. Everybody sees which slots are vacant, but the system does not assign specific cars to specific slots. This could lead to a situation where car A sees a vacant slot on the screen at the entrance, and decides to go there. Car B sees the same vacant slot, because car A did not yet reach that slot, and also decides to choose that one. When car B arrives at the slot, he sees that car A already parked there. Car B is now lost in the big car park and the only way to find himself a vacant slot it to search for it himself in the old fashioned way.

This could not only happen for two cars, but as long as the first car did not reach the slot. All but the first of those cars will end up unsatisfied. If this keeps happening, the original problem isn’t really solved at all. Cars drive to slots which turn out to be occupied when they arrive. IrisNET Another interesting project is called IrisNET from Intel. The project doesn’t have much to do with the group’s problem but defines a platform that connects cheap sensor-nodes, to the monitor. To speed up the acceptance of this platform, Intel created a couple of demo implementations.

One of those demo implementations is called the Parking spot Finder. Webcam information from a large network of webcams, can be used for a higher goal, if combined. Feeds from webcams all over a car park, or as Intel states it, all over the city, can be combined to gather information about vacancy of parking slots. What does the demonstration look like? Cheap webcams are pointed to parking slots, or small groups of parking slots. Computers near these webcams can process the information, and determine whether certain parking slots are vacant or not.

This information can be fed to the network. Central computers gather all this information via IrisNET and combine it to make a list or vacant parking slots. This list can then be offered to other services, like Yahoo maps, for example. People could see the vacant slots on their car navigation system using existing technology. It’s just a matter of connecting the services via IrisNET. It seems like a complete system, even for a demo implementation. It is not clear whether the problem of guiding multiple cars to the same spot or how to keep a reservation, was solved.

Knowing the fact that this is just a demonstration of IrisNET, could mean that the system does not provide these extras. We can conclude that this Parking spot Finder is a great source of inspiration, but not a solution for the parking problem as stated in the previous chapter. EzPARK EzPARK is the name of a company as well as the product they are developing. The mission statement of EzPARK is the following: “EzPARK is a low-cost, wireless parking lot infrastructure that enables the customers to see the empty spaces at the entrance, and leads them to their vehicles on their way back”.

This system seems to satisfy quite some of our requirements. EzPARK does what iSpot does, and on top of that, also leads customers back to their vehicles. Apart from that, the system also gives a hint to the driver, where to park the car, which is a form of guiding him. So if all the cars park where they are told to park, the system would work like the one we want. Unfortunately, that is a significant assumption. Apart from this, it is unclear how the system decides which slot to hint. How does EzPARK solve the problem? When the user enters the car park, he receives 2 RFID tokens and a hint where to park.

One of the RFID tokens would be left in the car, to identify the car, and the other one would identity the user itself. The system can associate the two when the user returns for its car. The RFID tag in his car is also used to register whether a parking spot is occupied or not. Combining the availability information of all spots can result in a hint for a new visitor. The entire car park will have to be filled with RFID readers, which communicate to each other wireless so all the information of the slot states can be centralized. These wireless units, so called MOTEs, are prefabbed sensor nodes.

Apart from the fact that there is no actual guidance during the driving through the car park, this seems to be a very good product to solve the original problem. But the problem remains, what if driver D decides to park on the same spot as driver E, driving in front of him. Driver E would have to go all the way back to the entrance to find a new parking slot, or he could solve it the old fashioned way. And why would the system prefer one spot over another when giving a hint? Related Studies The Urban Parking Finder is another project, done by a small group of students. They tried to find the closest parking spot in an urban setting.

Though their report doesn’t describe how to measure whether a spot is vacant or not, their simulation works like you would expect. They made a bunch of virtual streets with cars parked all over the place, and some vacant slots. A car could drive around within the streets and whenever the user is interested in a parking slot, he can press a button and the system calculates the closest parking slot, as well as the shortest path to that slot, and gives directions to the user to guide him. This solution only solves a small part of our problem but interestingly enough, a part that was not mentioned in the other initiatives.

The students don’t describe how exactly they calculate the closest parking slot, but it probably looks very much like the “close to the exit” allocation algorithm. The Parking Space Optimization Service from the University of Zurich describe an e- Parking model where not only the driver and parking lots communicate with the system, but also events and businesses in the neighborhood, payment services etc. The system also takes care of reservations. Cars can identify themselves using Bluetooth when they enter or leave the car park. The payment is made automatically when the car leaves the car park.

Please note that this system might seem brilliant on paper, the future seems to be far from a living implementation of such a system. Every user should have a properly configured Bluetooth device in his car. Another identification method could be used to solve this though. Apart from the identification issue, the paper does not mention any active guidance. The Parking Meter Supervision System describes an urban non-free parking system. This might not be the kind of system we are looking for, but this is a system that was actually tested in a Japanese city and the results are very promising.

The system displays vacant parking spot information around the city so drivers can spend less time searching for a free slot. Without the system 14. 1 cars parked on a slot each day on average. After introducing the system, this increased to 15. 9 cars on a slot on average. These figures show the need for a parking guidance systems, though the problem might be slightly bigger in urban areas. The Evaluation of Parking Search using Sensor tries to solve the problem a little differently. Sensors are placed within the vehicles. These vehicles gather information while they drive.

Vacant slots can be located this way. The information including a location is wirelessly transmitted to other cars within a certain range. These cars retransmit the information to the cars they “meet”, and so on. If one driver is looking for a vacant slot, he/she will be informed of the existence of that slot by a passing car. All the information expires, so it doesn’t leave the surrounding area of the parking slot. Thought this initiative might not directly solve our problem, the approach of the problem is original and worth mentioning. The system was simulated but never built.

The IcanPARK is a remote management system for all types of car parks. Each slot is equipped with a little sonar system which determines whether a car is parked on that slot. Signs inform the driver where to find the nearest vacant slot. The entire system can be monitored by an operator, who can check the car park status, make reservations or close certain areas for maintenance. The allocation problem is not addressed in this project. Last but not least, the group found out about Sipark. Sipark is the world’s largest Parking Guidance System is in the making at Munich Airport, developed by Siemens.

This system monitors each individual parking slot using ultrasound sensors and guides cars to vacant slot using this information. The guiding is done by hundreds of LED displays all over the car park. The solution also includes zone and aisle counting. This means that any vehicles still en route to a parking space are also acquired by the system which avoids guiding too many drivers into a sector that only contained a few unoccupied spaces when the car entered the car park. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Method Used

The researchers’ primary methods in gathering information are through internet research, consultations, and observation and surveys. With these methods, the group is able to gather data on the behavior, practices, opinions, interests and perceptions of the drivers and parking establishment owners and even the parking operator on the existing and the proposed system, and then such data is analyzed, organized and interpreted. The analysis and design which is very crucial in the whole development of the project will be drawn based on the actual data gathered and also with the inputs coming from the group’s IT Consultant.

Sources of Data The sources of data that the group used are the methods and techniques applied in gathering informatiion that will formalize the necessities in order to simplify details concerning the application of algorithm and simulation. However, the methods and techniques are not enough for the group, so they had also conducted a research on related literatures and existing studies with regards to the system. For that, related literatues and related studies contributed a lot because this leads them to give answers to some questions they had not understood.

On the other hand, the group did have constant discussions with their IT Consulatant and Adviser, in which they suggested their ideas to help the group understand the flow of the system. With this, all gathered facts and information were significantly used for the generation of the system. Procedure of the Study In conducting the study, the group had a discussion on the matter with regards to the development of the car parking simulation system. The group initially identifies the objectives and aims of the study.

