Impact of British Mercantile Policy on Colonial Development

The Mercantile policy was an economic theory used in the periods16th to 18th century and it stated that prosperity of a nation was dependant upon the supply of capital and the total volume of international trade. This theory implied that a country had to employ protectionist policy to prosper and this was thus done through the encouragement of exports and discouragement of imports. The tools employed to facilitate this included tariffs and subsidies; therefore commodities such as gold and silver were prohibited from being exported.

The Mercantile policy had both positive and negative impacts; both internally and externally. However, its internal impact was less compared to its external impact. Internally, it brought about changes in governance system with the government controlling all the resources. It also saw the introduction of a capitalist system of governance. The main positive impact of Mercantilism was the creation of riches for the British rulers and merchants. This was achieved through the exploitation of foreign lands such as India, Latin America and later on, Africa.

The exploitation was done through establishing trade relations with the targeted countries and soon after; overthrowing the native rulers and setting up a colony. The colonies were made to pay heavy taxes to their colonial masters thereby enriching the British masters. Apart from paying taxes, raw materials were extracted from these countries to serve as a source of cheap raw materials for the colonial masters’ homeland industries. To make matters worse, merchants were given exclusive rights to mines and plantations to further ensure the availability of cheap raw material such as gold, jewelry and silver.

In the long run, the British coffers were enriched at the expense of the colonies and as a result, the British gathered enough wealth that made them embrace the industrial revolution that was in progress (McCusker, British Mercantilist Policies and the American Colonies). Secondly, it paved way for the introduction of political economy as a scientific discipline. Many writers came up to write articles concerning Mercantilism with others criticizing it while other supporting it.

Many discussions came up as to the meaning of mercantile with others stating that it was a zero sum theory while others argued that it was a system that promoted corruption and laziness in the country. As a result, this period saw the coming up of renowned political economist such as David Ricardo and Adam Smith. Adam Smith on his part criticized the mercantile system and agitated for a Laissez-faire economy where forces of demand and supply determined the prices of commodities.

On the other hand, Ricardo called for the adoption of comparative advantage method in dealing with international trade. All these developments brought about changes in the functioning of the economy that led to the abolition of protectionist and adoption of free market economy. Considering the time in which mercantilism took place; that is, when most European countries were undergoing the transition from feudal governance to central governance, it paved way for international trade.

Prior to the centralization of government, the economy was divided into feudal estates which made trade quite difficult to carry. However, with the transition accompanied by technological changes in shipping and modernization of urban centers, trade became easier thus promoting international trade. Therefore, with the mercantilism system in place, focus was made on how to improve trade. Another positive impact was the introduction of modern accounting that incorporated book keeping. This led to accurate accountability of transactions made during international trade.

As a result, a clear picture of balance of trade could be seen and a country balance of payment position easily determined. This made trade much easier and further contributed to international trade (McCusker, British Mercantilist Policies and the American Colonies). However, mercantilism had negative effects especially on the colonies. First, in pursuit of mercantilism, the political freedoms of the colonies were deprived. Freedom of governance was taken away by the colonial masters making them answerable to colonial masters’ foreign rule.

This went hand in hand with the deprivation of their human rights. The colonies’ populace had to work for very long hours in farms plantations with an insignificant amount of wage. They were subjected to harsh treatment with very little time to rest and yet they were working on there own lands. Secondly, the economic freedoms of the colonies were also deprived. This was in the form of expatriation of economic resources from the colonial land to British land thus enriching the British at the expense of the Colonies.

Further still, mercantilism led to the erosion of cultural and religious practices of the colonies. With the introduction of Christianity during colonization, many indiginous religious believes of the colonies were eroded thus interfering with their religious freedom. In conclusion, it can be asserted that British mercantilism paved way for the modernization of trade especially international trade. Comparative method of international trade was incorporated that saw two countries endowed with different resources mutually benefiting from each other.

Above all, mercantilism initiated free market economy proposed by Adam smith that saw free functioning of the economy with little government interference. All these were essential in the growth of British colonial development. Works Cited McCusker, John J. “British Mercantilist Policies and the American Colonies. ” The Colonial Era. Eds. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. 22 February 2009

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Developmental Disabilities Narrative Essay

What are the beliefs of the Arc, regarding 758 – 759 a. Quality of life? As adults, intellectually disabled people can function in society with some support while others need constant support in all areas of their lives. The severity of their disability will affect how poor their quality of life may be. B. Children? Children are slow to learn In school, will have a significant Limit In at least one adaptive behavior, and their learning ability will be less than normal. C. Sexuality?

Some people with intellectual disabilities have life partners, others marry and have children. Some can control their sexual urges, but others cannot. D Basic rights to those Witt Develop friendships and personal relationships. Dignity and respect. Privacy and confidentiality. Freely choose associations. Decide about having and raising children. Have control over their own bodies. 5. Describe several characteristics of the following: a. Mental Retardation 758: IQ score of about 70 or lower, slower learning rate, limited communication, social, or practical skills. . Down Syndrome 759: Small head, eyes that slant upward, flat face, short, wide neck, large tongue, wide, flat nose, abnormally shaped ears, short stature, poor muscle tone. People with DES tent to have heart defects and thyroid problems. They also tend to be overweight. C. Fragile X Syndrome 760: Teenagers and adults may have long ears, faces and Jaws. Joints may be loose and flexible. People with FIX have fear and anxiety in new situations. Boys are aggressive and have attention problems. Girls are shy around new people.

People with FIX also have problems speaking clearly, stuttering, leaving out parts of words, and understanding voice tone and body language. D. Autism 761; see also Box 47-2: An autistic child has problems with social skills, verbal and nonverbal communication problems, repetitive behaviors, narrow interests, wants to be alone, no smiling or social responses, may not talk, and cannot control voice volume. E. Cerebral Palsy 760-61 : Muscle weakness or poor muscle control. Abnormal movement, posture, and coordination.

Depleting 761 : Similar body parts are affected on both sides of the body. Both arms or both legs are paralyzed. The legs are commonly involved. Spastic 761 : Uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles. Muscles stiffen and cannot relax. Posture, balance, and movement are affected. When arms are affected, there are problems with eating, writing, dressing, and other activities of daily living. Attached 761 : The person cannot control movements. They have constant, slow, weaving, or writhing motions that occur in the trunk, arms, hands, legs, and feet. . Spinal Biffed 761-762: Vertebrae do not form properly which leaves the spinal column unprotected. Nerve damage or paralysis may occur. Bowel and bladder problems are common. G. Hydrocephalus 763′ Cerebration’s tulip collects in the cranium causing the head to enlarge and put pressure on the brain. Intellectual disabilities and neurological damage can occur without treatment. Vision problems, seizures, and learning disabilities can occur. Often accompanies spinal biffed.

