Discrimination

I want to begin the story with the foundation of Ron and Janet Reimer, a happily married Mennonite like couple living in Winnipeg, excited to start their life with the birth of twin boys, Bruce and Brian. A few months after they were born the twins were circumcised due to the fact that they suffered from phimosis.

Thinking the boys’ penis’ would be cut and completed with a simple procedure, their mother Janet Reimer sent the boys in happily. She then got a call and was told that the procedure had complications because the doctors decided to burn the penis instead of cut it. In fear of failure again, they decided not to circumcise the other brother.

The twin who got botched was Bruce, and from this day on began one of the most difficult journeys ever. When Bruce’s parents discovered his penis had been botched, they began to wonder what would happen next. Janet Reimer was casually watching a television show and noticed a man named Dr. John Money.

Money was explaining that he specialized in gender reassignment surgery and was displaying a transgender woman who looked extremely feminine. This was now the beam of hope and light Janet Reimer was looking for. She made an appointment immediately and got the attention of John Money instantly because of the fact that Brian was only one year old.

Because he was so young in age, Dr. Money believed he could define the sex of the child early on and start him on a new life in order to fix the botched circumcision. Although it took some consideration, the Reimers decided to reconstruct the sex and gender of Brian, changing his name to Brenda, and beginning his life as a female at age one.

From this point on the life of Brenda now began. Even though the Reimer family attempted to give Brenda a great life, something was always off. She was given girl toys and had meetings once in a while with Dr. Money. As Brenda grew older, she began to realize she felt like a man and was not at all similar to a girl. Brenda did things such as sit with a wide spread and urinate like a man.

This sense of an identity crisis led Brenda to lack friends in grade school, feeling distant from both the girls and the boys. Seeing that Brenda was struggling with her artificial identity, Dr. Money engaged in one of the most unethical things he could have done which was forcing her to view pornagraphic pictures. The reasoning behind this was to attempt to further transition her into becoming a heterosexual female.

This caused nothing but more damage to the developing mind and body of Brenda Reimer. With this constant pain and suffering, Janet Reimer attempted suicide along with Brenda’s brother Brian who felt forgotten about. This set an example for Brenda that suicide was a way out of a stressful situation. On top of the suicide attempts, Ron Reimer became an alcoholic.

All of this piled onto Brenda and, in addition to all of it, found out that she had been born a male and endured a botched circumcision that played a role in determining the fate of her life. With this new knowledge, Brenda decided to leave behind her artificial life as a female and change back into a man who was named David. David reconstructed his penis and began living the life he always wanted and deserved by marrying a woman and having children as a man.

As for Doctor John Money, he ended publications of the Reimer family and never took responsibility for the damage permanently done to David Reimer. A story like this one is not one that should be held from the public. Although the material itself is sensitive and contains some graphic mental images, nothing can be worse than the suffering endured by the individual himself, David Reimer, thus making the publication of this story is a major strength in terms of this book.

The world tends to shy away from things that may contain sensitive material, but if stories and facts like these did not surface into the world, it would be less likely that everyday people would find this knowledge. The unfortunate part about this entire story is the fact that the surgery would highly unethical, but from this awful and unethical event, we were able to gain a great amount of knowledge from the situation on the topic of gender reconstructive surgery.

This poses a great question pondered in science, and it is if unethical studies have value to them. While it is obvious in science that gender cannot be determined, we have learned to further the understanding in sex change surgery through events like David Reimers life. Without his life, questions, studies and even medical discoveries would be left for another unfortunate individual to face on their own.

There are many cons to this, but the only pro is the fact that knowledge is gained from something that otherwise would not have been given. As controversial as it is, I believe there is a small benefit from this, being that the knowledge is gained, and now that is has been understood, it can never be repeated.

But, this does not outweigh the brutal cons. Although it was not mentioned in the book, David Reimer took his own life at the age of 38 in 2004. Seeing that his brother dies just two years prior, David seemed to have a life of pain that only continued into adulthood. Aside from the pain of the inconsistency in his life, David now had the whole world looking at him with the publication of this book which may have led to his decision to end his life.

Although this story was full of valuable life lessons, it could’ve held more scientific value. There were many times where the ideas presented about sex transformation surgery were mentioned and the false claims about it were made to seem negative, but the story itself did not have much of a scientific aspect to it. In relation to the idea that it is important to share this information, sharing the story is only half of that process.

So while it was highly beneficial to share the treacherous story of David Reimer, a story like this without science isn’t fully benefiting the community the way it should. If the world is Reading a treacherous story like this one it is crucial that they get the facts integrated with the story itself, so that while they are empathizing with David in this situation, they can also be gaining crucial knowledge on such a touchy subject.

While the book did mention some aspects of the science around predetermining the gender of a baby and gender reconstructive survey, there was an a lot of dedication to science. Is important to understand the science of something like this so that awful events are not re-created. As learned in class, gender cannot be determined by anybody else other than the individual.

So, the first issue that is encountered in this situation is the fact that Davids parents and Dr. Money attempted to define his gender through early on sex reconstruction surgery. This caused for a huge problem that set David up for a lifetime of pain and confusion. In addition to this, Dr. Money assumed that since David was young at the time that he could easily be manipulated into becoming a woman.

Not only should this predetermination of sex be illegal and considered child abuse, but it is an absurd claim considering that children are able to comprehend their gender at a young age through the way they interact with life and their surroundings. For David, if he was brought up as the man he identified as, he could still be alive today, happy and healthy.

To conclude, it is obvious that the effects of negative sex-change surgery can not only be emotionally scarring but can lead to fatal consequences. The life of David Reimer shines a light on the many cases experienced in America and around the world each year that put people at risk.

While sex change surgery works brilliantly for those who have lived their lives in the shell of someone they don’t identify as, determining the sex for someone who is young or cannot express their identity can lead to a miserable and confusing life. Unfortunately for David, this was a major factor that lead to him taking his own life at the age of 38. I only can hope that cases like David Reimer can cease to exist and that people can be in control of their own bodies and their own futures.

As females it is important for us to look towards a better future, one of better understanding and a better ground. However what is not be be done, is to overlook the great women and the struggles that they have over came for us to function as a society today. Women as a majority in the world are still considered to be inferior to men.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg took the knowledge of being lesser, and strived for greater things, lending herself on the highest court system that is in the United States. To fully gain a sense of understanding as to what an accomplished and amazing women she is we must first venture back towards the beginning of her journey into what she has become today.

