Drugs

There are two types of diabetes: type I Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( IDDM ) and juvenile oncoming diabetes. It is caused by autoimmune devastation of Isles of Langerhans of pancreas. Type II: Non- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( NIDDM ) and big oncoming diabetes. It occurs above 40 old ages of age and go more common with increasing age.

Type II diabetes is more common than type I. It includes about 90 per centum of entire instances. It varies within and between states and increasing throughout the universe. Familial constituent plays a major regulation in type II diabetes than type I diabetes. Identical twins are much more prone to type II diabetes than type I. If male parent or female parent has type II the possibility of disease in kids is 7-14 per centum. If both parents have type II diabetes so the possibility of disease additions to 45 per centum. Almost all patients who are holding type II is are symptomless. Other patients show symptoms like hyperglycaemia and vascular prostration.

Former treatments

In early seventeenth century a London doctor, Dr. Thomas Wills, confirms diabetes by trying his patient ‘s piss. He diagnosed his patients with diabetes mellitus, if the piss had a sweet gustatory sensation and he called it as ‘honeyed diabetes ‘ . Monitoring of blood sugar degrees by this method mostly unchanged until twentieth century.

In 1921, sawbones Frederick Banting, his helper Charles Best extracted insulin. They administered the extracted insulin to Leonard Thompson, a immature male child death of diabetes, with aid of Dr. Collip and Dr. Macleod. Within a twenty-four hours, Leonard ‘s perilously high blood sugars had come to normal degrees. This find is cardinal portion in diabetes history. In 1936 PZI, longer moving insulin was created. In 1952 Lente, which contains high degrees of Zn, advancing the longer continuance of action was invented. In 1950, unwritten medications- sulfonylureas were developed for the people with type II diabetes. These drugs stimulate the pancreas to bring forth more insulin, assisting people with type II diabetes maintain tighter control over their blood sugar degrees ( Diabetes Health, 1996 ) .

The individual usage syringe was introduced in 1961 by Becton-Dickinson. This reduced the sum of hurting from injections every bit good as the clip consuming of boiling acerate leafs and glass panpipes. The first portable glucose metre was created in 1969 by Ames Diagnostics. Diabetes Health board member Dr. Richard Bernstein, in his book titled Diabetes Type II, Including Type I, depict his first Ames metre: “ In October of 1969, I came across an advertizement for a new device to assist exigency suites distinguish between unconscious diabetics and unconscious rummies when the research labs were closed at dark… The instrument had a four-inch galvanometer with a beady bearing, weighed three lbs ” ( Diabetes Health, 1996 ) . New engineerings modified the size of glucose metres to the size of reckoners.

Insulin pumps were designed as per the organic structure ‘s normal release of insulin in 1979. It pumps insulin utilizing a little acerate leaf which is inserted into tegument. But it had no force per unit area accommodation characteristic, so the users got awful hurting. To avoid this hurting Derata released modern needle free injectors holding adjustable force per unit area called Derma-Ject which are comparatively pain free. The haemoglobin A1c trial was devised in 1979 in order to make a more precise blood sugar measuring. With the A1c, haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment in ruddy blood cells, is used to track glucose alterations over a period of four months, the life p of the cell. Hemoglobin links with the glucose in blood ; the more glucose nowadays, the greater sum of haemoglobin linked with glucose. The A1c became a standard measuring for blood sugar control in the comprehensive ten-year survey from 1983 to 1993-the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial ( DCCT ) ( Diabetes Health, 1996 ) .

Present treatment

Finally an unwritten medicine was approved by FDA in 1995 that is Metformin ( biguanides ) . Like other sulfonylurea drugs Glucophage does non increase insulin production in the organic structure but it increases musculuss ability to utilize insulin. Another drug Precose was approved by the people with diabetes II. It reduces sudden rise in blood glucose degree because it delays the saccharides digestion after a repast. The patients should wait for long clip to take these types of drugs so, Lispro a rapid fast drug was developed which can be taken 15 min prior to repasts.

In recent old ages unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs are good being used by the patients. Sulfonylureas are the first line of drugs like glimepride, gliclazide, Glucotrol. Weight addition is more with these drugs. To avoid this complication meglitinide parallels are derived such as repaglinide, nateglinide. They cause less weight addition and less allergic than sulfonylureas. Another drug phenformin a biguanide which was discontinued because it causes lactoacidosis and it does non demo any long term effects.