Then, the group looked for related literature to see whether there are any initiatives like this. Looking for related literatures and studies is the most important step because in doing any project, it gives information and details about a certain study. Next, the group discussed the information gathered from the methods used and from the brief discussion with IT experts, the group are able to recognized and understand the nature of the system to be built. From this, the group are able to identify the software and hardware requirements that will be used for this project.

After getting all of the information, the next step is the coding and designing of the simulation of the system which denotes the programming and database interaction. Afterwards, the last step is the integration of both algorithm of the system and then test whether the system achieve the goal or not and make an analysis of the project result. Requirements and Specifications For the research component of this project, access to the library’s resources and the Internet will be critical. More importantly, this project involves a significant coding component.

All coding for this project will be done in Visual Basic 6, and, where necessary, the group used the Adobe Shockwave Flash 8 as a tool to display the car parking simulation interaction. Access to a decent computer with Microsoft Visual Runtime Library and glut libraries installed will be essential. Microsoft Acces is used as the database of the system. No special hardware will be required. However, a faster computer (Pentium 500 or better) will help speed up the testing phases of the project, and a good graphics card 9GeForce or better) will ensure a smooth animation to see car parking simulator in operation.

Approaches and Algorithm The goal of the project is to implement a parking lot simulation system that simulates car parking operations which guide drivers to a vacant parking slot. The focus will be on applying Allocation algorithm on the system which will determine and allocate the vacant slots. Allocation algorithm is noted for its performance and accuracy, it enjoys widespread used and it is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the process of plotting an effeciently traversable path between points, called nodes. Peter Hart, Nils Nillson and Bertram Raphael first described the algorithm in 1968.

Meaning, by applying this algorithm to the system, it will only allocate those slots which are vacant or available. Those slots which are already occupied will be unnoticed and will be ignored by the system. Though this algorithm will not be very sophisticated and not very complex, it just allocates vacant slots. The group finds that the application of Allocation algorithm is very interesting in the simulation of the system. In the development process, the group had used the top-down approach which play a key role in this project.

The top-down approach emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system. Top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts “at the top” with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. Using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. Software Design and Programming

In the software design and programming, the design is performed in a visualize and detailed manner, code generation of the system was accomplished without much complication. For this reason, the group used a high level programming language like the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 for the coding and design of the system. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen essentially by the group for its graphical environment and ease of use. Implementation Besides the practical implementations of the system, the problem can also be used for theoretical purposes.

In both the practical and theoretical implementations the time it takes to solve the problem has been essential. In certain instances, it has been proven that in order to solve the problem (to an optimum) an excessive amount of time is required. For such instances we have come to rely on algorithms that sacrifice the quality of the solution in favour of reducing the solving time. Testing Procedure In the testing procedure, the group tested the performance of the system according to the program made. The group used the gray-box testing. The gray-box testing is combination of black-box and white-box testing.

The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to bad design or bad implementation of the system. This means, every after coding and design of the system, application of gray-box testing takes place. The group designed test cases based upon their knowledge of the system. For example, the group consider a hypothetical case wherein they have to test the Allocation algorithm if it works as it was designed in the simulation of the parking lot. And after that by means of testing, it integrates as each feature is added in the system.

Since the project is a computer program, testing included debugging the code and running through the program to make sure that it did what it was intended. The group used the gray-box testing because it is non-intrusive, it is not biased, and it applies straight forward technique of testing. The group makes sure that the system will work properly and accurately, and that through the use of gray-box testing, it will minimize and eliminate any errors that will interrupt in the system. TimeLine ID| Task| Start| Finish| Duration| 1| Project Proposal| 6/20/2011| 6/24/2011| 4 days| | Project Title Approval| 6/27/2011| 6/29/2011| 2 days| 3| Planning ; Analysis| 7/1/2011| 7/9/2011| 8 days| 4| Initial Data Gathering| 7/11/2011| 7/29/2011| 18 days| 5| Data Modeling| 8/2/2011| 8/13/2011| 11 days| 6| Problem Modeling| 8/15/2011| 8/22/2011| 7 days| 7| Project Objectives| 8/17/2011| 8/27/2011| 10 days| 8| Document Analysis| 9/5/2011| 9/30/2011| 25 days| 9| Algorithm| 10/3/2011| 10/15/2011| 12 days| 10| Final Project Documentation| 10/13/2011| 10/20/2011| 7 days| 11| Project Defense| 10/22/2011| 10/22/2011| 1 day| 2| System Modeling ; Requirements| 11/7/2011| 11/19/2011| 12 days| 13| System Coding| 11/28/2011| 2/13/2012| 77 days| 14| Database Implementation| 12/5/2011| 1/30/2012| 53 days| 15| Animation| 12/12/2011| 2/4/2012| 54 days| 16| System Analysis ; Design| 1/16/2012| 2/13/2012| 28 days| 17| System Testing ; Finalization| 2/17/2012| 2/25/2012| 13 days| 18| Final Documentation| 2/13/2012| 2/25/2012| 12 days| 19| Project PPT Presentation| 2/23/2012| 2/26/2012| 3 days| 20| Final Defense| 2/28/2012| 2/28/2012| 1 day| Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results and Discussions

After the group studied and identified the objectives, problems and solutions, the function of the system, the programming language used and the current program it has, the implementation of Allocation algorithm takes place. At first, the group conducted several studies and researches on what approaches and algorithm were appropriate and compatible to the system to minimize the time of searching and allocating vacant slots. The group gathered all the necessary facts and came up to the use of one programming approach that has proven to be most productive, it is called the top-down approach.

The top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts “at the top” with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. Using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. Then, after gathering information and applying the to-down approach, the group started to program and apply the algorithm that was planned to be used.

The program codes was initialized to integrate the simulation and the other features of the system that where also incorporated with the group’s objectives. In the simulation of the system, the group started by determining the number of slots and came up with 80 slots. The group divide this 80 slots into two, making it 40 slots per area. There are two areas, parking area A and Parking area B. Parking area A and Parking Area B both occupies the Allocation algorithm. Filled or occupied parking slot are colored with red, while the vacant or available parking slot are colored with white.

In the Parking Areas, both applies the Allocation algorithm where it only search and allocate the vacant slots. The slots which are not vacant will not be recognize because they are already occupied. For example, if parking slot 1A is already occupied, the slot will turned into red for indication that it is not anymore available. The system is responsible for choosing the parking slot available and will automatically print out the slot card number. If the driver is waiting in the parking lot, waiting for his turn to get inside, the operator will give the driver a printed slot card number so as to identify which area is the slot located.

The good thing here is that, it will lessen the time of waiting and avoid time delay. The designing and development of the simulation was also very crucial for this will be the basis of implementing the Allocation algorithm. In the simulation, the car will locate the slot that has been selected, this serves as a guidance to the driver in locating the selected slot. Apart from this, other features of the system where also implemented such features are the payment system and generation of reports. These features are also very important for this will be very beneficial to the operator and the owner of the parking lot establishment.

The calculation of payment is through the rate per minute. This will calculate the time of entry in the parking lot, the duration of parking in the parking area until the car leaves the area. With this, the generation of income report is conducted since it is incorporated with the payment. Another generation of report is the list of cars, this are the records of all the cars that had park in the parking lot. The operator could view and print these reports daily, weekly, monthly, annualy or any days the operator wants.

