Determinism

The satire of Joseph Heller’s novel “Catch 22” in characterizing the failures of the military and political facilities of America in the middle of the 20th century is especially true to the public. The novel, which paints a picture of how society has become poorly designed, gives important deterministic insights through satire. The main cause of satire in the novel has become influential in the normal American culture witnessed in today’s society. The author has tried to dramatize the challenges posed by citizens and the ills posed by political and military leaders. This was achieved similar to the already pretty poorly-destined, citizen-friendly environment.

It should be identified that Satire helped to expose military and major political leaders’ vulnerabilities. The defendant described flaws in a number of American politics and military forces, such as conflicts and political misconnections, which he tried to fix specifically.

According to Reilly and Heller, the satire had a major role in ridiculing proponents and in exaggerating procedures to horrify a serious approach that would benefit both the political and the correct satirical portion. Heller ‘s key goal was to find a solution to the problems of American society and to have a permanent solution. The question was solved thru satire by contrasting the correct governance system from the past. A number of suitabilities were the key reason for the programme, which could be strengthened by the commitments.

The anticipated reasons for addressing the reader ‘s response are focused on the satirical elements identified with the political and military default, in trying to get a deep understanding of the satire. It’s sad and not very convenient, Imagination of the military’s failing state is not adequately detailed and inaccessible. These explanations should be well laid down and ample practical insights on the whole issue should be provided.

The very introduction to the roman ‘Catch 22’ begins with a young man who ends up hospitalizing himself without having a right.This is a huge problem that calls for a properly specified component which transforms most of the generated alternatives and the whole satirical element into a larger deterministic element. There are concepts to influence and decide the method needed to influence a variety of options. The way to tackle the issue is to build a strategy that can affect most decisions and provide the correct context for the theory.

CONCLUSION

In summary, irony, exaggeration and satire are used in the present collapsing political and military situations. The fact that society is not equal to what is adequately expected of them is not easy to embrace. This is not predicted, considering the efficiency of all other departments. The political satire shows how the whole issue is packed and not properly structured by controversial institutions. Only if humor was taken seriously will the current question be solved. This degree of gravity is related to the way the business was built in the past. This would ensure that, given the difficulties, the democratic reconstruction was made possible.

The B-L Model is the much-upgraded model of organizational diagnosis that was spurned in 1990. The method of this model is characterized as a strategy that defines 12 theoretical constructs; evaluates the organization’s climate and culture; defines distinctions between transformational and transactional dynamics of an organization; that defines the extent of the influence of the variables within the organization.

Therefore, between the contributing factors that go into the performance of the business from external and internal factors, either balancing or reinforcing feedback loops transpire that contribute to the effective and efficient performance of an organization. The Organizational Dynamics of A. T. &T. Fortune 500 of 2009 has recorded the 8th position of AT&T amongst all other global companies in the business year ending 2008. This is because of its US$124 billion revenue and US$12 billion profit.

(Fortune 500 of 2009) At the opening of trading in the New York Stock Exchange on Monday, 15 June 2008, the ATT stocks started to trade at US$24. 43 per share. This is not too far behind the average value of US$25 per share performance of the company in the past one year of trading to date. (Yahoo Finance, 2009) AT&T has been in business for over 100 years. It provides every telecommunication service from telephones; multimedia services; internet; entertainment solutions. It customer base worldwide is 77 million subscribers, users, and patrons.

The Inputs in Relation to the Outputs The customer is first and foremost the basis of AT&T’s strategy and purpose. They want to consistently deliver valuable and satisfactory experiences to their customers. AT&T said: “our goal is to treat all of our customers as THEY ARE OUR ONLY CUSTOMER”. This is achieved by inventing and innovating efficient networking of each and every human being in this planet. AT&T spearheads advances in invention and innovations. Customer care is a service they render not only through products but personalized service.

The Balancing Loop AT&T maintains, operates and sustains very top-of-the-line and advance research and development facilities equipped with every modernized technology. This is the balancing loop that contributes to its success. Their product development strategies are always based on what feedback they get from customers’ usages and every changing affinity to advancement in technology. Therefore AT&T ensures initiatives in product inventions and innovations. It is therefore a known fact that the patents of AT&T have received a Nobel Prize. The Reinforcing Loop

What reinforce the position of AT&T are the six strategic focus areas of its operational strategy. The company is committed to the consistent betterment of community and social lives. It heavily invests in its people through training and re-training. As said, through its 77 million customers and a teamwork the company has put in place with its 300,000 employees in the whole wide world, the efficiency of the organization is reinforced through the investments of giving back to people what they need with regards to satisfaction and fulfillment.