Lot of combination drugs are used to handle insulin opposition. Biguanides can be combined with sulfonylureas, meglitinides and with glitazones to handle insulin opposition syndrome. But glitazones exhibits significant insulin opposition at this clip dose of sulfonylureas or of insulin should be decreased to counterbalance for any enhanced insulin activity.

Combination therapy of Glucophage and rosiglitazone in patients with type II diabetes mellitus was studied to measure the efficaciousness of this therapy. This drug combination therapy improved the glycemic control, I? cell operation and insulin sensitiveness more efficaciously compared with separately metformin intervention. In some other surveies multi drug combination therapy is used which is ternary therapy with glimepiride along with Glucophage and a thiazolidinedione. This survey resulted in compared to double combination of Glucophage and thiazolidinedione. But it shows hypoglycaemia with low hazard. With these ratings we can state that usage of unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs are really common than any other type of dose regimen.

‘Anakinra ‘ the drug which acts an interleukin-1 receptor adversary showed successful lessening in glycated haemoglobin. It decreased the production of interleukin-1 I? cells in pancreas of human. Thus it regulates the high blood glucose degrees in the organic structure.

New engineerings made really much easier in readying of insulin and their types. Recently Inhaled Human Insulin ( Exubera ) was approved by EU and US for preprandial usage in grownup patients with diabetes mellitus. It was good tolerated and was effectual in patients with type II diabetes mellitus when administered entirely or in combination with anti-hyperglycemic therapy or in combination with basal hypodermic insulin.

Inhaled insulin, Exubera appeared to be effectual but it is non better than injected short moving insulin. It has no long term safety and is non a cost effectual intervention.

Research workers showed involvement in patient ‘s life style besides. Surveies like control of Lifestyle Over and Above Drugs in Diabetes ( LOADD ) suggest that there was an betterment in both anthropometric and glycemic control steps, nutritionary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus II who are at high hazard of cardio vascular disease.

Future treatments

Future diabetes intervention is pancreatic cell organ transplant and islets of Langerhans organ transplant. Pancreatic cell organ transplant tests are done in 2009 on monkeys in which two monkeys showed effectual consequences and one monkey was died due to undetermined causes.

Grape fruit ingredient is another new developing drug for diabetes chiefly for type II. ‘Naringenin ‘ compound nowadays in grape fruit makes the liver to fire fat instead than hive awaying after a repast. Recent tests in America utilizing ‘naringenin ‘ are successful in mice but non yet in worlds. It may be success in worlds and may be a good nearing intervention in type II diabetes.

‘Tolrestat ‘ is a new drug utilizing for distending micro vass and increase in tissue perfusion. Generally sorbitol causes inspissating of membrane of capillary endothelium, which leads to narrowing of micro vass and a lessening in tissue perfusion.

STOP-NIDDM tests are done with acarbose therapy in pre-diabetic instances. It successfully prevents the figure of new instances by reconstructing I? cell map. Recent surveies proven that ‘resistin ‘ a compound in adipose tissue is moving as insulin resistant so selective I? 3 agonists are given for corpulent patients.

Transplant of I? cells and incorporation of insulin cistrons in non I? cell lines are one of the approaching interventions for diabetes.

Decision

The betterments in diabetes attention should go on. Awareness should be increased in people who are at high hazard of the disease. All the drugs which are utilizing have side effects and lead to discomfort to the patients. In this background, there is demand to research therapies from alternate systems of medical specialties, which will be effectual, safe and good tolerated. For the past decennaries new medical specialties are discovered with new engineerings may be in future we can anticipate the drug which has no side effects and remedies diabetes. For the clip now insulin pumps and combination therapies are the best to handle diabetes.

The Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences Despite President Felipe Calderon’s good intentions and determination to eliminate the drug cartels in Mexico, the Mexican government has not been able to stop the drug cartel’s operations (smuggling drugs, people and weapons to and from the USA) for many reasons. The drug cartels have proven to be powerful, well connected politically, well trained, well- armed, and manipulation of the masses. Therefore, it has been impossible for the Mexican government to stop cartels like La Familia from operating, and now the cartels have become a problem for the Unites States too.