Ruth Joan Bader was born in Brooklyn, New York on the fifteenth of March in 1933 to her parents Nathan and Celia (“Ruth Bader Ginsburg”, 2014). She is a first generation American, on her father side due to his emigration from Russia. Her parents both being of Jewish descent, did not have the financial ability to place themselves through higher education.

Her mother, Celia seeing as she was not able to pursue higher education for herself, after being able to graduate high school at age 15; found herself a job in a garment factory. She then put that money towards the furtherance of her brother’s education (Galanes). Her mother was always so dedicated towards Ruth’s education.

Ruth could recall upon several memories of both her and her mother going to the public library, this greatly impact her, as it brought about her desire to read and learn. Ruth went to Madison High School in Brooklyn, and was very involved in academic life. She was both an editor and writer for their high school Newspaper Highway Herald, she also was a member of the pep-squad Go-Getters, that participated in several social events within the school.

Her mother is the one women she looks up to the most, due to her strive for perseverance and her integrity. Sadly the day before Ruth was meant to graduate high school, her mother passed away due to a long fought battle with Cancer. This was only the beginning towards her long fought battle towards the state of success she has today.

In spite of her Mother’s untimely passing Ruth continued to further her education. She had several colleges interested in her, and settled upon Cornell University. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, known the United States most prestigious honor society, in the account that it is the oldest. She met her husband Martin Ginsberg, whom was a year her senior at Cornell University and they were married a month after her graduation in 1954.

Her husband had finished his first year at Harvard University, and she was accepted to go there as well upon her graduation. Unfortunately, things didn’t go according to plan and they had to move to Fort Sill, Oklahoma due to the draft of Martin to the army. In the duration of their stay there, Ruth decided to use her degree to get a job at the Social Security Office of Lawton, Oklahoma.

She was being trained for a higher paying position that she qualified for, until her boss discovered she was pregnant. After this discovery was made, her position was taken away. She was left with the tasks of working at a job she was overqualified for, and that had a lesser pay grade.

Within the following year, Martin, Ruth and her her fourteen month old Jane returned to Massachusetts so that Ruth could begin her first year at Harvard Law School. Ruth was the odd women out, literally. Her class consisted of five-hundred males and only nine females. It was common for males of authority at that school to target those females, often calling on them in class and singling them out for a ‘laugh’.

Even the Dean, Erwin Griswold joined in on the ‘fun’. At a dinner he asked each one of the women to stand up and give reason why they could be in the position that they are in, knowing a male was much more ‘qualified’ for it (Halberstam).

Alongside being a student, she had to be both a mother and wife as well. In 1955 while she was admitted to Harvard, her husband Martin was diagnosed with testicular cancer, and spent most of his day at home. She not only attended her own classes and had her own workload, but she also was responsible for attending lectures, taking notes and even typing papers for her husband.

Due to all of these factors she was elected onto the Harvard Law Review. In 1958 her husband Martin completed his studies at Harvard with Ruth’s help, and he accepted a job at a New York Law Firm. Ruth once again had to make the sacrifice of continuing her education and relocated to New York in order to keep her family together.

Harvard Law School refused to give her a degree on the account she transferred after her second year, yet Columbia University where she went after her relocation to New York gave her a degree despite only completing one year there.

After the long road to her completion of the necessary education, the time for her to join her desired work force came about. On the basis of her record alone as a student, Professor Albert Sacks or Harvard Law school recommended her for the job as a clerk, and she still was not able to get the job on the account she was a woman.

“Not a single law firm in New York” (Carlson 38) in her words, had offered her a position of any sort in relation to her degree. After what seemed to be a endless struggle, she was awarded a job as a clerk by Judge Edmund Palmieri.

After this her career slowly began to ascend upwards, more job opportunities began to flow her way. She partook in several legal events leading up to time at Rutgers, were she was able to act as Professor of Law, very view places at that time allowed for women to have those positions. It was here where Ruth began her involvement with the idea or gender discrimination and women’s rights.

One of Ruth’s defining moments within her fight towards gender inequality, was the arguments she made in supporting the case Reed vs. Reed before the Supreme Court. The case consisted of a divorced couple, arguing over who has the right to the estate of their deceased son. In a section of Idaho law it stated that “males must be preferred to females” when dealing out the administration of estates .

Ruth acted as a brief on this case; she argued that like the racial discrimination laws, laws based off of gender should be be evaluated due to the actuality of their potential impact. This became moment of awakening for her and she sought out cases that involved gender discrimination and appeared before the Supreme Court several more times.

Hate crimes are violent crimes committed against people, property, or organization of a specific social, ethnic, or religious background. According to the FBI thirty percent of hate crimes in 1996 were committed against property; such as theft, vandalism, and setting fire to vehicles, homes, stores, and places of worship. The other seventy percent were against people. The scope of the crimes against people range from slander and assault to rapes and murders.

Contrary to popular belief, most hate crimes are not committed by the Ku Klux Klan or neo-nazis organizations. Statistics show that the average law-abiding citizen commits these crimes and does not see anything wrong with their actions while doing such a heinous act. Occasionally, alcohol and drugs may help fuel these crimes, but personal prejudice stemming from their own lack of being and security becomes the ultimate determining factor.

Why do hate crimes occur? They are a message to a specific group that they are inferior to another group. The largest numbers of hate crimes are related to race. African-Americans are at the greatest risk. Resentment of ethnic minorities has become the cause of many hate crimes. Hipics and Asians are increasingly becoming targets of race related crimes. But recent months past Muslim Americans have become the targets of hate crimes stemming from the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Centers and the Pentagon. Another motive of discrimination is religion. This crime is usually in the form of vandalism of church property, although personal attacks are common. The majority of the crimes have been toward the Jewish population.

Gender related biases are also motives for crimes. Since before the 1800 s Women have been and still are suppressed by their male counterpart. Although this type of crime seems more domesticated, recently these acts of violence have been characterized as hate crimes. Statistics show that seven out of one thousand women are raped each year and about 21% of these rapes occurred by a male partner. In addition, more than half of all women murdered in the US in the 1980s we killed by partners.