Short and Long Term Effects The feedback loops reckoned by AT&T stands by their short term ability to safeguard credibility in the market place. Customers feel confident that this is a company that can truly anticipate and fulfill their needs. On a long range basis, AT&T precisely is highly admired, highly acknowledged and highly respected as a company and as a business and more so as a holistic organization. It maintains prestigious places of recognition and accolades. Opportunities for Learning

Studying AT&T through its recorded performances; through the various reports of business and financial analysts and even random and/or general patronage of the company – provide full proof confirmation that the company is on the right track. As a learner to get to know how, starting with its corporate governance principles, disciplines and safeguards astute interrelationship behavior amongst its entire employ and together how the company ensures that the work climate is conducive – inspiration sets in. AT&T and its organizational efficiency gives hope that corporations are responsible social entities indeed.

It is further reassuring that employment can become truly inspiring and encouraging when AT&T ensures career growth track and path. As the company makes skills and job responsibilities congruent, efficiency is thereby achieved.

References:

1. Falletta, S. V. , Ed. D. , “Organizational Diagnostic Models: A Review & Synthesis”. 2005 http://www. leadersphere. com/img/Orgmodels. pdf
2. “Fortune 500 of 2009” Fortune Magazine. CNNMone. com http://www. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/full_list/ AT&T. , Inc. (NYSE:T)
3. Yahoo Finance http://finance. yahoo. com A. T. &T. Corporate Profile http://www. att. com/gen/investor-relations? pid=5711

From Deterministic Behaviorism to Cognitive Theory: An Evolutionary Trail Alesia G. McDaniel University of the Rockies Abstract The Behaviorist theory, introduced by Pavlov and popularized by Watson and Skinner is discussed based on its roots in the philosophy of determinism which maintains that all behavior is the result of a specific cause. The theory of evolution and the consequential nature-nurture debate following contributes to the search for the meaning of behavior.

A relationship to present day behaviorism theory and the rise of cognitive behavioral theory with its branches of cognitive behavior therapy and neuroscience will be explored. An analysis of the similarities and differences between the two constructs in the field of psychology, leads to a discussion of how these theories are used in current psychological practice. Keywords: Determinism, Behaviorism, Cognitive Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Psychology From Determinism to Cognitive Theory: An Evolutionary Trail The history of psychology is informative.

It began 100 years ago with an introspective search for mind (Skinner, 1990) that came from philosophy and metaphysics. A philosophical principle called determinism appears to serve as a root for what later became behaviorism. This paper will outline an evolutionary trail. Beginning at the sea of determinism and crossing the plains of evolution, through the jungle of experimental psychology to find the path leading to the oasis of explanation of behaviorism where after a short rest, the trail winds around the curve of cognitive theory ending at a fork in the road.

At this point, one path leads to current cognitive therapy practice and the other to current . The Sea of Determinism Determinism emerges as the explanation of a principle of physics called cause and effect which asserts that all behavior is the result of some cause (Bargh, 2000). Causation comes as a direct result of purpose or reason. No event is uncaused and all events are of necessity. Philosophy tends to use introspection to flesh out concepts of how the mind interacts with the body.

Introspection was rejected by the experimental psychologists. The Plains of Evolution Behaviorism is the idea that all behavior can be traced to specific causes either environmental or reflexive. Thompson (1994) states that behavior of the organism as a whole is the product of three types of variation and selection and that natural selection is the first type. It is responsible for the evolution of the species and hence for species behavior. The Jungle of Experimental Psychology

Watson attacked introspection in his behaviorist manifesto of 1913, and for that or other reasons, introspection was essentially abandoned (Bargh, 2000). Behaviorists came out of structuralism and functionalism as a protest of the mentalism that guided the careers of Wundt and Titchener. Experimental psychologists hoped to isolate compounds of images, feelings and sensations in a way that they could measure them and us the measurements to predict the cause of human behavior (Bargh, 2000). It was hoped that these elements could be organized into a type of table as is used in physics.