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Erickson’s stage of development

Discussion In this third module, we are discussing the human socialization process and how it influences our psychosocial development. After you have read the reading assignment and lecture for the module, please respond to all parts of the discussion by Saturday, December 7, 2013: 1. Identify and describe Erikson’s stages of development as each applies to your own personality formation. How did success at one stage prepare you for meeting the next challenge? What do you anticipate for stages you have not yet reached? 2.

As you progressed through each stage, how did the agents of socialization change as to their level of influence? For any stages you have not yet reached, which agent(s) do you predict will be the most influential? 3. Look in the Argosy University online library and the Internet for information on “feral children. ” Explain why feral children are used as examples of young people for whom the socialization process has been stopped. Stage 1: Infancy”the challenge of trust (versus mistrust). Between birth and about eighteen months, infants face the first of life’s challenges: to gain a sense of trust that heir world is a safe place.

Family members play a key role in how any infant meets this challenge. I believe I was very well nurtured at this stage of my life. I have a very loving and caring family. I felt very comfortable with the ones who showed me the love I needed to blossom. Even at this early age I was ready for stage two. Stage 2: Toddlerhood”the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame). The next challenge, up to age three, is to learn skills to cope with the world in a confident way. Failure to gain self-control leads children to doubt their abilities. My family never howed any doubts as to my abilities on any situation.

Stage 3: Preschool”the challenge of initiative (versus guilt). Four- and five-year-olds must learn to engage their surroundings”including people outside the family”or experience guilt at having failed to meet the expectations of parents and others. At this stage of my life I did struggle at first. I was not sure how to interact with different people. My family always assured me that being myself would benefit me in the long run. I remember feeling guilty after making a project for my mother. I did not believe it turned out as ell as the others, which made me feel a little inferior to the rest.

Again, my mother and family assured me all was well. Stage 4: Preadolescence”the challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority). Between ages six and thirteen, children enter school, make friends, and strike out on their own more and more. They either feel proud of their accomplishments or fear that they do not measure up. I guess at this stage of life I felt proud and yet fearful I did not measure up. Even though I was always proud I still felt like I had to be a chameleon and blend in with a variety of ifferent people. Stage 5: Adolescence”the challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion).

During the teen years, young people struggle to establish their own identity. In part, teens identify with others, but they also want to be unique. Almost all teens experience some confusion as they struggle to establish an identity. Through my teen years I was all over the place with my identity, I was a Jock, stoner, the losing end. I quit school because I loved to party with the stoners and whatever other crowd was partying. Stage 6: Young adulthood”the challenge of intimacy (versus isolation). The challenge for young adults is to form and keep intimate relationships with others.

Making close friends (and especially, falling in love) involves balancing the need to bond with the need to have a separate identity. I struggled with this part of my life. You never know who your true friends are. Girlfriends came and went. I lived to party and didn’t care about serious relationships. I became a father at 21 with my first of four. That did not slow me down at this stage either; I battled addiction and was not very reliable at all. The one who suffered the most was my daughter. So I was not really prepared to move on in ife. Stage 7: Middle adulthood”the challenge of making a difference (versus self- absorption).

The challenge of middle age is to contribute to the lives of others in the family, at work, and in the larger world. Failing at this, people become self-centered, caught up in their own limited concerns. In this stage I started to see the light but still back peddled at times. I got married to the love of my life, had two beautiful girls with her. Things went well for a while but the old mike reared his ugly head causing mistrust and a lot of heartache and anguish in the house. I could not hold a Job. Partying became my life again. I sought help and rekindled the flame with the wife and then BAM, right back to the old ways.

I had a son during a brief break up with the wife. This caused more strain and stress. The story could go on and on. I finally got myself right, but it was too late. The people who loved me still loved me but would not trust me again. I am still doing very well at this point, going to school, working etc. Stage 8: Old age”the challenge of integrity (versus despair). Near the end of their lives, people hope to look back on what they have accomplished with a sense of integrity and satisfaction. For those who have been self-absorbed, old age brings only a sense of despair over missed opportunities.

My anticipation at this point for this stage is too Just continue doing what I am doing and complete everything I start. Will I be a success? Who knows, only time will tell. A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Some feral children have been confined in isolation by other people, usually their own parents. In some cases, this child bandonment was due to the parents rejecting a child’s severe intellectual or physical impairment.

Feral children may have experienced severe child abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away. Depictions of Feral Children Myths, legends, and fictional stories have depicted feral children reared by wild animals such as wolves and bears. Legendary and fictional feral children are often depicted as growing up with relatively normal human intelligence and skills and an innate sense of culture or civilization, coupled with a healthy dose of survival instincts. Their integration into human society is also made to seem relatively easy.

These mythical children are often depicted as having superior strength, intelligence, upbringing they represent humanity in a pure and uncorrupted state, similar to the noble savage. Feral Children in Reality In reality, feral children lack the basic social skills that are normally learned in the process of enculturation. For example, they may be unable to learn to use a toilet, have trouble learning to walk upright, and display a complete lack of interest in the human activity around them. They often seem mentally impaired and have almost insurmountable trouble learning human language.

The impaired ability to learn anguage after having been isolated for so many years is often attributed to the existence of a critical period for language learning at an early age, and is taken as evidence in favor of the critical period hypothesis. It is theorized that if language is not developed, at least to a degree, during this critical period, a child can never reach his or her full language potential. The fact that feral children lack these abilities pinpoints the role of socialization in human development. https:// www. boundless. com/sociology/understanding-socialization/the-role-of-socialization/ feral-children/

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Developmental Assets

EDU360 Developmental Assets July 2010 Education is one of the most important aspects of any child’s life. One day I hope to be a positive and successful teacher, where children need and want to have me be a part of their learning and successes throughout their lives. Educational philosophy has changed over the decades, and still today, not everyone is in total and complete agreement on the subject. Nevertheless, one thing is certain: philosophy is the groundwork of learning styles. All children learn differently and no one philosophy is completely correct.