After implementing the simulation, the payment system and the generation of reports, the next thing the group implemented is the database of the system. The database is one of the most critical and sensitive part. The construction of the tables and the amount of data will either make or break the entire application. The database of the system is not quite large but the group make sure that the database will not be very complicated and complex. Upon database completion, technical and trial and error analysis were carried out by the group to remove glitches in the animation and also in the programming.

Thus, through further study, implementation, analysis, and a series of testing of the entire system the group was able to achieve its goals and objectives. Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary There are various concepts in computer science which can be compared when searching, allocating and choosing the right parking slot. This concept is through the algorithm used. The algorithm used in this study is the Allocation algorithm. This algorithm allocates the parking slot that are vacant or available. Parking slots that are occupied will be ignored and will not be allocated by the system.

The Allocation algorithm was initially analyzed, before implementing to the simulation system. A cost function is created to measure which of these algorithms would give better results under which circumstances. This cost function measured and calculate the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm used, and so the different algorithm was compared under different situation. Differences are small but there is quite something to win over the old situation where no guidance were given. The implementation of the Allocation algorithm along with the simulation of the parking lot can mimic most legal car movements.

The simulation was created and tested and this seems to imitates the drivers preferences of choosing the parking slot and locate the slot directly. To summarize, the group implemented and tested the system succesfully, and met its desired goals and objectives of the project. Conclusions After a series of crucial programming and designing of the system, trial and error, and evaluating different allocation strategies, there are several conclusions to draw. The system met its desired expectations on the project.

The system can now search and allocate which slots are available and occupied using the Allocation algorithm. The other features of the system such as the payment system and generation of reports was also implemented and can now be easy to managed because the system administrates the reality of the actual car parking lot. The slot that is chosen by the driver will get occupied as soon as he enters the parking lot. However, the group did not find a method to prevent neglecting of recommendations or choices of the driver, or in cases when the driver forgets which slot was recommended to him.

In situations like this, whenever a driver might decide to neglect a recommendation or either his preferred choice of slot, this has a big influence on the system, but this is a matter of the driver’s behavior. Because there was no actual parking lot to run tests on, the group implemented a parking lot simulation. The animation is relatively simple but it depict every step in developing Allocation algorithm. Nonetheless, before the animation takes place, some conditions must be met. The animation was done by using the Adobe Shockwave Flash 8, showing a graphical representation of the parking lot that communicates with the system.

The simulation can model the most basic movements in a parking lot and the recommendation system can “real-time” adapt to new situations. The simulation is a tool to demonstrate the work of the different algorithms used by the group. Recommendations The system has many capabilities that the group did not include due to lack of time and budget of materials. Some of this is the printing of receipt of the payment system. The group would like to have the printer receipt but was too expensive. Along with that, the future researchers could also enhance the simulation of the system, like creating more slots and making more entrances and exits.

Also for future recommendations, there are many rooms for improvement to ensure the reliability and impeccability of the system. A potential approach of enhancing the system is to implement the security system such as image processing technique so that security and safety in the parking lot is rest assured. This could be very helpful since safety is very important nowadays. And thus, the group would like to recommend the application of image compression algorithm for this will be very effective in a way of capturing images from time to time. Aside from that, another recommendation for future researchers is the reservation system.

The reservation system does not take drivers preferences into account yet, but people or the drivers specifically could be able to make a reservation over the internet and this reservation could be linked to the licensed plate number of their car. So, these are just some of the recommendations that the group would like to commend on future reasearchers who are interested in making the study in a different manner. Chapter 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Internet Sources: [1]Caldrera International Inc. (February 11, 2003) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 18, 2012. From www. osr507doc. sco. com/en/tools/ld_alloc. html web address. 2]G. P. Kegel (March 2009) The Parking Spot Finder. Retrieved, October 10, 2011. From www. alexandria. tue. nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/kegel2009 web address. [3]Lou Tylee (1998) Learn Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0. Retrieved, November 17, 2011. From www. thainguyen. edu. vn/Thanhvien/c2bachquangsc web address. [4]Ningyuan Chen (September 2011) Simple Parking Lot Management System. Retrieved, August 3, 2011. From www. publications. theseus. final/handle/134024 web address. [5]Ramdeo Anand (May 5, 2010) Gray-box Testing. Retrieved, February 15, 2012. From http://www. testinggeek. com/gray-box-testing web address. 6]Rochester Institute of Technology (December 6, 2001) Best-Fit Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 5, 2012. From www. cs. rit. edu/~ark/lectures/gc/03_03_03. html web address. [7]Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia (March 2011) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, September 29, 2011. From http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Allocation_algorithm web address. [8]Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia (June 2011) Top-down Approach. Retrieved, January 10, 2012. From http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top_down_approach web address. Chapter 7 APPENDICES Screen Shots Fig. 1: Main Form (Parking Area A) Fig. 2: Main Form (Parking Area B) Fig. : Login Form Fig. 4: Slot Card Form Fig. 5: Out Car Form Fig. 6: Payment Rate Form Fig. 7: Account Setting Form Fig. 8: Database Form Fig. 9: Logout Form REPORTS: Fig. 10: Car List Report Form Fig. 11: Income Report Form Source Code ModPark________________________________________________________________ Global CON As ADODB. Connection Public RSpark As ADODB. Recordset Sub main() Set CON = New ADODB. Connection CON. Open “Provider=Microsoft. JET. OLEDB. 4. 0;data source = ” ; App. Path ; “db. mdb;” ; “jet oledb:database password=ParkMe;” Load frmMain frmMain. Show vbModeless Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModeless

End Sub frmMain________________________________________________________________ Dim x, y, z, s, ok As Integer Dim hold, m As String Private Sub cmdPlay_Click() On Error GoTo PlayERR If hold = “” Then Exit Sub If cmdPlay. Caption = “PLAY Animated Parking” Then cmdSearch. Enabled = False cmdPark. Enabled = False If Right(hold, 1) = “A” Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; “SWF” ; hold ; “. swf” ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = “B” Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; “SWF” ; hold ; “. swf” End If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = False lblCar1(s). Enabled = False Next cmdPlay. Caption = “STOP Animated Parking”

ElseIf cmdPlay. Caption = “STOP Animated Parking” Then cmdSearch. Enabled = True cmdPark. Enabled = True If Right(hold, 1) = “A” Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; “SWF” ; ” . swf” ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = “B” Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; “SWF” ; ” . swf” End If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = True lblCar1(s). Enabled = True Next cmdPlay. Caption = “PLAY Animated Parking” End If PlayERR: End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) If MsgBox(“Are you sure you want to exit? “, vbYesNo, “System Exit”) = vbYes Then Me. Enabled = False Load frmLogOut frmLogOut. Show vbModeless End If Cancel = 1

End Sub Private Sub lblCar1_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox “There is a selected slot in Parking Area B. Please deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. “, _ vbOKOnly, “Parking Area B Error” Exit Sub End If Next If lblCar1(Index). BackColor <> vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & “A” ElseIf lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = “” End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index <> x Then If lblCar1(Index). BackColor <> vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End If End If

Next End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox “There is a selected slot in Parking Area A. Please deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. “, _ vbOKOnly, “Parking Area A Error” Exit Sub End If Next If lblcar2(Index). BackColor <> vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & “B” ElseIf lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = “” End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index <> x Then If lblcar2(Index). BackColor <> vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End If

End If Next End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_DblClick(Index As Integer) If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblcar2(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where SlotNo='” & lblcar2(Index). Caption & “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. Text = Left(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. Text = Right(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = ! TimeIn End With Me. Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite hold = “” End Sub Private Sub lblCar1_DblClick(Index As Integer)

If lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblCar1(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where SlotNo='” & lblCar1(Index). Caption & “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. Text = Left(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. Text = Right(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = ! TimeIn End With Me. Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End Sub Private Sub mnuChange_Click() If user = “Operator” Then MsgBox “Permission denied! Please contact the Administrator. , vbInformation, “Administrator Only” Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmAccount frmAccount. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuDB_Click() If user = “Operator” Then MsgBox “Permission denied! Please contact the Administrator. “, vbInformation, “Administrator Only” Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmDB frmDB. Show vbModeless frmDB. Height = 980 frmDB. Width = 7300 End Sub Private Sub mnuLogout_Click() Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuExit_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub mnuIncome_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport.