Moving up in the ranks of hate crimes is those committed against gays and lesbians. They are likely targets because they are viewed as weak and submissive to their aggressor. Another group that is targeted by hate crimes is the disabled. Both people with mental and physical disabilities are victims of many types of hate crimes including sexual and physical abuse. Some perceive people with disabilities to be not equal and contributing members of society, thus they become victimized.

There is no real evidence to conclude just how many hate crimes are committed each year. The government has taken jurisdiction over all matters of relating to hate crimes. However, it is up to the local officials to turn the cases over to federal agency. States that have well documented cases of hate crimes are the states that report the least number of crimes. Another factor that deters the accurate account of hate crimes is that victims more often that not than do not report them authorities. This is especially true in cases when crimes have been committed against gay and lesbian individuals. Victims in the gay and lesbian community are the least likely to report such crimes out of fear of the attacker or of the justice system. One other reason victims do not report these crimes are because they may feel that reporting it is useless.

America was once a mostly white Christian culture and people of different races, creeds, and ethnic backgrounds were and are clearly the minority. However, this is the twenty-first century and as a nation we must stick, together to weed out and extinguish hatred where ever it rears its ugly head. Especially as a young generation, we must see to it that we are more tolerant to people with different beliefs than our own and give patience to generations that have come before us.

I decided to research the youth crisis in South Africa. There is at present no youth crisis as such. However young people find themselves in the midst of a range of crises that should be addressed urgently by the state and society.

South African youths as a category refers to South Africans between 15 and 30 years of age. They constitute 29,5% of the population, yet there is no comprehensive youth policy in place to attend to their needs. Most young people share common values of society — signs of radicalism and militarism are found in only a minority of youth.

Only a small percentage of South Africa’s youth can be considered truly marginalized. As the country’s youth as a whole and therefore cannot be called a lost generation. Thirty-seven percent of South Africa’s population was below the age of 15 in 1991. This can be compared with the average of 40% for similar countries. In the world, less-developed countries averaging 44% and industrialized countries 23%. The composition of people between 15 and 30 years, comprised 29.5% of South Africa’s population. Figures for racial categories indicate a total of approximately 8.3 million (75%) black. 1.4 million (12%) white, 1.1 million (10%) colored and 300,000 (3%) Asian youths in this group.

There are many problems for the South African youth. And some of the most challenging problems include family. And community instability that leads to a wide range of other social problems for youth. The black family has been under enormous strain partly because of an education system. That is not providing all youth with relevant and quality education.

Economic stagnation, together with inadequate education, has resulted in high levels of unemployment and poverty, especially among women and blacks. Demographic factors continue to impact the South African population, and more specifically the youth. It has been estimated that by 1995, 50% of the age cohort 15 to 19 will live in urban areas. The extent to which young people from the different racial and cultural groups have become isolated from one another, with the accompanying negative stereotypes, intolerance and racism.

A historical survey leaves little doubt that South African youth have, over the years, been victims of political and socio-cultural crises. They have been subjected to poverty, blatant political manipulation, racial and other divisions that tore the country apart, and a lack of any systematic youth policy to attend to their needs. As a group, they have for many years been largely ignored by the leaders in control of their destiny. And yet, from the earliest decades of the century, they have attempted to assert themselves by forming youth organizations, by protesting against injustices and by insisting on a decent education and living conditions.

Unemployment has been a struggle for the South African youth. Studies show roughly 42% of youth between the ages of 15 and 30 were unemployed. Young women were particularly disadvantaged. In the first place, they were less likely to be part of the labor force because large numbers were involved in unpaid domestic work.

Secondly, they found it difficult to find employment while being involved in unpaid domestic work. Unemployment affects the unmarried, junior members of households more adversely than the other members. Unemployment is higher in the homelands and in urban areas that comprise squatter and informal settlements close to the major metropolitan area. It is, however, unclear as to whether unemployment is higher in rural or in urban areas. At the time, studies indicate 45% of the black, 12% of the white, 40% of the colored and 29% of the Asian youth were unemployed.

Family structure and living conditions play an important role. The core family has been seriously affected by social upheavals. Studies indicate that 22% of white, 20% of Asian, 32% of colored and 40% of black families are currently headed by females. Stability may be found in nuclear, extended, compound or single-parent families. The extended kinship system among blacks and Asians seems to cushion the negative effects of disrupted nuclear family units; however, many youths are not experiencing stability of an enduring nature, and it emerges from surveys that a lot of young people are receiving only fragmented care. The lack of control, supervision and attention is clearly linked to teenagers’ negative behavior such as alcohol and drug abuse, crime, indiscriminate and unprotected sexual activities, etc.

Percentages of teenage pregnancies and births out of wedlock are unacceptably high and AIDS is a frightening reality. Amenities such as electricity, tap water, waterborne sewerage, refuse removal, etc., are massively under provided to blacks. Black youth live in homes of which 46% do not have running water and 57% have no electricity. Only 53% of black youths have access to television Over the lifep of today’s youth, a third of all South African Asian families, nearly a quarter of all colored families and nearly a fifth of the black population were forcibly moved by one method or another.

Culture and youth organizations play a very important role in the South African youth of today. Studies affirm that one cannot really speak of a single, monolithic youth culture. In an era of rapid social transformation, stereotyped binary cultural oppositions such as urban/rural, elitist/popular, modern/traditional, are also losing their essential distinctive value. For example, some researchers point to the possibility that the position that youth occupied in traditional, conservative societies has changed with urbanization and westernization.

Recognition of the youth’s new, more assertive position has important implications for policy formulation regarding their diversity and their ability not only to react to change and development but actually help guide it. On the other hand, one study showed that, in spite of lingering signs of racism, 60% of adolescents from all the population groups preferred to identify themselves as South African, which may indicate an increasing sense of shared identity, if not unity. The present processes of societal transformation and democratization make the promotion of a shared culture and values essential; something that should start at the school level.

Recreation and sports play an important role in young people’s lives: 41.7% of male youth and 18.7% of female youth in South Africa are active members of sports clubs. Only 16.3% of all youth, however, belonged to a youth club, and only 8.4% belonged to a cultural organization. Facilities for sports, recreational and organizational activities are urgently needed.

The crisis in education is well documented. Black education was seriously disrupted during the 1980s. However, black education expanded greatly afterward in an attempt to fulfil the needs of the community and improve retention rates despite a range of crises that were almost beyond human imagination. For the majority of black youth in South Africa, access to secondary education is restricted to traditional secondary schools.