Children are not a one size fit all it comes in a verity of style and beliefs. If we start to guile them by being a good role model, you will be giving the needed equity’s to the young people, by giving the need path to go down for success life. There are four basic educational philosophies that exist including idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. These four philosophies are not the same, but they do attempt to aim for a similar if not the same goal. To put it simply, they are trying to better our educational system.

Every teacher has a different style of teaching that can be reflected as their own. For every teacher that is in one way or another stand by the four basic philosophies. The more assets they have, the more they thrive and the less likely they are to take part in risky behavior. Physical characteristics of these children play a huge part it is formed from good relationships, opportunities, and personal qualities these young children will find essential to avoid risks and to thrive in their lives. Teachers most keep in mind that development and improvement of assets is an ongoing process.

Not all children possess the same asset but all can grow and develop over time. We need to pass as many assets as we can to the children we encounter one time or daily. Teaching our children to make smart decisions, be responsible students and caring citizens is a goal for all educators. By teaching young children at a young age of kindergarten through third grade to me is the foundation once they are out of the home. Learning new things, through new soundings by teaching boundaries and what the expectations are to give a type of empowerment.

With the start of strong relationships between adults and young children, peers are central to asset building. Everyone can build assets needed to success. All children, youth and even adults can and are building the required assets through community and family, by playing their own roles. It is done through positive support in a constructive, active home and school. By giving the core to their self-confidence, this will stay with them as they grow. It important to install empowerment to all children, this can be done by positive reinforcement. Complement day is a fun rewarding why to teach this.

Developmental Assets are important for any child to learn to possess them betterThese are important characteristics for all children regardless of background, gender, economic status, ace or family situation (Webb, 2010 p. 227). To have these as early as possible help the children avoid risks and stay away from participating in risky behavior. It helps them learn and caring responsible adults (Schultz, 2006). It really is the foundation to represent to relationships opportunities, and personal qualities that all young people need not be a risk. There is a list of the 40 developmental assents web page is http://www. earch-institute. org/assets for all ages. Developmental assets are broken up into 20 External Assets and 20 Internal Assets. Each one dives into four categories. External Assets: Support, empowerment, boundaries, constructive use of one’s time and expectations these are needed to help give a rounded life. Teachers have the responsibility for these young so they end up with the creating internal assets too. There needs to be an allied commitment to nurture their core qualities, which will guide them to their choices, which will help generate a well-balanced self, capable of resolving issues, and focusing on opportunities.

These four categories of internal assets are: a pledge to learn social skills, positive morals, and social skills and give them a positive identity about themselves. For teacher, developmental assets are is the foundation to a wide-range of children and adolescent growth, the ability to spring back for setbacks, and one social and mental health. The more assets young people have the better. Children with more assets at a young age will most likely grow up to be considerate of other, able to accomplish more and become responsible adults. These individuals contribute to their society with a meaningful purpose for their lives.

So just by taking the time to know who they are gives a strong foundation the can build on. It’s important to help the children find their loyalty to learning with positive values. This can be done through social planning and decision making, which will give them a positive self-esteem. What it comes down to is that Developmental Assets are the ground work for basic life skills and traits that are a very important start for children to have successful growth and development. It is like giving them the tools to ensure that they have skills to deal with if experiences they will encounter on to make a successful adult.

Capable of making good choices for themselves and being that positive influence needed for the others around them. The song the comes to mind is by Michael Jackson called I believe that children are our furthers, it is a example of what is need so badly in our community. The three risk factors I have chosen are low parental support, mentally ill parents, and participating in public assistance programs. Parental support/involvement in education and home is a vital fundamental start to a successful life.

Without the support of inside and outside of the school gives a greater chance of a child being at risk. Just by attending parent-teacher conferences, showing interest, and setting expectations makes more of a difference to a child than one realizes. To me, school is important at any age, but a child with low parental support may never see the importance of it through the parent and needs to get support. Another way for a child to be at risk is having a mentally ill parent. Mental illness can have social problems causing many issues within families, school and work.

It is not easy for a child to cope with a mentally ill parent. It can cause the role to be reversed the child take care of the parent, leaving no support in the schools and lack of a role model. The child can be neglected or put in to danger. There are children from broken homes that are at risk too. These children are at higher risk in education. There are a wide range of behaviors that come up with a broken home. It has a huge influence on academic performance, psychological and emotional suffering, social misbehavior and teen pregnancy to name just a few.

There is a study that says “children that come from broken homes were three times more likely to suffer from attention deficit disorders than children form intact homes” (Schultz, 2006). Children model the behavior that they see the ones they look up to. If it is lacking the home it is the teacher’s role job to give them positive engagement that will develop the wonted assets. “Developmental Assets model is a philosophical approach to developing youth rather than criticizing them so they can avoid negative behavior and excel at positive behavior”(Codie, 2010 ). To be a mentor to students at the level they are in need of.

Our children in school today have a growing need for stronger home to school connection than ever as the deal with a variety of situations, having anything from a mentally ill parent, to children that are dependent on different programs due to providers not having the finances, right down to having very little parental support. Our children are dealing with increasing choices and need a strong support system to depend on outside of school. Being a family with good communication skills gives children empowerment of safety and good resources that can be used in school and the community.

As a school, there are lots of different ways to help children feel like they are fully capable of achieving their true potential. There are a variety of controversial situations children face each and every day inside and outside of schools. In school, there are small groups that play games that address situation they may face on a daily basis from bullying, dealing with anger and how to deal with it appropriate to the situation on the card. Some schools have exemplary programs for dealing with anger, showing them faces on a chart and how they are feeling and what the next step is to stop the anger.

It is on the child desk or note book and every classroom wall. This is allowing the child in control of their behavior and letting them learn they can achieve this goal. The biggest thing is to get the parents involved in the handling of what is best for their child. Teachers can make a great impact on our world through the relationships with students. Teachers should help each student meet their fullest potential by providing an atmosphere that is safe, able to support risk-taking and encourages a circulation of ideas. To see the connection to learning through the eyes of the child taught by am inspire is the highest level of sat faction.

In education it is a process and sadly some are overlooked. As a teacher, the students would be main concern, guiding me in my philosophy of teaching. It takes experiences and we all have much to learn but to strive to do to teach each and every child as I enter into the workforce. I think the environment should always contribute to an environment that is allowing the teacher to be the guide, it should also be a place that let the child natural interest are free to learn form and the finally one is to show respect for all. Helping students to find the inner nd support in their path success, on most be a mentor and teacher that helps all in need, and by doing this the world is going to be a better place. Class rooms should be about the students and what they can bring to their success. The surrounding that the students are in each day makes a different. When using pictures and things to relate to their class in a contributing to their educational needs. Visual aids are a way to let the child bring success as a whole but for them self too. Showing the children of the future that they have the ability to learn with the tools available is the role of a teacher.

