Ethics

Code of Ethics in Nursing is important to follow by so that staff and patients are treated with up most respect and dignity. The definition of Code of Ethics of nursing is a guide for an individual or group to follow in making decisions regarding ethical issues (Health Line Site, 2010). “What is the description of the Code of Ethics for Nurses? ” “What are the ethical principles of the Code of Ethics in Nursing? “How do the grievance procedures work? ” “Is the Code of Ethics of Nursing feasible of enforcing either part of the code or the entire code? ” “Do I have any recommendations for strengthening potential weak areas of the codes as written? ” “What is the description of the Code of Ethics for Nurses? ” Ethics are the principles that guide an individual, group, or profession in conduct. Nurses do make independent decisions regarding patient care; they are still responsible to the profession in how those decisions are made.

Florence Nightingale wrote of specific issues of conduct and moral behavior. The Nightingale pledge that was composed in 1893 by nursing instructor Lystra Gretter includes the vow, “To abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug”, (Health Line, 2010). Nursing has evolved into a very complex professional field over the years. Nurses at the present time are faced with life and death decisions, sometimes on an hourly basis. “What are the ethical principles of the Code of Ethics in Nursing’?

The Code of Ethics of Nursing has nine different provisions to follow. Here is a list of the following provisions of the Code of Ethics of Nursing from the American Nurses Association website:  The nurse, in all professional relationships, practice with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.  The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group or community. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care.  The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth.

The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action .The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development.  The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and public in promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet health needs. . The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulation nursing values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy. “How do the grievance procedures work”? How grievances are processed is outlined in the CBA. CBA stands for collective bargaining agreement. The CBA determines how and with whom a grievance must be filed, and the time limits within which the grievance must be filed and advanced to subsequent levels.

Depending on the contract, the grievance is usually initially “filed” in writing. However, some contracts allow for, or require, an informal verbal attempt at resolution before the grievance may be filed in writing. At the initial grievance “step,” a meeting is usually held. At this meeting, the aggrieved employee, represented by the union, and the employer, represented by a manager, has an opportunity to present their arguments for and against the grievance to a decision-maker. Who the ecision-maker is at each step is determined by the CBA. If the grievance is upheld, the awarded remedy is implemented by the parties. If the grievance is denied, the grievance may be appealed to the next “step” in the grievance procedure. At each subsequent step of the grievance procedure, the meeting is generally attended by a correspondingly higher level of management. In addition, the employee may initially be represented by a local grievance representative and represented by union staff at later stages of the grievance procedure.

At each step of the grievance process, the grievance meeting also tends to become more formal, with more rules governing the meeting. The number of steps in the grievance procedure is also determined by the CBA. A grievance may be settled at any step. Under most CBA’s, the settlement becomes precedent, meaning that the settlement will be used in future grievance meetings to interpret the contract, unless the union and employer agree that the settlement will not serve as precedent.

Most grievance procedures end in final and binding arbitration. This is the final step in the grievance procedure. At this step, an outside neutral third party, called an arbitrator, determines whether to uphold the grievance and what remedy to award, if any at all. The arbitrators’ decision and award becomes precedent. If the employer refuses to implement the arbitrator’s award, the union may seek court enforcement of the award, or file an unfair labor practice with the National Labor Relations Board.

With the threat of final and binding arbitration, the grievance has proven to be a valuable tool, shielding and enforcing nurses’ rights (Johnson, 2006). Is the Code of Ethics of Nursing feasible of enforcing either part of the code or the entire code? ” I think that the Code of Ethics of Nursing is feasible of enforcing either part of the code or the entire code because it is moral and respectable to the staff as well as the patients the nursing staff is in charge of. The code of ethics is like a Bible for nurses to go by to make their jobs easier and appreciable. Do I have any recommendations for strengthening potential weak areas of the codes as written? ” I do not have any recommendations for strengthening potential weak areas of the code as written. The code is well put together and does not miss any areas that should be covered. I feel that it is a well rounded code of ethics for the nursing staff nationally and internationally to follow. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics is important to follow by so that staff and patients are treated with up most respect and dignity.