Such places are limited, with facilities that are not up to standard, teachers who are not properly qualified and access to subjects such as mathematics, physical science, economics, business economics, accounting, etc., is limited because of a shortage of teachers qualified in these subjects. This causes the whole system to be skewed in favor of such subjects as biology, geography, history and biblical studies, which are the four most popular non-language subjects among black pupils. Clearly if this trend were to continue, the youth would be even more frustrated with the learning opportunities offered to them.

Violence and crime remain endemic in the country and have many destructive effects on youth. Scientific research has shown that black respondents generally rejected violence as a political option, but that about 20% of the white the respondents tended to be militarized in their outlook. In a new democracy like South Africa it is imperative that all its citizens should be politically literate to enable them to participate fully in all facets of a democratic society.

Several studies on political literacy among young South Africans have suggested that this country’s youth are not well informed about politics. There is probably no area of South African life which has more compellingly shown the extent to which apartheid has isolated and insulated different sections of this country’s youth from one another than the area of politics. Youth who grew up in the security and tranquility of white neighborhoods could fully participate in the parliamentary politics of apartheid South Africa if they wished to do so.

They had very little knowledge or understanding of the harsh realities of township life which confronted the vast majority of South Africa’s youth every day. For most white youths, the events that have taken place in South Africa’s black townships since the mid-seventies, were nothing more than images on the television screen — events they were socialized to interpret as being initiated by radical (communist inspired) people who were attempting to take away their privileged position. Indeed, white and black youths under apartheid lived in different worlds.

Studies have shown that the above problems are ameliorated by two sets of findings, namely that the South African youth by no means represent a uniform category of people, and that the majority of South Africa’s young people want to play a constructive role in the creation of a new South Africa. Their rejection of violence, their respect for the cultural and racial diversity in South Africa, and the value they place on education and training are all very important to the South African youths of today and in that sense American youths should learn a thing or two from them.

They have adapted in remarkable and innovative ways to the often painful processes of rapid change, and although they may lack skills and opportunities, they are eager to face the challenge of reconstruction and development. Most of them share their communities’ values and are basically conservative in their views. Only 8% of the sample claimed no religious affiliation — the majority felt that religion played an important role in their daily lives.

In conclusion, the tide may be turning for the country’s youth. Population growth rates are decreasing, income distribution is becoming more equal, the assault on family all structures was balanced by the growth of the compound family, a legitimately elected government is in place and a national youth policy has been promised in the RDP.

June 16 has been declared a public holiday and renamed Youth Day, not only to honor youths’ many contributions to the country, but in particular to observe that their sacrifices and hardships have not gone unnoticed or unappreciated. Thus, based on studies and research done on the youth in South Africa, there does not appear to be a youth crisis in South Africa at all, merely an opportunity and a tremendous amount of change.

Fairy tales have always been told to us as children; whether to comfort or entertain us, they always seem to be a part of most everyone’s childhood. When Nadine Gordimer was asked to write a children’s story, she replied with a short story titled “Once Upon A Time”. Although the title is characteristic of a fairy tale, she leads the tale to an ending that is anything other than “…happily ever after.” Gordimer distorts the fairy tale by dealing with certain issues rather than giving the reader the usual fairy tale characteristics. Three of the more significant issues Gordimer likes to deal with in her story are racial discrimination and prejudice, society’s insecurities, and the persuasive way fairy tales have with children.

Gordimer’s “Once Upon A Time” has the feeling of insecurity right away. In the first part of her story, Gordimer reminds us of our own insecurities. She brings up a familiar situation in which one is awakened by a bump in the night and cannot go back to sleep because of fear or their own insecurities. Gordimer writes, “I have no burglar bars, no gun under the pillow, but I have the same fears as people who do take these precautions…” So, to better convey this issue of society’s insecurities, she tells herself a bedtime story. In the story, there is a family who is living “…happily ever after”, yet is seems it is all that they can do to keep it that way. Rather than putting their insecurities aside and getting on with their lives, they feel that they must put their trust in security devices to protect their selves.

For a short while, the family has a sense of security by posting a plaque stating “YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED” over the silhouette of a prospective intruder. After a short time the family’s psychological need for more security calls for a number of new security devices in order to sustain the top level of security. It is in the family’s pursuit of this “security” that they virtually imprison themselves. After the installation of burglar bars, Gordimer describes the view “from every window and door in the house where they were living happily ever after they now saw the trees and sky through bars.”

One of the less obvious issues lining “Once Upon A Time” is racial discrimination. Gordimer first suggestion that this suburb may be slightly racist is by stating that the plaque on their gate warning possible intruders didn’t designate black or white, therefore protesting too much the owner of the home not to be a racist. By adding this statement, Gordimer lets there be evidence for a possible racism problem in this suburb. Gordimer’s statement of riots outside of the city was also supporting evidence toward racism in this place. The only black people that were allowed in the suburbs were those considered to be trustworthy gardeners or housemaids, and soon the trustworthy were not the only black people to be loitering around the suburb.

Gordimer writes of the community stating “it was a beautiful suburb, spoilt only by [the black people’s] presence.” With the coming of these undesired guests, the family’s sense of security begins to weaken yet again. In order to further suppress their insecure feelings, they decide to raise the walls surrounding the property to a height of seven feet. Later, after finding footprints that were not their own on the street side of the wall, the family’s sense of security was further diminished. As a final attempt at gaining complete security, the family pondered the addition of even more protection for their outside wall. The family’s pursuit of a mental security booster was finished when they lined the outside walls with razor wire that formed an unconquerable barrier.

Feeling quite safe with their new wire defense, the mother finally feels secure enough to let her guard down and read her little boy a fairy tale. The fairy tale, a story about a prince who dashes through a terrible thicket of thorns to enter the palace and kiss the Sleeping Beauty and bring her back to life. Children, having the imaginations that they do, sometimes like to pretend to be a hero as in the fairy tale. So, the next day, the little boy decides to also save the sleeping beauty by crawling through the shinny new obstacle atop the outside wall. Once inside the young prince began to charge through the insurmountable odds, and found them to be truly insurmountable. The tunnel of stainless steel razor coils quickly entrapped the young boy, tangling and terribly mangling him in his struggle to escape until finally the boy cannot struggle any longer.