A thriving classroom/school is to teach children how to communicate their own beliefs and nurture their own ideas. Children learn from teaches commination and it leads to trust and positive relations. A simple way to teach this by having a time set aside each week for the children to draw a name and to give a complement to the other students. It builds respect as well confidence for the speaker and receiver. In conclusion, it the student that come first and that is the foundation on which all teaching decisions should be booked. To keep an open mind is to be flexible, each and every one learns a little differently.

We as teacher have to learn and change as to what the children’s needs are. We all have the potential to bring something unique and special to the table but when the door is open at a young age more doors will open. Through the use of assets using communication and treating them like we all want to be treated things work out for the best. All it takes is the time to find the common ground between you and any child. One life touch is one step closer to success. It’s like planting seeds for the future and instilling healthy balance in their life. References: Codie McLachlan. (2010, April 30). 0 Assets videos target adults as well as youths. Saint City News, 17. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from Canadian Newsstand Complete. (Document ID: 2045205771). Gudrun Schultz (2006, January 16). Broken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children http://www. lifesitenews. com/ldn/2006/jan/06011605. html Schultz Gudrun (January 16, 2006). Broken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children http://www. lifesitenews. com/ldn/2006/jan/06011605. html Webb, L. D. , Metha, A. & Jordan K. F. (2010). Foundations of American Education (6th ed. ).

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Sustainable Development in Kazakhstan

The Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefaction, Almost, Republic of Astrakhan 2 Abstract The Republic of Astrakhan is continuing to develop its extensive petroleum reserves in the Tenting region of the northeastern part of the Caspian Sea. Large quantities of by-product sulfur are being produced as a result of the removal of hydrogen sulfide from the oil and gas produced in the region. Lack of local markets and economic considerations limit the traditional outlets for byproduct sulfur and the buildup of excess sulfur is a becoming a potential economic and environmental liability.

Thus, ewe applications for re-use of by-product sulfur that will benefit regional economies including construction, paving and waste treatment are being developed. One promising application involves the cleanup and treatment of mercury at a Astrakhan chemical plant. During 19 years of operation at the Palomar Skimpier color-alkali production facility, over 900 tons of mercury was lost to the soil surrounding and beneath the buildings.

The Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Benefaction (Almost) is leading a team to develop and demonstrate a vacuum- assisted thermal process to extract the mercury from the soil and concentrate it as ere, elemental mercury, which will then be treated using the Sulfur Polymer Stabilization/Solidification (SPAS) process. The use of locally produced sulfur will recycle a allowable industrial by-product to treat hazardous waste and render it safe for return to the environment, thereby helping to solve two problems at once.

SPAS chemically stabilizes mercury to mercuric sulfide, which has a low vapor pressure and low solubility, and then physically encapsulates the material in a durable, monolithic solid sulfur polymer matrix. Thus, mercury is placed in a solid form very much like stable cinnabar, the form in which it is found in nature. Previous research and development has shown that the process can successfully encapsulate up to 33 wet% mercury in the solid form, while still meeting very strict regulatory standards for allocable mercury (0. 025 MGM/l in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure).

The research and development to deploy Astrakhan recycled sulfur for secondary applications described in this paper is being conducted with support from the International Science and Technology Center (CIST) and the U. S. Department of Energy Annihilates Tort Prolongation Prevention ( Introduction Since the breakup of the former Soviet Union, Astrakhan, like the other newly independent states (EN’S), has taken steps to rebuild its economy from the ground up. Unlike other small INS however, Astrakhan is fortunate to possess huge potential petroleum reserves in the Tenting region adjacent to the Caspian Sea.

Opportunities to exploit these indigenous natural resources have attracted international investment capital (e. G. , Covenanter, Complexion, Nine-Agape) enabling rapid construction and deployment of productive oil and gas wells. For example, Covenanter and the National Astrakhan company “Gunnysacks” formed partnership known as Tenderloins TCO), which is currently producing 13 million metric tons (284,000 able/d) of oil per year and expects to reach 23 million metric tons per year by 2006. Figure 1 . Map of Astrakhan and the surrounding region Kananga Salaam’s Agrarian Estate Kananga Figure 2.

North Caspian Sea (left) and Kananga region (right) where Agape-CO will conduct petroleum exploration Agape-CO has signed an agreement with the Astrakhan government for development rights in the Kananga oil fields and expects initial production of 22 million metric tons per year in 2008, increasing to as much as 60 million metric tons re year. The location of Kananga and Tenting oil fields in Astrakhan can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. Astrakhan oil and gas is rich in hydrogen sulfide (HAS), which is removed as elemental sulfur during the production process.

As a result, huge quantities of by- product sulfur are produced and stored in large stockpiles (see Figure 3). Astrakhan based oil & gas companies currently recover 2,000 to 3,000 metric tons per day of elemental sulfur from their product streams (approximately 500 tons of elemental sulfur is recovered for every 100,000 barrels of extracted trolled in Astrakhan) [1]. In 2000, total world production of elemental sulfur was 57. 4 million tons, including 1. 4 million tons from Astrakhan [2]. The current sulfur stockpile exceeds 8 million tons at Tenderloins and is large enough to be seen from the Space Shuttle.

The Astrakhan Ministry of Environment, Figure 3. Sulfur storage at the Tenderloins concerned about the chronic build up of these facility “mountains of sulfur” will impose fines for continued storage. Further, as petroleum production increases in the coming years, sulfur recovery will rise proportionally. Agape-CO expects recovery of sulfur will rise to 5,770 metric tons/day at the Kananga Field and Tenderloins is planning an additional 2,400 ton/day facility to manage sulfur from the recovery of sour natural gas at the Tenting field [2].

Anticipating potential problems associated with this expected buildup of by-product sulfur, Engaging, the operating partner in Agape-CO, commissioned Battle Memorial Institute to conduct a study to assess potential applications for excess sulfur [1]. Battle identified a number of traditional markets for recycled sulfur in Europe and the U. S. Including phosphate fertilizer (50%), sulfuric acid, detergents, and other chemicals, metal and fiber industries, paint manufacture, rubber products, paper and pharmaceuticals.