The Mexican cartels have proven to be unstoppable for the Mexican government. President of Mexico Felipe Calderon’s decision to send fifty thousand soldiers and twenty thousand federal police has not been enough to stop the cartel’s indiscriminate killings. According to the University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute of Analysis and Data, since January of 2007, 28,228 people have died in drug-related violence in Mexico (Sandiego. edu). Going muscle to muscle with the cartels has proven to be the wrong decision. Sending all those troops and federal police has only served to increases the death toll.

Cartels like La Familia are well armed and trained. According to intelligence, members of La Familia must complete three to six month training camp in Michoacan, conducted by ex-members of the Colombian or Mexican Special Forces. La Familia uses equipment, weapons, and uniforms similar to those of the Federal Investigations Agency, therefore operating without being detected in cities and on highways (La Familia Michoacana fact sheet, DEA). It is a fact that La Familia is well armed with weapons that come from the United States.

La Familia has the connections and the money to buy these weapons; Calderon continues to send more troops to combat the cartel, but this military effort will not work. La Familia cannot be stopped since they know how to manipulate the masses, by threats and targeting opposing citizens, and this makes the situation even worse for the Mexican government as they try to obtain help from citizens to capture the leaders. La familia has won the loyalty of many people through political and Christian beliefs, but mostly through intimidation.

In the article “Silver or Lead,” we can see how a regional official named Veronica Medina has selective hearing in favor of La Familia. Medina is clearly in favor of La Familia even though she works for the Mexican government. It could be quite possible that Medina is on La Familia’s payroll. La Familia is known to win favors by offering monetary rewards. La Familia also intimidates people with violence; they take over a town and tell the mayor, “We want to work here. There will be no trouble, no crime, no drunkenness, nothing. ” Then, they enforce their rules.

Mayors are usually paid for their hospitality. It is silver or Lead (Finnegan 48). How can regional officials decline? Since they are substantially underpaid and their lives are threatened, they are almost forced if they don’t they face almost certain death at the hands of the cartel. As long as the Mexican government continues with this plan of combatting cartel, it will never see the end of the cartel. Mexico is a traditional Catholic country; most of the Catholics practicing in North America live in Mexico. La Familia uses this religious fervor to gain the sympathy of the people’s town.

La Familia knows they will gain sympathy and new people who want to work for them if their organization somehow shows they are Christian believers. La Familia wants people to think that they only kill those who have committed a crime. According to William Finnegan “La Familia doesn’t kill for money, it doesn’t kill women, it doesn’t kill innocent people–only those who deserve to die. Everyone should know: this is divine justice” (Finnegan 40). These words were actually written on a sign left by La Familia at one of their assassination sites. Their propaganda implies the need for divine justice.

They are trying every way possible to make people believe they are doing God’s work. The Mexican church has not said anything about it, and there are people who are led to believe that perhaps some of the violent works of the La Familia are necessary and maybe even justified. La Familia’s smuggling business has a big negative effect on America society and economy. Since La Familia is willing to pay the exorbitant amounts of money for necessary costly weapons, it entices Americans into breaking the law by getting involved in the illegally sales of arms.

In February 2007, drug cartels gunmen attacked two offices of the Guerrero state attorney general’s office in the resort town of Acapulco, killing four officers and three secretaries. One of the rifles used in the attack was traced back to the United States (guns without borders). Federal agents say about 90 percent of the 12000 pistols and rifles that the Mexican authorities recovered from drug dealers in the United States are mostly from Texas and Arizona (McKinley 1). Every gun smuggler captured is sent to prison, and the government has to house him and fed him, costing taxpayers thousands of dollars a year.

Drug addiction costs the U. S. billions in health care. According to the 2008 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, approximately three million Americans 12 or older initiated the use of an illicit drug. That is nearly 8000 people per day (2008 national survey of drug and health). More than half of all people arrested in the United States test positive for illegal drugs. Drug use is closely connected to robbery and property crime. Substances abused led directly to the death of 38000 Americans (Executive Office of the President of the United States).

The drug cartels are clearly affecting America Society and their economy. The U. S. government needs to work harder to implement regulations on its side of the border. The Mexican government has tried almost everything, but it has not been successful. If the Mexican Government continues with the same approach to the drug cartel problems ultimately the drug cartels will overturn the government. Mexico is a civilized nation, and will not likely go to civil war over the drug cartels; still nobody has tried to take the drastic measures needed. La Familia is more brutal. La Familia is more motivated to keep their power than the government is to stop them; consequently they are impossible to stop.