There can be many interpretations of the authors meaning and purpose for writing. Gordimer utilizes this opportunity to address the issue of insecurity that society is overrun by today. She also examines the unfairness and racial problems that many parts of South Africa face. By the boy having been killed, it is clear that Gordimer wanted to show how someone living with these issues, like the family, could actually weaken themselves by submitting to their prejudices and insecurities. With all of this said, I feel that this story is more than anything, a way for Gordimer to express her thoughts and feelings on these topics while also sort of defying an attempt by someone to have the audacity to tell her what she should write.

What do you think about fairytales? Do you think about a pretty little princess waiting for her prince or a dark sensual world of make-believe that revolves around violence? I seriously doubt it’s the latter. This is because fairytales have drastically changed over the centuries. The modern versions we know today were preceded by a much darker kind of story, one that played heavily on the ideas of superstition, the devil and violence. Genders weren’t as heavily criticised. Heroines used to save themselves and others too, usually with brains or charm opposed to brawn. But at least they were trying.

An example of this could be “Sleeping Beauty”, Perrault’s version, where the Princess saves herself and her two children from her husband’s evil stepmother, by cooking a goat; instead of one of the children as the ogress requested. Her husband then comes in to save her. She played a crucial part in the story: saving her children from the cannibalism of their father’s step-mother. Cannibalism is certainly frowned on in society, but is in fact actually a rather common theme in fairytales: Red Riding Hood also originally included cannibalism. The Wolf left the Grandmother’s blood and meat for the girl to eat.

After she unwittingly cannibalises her grandmother, she sometimes strips for the wolf and gets into bed with it. He then either eats her or ties her to a piece of string. She usually escapes using her own cunning. This is quite different from the grandma-loving biscuit-carrying Red Riding Hood of today. It actually comes across as a story more about child molesting, or at the very least, lust. The story is sometimes seen as a parable of sexual awakening. The red cloak symbolises the blood of the menstruation cycle or the hymen, although earlier versions of the tale do not state the cloak is red.

The anthropomorphic wolf can symbolise a lover, a seducer, a rapist, or a molester. This is clearly a rather different take on the Red Riding Hood than we’re used to. It seems to be a rather mature disturbing tale. I don’t think it’s necessarily something we would want our children exposed to. But that was how they were originally written. At least until they were bowdlerised by the Grimm brothers. Fairy stories were originally gothic tales and scary stories about what might come and take you in the night; they were far removed from the Disney classics.

The Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm, were born in Germany in the late 18th century. In an effort to preserve Germany’s heritage and promote cultural unity, they collected a vast array of folk and fairy tales from their fellow Germans-mostly middle- and upper-class friends. Although their original intent was to preserve the stories exactly as told, one edit led to another, and soon they had given the stories a literary style and released them as Kinder- und Hausmi??rchen (Children’s and Household Tales. )

Because their intended audience included children, the Grimms selectively bowdlerised the tales they published, notably removing evil mothers and replacing them with step-mothers (as in the case of ”Snow White”), and removing implications of sex and pregnancy (as in ”Rapunzel”). However, because standards of child-friendliness have shifted in the past 200 years, some of the Grimms’ stories are now considered family unfriendly and the deaths written in them are considered to be shockingly violent. This was not the view at the time.

So basically they took a fornicating girl in a tower, and turned her into a damsel in distress. This was not quite the same idea. This gave rise to the dependent needy princesses and maidens that feature so heavily in today’s fairytales. These are characters that belittle everything that women fight and give their lives to achieve. And ironically it is the past stories that show less anti-feminism even though people were actually more sexist in that period. At least those women had some self-respect and the ability to plot, and in rare cases, use weapons.

The blonde stereotype of women in modern fairytales is unparalleled. From a young age, it’s almost as if we are being trained to indulge in the ideals of vanity and sexual dependence. Well excuse me… but I’d rather not. It seems to me that this is the start of young girls’ urge and desperation for ‘the look’: this is something that many women will diet and exercise to achieve. Although as girls age they graduate off pretty princesses and onto fashion icons and models. I’m completely against this idea, partly because I’m a perpetrator of wanting ‘the look’ myself, and the fact that I will never achieve it.

In other fairytales, a heroine is willingly bound by a spell, whereas a male character may be cursed because he has refused to yield something, for example shelter, in ‘Beauty and the Beast’. If the female character is cursed unwillingly, she is cursed by a malignant character that is as ugly as her personality. This is the exact opposite of the maiden who is cursed. This amplifies the idea that beauty is idyllic and good and ugliness is evil and unforgivable. This isn’t a very good role model for children and I find this interesting because it seems to reflect our desire for beauty.

However, the reality is that women are not all beautiful and if they aren’t, it doesn’t necessarily mean that they are nasty unpleasant people. Some villains do have a sort of beauty, but this is usually a sharp-featured frightening beauty that terrifies the younger generation. A wronged women in a fairytale may take the form of a particular animal to escape an evil stepmother or an unwanted marriage. The animal they take is usually reflective of their main traits. For example a graceful and delicate woman may take the form of a swan or a doe. These are animals that are considered to be beautiful.

Their fellow animals will provide some company and will somehow help the character to regain what they have lost. This animalistic form gives the character a connection to nature and separates them from society. They become wilder and less sophisticated, embracing a more instinctual kind of beauty. So characters have also gone from blonde to beast, the opposite of the current situation-where blondes prevail far more than beasts. Beastly women, however, are often considered to be connected the Devil, like ‘wild woman’ who is the devil’s offspring.

Lots of hair or fur seems to show some relation to evil, perhaps as it isn’t very attractive. This can be compared with the Elizabethan saying ‘Bush natural more hair than wit’ which means that people with lots of hair or fur are supposed to be primitive, inferior, sexual and beastly. These weren’t exactly desirable traits either at the time or now. Nowadays there seems to be a teeming population of blondes in fairy stories. An example could be “La Belle aux cheveux d’or” who had hair ‘finer than gold’ that was ‘marvellously wonderfully blonde’ and was ‘curly and fell to her feet’.