Lack of local markets and the cost associated with transportation of the sulfur to distant markets make these options less attractive in Astrakhan. The study focused therefore, on applications that would have commercial benefit to the local economy, e. G. , use of sulfur based asphalt and concrete for paving, construction, and waste treatment. Sulfur can De uses to supplement petroleum-Dates bitumen in asphalt paving applications. As much as 50% by weight of the asphalt binder in asphalt concrete can be replaced with elemental sulfur.

This would allow Astrakhan, Russia, and other former Soviet Union countries to easily extend the output of their Figure 4. Sulfur modified concrete roadway demonstration at Tenting asphalt refineries and aid region-wide efforts to upgrade the highway infrastructure. Furthermore, the use of sulfur in asphalt concrete does not require any special additives and normal asphalt road paving equipment can continue to be utilized as the temperature of the asphalt binder is normally kept above the melting point of lawful.

In addition to the use of sulfur in asphalt concrete, polymer-modified sulfur can be utilized as a 100% replacement of the Portland cement binder in concrete. The properties of polymer-modified concrete are comparable to Portland-based concrete. Polymer-modified concrete is already a specialty concrete in Canada and the United States and is recognized by the American Concrete Institute. In 2002, K Interconnect (SKI), JSP, coordinated a large-scale demonstration project at Tenting to install a mom stretch of roadway using a standard asphalt plant and 2000 tons of a sulfur concrete mixture (Figure 4).

More recently, a sulfur extended asphalt demonstration was completed by the company Reconsider in Tartar, the oil capital of Astrakhan. These demonstration projects have helped open the door to new opportunities for secondary endues of sulfur within Astrakhan and surrounding countries and identified areas for further engineering research and development. For example, large-scale production of sulfur polymer in Astrakhan will require specialized equipment to precisely control mixture parameters. For optimal performance and safety, traditional asphalt paving equipment will need to be modified for reduction of odorous emissions.

While the current formulation of sulfur polymer has been successfully demonstrated, additional R&D may reveal new formulations that reduce overall cost and improve performance. Sulfur Polymer Elemental sulfur is a thermoplastic material that can be melted at ICC, mixed with aggregate and then cooled to form a solid product. The U. S. Bureau of Mines determined that it could be reacted with the addition of a small quantity of organic modifiers to form a sulfur polymer cement (SSP) that has added strength and durability compared with elemental sulfur [5]. When combined with aggregate, SSP an be used in place of conventional, hydraulic (e. . , Portland) cement concrete for construction applications. These include poured concrete footings, floors, walls, tanks, etc. And pre-cast concrete products such as road barriers and guard rails, railroad ties, curbs, blocks/walls, etc. ) Additional potential applications include fabrication of synthetic aggregate to form roadbed underpayment and for use in forming artificial retest at ten 011 recovery sites In ten Caspian sea. In tense applications, ten sulfur polymer is heated above the melt temperature, mixed with sand or stone aggregate, ND then cooled to form concrete.

SSP concrete has high compressive strength and is resistant to attack in harsh chemical environments so it is ideal for use in chemical production facilities. Unlike conventional hydraulic cement, SSP concretes do not require water for mixing and curing and thus are suitable for use in arid environments. Potential opportunities to use SSP for construction, paving, and chemical/industrial applications are beginning to emerge to help offset the need for low-cost building materials and infrastructure upgrades in Astrakhan’s post-Soviet economy.

Further implementation of construction applications for recycled sulfur in Astrakhan is one of the objectives of the current project. Development of the capacity to produce viable secondary end-use products from the by-product sulfur will reduce the negative economic liability associated with safe storage and/or disposal of the sulfur reserves, and generate a potential positive income as the applications for SSP are exploited. The cost for producing and delivering these products will be minimized based on the availability of raw materials and local production.

Sulfur Polymer Stabilization/Solidification Under support from the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BUN) has pioneered the use of SSP for environmental restoration and waste management applications including treatment of a wide range of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes [610]. SSP can be used to simply physically encapsulate the waste (SSP miscalculations) and has been demonstrated for treating radioactive and mixed waste contaminated ash, soil, sludge, and evaporator concentrates. In a previous effort sponsored by the U. S. Environmental Protection

Agency, BUN established feasibility of using Astrakhan sulfur for the production of sulfur polymer cement (SSP) and its use for the encapsulation of waste [8]. Sulfur Polymer Stabilization/Solidification (SPAS) is a related process that chemically stabilizes and physically encapsulates the waste. The latter process was more recently developed to specifically treat elemental mercury and mercury contaminated soil, sludge and debris. The resulting final waste form product is durable under long-term disposal conditions and successfully immobilizers contaminants from the environment.

SPAS is a two-stage process. In the first stage, mercury and/or mercury-contaminated materials are reacted with the SSP and other reagents to form mercuric sulfide, which has a low vapor pressure and low solubility. The stabilized mercury product is a dispersible powder that is then heated with SSP to form a inhomogeneous molten mixture. When cooled, the product is physically encapsulated in a solid brick-like material. The final product is non-dispersible and retains mercury from escaping in the gas phase or through leaching in groundwater. Previous Figure 5.

Pilot-scale SPAS Process equipment installed at BUN research and placement has shown that the process can successfully encapsulate up to 33 wet% mercury in the solid form, while still meeting very strict regulatory standards for allocable mercury (0. 025 MGM/l in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)[10]. A pilot-scale SPAS process system is shown in Figure 5. Mercury Problems at Palomar The Palomar Chemical Plant in eastern Astrakhan was constructed by the Soviet Union beginning in the mid-asses The large (10 square mile) complex employed 6500, including 500 engineers.

Among other chemicals, chlorine and caustic soda ere routinely produced by electrolysis of a salt solution in a mercury cathode cell. Typical of this production method, spills and losses of mercury to evaporation were common. One report estimates that the total quantity of mercury lost was in the neighborhood of 3000 tons [11]. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, revenues from plant operations have declined drastically, and the plant is in financial and physical disrepair. For example, large spills of toxic mercury used for the production of chlorine and alkali have gone without remediation due to lack of funds.

Remediation of mercury-contaminated soil t Palomar, in collaboration with a related project supported by the International Science and Technology Center (CIST) is one of the objectives of this proposed work. A vacuum-assisted thermal retort system will be used to remove and condense mercury from the soil beneath and around the plant (see companion paper at the AREAS conference). The residual elemental mercury that is collected will then be treated using SPAS. Under support from CIST and DOE IPP for this newly funded project, a pilot-plant will be constructed at Palomar to produce SSP from Astrakhan sulfur.