The failure of experimental psychologists to isolate behavior in this manner gave rise to Behaviorist theory. An Oasis: Behaviorism Pavlov’s conditioned reflex formed the basis of Watson’s behaviorism (Thompson, 1994) B. F. Skinner and John Watson developed “nurture focused” determinism with in two models of behavioral conditioning (Bargh, 2000). B. F. Skinner is known for development of Operant Conditioning which differed from Watson’s version by addition of operation procedures in addition to the CS and the UCS in his S-R model.

Operant conditioning addressed the causality of human behavior and as such involved specification of how stimuli, responses, reinforcers, and drive states are woven into relationships that change and sustain an organism’s behavior (Herrnstein, 1977). This method had some limitations that contributed to the rise of cognitive theory as the answer to the question of why humans behave as they do. This process lacked objectivity to sustain its vision and goals. Psychological study without consideration of internal process in unproductive.

It is missing a significant variable. Behaviorism came about as a reaction to the subjectivity and unreliability of methods used in experimental psychology and strove to provide a mechanical account of human behavior (Bargh, 2000). It was based on the physiological concept of reflex as a result of external stimulation. The S-R unit was seen as the basic building block of human behavior with no theoretical base. There isn’t any empirical evidence to prove its actual existence.

As long as the S-R units of the behaviorist experiments remained contained in labs and boxes, it proved successful, but when taken to higher level processes such as language and social interaction, the S-R unit was no longer plausible. It was thought that what was discovered in the lab with pigeons and rats was transferrable to human behavior outside the lab. The failure of behaviorism’s model to explain higher mental processes of language acquisition, social interaction, memory, and judgment led to cognitive theory to find the missing link (Bargh, 2000).

The Curve of Cognitive Theory Behavioral theory exposed the rudimentary or first principles of human behavior from which cognitive therapy evolved. Behaviorism denied internal processing and focusing only on external stimuli leaves much to be desired. The behaviorist held to the idea that the mediating internal constructs and processes hinder achieving the results of the assumption that human behavior can be explained by nurture focused determinism (Bargh, 2000).

An integration of cognitive and dynamic psychology to understand all processes that cause behavior is needed. Cognitive theory focuses on the internal processing of external events as the cause of behavior and as such relates to determinism. Perhaps behaviorism failed to completely answer the questions of causality of human behavior because it denied that consciousness plays a role, with consciousness, representing those processes that motivate behavior internally. Perception, interpretation, memory, judgment, evaluation, and goal pursuit all serve to cause behavior.

Maybe behaviorists were trying to disprove religious teachings of their time and the belief that God or the Devil had something to do with behavior. They were not willing to deal with what they did not know how to measure. As cognitive science picked up where Behaviorism left off, psychology begins to unravel a process by which an understanding of how the internal processes of the human mind work in combination with individual differences in consciousness and how that influences and directs human behavior.

The Fork in the Road: Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Current Behaviorism Applied Cognitive behavior theory and behaviorism theory translated to cognitive-behavioral therapy currently helps practitioners to flesh out the root causality of problematic behavior with their clients. An understanding of why we do, what we do or, what thinking leads to certain behaviors is crucial to eradication of self-destructive behavior as well as restoration and growth after experiencing trauma or victimization. Applications of these theories have contributed to advances in treatment of addiction and trauma.

The practices of psychotherapy and medication therapy have also benefited from advances in this area. The End of the Trail? The trail began seeing behavior as the effect of a cause. It continues to evolve from the present path of thinking processes being the cause of behavior. Experimental psychology, behaviorism blazed new trails toward the manifest destiny that is the mind. As new trails are being blazed to understand how thought is related to behavior the evolution continues. . References Bargh, J. A. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes.

Psychological Bulletin,126(6), 925-945. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 126. 6. 925. Goodwin, C. (2008). A history of modern psychology, 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Herrnstein, R. J. (1977). The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist, 32(8), 593-603. doi:10. 1037/0003-066X. 32. 8. 593 Skinner, B. F. (1990). Can psychology be a science of mind? American Psychologist, 45(11), 1206-1210. doi:10. 1037/0003-066X. 45. 11. 1206 Thompson, R. F. (1994). Behaviorism and neuroscience. Psychological Review, 101(2), 259-265. doi:10. 1037/0033-295X. 101. 2. 259