This is a rather pleasing image: a beauty with long wondrously blonde hair. The story claims ‘you couldn’t look upon her without loving her’. A rather amazing claim: that a woman or man may just gaze upon her and find themselves desperately in love with her, whether in a sexual way or not. This seems to be an illustration of the power possessed by mere appearances. The word blonde comes from the Latin ‘blandus’ meaning charming. So in the past it had no implications of sex or great femininity.

It also comes from the Medieval Latin ‘blundus’ meaning yellow, which only serves to describe the colour not the appeal. In the 14th century, Chaucer began to use the word ‘blondinet’ or ‘blondin’, which was an affectionate diminutive. In fact it was mainly used for boys. Nowadays we don’t think of boys being blonde in the same way girls are. Blonde began to become exclusively female and suggested sweetness, charm and youthfulness: everything a young princess would desire. Only in the 30’s and 40’s did the word acquire ‘hot’ vampirish undertones and begin to be desired almost obsessively.

The word blonde symbolises femininity and beauty; things that women crave beyond reason. However, the reality is that it’s just a hair colour and that there are women of all hair colours- black, brown, red, grey… white, if you count albinos- that are as beautiful as blondes. More disturbingly perhaps, in recent years the word blonde has been yoked with ‘dumb’ to depict a particular character type. Not only is the heroine nearly always blonde, but she is always young. This seems rather ageist to me and isn’t the sort of idea that we would want our children brainwashed with.

Do we want them to idolise the youthful and not respect that the elderly can achieve things themselves? No. They should understand from a young age that you can’t use people and that OAP’s are not a step of the stairway of success, as people is fairy stories often do. The heroine never possesses great wisdom and seems to get things and assistance by flicking her hair and batting her eyelashes. Wow… that’s very useful. I don’t think that that should be something that children aspire to be like. Intelligence and knowledge are more important than beauty, and fairytales seem to miss this.

So the prince can slay a dragon, but can he win a game of checkers? I wouldn’t count on it. It seems to me that in fairytales, only the villains seem to possess a decent IQ, as they’re the only characters that use their brains or cunning to conjure up a scheme. Heroes rely on courage. I think it’s almost sad that in the stories strength and beauty are idolised and seem to triumph over intelligence. This is similar today, however, if we think about how the bullies of the world act all big and tough, but aren’t the brightest bulbs around.

They tend to pick on the weak, so in today’s world that would be the geek. Rather sad, don’t you think? The stereotype of a maiden in fairy stories is dependent, needy and waiting for her happily-ever after. This is not exactly an image to aspire to. After all why would a woman need a man? She could get on perfectly well on her own. As the feminist saying goes, “A women needs a man, like a fish needs a bicycle. ” However, I think this is a little extreme. Perhaps this dreadful stereotype of women could be remedied if half the time the women went out to save the men.

Perhaps it would ruin the men’s egos, but at least the women could be portrayed with a little self-respect and not a day-dreaming ditz who has the attention p of a goldfish. The 90’s Disney movies tried desperately to do this. Ariel, Belle and Mulan who rush to the aid of their lovers are the examples of this. I decided to write about fairytales because there are so many issues surrounding them. I remember them with fondness from my childhood, and I would want to read them to my children and grandchildren. I think gender discrimination is a serious issue.

Just because someone has an X and a Y chromosome or two X’s, it doesn’t mean they are any better than the other. I think feminism is a step too far in the other direction however. Being co-dependent isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Men need women too. Fairytales show both sides of this as well. The prince rescues his princess as he can’t live without her and the maiden loves the man because… well who can resist a man on a white horse? Not me! They are simple stories that are debated hotly because of the context of them. Are they too violent? Are they too idealistic? Are they too perfect?

Fairytales are all about love and romance. They are about good triumphing over evil in a series of unlikely events. They tell us of deeds of valour and bravery in a time that we can only imagine. They show us how a poor little maid can fall in love and become a princess. The characters may be seriously flawed and have many issues, but they are stories. Wonderful stories. Stories that we read time and time again so that we can dream of being that brave knight or that damsel in distress. I think that my childhood would not have been the same without Chicken Licken or the Princess and the Pea.

I think that even though they are unrealistic and give people impossible expectations and dreams, they are a part of our culture. To edit them, as the Grimm brothers did, would destroy a time long-forgotten. I think that they still exist today. The royalty of today is the celebrities-actors and models. We look at them and wish we were like them, just as the people of the Renaissance would have looked at a princess and thought ‘I wish I was her… ‘ Dreaming is in our nature and to change that for the sake of a few misconceptions would be unforgivable.

Physical beauty involves more than good looks. 16 Abstract It is disconcerting to find that the workplace is a beauty contest. Studies suggest that candidates who have the same qualifications and credentials are selected on their physical attractiveness over unattractive ones. This study shows the analysis in many areas where the beauty factors have helped individuals not only get a Job, but also advance in their careers because of a beauty premium.

Based on their confidence levels and oral communication skills employers wrongly consider physically attractive workers more able and productive. In many circumstances, positive attributes are assigned to an attractive individual, which has no bearing on their Job performance. Why Beauty Works This paper will examine the economic effects on physical appearance in the workplace. Many studies have consistently found significant affects of physical appearance on the wage levels, Job growth and bargaining power in male and female workers.

Beauty plays a non-trivial role in people’s lives. For example, in 2004 in the United States, 9. 2 million cosmetic surgery procedures were performed, representing a 5 percent increase over the previous year (“Advertising Age,” 2006, n. P. ) and an approximate 118 percent increase since 1997 (Greeters, 2005, n. P. ). Researchers have identified that beauty plays a large part in all forms of discrimination, whether it is employer, employee, or customer discrimination.

All the interest diverted into appearance is not Just a sign of the times, but it is consistent with standards of tatty across cultures (Hammerers and Fiddle, 1994, p. 1175). Women have always used extreme measures to attain beauty, for instance, medieval women would apply arsenic to whiten their complexion. This discussion begs the question why all this attention to beauty and appearance. One explanation is that beauty and physical appearance attract a premium in the labor market.

A more difficult question to answer is whether it is possible that beautiful, pleasant looking people do better in the workplace because interviewers enjoy their physical beauty or because of their tatty, good looking people always have had extra help from their teachers, co- workers and now enjoy a higher wage because their skill level has been obtained. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to determine how attractive individuals, who have beauty premium, benefit from higher Job wages, rapid Job advancements and greater bargaining power.