Works Cited Executive Office of the President of the United States. Web. 7. Nov. 2010 “Guns Without Borders” The New York Times. Web. 6. Nov. 2010 James Mckinley, “U. S. Stymied as Guns Flow to Mexican Cartels”, The New York Times, April 15, 2009 “La Familia Michoacana Fact Sheet”, DEA. Web. 5. Nov. 2010 Sandiego. edu. Web. 6. Nov. 2010 William Finnegan, “Silver or Lead”, The New Yorker, May 31, 2010, 40, 48 2008 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Web. 6. Nov. 2010

Liberty University Disintermediation, aka: heroin, smack, horse, black tar, china white, and H, the slang names are as numerous as the places you can score this highly addictive narcotic. Heroin, a derivative of morphine, via opium, which comes from the resin of the Paper cuneiform plant has been in use for nearly 3500 years (Dowdies,2012, p. 137). To understand the fascination, addiction, and potential therapies of heroin, we must first understand its history.

Before man knew anything about chemicals and rugs, they knew about the land the animals and plants that were used in relieving various ailments. Prehistoric man noticed that if they ingested the resin from the opium poppy there was pain relief. In the late sass’s, a German merchant named Frederica Brayer invested in scientific research and with the help of a young German pharmacist call Frederica Serener purified the main active ingredient of opium (Dowdies, 2012). Serener named his new drug “morphine” after the Greek god of dreams “Morpheme”, which later would be renamed morphine.

Heimlich Dresser joined Brayer in his hunger for producing chemical based medications, and ended up evildoing two of the most famous drugs in the world today. By adding two acetylene groups to the morphine molecule, they developed the drug the coined “Heroin”, and a year later, they developed a natural drug of salicylic acid, which they named “Aspirin. ” Brayer would go on to bottle and distribute a pre-war version named “Heroin”, named after the common word “heroic” meaning heroic- known to German doctors to mean “power! The bottle labeled simply “Heroin” was available to the public, containing 5 grams of heroin substance and indications included alleviation of pain o the suffering. By the early sass’s, an article entitled ‘The Heroin Habit Another Curse’ was published in the Alabama Medical Journal, drawing attention to the severe withdraw symptoms of those using heroin, but this would not stop other physicians from abandoning the highly effective drug. Another physician C. D. Track), went on to write that “l feel that bringing charges against heroin is almost like questioning the fidelity off good friend.

I have used it with good results” (History Today,Heroin: A Hundred-Year Habit). There was such a success in the reduction of pain in the offering community that even physicians were reluctant to give up such a successful drug. It seemed that there was evidence that morphine had a huge potential for addiction; so in response they had suggested heroin in its place. Ironically, this would be one of the medical community biggest mistakes. The United States became one of the first to notice the serious problem of addiction as other countries had already enacted controls of dangerous drugs.

The U. S. Constitution however, allowed this to be monitored on a state-by-state level, making each state responsible for the regulation of the drug. This would lead many states to putting the restrictions upon the people and giving the physicians the decision to prescribe it as necessary, leading to what would be a “black market” for the highly wanted drug. Even with the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, that demanded all drugs be labeled with the contents of their products, there was opium, cocaine, or even cannabis (U. S. Dept. Of Health and Human Services).

This new addition of the labeling seemed to carry some weight, as many people began to worry about addiction; not before however there was an estimated quarter of a million Americans suffering from it. Jump ahead into the twenty-first century and the statistics may have changed somewhat, but not drastically. What has been a significant factor is the crime rate increase in order for those addicted to stay “well. ” Communities faced with how to treat the opiate addicted; beyond the obvious by placing them in Jail or prison. The behavior of crime may be rehabilitated, but not the addiction itself, which for most was the only driving factor.

It’s a vicious cycle, and for most the frustration is bigger than their habits. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom do have physicians who will prescribe iron (although rare) for the addict unable to reap the benefits of methadone maintenance, or the terminally ill suffering extreme pain. Specialized “injecting centers” are available to addicts trying to dodge the street heroin complexity, in countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Australia and even Canada. There are still very strict laws enforced with the purchasing or smuggling of heroin in these countries, thus rigid program regulations must be followed.