Caption = “Income Report” End Sub Private Sub mnuList_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport. Caption = “Car List Report” End Sub Private Sub mnuLost_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmOut frmOut. Show vbmdeless frmOut. txtPlate1. Enabled = True frmOut. txtPlate2. Enabled = True frmOut. cmdSLost. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub mnuRate_Click() If user = “Operator” Then MsgBox “Permission denied! Please contact the Administrator. “, vbInformation, “Administrator Only” Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmRate frmRate. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() blday. Caption = Format(Now, “dd mmmm yyyy”) lbltime. Caption = Format(Now, “hh:mm:ss AMPM”) End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_Change() If Len(txtPlate1. Text) = 3 Then txtPlate2. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKeyA Or KeyAscii ; vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdPark_Click() If Len(txtPlate1. Text) ; 3 Or Len(txtPlate2.

Text) ; 3 Then Exit Sub Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where PlateNo='” ; txtPlate1. Text ; “-” ; txtPlate2. Text ; “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPessimistic With RSpark If ! TimeOut = “-” Then MsgBox “The inputed plate number already exist. “, vbInformation, “Ops! ” Exit Sub End If End With ok = 0 For z = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(z). BackColor = vbYellow Or lblCar1(z). BackColor = vbYellow Then z = 40 ok = 1 End If Next If ok = 1 Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPessimistic With RSpark .AddNew Date = Format(Now, “dd mm yyyy”) !PlateNo = txtPlate1. Text ; “-” ; txtPlate2. Text ! TimeIn = Format(Now, “hh:mm ampm”) !TimeOut = “-” !SlotNo = hold !Amount = “0” .Update hold = “” End With Call DataPut Call Check txtPlate2. Text = “” txtPlate1. Text = “” lblS. Caption = “—” cmdSearch. Caption = “Search” txtPlate1. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub DataPut() lv1. ListItems. Clear lv2. ListItems. Clear Dim d, y, holdDate As Variant Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where TimeOut='” ; “-” ; “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do While Not .

EOF d = Left(! Date, 2) m = Mid(! Date, 4, 2) Call month y = Right(! Date, 4) holdDate = d ; ” ” ; m ; ” ” ; y If Right(! SlotNo, 1) = “A” Then Set k = lv1. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! SlotNo ElseIf Right(! SlotNo, 1) = “B” Then Set k = lv2. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! SlotNo End If .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Sub month() Select Case m Case “01” m = “Jan” Case “02” m = “Feb” Case “03” m = “Mar” Case “04” m = “Apr” Case “05” m = “May”

Case “06” m = “Jun” Case “07” m = “Jul” Case “08” m = “Aug” Case “09” m = “Sep” Case “10” m = “Oct” Case “11” m = “Nov” Case “12” m = “Dec” End Select End Sub Sub Check() For x = 1 To 40 lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbWhite lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbWhite Next Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). Caption = RSpark! SlotNo Then lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbRed ElseIf lblCar1(x). Caption = RSpark! SlotNo Then lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbRed End If Next RSpark. MoveNext Loop

End If End Sub frmLogin_______________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdExit_Click() If MsgBox(“Are you sure you want to exit? “, vbYesNo, “System Exit”) = vbYes Then Unload Me End Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdGO_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblAccount”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark! Password And txtUser. Text = RSpark! UserName Then Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless Else MsgBox “Incorrect Username or Password. Please try again! “, vbExclamation, “Login Error” txtPass. Text = “” xtUser. Text = “” txtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “ParkMe. ico”) imgLogin. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “GraphicLogIn. jpg”) Dim mByte() As Byte Open App. Path ; “Park. dat” For Binary As #1 Open “C:WINDOWSdb. mdb” For Binary As #2 ReDim mByte(0 To LOF(1)) Get #1, , mByte() Put #2, , mByte() Close #1 Close #2 End Sub frmSlotPrint___________________________________________________________ Private Sub Form_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) lblEnter. Visible = False Dim f, w As Integer Me. PrintForm If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Or KeyAscii = 13 Then

If MsgBox(“Is there an approaching car? “, vbYesNo, “Parking Slot”) = vbYes Then If Right(lblSlot. Caption, 1) = “A” Then back1: nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox “There are no more vacant parking slot! “, vbExclamation, “Parking Area A Error” Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back1 End If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & “A” ElseIf Right(lblSlot.

Caption, 1) = “B” Then back2: nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lblcar2(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox “There are no more vacant parking slot! “, vbExclamation, “Parking Area B Error” Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back2 End If frmMain. lblcar2(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & “B” End If End If End If Me. Enabled = False Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus End Sub rmOut_________________________________________________________________ Dim dumm, hold, hold1, hold2 As Single Dim hr, min As Variant Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdChange_Click() On Error GoTo Err txtAmount. Text = Format(txtAmount, “####0. 00”) txtChange. Text = Format(txtAmount – dumm, “####0. 00”) If Left(txtChange. Text, 1) = “-” Then txtChange. Text = Right(txtChange. Text, 5) MsgBox “The amount paid is not enough! The amount lack P” & txtChange. Text, vbExclamation, “Payment Error” txtChange. Text = “” End If Err: End Sub Private Sub cmdCompute_Click()

Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblRate”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If lblout. Caption = “—” Then Exit Sub lblTO. Caption = Format(Now, “hh:mm ampm”) hold1 = Left(lblTI. Caption, 2) * 60 hold1 = hold1 + Mid(lblTI. Caption, 4, 2) hold2 = Left(lblTO. Caption, 2) * 60 hold2 = hold2 + Mid(lblTO. Caption, 4, 2) If hold2 < hold1 Then hold2 = hold2 + 720 End If dumm = hold2 – hold1 If dumm > 60 Then hold = dumm / 60 hr = hold If Mid(hold, 2, 1) = “. ” Then hr = Left(hold, 1) ElseIf Mid(hold, 3, 1) = “. ” Then hr = Left(hold, 2) End If hold = hr * 60 min = dumm – hold lblTotal.

Caption = hr ; “hr/s and ” ; min ; “min/s” Else lblTotal. Caption = dumm ; ” min/s” End If dumm = Format(dumm, “####0. 00”) * RSpark! Rate lblPay. Caption = Format(dumm, “####0. 00”) End Sub Private Sub cmdOut_Click() If lblTI. Caption = “” Then MsgBox “No plate number was found! Please check the correct plate number again. “, vbExclamation, “Plate Number Error” Exit Sub End If If txtChange. Text = “” Then MsgBox “Please pay the parking payment first. “, vbInformation, “Payment Error” Exit Sub End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where SlotNo='” ; lblout.