Limitations of Study Since different researchers have used different methods in assigning a beauty scale, it presents some limitations on how the results are analyzed. According to LOL (1993), data on height and weight does not depend on subjective ratings. Other studies have taken height, weight, symmetry of facial features, hair color, dress, level of grooming, gender, and age into account (Larking and Pines, 1979). Some analysts have surveyed data that includes both the economic factors and non-economic factors and have used a scale of below average, average, and above average.

However, Prescribed and Walter (1974), and Morrow (1990) are of the view that no matter how attractiveness is measured its impact or effect is big. In one study by Shania-Denying (2003) the sample size was not large enough. Only one applicant was reviewed by a participant. In reality numbers could be higher which could have an effect on the hiring process. Blunt-Nuns et. Al (2006) documents the effects attire can have on an individual in the Job market.

These researchers report, “because employability depends so heavily upon attractiveness and attractiveness depends so heavily upon attire,” the wrong type of clothing can cost an individual the acquisition of a Job. Hammerers and Parker (2003) pointed out some flaws in an academic study. The participants who were used in the surveys were younger college students and do not represent the society as a whole. Also, some of the studies used photographs only and hence are not actual practical instances. Definitions of Terms Beauty premium is defined by the level of attractiveness an individual has on their peers.

Plainness penalty is a defined as a punishing an individual who is found by society to be deemed unattractive. Review of Literature E. Hatfield. And S. Speech,: Mirror, Mirror: The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life. Economists have researched and analyzed several aspects of discrimination in the labor market. Even though the anti-discrimination legislation in the United States remotes and prevents employers from discriminatory employment opportunities on the basis of “height, weight and personal appearance,” the reality in its implementation is clearly lacking.

There is evidence that beauty has helped women secure higher level professional and managerial Jobs. T. S. Rosenthal:Why Good Looks Matter. Rosenthal (2001) examines the origins of discrimination on the basis of beauty in the labor market whether: a) good-looking people do better because interviewers and clients enjoy their physical appearance, and/or b) good-looking people are in fact ore qualified because their physical appearance has previously helped them obtain better skills through the utilization of more extended social networks. P. L) Hatfield and Speeches (1986) and Number’s and Hughes (1987) have documented that the expectations of higher productivity placed on attractive individuals are ultimately fulfilled due to the preferential treatment and greater opportunities they had received. E. LOL: The Economic Effects of Physical Appearance LOL (1993) analyzed the effects of the wages due to physical characteristics including height and weight and that wage effects represent worker productivity.

In this study, LOL (1993) found that men who are 10 percent taller receive a 6. 6 percent higher hourly wage rate. Results also show that a person who weighs 10 percent more than the ideal weight is paid 1. 4 percent more. In women, height had a significant effect on wages, though not as much as men. Women who are 10 percent taller received a 4. 2 percent increase in their hourly wages. Contrary to belief as in other occupations, like flight attendants, where weekly weigh-ins are required (Williams, 1992, n. P. Relative weight in female workers even above the obesity threshold did not significantly impact their wages. D. S. Hammerers & A. M. Parker: Beauty in the Classroom Hammerers and Parker (2003) found that better looking university instructors or teachers received a higher instructional rating. In this, the impact is larger for the male teachers as compared to the female ones. The issue however whether higher instructional rating means that the faculty member is a better teacher – is more productive in stimulating students’ learning.

Professors at all levels of academic experience were chosen and students had to evaluate their professor in a rating scale from (1) unsatisfactory to (5) excellent. In another survey, picture of professors, three women and three men were rated on scale of 1 to 10 based on their physical appearance. This study also analyzed the effect of attire of the professors. Pictures of male professors with neckties and those of female professors with a Jacket and blouse were used to evaluate their teaching.

Instructional ratings play a key role in determining teachers’ salaries, promotions, and reorganization of these performances like teaching awards. Therefore, Hammerers and Parker (2003) maintain that even though instructional ratings are not indicative to teaching radioactivity, it definitely has an affect on the economic dynamics in universities. Adams and lavabo (1974) and Clifford and Walter (1973) have analyzed that effects of beauty for that population sitting on the other side of the desk in the classroom.

They found that, “teachers provide physically attractive children with more information, better evaluations, and more opportunities to perform and support to their education endeavourers. ” Teachers expect better looking children, “to outperform in school and devote more attention to children who are perceived to have a greater potential” (Hatfield and Speeches, 1986 n. . ). And here is where even Mother Nature fails, Longish et al (1995) found that attractive and not so attractive infants got biased treatments from their mothers.

To make matters more astounding even infants as small as two or three months showed preferences to more attractive faces (Longish et. Al 1987). D. Reilly, K. Steele, C. Patterson, P. Mils, & P. Heart: Might how you look influence how well you are looked after. Take health care for example; one might expect that keeping the nobility of the profession in high esteem patients may not be treated differently based on looks. But the sad reality is that even doctors considered affluent patients more attractive and gave them preferential treatment (Reilly et al 2006).

D. S. Hammerers, &J. E. Fiddle: Beauty and the Labor Market. As Hammerers and Fiddle (1994) astutely point out, that physically attractive individuals in the above average scale of beauty reaped 10 to 15 percent of higher wages. As beauty is rewarded, so ugliness is penalized. Hammerers and Fiddle (1994) imposed a “plainness penalty’ for ugly women, who earn about 5 percent less than other women, and ugly men earn about 10 percent less than other men.

Niobium and Rosenthal (2005) identified three channels which influenced the employer’s perception to the workers’ capability, “confidence channel and the visual and oral stereo type channels. ” They reported that, “for the given level of confidence, physically attractive workers are, (wrongly) considered more able by employers,” Hammerers and Fiddle (1994) also found that “unattractive women have more labor force participation rates and married man with less human capital. ” H. R. Varian: Beauty and the Fattened Wallet.

When hiring was based on the credentials laid out in the resume, there is no question that physical beauty had any effect. But the perception of productivity in the face to face interviews versus a telephone interview was alarmingly higher. Varian (2006) reported in the Economic Scene that, “It appears that, confidence that beautiful people have in themselves comes across over the phone as well as in person. ” This lies with the fact that they have good communication skills. T. S. Rosenthal, & M. M. Niobium: Why Beauty Matters.