Methadone maintenance treatment (MAT) remains the preferred form of treating opiate addiction, and “has demonstrated strong efficacy in the outpatient treatment of opiate dependence (Hetman et al, 2009). For those familiar with MAT, usually those who suffer from opiate dependence, healthcare professionals, and the rehabilitation community, there are mixed feelings. The term MAT can be misunderstood, “perhaps micrometeorites when called a treatment for opiate (narcotic-analgesic) addiction, is simply systematic dispensation of a synthetic Podia” (Meyers & Salt, 2013) that curbs the withdrawal symptoms.

For many, these programs have allowed the addicted to return to social stability, stop criminal activities, and enter back into he workforce or educational world. The HIVE/AIDS community has really shown significant advantages to the MAT programs, thus reducing the number of DID (intravenous drug users) contracting the virus via hypodermic needles and tainted “works. ” MAT has shown to be effective because of its ease of administration of the synthetic Podia, which is generally liquid and taken once per day at a highly regulated center.

The runny nose, chills, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting, skin crawling that many heroin users suffer from while trying to “kick it” are absent when taking methadone. The program doses the client with a leveled amount of methadone, allowing the patient to attend to “normal activities” such as driving, studying, working, without the worries of sickness. These programs generally have very strict rules and are governed by the government, specifically the Drug Enforcement Agency.

Psychotherapy along with MAT is the choice of most clinics, and people generally feel strongly one way or the other about such programs. In a 2013 research project, the behaviors concerning MAT were becoming more positive, as the research becomes more readily available to the general public. For the U. S. And other countries, MAT has remained “controversial for a long period of time” (You, L. , et al.. ). For many years, public viewed MAT as simply a trade out for the heroin user, and thus did not change their addictive behaviors, only their cravings. A combination of counseling and psycho-pharmaceutical support to methadone detoxification is most effective” (Milky, 1988 – via Myers & Salt, 2013), although many chronic long term heroin users may be in such a program on a maintenance level of treatment, Just as a diabetic takes his insulin, thus the heroin addict take his methadone. This is where many critics of MAT occupy its strongest argument. MAT has been called the “outcast stepsister in the addictions field” (Myers & Salt, 2013); with MM clients being stigmatize by everyone from peers to the entire healthcare system, even the addictions field itself.

Today’s communities seem to be changing, as a current 2013 Brown University research report indicates; “The choice of treatment has to be individualized to their risk factors and the overall conditions as they enter the MAT” (Psychopathology Update, 2013). For many heroin addicts, the addiction is the beginning of a long line of difficulties, thus the program often elapse with a great deal more than dosing and addiction counseling. Many addiction counselors find themselves being solicitors of social services such as housing, food stamps, medical care, and often many doors remain closed to the addict using MAT.

Again, it is a misrepresentation of program that is making changes in the lives of those suffering from addiction, no matter the path leading to it. The percentage of “no use” clients within the MAT program show a 48% recovery rate during the first 90 days, however relapse commonly takes place within the first six months of treatment (Dept. Of Addictive Behavioral Medicine-Europe). This is considered a “bump in the road”, as relapse is part of the healing process when talking addictions. Despite the effectiveness and widespread use of MAT, and the demonstrated benefit of combining MAT with other more intensive forms of treatment, integration remains a controversial topic” (Hetman, et al, 2009). Many traditional treatment centers such as those who utilize the 12 Step philosophies, assert that MAT is incompatible with recovery and the abstinence-based treatment models, thus creating a division among them. This kind of thinking is yet another pitfall that carries the heroin addict seeking MAT, into “secretive mode. In conclusion, heroin addiction and the steps it takes to reach recovery, is anything but uncomplicated.

Heroin has the stigma of being the drug that carries names like “Junkie” and “channel swimmer” referring to the needle users of heroin, and the works of “chasing the dragon”, “kicking’ it”, or “having a monkey on my back”. For years, it was considered the poor man’s drug, and today, it’s the middle class women and youth that favor its warm, soothing effects. No matter the hundreds of names it’s called from china white, to black tar, it’s a universal problem with America being one of its number one customers, consuming over 60% f the heroin hitting the streets worldwide (Meyers & Salt, 2013).