Caption ; “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark !TimeOut = lblTO. Caption !SlotNo = lblout. Caption ; “. ” !TimePark = lblTotal. Caption !Amount = lblPay. Caption .Update End With frmMain. lblS. Caption = “—” frmMain. cmdSearch. Caption = “Search” frmMain. Enabled = True Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check frmMain. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSLost_Click() Dim dum As String dum = txtPlate1. Text ; “-” ; txtPlate2. Text Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark where PlateNo='” ; dum ; “‘”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark lblout.

Caption = ! SlotNo lblTI. Caption = ! TimeIn End With If lblout. Caption = “” Or Right(lblout. Caption, 1) = “. ” Then lblout. Caption = “—” lblTI. Caption = “” MsgBox “Please type the plate number and click the Search button to out the car. “, vbExclamation, “Out Car Error” End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “ParkMe. ico”) imgOut. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “GraphicLogIn. jpg”) End Sub Private Sub txtAmount_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Or KeyAscii = 46 Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub

Private Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKeyA Or KeyAscii ; vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub frmRate________________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSave_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblAccount”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtRate.

Text = RSpark! Password Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblRate”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RSpark! Rate = txtNew. Text RSpark. Update MsgBox “Your new rate is ” ; txtNew. Text, “. “, vbInformation, “Rate Status” frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show Unload Me Exit Sub End If MsgBox “Incorrect Password! Please enter the correct password again. “, vbExclamation, “Password Error” txtRate. Text = “” txtRate. SetFocus End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “ParkMe. ico”) imgRate. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “GraphicLogIn. pg”) Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblRate”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic txtCurrent. Text = RSpark! Rate End Sub frmDB__________________________________________________________________ Dim x As Integer Private Sub cmdClear_Click() x = 0 lblDB. Caption = “” If MsgBox(“Warning! All data will be permanently deleted. Are you sure you want to continue? “, vbYesNo, “Data Removal”) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrent

RSpark. Update RSpark. MoveNext Loop x = 0 lblDB. Caption = “” Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check End If Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdConfirm_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblAccount”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark! Password And txtUser. Text = RSpark! UserName Then Me. Height = 9150 Me. Width = 7530 cmdConfirm. Visible = False txtUser. Enabled = False txtPass. Enabled = False Call loadDB Else MsgBox ” Incorrect username or password. Please try again! “, vbExclamation, “Administrator” txtPass. Text = “” txtUser. Text = “” xtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub loadDB() ListView1. ListItems. Clear Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do While Not . EOF Set k = ListView1. ListItems. Add(, , ! Date) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! TimeOut k. SubItems(4) = ! SlotNo .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Private Sub cmdDelete_Click() If x = 0 Then Exit Sub Dim d As Integer d = 1 If MsgBox(“Warning! Are you sure you want to delete this data? “, vbYesNo, “Data Removal”) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset

RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF If x = d Then RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrent RSpark. Update x = 0 lblDB. Caption = “” End If d = d + 1 RSpark. MoveNext Loop End If Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “ParkMe. ico”) x = 0 End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub ListView1_ItemClick(ByVal Item As MSComctlLib. ListItem) x = ListView1.

SelectedItem. Index lblDB. Caption = “Database line ” ; x End Sub frmReport______________________________________________________________ Dim RStemp As ADODB. Recordset Dim CRrep As CRAXDRT. Report Dim CRapp As CRAXDRT. Application Dim sel1, sel2, hold, mn, dy, yr As String Dim d, d1, d2, m, m1, m2, y, y1, y2, fin As Variant Dim pay As Single Private Sub cmdView_Click() On Error GoTo Err If lblMV1. Caption = “” Or lblMV2. Caption = “” Then MsgBox “Please select the appropriate date of report you want to display. “, vbInformation, “Report Advisory” Exit Sub ElseIf m1 ; m2 And y1 = y2 Or y1 ; y2 Or m1 = m2 And y1 = y2

And d1 ; d2 Then MsgBox “Invalid date range! Please select the appropriate range of date. “, vbExclamation, “Report Advisory” Exit Sub End If lblLoad. Caption = “>> Loading……. ” Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RStemp. Open “select * from tblTemp”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RStemp. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RStemp. EOF RStemp. Delete adAffectCurrent RStemp. Update RStemp. MoveNext Loop End If If Me. Caption = “Car List Report” Then Set CRrep = CRapp. OpenReport(App. Path ; “CarList. rpt”) ElseIf Me. Caption = “Income Report” Then Set CRrep = CRapp.

OpenReport(App. Path ; “Income. rpt”) End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open “select * from tblPark”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RStemp. Open “select * from tblTemp”, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic pay = 0 pay = Format(pay, “#####0. 00″) Do While Not RSpark. EOF d = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) m = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) y = Right(rsparkDate, 4) If y1 = y2 Then If m1 = m2 And d = d1 And d = d2 And m = m1 And m = m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And m = m2 And d1 ;; d2 And d ;= d1 And d ;= d2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ 1 ;; m2 And m ; m1 And m ; m2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 And y = y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark! Date, 4) hold = dy ; ” ” ; mn ; ” ” ; yr RStemp! Date = hold RStemp! PlateNo = RSpark! PlateNo RStemp! TimeIn = RSpark! TimeIn RStemp! TimeOut = RSpark! TimeOut RStemp! SlotNo = RSpark! SlotNo RStemp! TimePark = RSpark! TimePark RStemp! Amount = RSpark! Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark! Amount End If ElseIf y1 ; y2 Then If m1 ;; m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ 1 ;; m2 And m ; m1 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m1 ; m And m ; m2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m ; m1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m ; m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 And y ; y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark! Date, 4) hold = dy ; ” ” ; mn ; ” ” ; yr RStemp! Date = hold RStemp! PlateNo = RSpark! PlateNo RStemp! TimeIn = RSpark! TimeIn RStemp! TimeOut = RSpark! TimeOut RStemp! SlotNo = RSpark! SlotNo RStemp! TimePark = RSpark! TimePark

RStemp! Amount = RSpark! Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark! Amount End If End If RSpark. MoveNext Loop fin = Format(pay, “#####0. 00”) If Me. Caption = “Income Report” Then CRrep. Sections(4). ReportObjects(“crtxtTotal”). SetText fin End If If lblMV1. Caption = lblMV2. Caption Then fin = lblMV1. Caption Else fin = lblMV1. Caption ; ” – ” ; lblMV2. Caption End If CRrep. Sections(1). ReportObjects(“crtxtDate”). SetText fin CRrep. Database. Tables(1). SetDataSource RStemp Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass CRViewer91. ReportSource = CRrep CRViewer91. ViewReport Screen. MousePointer = vbDefault lblLoad.

Caption = “” Err: End Sub Sub month() Select Case mn Case “01” mn = “Jan” Case “02” mn = “Feb” Case “03” mn = “Mar” Case “04” mn = “Apr” Case “05” mn = “May” Case “06” mn = “Jun” Case “07” mn = “Jul” Case “08” mn = “Aug” Case “09” mn = “Sep” Case “10” mn = “Oct” Case “11” mn = “Nov” Case “12” mn = “Dec” End Select End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; “ParkMe. i

Case 4 –TRW SYSTEMS (A and B condensed) ThiviyaManikandan sridhar – 54, Devika Srinivas – 11, Prabhudeep Shivakumar-31 1. What kinds of organizational design choices has TRW made about the design Challenges discussed in chapter 4? Due to the complexity of products being produced and the interdependency between the parts, systems, various groups, divisions and companies who assembled the parts forced TRW to adopt the matrix structure, where it covers vertical flow of functional responsibility and horizontal flow of product responsibility.