Rosenthal and Niobium (2005) found the effects of physical appearance are significant on the wage levels, Job growth and bargaining power in male and female workers. Researchers have identified that beauty plays a large part during the hiring process. A more difficult question to answer is whether it is possible that beautiful, pleasant looking people do better in the workplace because interviewers enjoy their physical beauty or because of their beauty, the good looking people always have had extra help from their teachers, co-workers and now enjoy a higher wage because their skill level has been obtained.

It is important to note a point by Rosenthal and Niobium (2005): Hammerers and Fiddle endeavourer to distinguish between three possible explanations for the existence of an ugliness penalty in the labor market: pure employer discrimination, customer discrimination associated with perceived higher productivity of good- looking people, and occupational crowding. Under pure employer discrimination, more attractive workers receive higher compensation purely because employers exhibit tastes for good-looking employees. At least in some occupations it is not unreasonable to assume that looks enhance productivity. P. 4) J. E. Fiddle, & D. S. Hammerers: Beauty, Productivity, and Discrimination: Lawyers’ Looks and Lucre In another study by Fiddle and Hammerers (1998), the researchers focused on the beauty effect on the wages of lawyers. They discovered evidence of a beauty premium for the attorneys. A male lawyer who ranked above average in attractiveness had approximately 10 percent higher earning than the below average counterparts. The researchers also discovered that the beauty premium for private lawyers was three times that for public lawyers (Fiddle and Hammerers, 1998).

Discussion While test scores based on academic aptitude are considered to be of utmost importance in ones success in a career, it is marred by the beauty factor when reality its. Appearance may seem to be totally unrelated in an individual’s Job performance, based on Just mental aptitude; there are differentials in wages, selection process, promotions and the popularity ratings of an individual. Attractiveness endows candidates with a beauty premium and penalizes the plain looking individuals. The penalty paid by males is much more where their height, weight, and looks give them the wrongful benefit of being more productive.

In a world where we talk about fairness and equality, and a legislations exists to avoid such discrimination, we are met with discrimination at all levels. There is employer discrimination, employee discrimination, and customer discrimination in areas where there is direct interaction. It seems that the confidence levels in more attractive people works in their favor during the hiring process as these individuals have better oral communication skills. This gives them an edge over the not so tall or not so beautiful faces that could not only have much better credentials, but also possibly a much better Job productivity.

Beauty and success in the workplace has been studied in different walks of life. Researchers have studied lawyers, university professors, deiced professionals, administrators, labor market, students, and sales agents. It appears from these studies that success and beauty are so intertwined that society just accepts the way things are. Better looking candidates seem to do better in the interview process because of their high confidence levels. Economist Rosenthal (2001) examines as to why these people do better.

Is it because everyone, employers and customers, enjoy the appearance or because they are better qualifies since they have had that extra help and perks right from their schooling and have achieved a higher aptitude. In some sectors, such as the legal profession, they need to maintain an image through looks, height, and attire in order to acquire and keep more clients. The impact on the economic dynamics are seen when university professors are rated by students and their ratings help them acquire more salaries, promotions, and rewards which further boosts their careers.

One may be led to think that the beauty premium helps individuals in occupations where there is interpersonal contact and customers prefer one person over another based on their appearance. But this is not true. Obesity has a strong negative impact on employability of male workers where request interpersonal interaction is not required. Sad, but true, in one of the noblest of all professions-the medical field, doctors discriminate and give preferential treatment to more attractive, and affluent patients. Plainness penalty in this case is untoward and should not be accepted, or allowed, or tolerated.

With all these findings it is true that discrimination based on beauty is prevalent in our society, and that it is not Just isolated in one sector. In spite of having legislations that do not allow discrimination based on age, gender, and race, one big factor by which society is swayed has been ignored. Review of Findings Interpretation/Analysis of Findings For men and women various studies in the past have revealed that the likelihood of being hired greatly increases if you are a facially attractive person and not overweight.

In conjunction, the studies have also repeatedly shown that your salary will be higher than those who are unattractive as Judged by our society. For instance, it could be argued that beauty is very important in the workplace, but however, women who possess extreme beauty are often subjected to unfair Judgments. Many studies have shown that women with extreme beauty are taken less seriously at their bobs even though they may be equally educated and qualified as the men. For this reason many women will make themselves more masculine and therefore less attractive had been what allowed them to build successful careers.

Summary and Conclusions It seems to conclude that there is evidence of beauty discrimination. Attractive people are treated differently because we live in a culture that places a high premium on external appearance. There are so many forces that make us think that this is important. A multi-billion-dollar global industry exists that centers on appearance (the fitness industry, the cosmetic industry, the fashion industry). These industries are all built on notions of attractiveness. Most employers will hire better than average looking people and possibly pay higher given the choice of two equally productive and qualified people.

Taller, healthier, more attractive looking individuals may be perceived as to be more productive and therefore more likely to be hired and paid well. Even though having good looks does have its advantages, it can have some drawbacks as well. Some people who are found very attractive can stir up Jealousies in other people who then may reject them. Occasionally if a woman is very attractive ND co-workers feel that she is really accenting her beauty, she may not be seen as being too intelligent and this in turn may not help her get a promotion.

Perhaps future studies can be done on what types of physical features are found to be the most appealing in different industries. Parameters like body size, facial attractiveness, attire, and oral communication skills along with educational background can be studied in the Journalism, medical, and law enforcement. References Advertising Age. (2006). -?Snapshot (Plastic Surgeries Statistics), March 6, 2005. Fiddle, J. E. , & Hammerers, D. S. (1998). Beauty, productivity, and discrimination: lawyers’ looks and lucre. Journal of Labor Economics, 16, 1, 172-201. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from http://deeds. Nevi. It/esp./documents/Papers/BE/BE_2. PDF Cyprian, G. P. , & Ago, A. (n. D). Productivity or discrimination? Beauty and the Exams Retrieved October 14, 2007, from: http://deeds. Unify. It/esp./documents/Papers/BE/BE_2. PDF Varian, H. R. (2006). Beauty and the fattened wallet. Economic Scene. Frieze, 1. , Olson, J. , & Russell, J. (1991). Attractiveness and income for men and women in management. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 3, 039-57. Greeters, R. (2005). Has plastic surgery gone too far? Cosmopolitan. August 2005, 148- 151. Hatfield, E. , &. Speeches, S. (1986).

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