The resulting SSP ill be used to conduct various demonstration projects including the production of SSP-based concrete products and the treatment of residual mercury that has been removed from the soil beneath and around the Palomar Chemical Plant. Summary and Conclusions Although faced with many of the difficult problems shared by other former Soviet countries, Astrakhan is fortunate to possess large reserves of petroleum that are just now being exploited. However, Khaki oil and gas is typically high in HAS that must be removed prior to sale on the open market.

The by-product sulfur currently as Eliminate commercial pathways Tort recycling Ana re-use Ana Is accumulating at a rapid rate. Over 8 million tons are already being stored and with new oil reserves scheduled to come on line within the next several years, this quantity will continue to grow rapidly. If left unresolved, the potential environmental and economic liabilities associated with the stored sulfur will pose an increasing risk for the international oil & gas oil companies operating in Astrakhan.

However, with creative solutions such as described in this paper, a plan for sustainable development that balances the reduction of by-products with appropriate cost-abating recycling options can be realized. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Mr.. James Noble (US DOE), Mr.. Andrew Hood, and Ms. Laura Schmidt-Williams (US Department of State) for their support of this project and Dry. Arturo Kankakee (Palomar Chemical Plant) for his assistance in providing logistical assistance.

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Guyana Defence Force in National Development

THE GUYANA DEFENCE FORCE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CIVILIAN-MILITARY RELATIONS – SOME PERSPECTIVES The case for the Guyana Defence Force to be involved in national development is enshrine in the birth of the Force and it is articulated as the third part of the Force’s tripartite role: 1. “Defend the territorial integrity of Guyana. 2. Assist the civil power in the maintenance of law and order when required to do so. 3. Contribute to the economic development of Guyana. ”[1] The question then has to be, how will the Force be most effective in fulfilling this role.

This essay contends that good civil-military relations with government and non-government organisations are critical to the successful fulfilment of this role. To demonstrate the relationship between successful national development activities and good civil-military relations, I will examine areas of development the Force can be most effective and show that the level of effectiveness will be driven by the quality civil-military relations in the said area. What then are the areas of development that the Guyana Defence Force can be most effective?

The following areas of development were selected because the military role and level of success is easily measureable: 1. Engineering – infrastructural work; road construction, housing projects for low income earners, etc. 2. Health services – medical outreaches; military doctors, dentists providing service in hinterland areas, etc. 3. Education – military personnel both soldiers and civilians are employed as teachers in hinterland areas where there are limited schools, etc. 4. Economic – military personnel being employed on economic projects; such as the establishment of micro-industries, for example, farming. . Administrative – Officers are seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services. 6. Aviation – Augmenting the transportation of people and goods to the hinterland regions. Throughout most of its history the Force has been involved in national development by way of executing engineering projects particularly in the areas of hinterland roads and bridges construction. Also, the construction of low cost housing and airstrip rehabilitation are other areas where the Force participated in engineering works.

This commitment to national development by way of executing engineering projects was highlighted in “Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976 which assigned specific responsibilities, to the Engineer Corps, for the construction of hinterland roads and bridges, the upgrading of airstrips and projects such as the rehabilitation of the hydro-electric power station at Tumatumari”[2] The success of the Force involvement in these ventures is commendable, however, the Force was unable to remain committed to such ventures as a single source agency as time progress. This was due to lack of resources; both human and mainly material.

Therefore, one can argue that a civil-military relation framework by way of partnership with a government or non-government would have enhanced the Force’s longevity in its commitment to such ventures. This was not lost to the Force administration and is exemplified in the Force’s most recent commitment to engineering projects as detailed in the Stabroek News. “Five ranks of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) received keys to new homes at Tuschen Housing Scheme, East Bank Essequibo last week as part of a an ongoing partnership between Habitat for Humanity Guyana; the Ministry of Housing and the army to assist ranks with affordable housing. [3] Noteworthy is the commitment of government or non-government organisations to have such partnerships with the Force in this sector, as detailed in the same article, “Chairman of the Management Board at Habit for Humanity, Alex Graham remarked that the GDF has the capacity to play an integral role in various aspects of the housing response while pointing out that the army can also help in the building of homes for persons outside the GDF family. ”[4] This demonstrates that there is clear recognition by non-government agencies that good civil-military relations are beneficial to both parties.

Further the Force will not be required to singlehandedly seek out and forge these partnership. The Force has a rich history of providing medical services to rural and hinterland villages as part of its medical outreaches. The Force has been impressive in its support to national development in this sector by providing free medical and dental care to thousands of Guyanese. This is not surprising since common to most underdeveloped countries is the lack of capacity to provide quality medical services as you move away from the cities and main towns.

This is the case in Guyana and its exasperated by our demographics, terrain in hinterland areas and the lack of adequate transportation facilities to hinterland and rural areas. The support by the Force in this sector has continued throughout its existence and remains source of kudos as highlighted in the following excerpt from Stabroek News. “Close to 200 Upper Berbice River residents benefited from dental and general medical care when a team from the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Medical Corps hosted an outreach exercise there recently.

According to the army, residents said they were grateful for the exercise and expressed the desire for a doctor to visit at least once per year. ”[5] The quality and level of success gained in this sector can be improved with better civil-military relations with government and non-government organisation. Similar sentiments in regards to the value of these relations were expressed by the Chief of Staff in his 2011 Command Directive. “In 2011, I plan to establish statecraft partnerships with the Ministries of Education and Health. ”[6]

The use of military personnel to augment the efforts of the Ministry of Education to provide education at any level and in any area of the country has not been a feature of the Force for any substantive period. Notwithstanding this, one can argue that the efforts by the Force to educate its ranks directly impacts on national development. Since when members of the Force return to civilian life their level of technical and vocational education will have a direct impact on how they are integrated to the countries labour force. Therefore the Force commitment to educating its ranks underscores its efforts to national development in this sector.