On the vertical side, TRW systems have functional organizations like mechanical division, physical research division, systems divisions, fabrication integration and testing division. On the horizontal side, it has program organization which controls program office. Under these two organizations, sub project managers and assistant project managers are appointed. These managers have to report to two bosses. All these employees and departments are under the control of presidents and vice presidents. This is indicates a flat and decentralized structure, where managers and employees are allowed to take their own decisions.

The level of decentralization followed by TRW is appropriate for the fluctuating and complex aerospace industry, as creativity plays important role in research and development which is accomplished by TRW engineers. A program manager maintained all the management responsibility for pulling together the various phases of a particular customer project. Assistant program manager was appointed to coordinate the activities of program manager. Under assistant program manager, sub project managers were also appointed to control the total project activity.

Sub project managers are responsible for integrating and coordinating the functional organization and program organization. He also supervises the engineers and manages financial resources procured from program office. Sub project managers are the main integrating mechanism in the structure. There is too much of pressure and authority on the sub project managers, so TRW has to take drastic steps to develop its integrating mechanisms as integration plays an important role in matrix structure. TRW lacks standard operating procedures and standardized rules and norms.

This indicates a total domination of mutual adjustment. As a result of this situation, most of the engineers are facing ambiguity problems. So TRW has to bring the balance between standardization and mutual adjustment. TRW makes minimal use of formal hierarchical reporting relationships to coordinate activities. The informal network of social relationships developed over time is important in determining how teams perform, and informal status relationships between scientists are important as a means of coordination.

Team values and norms derive from informal interactions between scientists and are spread as members move between teams. 2. Are the design choices TRW has made appropriate for the organization, why or why not? From the above points, we can clearly say that the matrix structure and organic design followed by TRW systems is appropriate from the contingency perspective, as it matches the uncertain environment. But the managers are not utilizing their full potential and the employees are taking advantage of this structure by coming late to the work.

This indicates the need for centralization and standardization. Fluctuations in the aerospace environment need spontaneous decisions which can be achieved by matrix structure. TRW is high in task variability and low in task analyzability. It uses intensive technology and has reciprocal interdependence. For all these features matrix structure is the best suitable structure. A matrix would not be suitable in a simple, stable environment for routine technology and employees with routine tasks.

Here, it would promote coordination and motivation problems and raise bureaucratic costs. 3. What is TRWs structure and what problems does it cause for TRW? TRW followed a matrix structure. The employees were responsible for two officers. Some of the problems caused by this structure – The relationship between the project officer and the functional division officer is a complex one. Both the roles are mutually dependent and have equal power. Hence authority is undefined. This leads to a lot of confusion about the role of the managers.

Many employees are not comfortable with the relationship and this caused the status and authority problems within the organization. Another problem of the structure is the subproject manager is the prime mover of the organization. He is the person who brings the program officer’s requirements and the lab’s resources together to produce a subsystem. He has to cater to the needs of project manager as well as the functional manager. He has to keep in mind the interests of both the bosses; this puts him under a lot of pressure.

If he reacts too much to pressure from either side, it hurts his ability to be objective about his subproject and this will in turn affect the employees. Hence the success of the project is majorly controlled by a single person. The matrix structure did not have any formal rules. The informal procedures followed are useful for the higher level management but the employees are given too much freedom. Due to the complexity of the structure, a lot of time is required in setting up a new project teams.

This contributed to an increase in the cost incurred by the organization. As the structure is changing all the time there is lack of leadership. Also there exists large gap between authority and responsibility. The project manager had no authority over people working on his project. He had to work with the functional heads on these problems. This imbalance enabled flexibility and adaptively in the organization, but it was difficult to work with. 4) What problems might TRW have with its present structure as it grows?

The present matrix structure problem is that whether this matrix structure is suitable or Not for a large organization. As organization grows, it will be difficult for TRW to maintain Its Organic approach. We know that Divisions of TRW itself refused to share its R&D Information with other division. This attitude of employees will surely lead to Misunderstanding, conflicts and confusion. As the company grows, the company has to adopt For a new technology, some of the employees may not like new technology which is Complicated to understand and work.

COLLEGE of SCIENCE and ENGINEERING Department of Computer Science and Information Systems End-of-Semester Academic Year: Module Title: Duration of Exam: Lecturer(s): 2008/2009 Systems Analysis 2. 5 Hours J. J. Collins Semester: Module Code: Percent of Total Marks: Paper marked out of : Spring CS4125 60 100 Instructions to Candidates: • Answer Q1, and any TWO other questions. Q1 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 40. a) b) Distinguish analysis from design. 4 marks. What are the benefits and liabilities derived by subscribing to a development philosophy based on up-front design? marks. c) d) List the activities that take place in system design. 4 marks. What are the characteristics of the Extreme Programming (XP) approach to software development? 4 marks. What are the benefits of an open and closed architecture? 4 marks. f) What problem is addressed by Gamma et al. ’s Behavioural state pattern? Illustrate this pattern through the use of a class diagram. 4 marks. g) h) Illustrate initialisation in the MVC architecture using a sequence diagram. 4 marks. List the support features typically offered by a DBMS? 4 marks. e) Page 1 of 5 i)

Draw a class diagram that illustrates that a copy can be a copy of a book or DVD, but not both. 4 marks. Briefly critique The UML. 4 marks. j) Q2 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) b) What are the characteristics of good software? 5 marks. Describe the unique features of the Object-Oriented paradigm, and illustrate polymorphism with pseudocode or coding fragments. 5 marks. Distinguish multiple classification from generalisation, and illustrate with a diagram. 5 marks. How are contracts supported in software engineering, and illustrate with a diagram.

You should briefly discuss support for enforcement of contracts. 5 marks. Draw a diagram to illustrate the principle of “programming to interfaces, not implementation”. What benefits are derived by adhering to this principle? 5 marks. f) What is meant by behavioural subtyping? Illustrate the answer with a class diagram. 5 marks. c) d) e) Q3 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) What are non-functional requirements, and provide a categorisation for these requirements. 5 marks. Critique use cases as the means of capturing requirements. 5 marks. ) What technique is used by Data Driven Design (DDD) to identify key domain abstractions? Name an alternative approach to DDD. 5 marks. d) The following is a restatement of requirements that must be supported in the first iteration. Books and Journals: The library contains books and journals. It may have several copies of a given book. Some of the books are for short term loans only. All other books may be borrowed by any library member for three weeks. Members of the library can normally borrow up to six items at a time, but members of staff may borrow up to 12 items at one time.

Only members of staff may borrow journals. b) Page 2 of 5 Borrowing: the system must keep track of when books and journals are borrowed and returned, enforcing the rules described above. Identify the candidate classes in the following informal use case description, and give the reasons for the elimination of poor candidates using a clearly specified set of heuristics. Then briefly sketch a class diagram. 5 marks. e) Draw a UML diagram that reflects the following code fragment. Class Order … Public OrderLine getLineItem(Product aProduct); Public void addLineItem(Number amount, Product forProduct); ……………… 5 marks. ) What is the purpose of adding a control class to the communication fragment used to support a collaboration which realises a use case? 5 marks. Figure 1. State chart for a Campaign object (adapted from Agate case study in Bennett, McRobb, and Farmer. Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2006). Page 3 of 5 Q4 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) Describe the algorithmic and non-algorithmic techniques used to document a specification for an operation. 6 marks. Modify the state chart in figure 1 when instructed that: 1.

A campaign object can be both Monitoring and Running when in the state active. 2. When Monitoring, it can be in substates survey or evaluation, with survey being the default. 3. When the event surveyComplete() fires, a transition from survey to evaluation takes place. 4. When the event runSurvey() fires, a transition from evaluation to survey takes place. 5. When running, it can be in substates advert preparation, scheduling or running adverts, with advert preparation being the default. 6. A transition from advert preparation to scheduling occurs with invocation of he reflexive operation authorise() when the event advertApproved() fires. 7. A transition from scheduling to running adverts occurs when the event confirmSchedule() fires. 8. A transition from running adverts to advert preparation occurs with invocation of the reflexive operation modifyBudget() when the event extendCampaign() fires. 9. A transition from Active to Suspended occurs with invocation of the reflexive operation stopAdverts() when the event suspendCampaign() fires. 10. A transition from Suspended to Active occurs when the event resumeCampaign() fires. 1. Must support shallow histories for the concurrent submachines Running and Monitoring. 6 marks. Draw an activity diagram that captures the following workflow for a conference organiser: • The conference organiser receives an itinerary. • He/She then sends this to an invited speaker. • The invited speaker either confirms the itinerary or fails to respond within 48 hours. • If no response has been received, the conference organiser cancels the itinerary. • Otherwise, the conference organiser books the itinerary. 6 marks.

Describe two types of coupling and three types of cohesion as described by Coad and Yourdon (1991), that apply at the class level. 6 marks. e) What problem is addressed by Gamma et al. ’s Composite structural pattern? Illustrate this pattern through the use of a class diagram. 6 marks. b) c) d) Page 4 of 5 Q5 Answer ALL parts. Total marks awarded for this question: 30. a) Draw a sequence diagram to illustrate the workflows and phases in the Rational Unified Process (RUP). 3 marks. List three principles that underpin the RUP. 3 marks. ) Briefly discuss transparency versus safety with respect to the Composite design pattern. 6 marks. d) Describe Smalltalk’s Model View Control (MVC) architecture, and illustrate your answer through the use of a class diagram. 4 marks. e) Draw a sequence diagram to illustrate initialisation of the MVC architectural pattern. 4 marks. f) Describe the Broker architecture with proxies, and illustrate your answer through the use of a sequence diagram. 4 marks. g) Why should software engineers strive to specify pre and post conditions with Object Constraint Language (OCL). 6 marks. b) Page 5 of 5

|Edexcel BTEC HNC/HND Business Management | |Unit Title: |Unit 1 |Date Issued | |Business Environment | |Week beginning 11/02/13 | |Student Name |Student ID |Due Date – 03/06/13 | |Lecturers Name: Ibrahim kevin, Sujata, & |Internal Verifier Name | |Issac |Mr.

M. Azam | Rules and regulations: |Plagiarism is presenting somebody else’s work as your own. It includes: copying information directly from the Web or books without | |referencing the material; submitting joint coursework as an individual effort; copying another student’s coursework; stealing coursework from| |another student and submitting it as your own work. Suspected plagiarism will be investigated and if found to have occurred will be dealt | |with according to the procedures set down by the College.

Please see your student handbook for further details of what is / isn’t plagiarism. | Coursework Regulations 1. Submission of coursework must be undertaken according to the relevant procedure – whether online or paper-based. Lecturers will give information as to which procedure must be followed, and details of submission procedures and penalty fees can be obtained from Academic Administration or the general student handbook. 2. All coursework must be submitted to the e-learning system –stponline. co. uk. Under no circumstances can other College staff accept them.

Please check the Academic Admin Office opening hours. 3. Late coursework will be accepted by Academic Admin Office and marked according to the guidelines given in your Student Handbook for this year. 4. If you need an extension (even for one day) for a valid reason, you must request one. Collect a coursework extension request form from the Academic Admin Office. Then take the form to your lecturer, along with evidence to back up your request. The completed form must be accompanied by evidence such as a medical certificate in the event of you being sick.

The completed form must then be returned to Academic Admin for processing. This is the only way to get an extension. 5. General guidelines for submission of coursework: a) All work must be word-processed and must be of “good” standard. b) Document margins shall not be more than 2. 5cm or less than 1. 5cm c) Font size in the range of 11 to 14 points distributed to including headings and body text. Preferred typeface to be of a common standard such as Arial or Times New Roman for the main text. ) Any computer files generated such as program code (software), graphic files that form part of the course work must be submitted either online with the documentation or on a CD for paper submissions. e) The copy of the course work submitted may not be returned to you after marking and you are advised to have your personal copy for your reference. f) All work completed, including any software constructed may not be used for any purpose other than the purpose of intended study without prior written permission from St Patrick’s International College. LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA Outcomes |Assessment requirements | |LO1 Understand the |1. 1 identify the purposes of different types of organisation | |organisational purposes of |1. 2 describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders | |businesses |1. 3 explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them | |LO2 Understand the nature of the |2. explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively | |national environment in |2. 2 assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities | |which businesses operate |2. 3 evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected| | |organisation | |LO3 Understand the behaviour of |3. explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses | |organisations in their market |3. 2 illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples | |environment |3. 3 judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation | |LO4 Be able to assess the |4. 1 discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations | |significance of the global factors that shape |4. analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations | |national business activities |4. 3 evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations. | Summary of assessment Plan |The Learning Outcomes (LO) are covered in one assignment/coursework divided into four closely linked scenarios reflecting the relevant Assessment | |Criteria (A. C). See Evaluation Sheet below for LO and A. C | |LO |A.

C |Assessment |Issue date | Formative Due date | | | |Methods | | | | LO1 |1. 1,1. 2 & 1. 3 |Individual report | Teaching Week 2 | Teaching week 4 | |LO2 |2. 1,2. 2, & 2. 3 |Individual report |Teaching Week 2 |Teaching week 7 | |LO3 |3. ,3. 2, & 3. 3 |Individual report |Teaching Week 2 |Teaching week 10 | |LO4 |4. 1,4. 2 & 4. 3 |Individual report |Teaching Week 2 |Teaching week 14 | |Final Submission |Week Beginning 03/06/13 | GRADE DESCRIPTORS |Merit descriptors |Indicative characteristics |Contextualised Indicative |Check (/? | | |characteristics | | |M1 | | | | | | |Identify and apply |effective judgments have been made | | | | |strategies to find |complex problems with more than one variable have been explored | | | | |appropriate |an effective approach to study and research has been applied | | | | |solutions | | | | |M2 |Select/design and |relevant theories and techniques have been applied | | | | |apply appropriate |a range of methods and techniques have been applied | | | | |methods/ techniques |a range of sources of information has been used | | | | | |the selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified | | | | | |the design of methods/techniques has been justified | | | | | |complex information/data has been synthesised and processed | | | | | |appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied | | |M3 |Present and |the appropriate structure and approach has been used | | | | |communicate |coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended | | | | |appropriate findings|audience | | | | | |a range of methods of presentation have been used and technical | | | | | |language has been accurately used | | | | | |communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts | | | | | |the communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences | | | | | |and appropriate media have been used | | | Distinction Descriptors |Indicative characteristics |Contextualised Indicative |( | | | |characteristics | | |D1 |Use critical reflection |conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have | | | | |to evaluate own work and|been justified | | | | |justify valid |the validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria | | | | |conclusions |self-criticism of approach has taken place | | | | | |realistic improvements have been proposed against defined | | | | | |characteristics for success | | |D2 |Take responsibility for |autonomy/independence has been demonstrated | | | | |managing and organising |substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, | | | | |activities |managed and organised | | | | | |activities have been managed | | | | | |the unforeseen has been accommodated | | | | | |the importance of interdependence has been recognised and achieved | | | |D3 |Demonstrate convergent/ |ideas have been generated and decisions taken | | | | |lateral/creative |self-evaluation has taken place | | | | |thinking |convergent and lateral thinking have been applied | | | | | |problems have been solved | | | | | |innovation and creative thought have been applied | | | | | |receptiveness to new ideas is evident | | | | | |effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts | | | Assignment Brief Questions Instructions: Answer all the tasks of the each Learning Outcome Scenario: Select an organisation operating in the UK that you have access to and from which you can obtain information, and carry out the following tasks by thoroughly analysing the Business Environment in which the company operates. LO1: Understand the organisational purposes of businesses. . 1a: Provide a brief background of that organisation. This should include a description of its mission, vision, short- and long-term objectives, type of sector it belongs (private or public sector). Discuss how this organisation has been impacted by changes in its industry. In this part, focus on the constraints within which the organisation has to operate in its sector. Provide evidence and reference the sources. 1. 1b: Compare the purpose of your chosen organisation to another that operates in a different sector 1. 2: Identify the key stakeholders of your chosen organisation? Identify their interests in and influence on the organisation.