However, the efforts of the Force to educate its ranks have had its own challenges. The main challenge was the ability of the Force to establish a system that linked educational development with the evolution of soldier’s careers. “As part of their promotion standards, soldiers are required to attain specified levels of academic education but these standards had to be waived since no formal means existed for upgrading soldiers’ education. ” [7] The importance of good civil-military relations to enhance the Force performance in this sector has been underscored by the recent efforts by the Force in launching of its Academic Education Programme. 8] This coupled with the Career Development Plan[9] and the advent of “promotion examinations for promotion up to the rank of major”[10], underscores a recognition by the Force that civilian input and to an extent civilian oversight is critical to success in this sector. Also, the aforementioned planned statecraft partnership with the Ministry of Education and the fact that Force Education Department is staffed primarily by civilian teachers, establishes the importance of good civil-military relation for the strengthening of the Force’s capacity in this sector.

The Force direct involvement in economic activity in support of national development is demonstrated with its involvement in agriculture. The Force Agriculture Corps has the mandate to produce mainly poultry, pork and eggs to augment the Force’s ration requirements. Throughout its history from since the establishment of Agriculture Corps the Force had measured success in this sector. This success is termed measured since in Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976, the Force “was tasked with the development of farms at Onverwagt in Berbice, Butenabu in Mahaicony, Vergenoegen in the Essequibo, and at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. [11] However, presently the Force only has one farm at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. Hence, after existing in excess of three decades the Force Agriculture Corps has not achieved the capacity to provide the Force with its ration requirements of meat, eggs and vegetables. The lack of fulfilment of its potential in this sector can be attributed to the lack resources; both human and material. The Force performance in this sector can improve via partnerships with government and non-government organisations. The establishment of such civil-military relations will impact positively on the Force performance in this sector.

To this end the Force continues to pursue such partnership as demonstrated with the Force involvement in “the national pig-breeding programme, a joint effort between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Guyana Defence Force”[12]. The Force at various period of its existence seconded mainly officers and in a few cases other ranks to government and non-government organisation. Officers were primarily seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services.

This practice helped in National Development by making managerial and administrative skills readily available to beneficiary government agency. The Force involvement in this sector illustrates the value of good civil-military relations both to the Force and the Nation. This is underscore by the fact that military officers have attained high ranking appointments, namely permanent secretary and currently Accountant General at the Ministry of Finance. The Force since its early days of existence played a pivotal in aviation in Guyana. The Force helped in the pioneering efforts in aviation in Guyana.

Aviation is arguably the first area where the value of good civil-military relations and the capacity of the Force to positively impact on National Development were demonstrated. [13] However, as the civilian capacity developed in this sector the Force was seen has having a negative impact in the commercial viability of this sector. I am of the view that the deterioration of civil-military relations in this sector helped in fostering this perception of the Force. There remain numerous areas in this sector where the Force, the private sector, and government and non-government organisations can benefit from good relations.

No one entity can satisfy the commercial, security and safety requirements for aviation support in Guyana. The wide expanse of hinterland settlements, the limited aircraft and technically trained personnel suggests that there is room for all stake holders to make a positive impact in this sector. The Guyana Defence Force recognises and accepts it has a role to play in National Development. This is exemplified in the many initiatives and projects the Force has been involved throughout its existence primarily in Engineering, Health Services, Education, Economic, Administrative and Aviation Sectors.

The question of how the Force will be most effective in fulfilling its role of contributing to National Development has been answered. The Force must embrace partnership with government and non-government agencies in those sectors where we are poised to make an impact on National Development. This pursuit and ultimate realisation of good civil-military relations will enhance the Force capacity to contribute to national development activities. REFERENCES Best G. A. R. (2010) Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force. Guyana Defence Force Best G. A. R (2011) Chief of Staff Command Directive.

Guyana Defence Force Granger D. A. (1975) The new road. Guyana Defence Force. Granger D. A. (2005) A brief history of the Guyana Defence Force. Free Press. Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state: theory and practice of civil-military relations. Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Johnson, J. (1981). The role of the military in underdeveloped countries. New Jersey, Princeton University. Greenwood Press Reprint . Lehmann, D. (1979). Democracy and development in Latin America: Economics, politics and religion in the post-war period.

Temple University Press. Smith, K. A. and Welch, E. C. (1974). Military role and rule. Massachusetts, Duxbury Press,. Tachau, F. (1974). The developing nations (What paths to modernization? ). New York, Dodd, Mead and Co. Thompson W. S. (1983). The third world: Premises of U. S policy. San Francisco: JOS Press. ———————– [1] Granger D. A The New Road A Short History of The Guyana Defence Force – 1966 -1976, 1975 pg 47. [2] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75. [3] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. 4] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. [5] Stabroek News Tuesday, August 17, 2010. [6] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 22. [7] [8] Stabroek News Saturday, April 10, 2010. [9] Best G. A. R Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force, 2010 pg17. [10] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 39. [11] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg74. [12] http://www. gina. gov. gy/archive/daily/b080407. html 2011-10-30. [13] See Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75.

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Demographic Change And Influence In Peoples Development

Throughout universe history, have ever presented different demographic tendencies and assorted population-related events and motions of this, which does non be given to be stable but on the contrary, both interregional moves in out of these states as elsewhere, about ever in hunt of better chances in life. The influence of these motions is big and tends to turn around the universe, bring for thing alterations non merely in host states but besides in the place, so doing necessary alterations in the policies of these states to turn to the assorted effects of the motion migration

Were submitted times in the universe where population alterations have non been so great, but alternatively there have been others where migration has increased significantly. The 20th century was one of the latter because many experts was a century where migratory motions set the tone, seeing that if the chief characteristic of these is that they were from south to north, east and west, looking as countries less developed south many people migrated north and most developed industrialised states, and besides the Asiatic continent was a great migration to Europe, the United States and Canada. This has impacted to a great extent on the host towns, as these now hold a big figure of people of other nationalities with the usual influences both culturally, and economically and politically of class.

But these motions have non completed and the hereafter has to be really influential in footings of the guidelines which states are to put off the migration. You can speak so, that was given a new order in the universe because of demographic alterations, seeing that there are countries like the United States and Canada that have a big figure of migrators from other countries, for illustration in the U.S. is a really big populatioA who have arrived in the state of the South American continent, even to talk of a Hipization of this state, while in Canada the bulk of migrators come from eastern states like China. Meanwhile on the European continent there are two phenomena worthy of analysis foremost of all the aging European population because most of all to the low rate of births that occur in this continent due to factors such as households with one kid, marriages more delayed when there is no opportunity of gestating, usage of all methods of contraceptive method, which has resulted in jobs in the economic system of these states as easy running out of labour, there is a good venture that lead to the creation new concerns and besides has increased the load on the provinces due to pensions to be paid to a population that is non productive. Even states that the European population is “ hedonic ” and is excessively lazy to work out what is damaging to its economic system along with this phenomenon is one that is migration in big Numbers of people from Eastern states, most of all with Muslim faith have come to the old continent and multiplied in great Numbers, bring forthing as a population job that is non good prepared, no one truly skilled labour to help the production and besides that they have been turning much , to the extent that some are stating that in 2050 Europe will be Muslim. CEPAL has cleared these alterations in the European population by stating in his study of the Symposium on International Migration:

“ In the early 20th century population of Europe had, about ternary the size of the African, while today the populations of Africa and Europe are about the same size, but by 2050 it is expected that the population of Africa has three times the size of Europe ”

As you can see this influence occurs non merely in bring for thing societal alteration in society which highlights the socialization of the states of the mixture of civilizations and traditions that can agitate the national individuality loss values of each part, but besides affects the economic and of class political.

All this has had little by small in having states arise jobs such as neo-Nazi groups which are against the “ invasion ” of their districts pro from people from other states, taking to societal struggles and even in metropolis like disorders seen in some European states, most of all by immature people who feel that their occupation chances are being taken by migrators, harmonizing to CEPAL “ turning xenophobia in some states, caused by recession and unemployment has exacerbated ill will towards migratory workers ”.A But look at the political degree because host states seeking to halt a sea of people, so to talk, that comes to your floors begin to place and develop criterions that can be considered anti-immigrant, seeking to forestall the population becoming largely migrators, as was the instance of the U.S. in recent times has even constructing a wall merely seeking to forestall more Mexicans from come ining their district illicitly.

All this has deductions in both, in the receiving state and the beginning one, seeing such an of import facet with respect to economic sciences, since migrators normally work to acquire money sent back to their households, which is called remittals and that have become a really of import point in the economic system of less developed states, to the extent that the crisis of recent old ages affect this facet of the economic system by diminishing the sum of remittals due to the loss of occupations on all United States. These remittals are invested in betterments in the quality of household life that migrators have left buttocks and there are besides nest eggs in investing, which can take to greater advancement and development of these regions.  But neither can deny that “ south-north migration has contributed to the sustained development of states of the North ‘

But this implies some jobs for having states like the U.S. and Canada, although the major impact has been the first to hold the largest figure of migrators, since many of them are illegal or undocumented immigrants are engaged in work, which form portion or the informal or belowground economy. And this must go on so as the tendency given that there ‘s more to migrate despite all limitations that might be, it is besides clear that the population will be from now on uninterrupted diminution, even the least developed countries But despite all this in 2050 there will be more or less 9.6 billion people.  But sing that in Europe by and large, that population diminution, rise in the U.S. and Canada, trebling in Africa. While Latin America, will hold a medium growth. In general we can state that the rate of kids per adult female in hapless states will be reduced to 2.5 whereas in industrialised states will be even lower, but these will hold a rate higher than for older individuals, to the extent that is said to be two aged for every child. In general, surveies on universe population and its tendency until 2050 says that in industrialised states like Japan, China and Europe every bit good as the North American birth rate will be merely the lower limit to guarantee the endurance of the population. But in most states of the universe much of the population will be over 40 years.A Can so be summarized by stating that in the poorest states will hold an mean population growing while developed births this growing will be lower but the population may stay more or less stable growing by migration.

But another job that must be considered is that slow population growing that is every twenty-four hours more and more resources consumed many of which are slow to be replaced and others can non be replaced because in many instances have lost the ability regenerative capacity of the land so that resource will be a large job in 2050 doing it the poorest states that normally consume more resources are going poorer, which of class may increase the migration of these into more developed states.

For all the above is clear that all states, both having and beginning states of migrators to take every one by his side steps to cut down this migration worldwide. Recipient states should endeavor to cut down this moving ridge with new legislative acts for the migrators but thereby bring forth xenophobic hatred and strife that finally merely convey societal and security jobs, should besides give more support without excessively many conditions on developing countries that they can in bend offer policies that encourage their citizens to stay in its district.

The truth is that a true population policy has non been anyplace in the universe, there have been some stray steps but small has been achieved together. By states seeking development should hold authorities who believe authorities policies that either direct or indirect impact on demographic procedures such as in-migration and airing of prophylactic methods, and stronger controls on immigration. It should be clear that for states like Canada or the United States, long-run chances depend greatly on economic affairs of planetary demographic alterations that determine the mobility of labour in the international, so that by 2050 the success of states and its prosperity depends on holding a good work force, trained and ever ready for invention and version of the alterations that are traveling being made

As shown in the figures for the universe state of affairs in 2050 will non be good in footings of population, but authoritiess to take steps non merely have to see the figures, but must find themselves personally acceptable rates population growing, migration, and territorial distribution.A And when we determine that is what is right for them in this affair should explicate appropriate schemes that lead to improved quality of life of people.

Those schemes have to be done by the host developed states like Canada and united provinces, because there are the most affected 1s with the illegal in-migrations, if they do n’t take actions in this topic, the economic system of these two states is traveling to be affected, and non merely the issue of the economic system, but besides the political relations and civilization, both states must make or implement a large strategic to keep the security of the boundary lines to forestall more people to travel illegal to their lands, but at the same clip give chances to those that already are inside those states this would assist many households and subsequently will be the following coevals that will work and contend for their host state. Mostly Canada that has a really low life speciation ‘s, because its population is acquiring older faster and by 2050 will be a really old population, that ‘s why they should maintain those immigrants and had a good political relations of in-migrations to give helped to those who truly needed in the hapless states, but is this the solution? Or what about if those states restricted all sort of in-migrations, and set up a new civilization with the people that are already populating at that place, doing a mix civilization like one clasp piece and get down a new life, these are inquiries and avowals that are discuses every twenty-four hours by every one, those who approve migrations, and those who does non O.K.

But the treatment will stay for long clip, because is natural for he authoritiess to discourse this forever without taking belongings determinations, but when the clip acquire shorter is when migration won’t hold control and those states will be really affected either if they have many illegal people traversing boundary lines or no one traveling at that place, the thru is that Canada and united provinces need the immigrants to take their economic systems to the top but with high control to forestall to neglect in security spreads where united provinces is really concern and where Canada helped a batch to its neighbour, besides the growth of unemployment degree in united provinces caused by the crisis, China and besides by the illegal in-migration, that ‘s manner they have to play together for this of import issue.

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