How do they impact the organisation? Using the Stakeholder Analysis matrix, plot where, in your opinion, each stakeholder might stand and analysis. Make sure your analysis is based on evidence and research and do NOT guess or make wild assumptions. 1. 3: Explain the organisation’s responsibilities to its stakeholders and identify the strategies its adopts to meeting their needs and expectations LO2: Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate. 2. 1: What specific benefits and constraints that your organisation might face operating in a different economic system (i. e. in free and command economic systems)?

Look at specific political, economic and social aspects such as government interference, population, labour force, market growth, exchange rates, trading partners, consumer tastes and preferences the organisation etc. 2. 2: Using the concept of Aggregate Money Demand (AMD = C+I+G+X-M) or otherwise, explain with reasons, what might happen to business activity in general and to your organisation specifically, if the following happened: i. A general fall in the level of income tax? ii. A rise in the value of the pound? iii. A fall in interest rates? iv. A large increase in unemployment? v. A large increase in the level of Government expenditure? 2. 3: Discuss how government-related regulations including competition policy impacting you organisation. LO3: Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment. 3. : Explain how the various market structures determine the price and outputs decisions of businesses in the market environment of your organisation. Explain with reasons what market structure that your organisation might be classified. 3. 2: Illustrate, with examples, how the market forces of demand and supply influence business decisions and activities of your organisation regarding the products offered and their prices 3. 3: Briefly describe how the social, cultural and competitive environment has affected your organisation as a whole. LO4: Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities. 4. 1& 4. 2: Discuss future market opportunities and threats facing your chosen organisation.

Consider in what ways the role of World Trade Organisation (WTO), emerging markets (BRIC countries – Brazil, Russia, India and China) and protectionist tendencies of national governments may impact your organisation in the next 10 years or so. 4. 3: Analyse the benefits and constraints of policies of the European Union on your organisation Preparing your assignment Your assignment must strike a balance between theory and practice. Your work must avoid bland description of what is already stated in the case study; description should be limited to what is absolutely necessary to emphasise a point of view or make your analysis clear. Similarly, you should not simply describe theories in your assignment with no practical application of them.

You should show due diligence in writing your assignment to ensure that it reflects the highest standard of presentation. Other key considerations • Your assignment must include a cover page with title, student name and number, student contact details (email & mobile phone number), date, word count, and contents page with page numbers. • The Introduction in your assignment should cover the background, the issues and the aim of the investigation. • Your assignment must use good quality sources (academic material or credible news sources, up to date and relevant to the topic) and correctly referenced using the Harvard system. General guidelines • The assignment must be neatly typed using Font Size-12, Ariel or Times New Roman. Your assignment must word processed on A4 paper, single sided and double line spaced. • Both right hand and left hand margin must be suitably spaced. • Your written work can be above or below the 10% range of the word limit which is 3,000 words. If your work exceeds the recommended maximum guidelines, then your work will be penalised. • An electronic copy of the assignment must be submitted on Moodle by the due date. • Plagiarism, spelling and grammatical errors are unacceptable. Marking criteria The assignment will be assessed for its overall quality, with the emphasis being upon how components fit together and the suitability of the work for Undergraduate level of research.

The quality of the work will be assessed using the following marking criteria. |Distinction |Excellent in every way. Knowledgeable, incisively analytical, conceptually sound, widely-researched and | | |well-structured. Displays a critical and sophisticated understanding of ideas, debates, methodologies and | | |principles. Comprehensively cited and referenced. A degree of flair apparent in the work. | |Merit |Very good, well-researched, solid. Addresses question. Sensibly structured and well presented. Evidence of analysis,| | |reasoning and evaluation.

May have some errors in emphasis but not in fact, and may be limited in terms of | | |supporting material and breadth of coverage. Appropriately cited and referenced. | |Pass |Pass. Descriptive narrative. May be partly irrelevant. Indiscriminate. Lacks structure. Could be more direct and | | |explicit. Little independent research evident. Short bibliography. In some areas, there is evidence of confusion and| | |irrelevance of information. Written content heavily based on lecture notes, but a minimum of understanding to | | |justify a pass. | ———————– Assignment Brief – General ———————– Business Environment – Assignment

CASE STUDY: CHAPTER 2 I. TECSMART ELECTRONICS 1. ) Discuss how the practices that TecSmart identified support Deming’s 14 points. * Create a Vision and demonstrate commitment- The senior leaders set objectives (mission and vision) and strategic goals of the company. * Learn the new philosophy- The company uses customer feedback, and market research to learn new philosophy and improve quality of work. * Institute trainings – All employees are trained in a 5-step problem solving process and undergo customer relationship training. Improve Constantly and Forever – New product introduction teams work with design engineers and customers to ensure that design requirements are met during the manufacturing and testing. The company goes for a market research to come up with new products and designs. 2. ) How do these practices support the Baldrige criteria? Specifically, identify which of the questions in the criteria each of these practices address. * Leadership – Senior leaders guide cross-functional teams to review and develop individual plans for representation to employees. Strategic Planning- Senior leaders set company objectives * Customer and Market Focus- All complaints are handled by the vice president of sales. All employees received customer relationship training. * Human resource focus- All employees were trained for handling problems. * Process Management – All employees trained in 5 step problem solving process. * Business Results – Quality is assessed through internal audits, employee opinion surveys, and customer feedback. 3. ) What are some obvious opportunities for improvement relative to the Baldrige criteria?

What actions would you recommend that TecSmart do to improve its pursuit of performance excellence using Baldrige criteria? * Key results areas were not defined. * The organization must become active in its governance and social responsibility measures. * Lack of performance measure system that looks into real time marketplace performance, and operational performance. II. Can Six Sigma Work in Health Care? 1. What would be your agenda for this meeting? Stress about accountability and recognize any achievements. 2. What questions would you need answered before proposing a Six Sigma implementation plan?

Questions like does everyone understand our goal why we are implementing this Six Sigma plan and how it can help us improve. Question about S-M-A-R-T should also take into consideration. (Is it systematic, measureable, attainable, realistic, time bound? ) 3. How would you design an infrastructure to support Six Sigma at SLRMC? I will let everyone know that the effectively of Six Sigma depend on making decisions that are critical to your customers and the health of your business. it forces us to think strategically and critically where to allocate our limited resources to fix the most critical issues. CDL