The definition of Code of Ethics of nursing is a guide for an individual or group to follow in making decisions regarding ethical issues (Health Line Site, 2010).

References

1. Wilkins, Gayle G. (2002). Code of Ethics for Nurses. Retrieved from http://www. healthline. com on April 07, 2010
2. Unknown. (2010). Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements. Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org. Retrieved on April 06, 2010.
3. Johnson, Alice. (April, 2006). Grievance 101: Understand The Process and Purpose of The Grievance Procedure. Retrieved from http://www. findarticles. com on April 05, 2010.

I am a trainee journalist for ITV. My production has been seen by a financial services recruitment agency, Taylor Green. They were most impressed with the quality of my production. Taylor Green wants me to produce some materials for them. I will analyse specific areas of ethical practice within the current activities of financial service providers and the consequences of non-compliance. All businesses that operate in the financial services industry has a duty of care towards their customers. They must make sure they are completely honest when selling products to their customers.

They need to make sure they provide all details of products, what it is, how it works the benefits and also the risks; they cannot force products upon the customers. They should also not be supporting any business that is working in an unethical way. For instance, dealing with arms exporters and tobacco manufactures. In places where tobacco is made, many of the conditions are poor and the employers treat their staff unfairly and therefore is unethical. An example of unethical practice was when financial institutions like bank and building societies mis-sold payment protection insurance (PPI).

Banks devised an insurance product that was designed to not pay out due to the strict terms and conditions and began to force customers to buy the insurance when taking out loans, mortgages and credit cards. This was very unethical and the financial services were not taking any duty of care. The Financial Services Authority (FSA) then imposed fines to all banks and building societies who mis-sold PPI and were instructed the institutions to compensate their customers. Lloyds had to pay ?9. 8billion, Santander ?500million and the Co-operative Bank ?100million proving that they had to pay large sums of fines.

Lloyds were also fined again by the FSA because they were taking too long to compensate their customers. Another example of unethical practice where banks did not show a duty of care to customers is when Lloyds pressurised staff to hit sales targets or risk being demoted and have their pay cut. This meant they would pressurise customers into buying products that they didn’t really need. The Financial conduct authority (FCA) then got involved and fined Lloyd’s bank ?28 million. Lloyds failed to have a duty of care for their customers and staff.

Another example is when the Financial Services Authority fined HSBC ?3million for failing to properly look after customers information and private data. The FSA investigated HSBC and found that customers information and private data was unencrypted which meant the information could have easily been hacked. They didn’t show duty of care to their customers by not protecting all their personal information. One example of ethical practice where banks have shown a duty of care for their customers is the emergence of the Co-operative bank which is the first ethical investment bank in the UK.

If any customer invests their money into the Co-operative bank, they will only invest that money businesses that also only operate in an ethical manor. All businesses and individuals have a social responsibility in regards to the paying of tax. No business or person should avoid or evade the payment of taxes as it is unethical. Tax avoidance is the use of legal methods to modify an individual’s financial situation in order to lower the amount of income tax owed. An example of tax avoidance in the UK is Starbucks. Starbucks were manipulating their financial data to show that they had losses.

Corporation tax is only payable if you make profits, therefore Starbucks didn’t have to pay any corporation tax. Starbucks were still opening new coffee shops and so it was questionable how they did this when making losses. They had to appear in front of the parliamentary committee yet didn’t declare they were avoiding tax. Although they were not officially charged, the publicity impacted their reputation and customers stopped buying coffee from them. Therefore, Starbucks decided to pay out ?20million out of good will gesture over two years, ?10million each year.

Another example of tax avoidance is David Cameron. He inherited ?500,000 from his Dad which was in an offshore account. To avoid inheritance tax, he didn’t deposit all of the money into his account at once meaning it was below the amount that is taxable; he avoided to pay ?70,000 in tax which is very unethical. Additionally, Tax evasion is an illegal practice where a person, organisation or corporation intentionally avoids paying tax liability. Those caught evading taxes are generally subject to criminal charges and substantial penalties.

This can happen especially with Location Optimal Commerce on the Internet (LOCI). This is where people buy products online and pay lower Value Added Tax (VAT). In a result they pay lower tax and avoid paying UK VAT which is the highest at 20%. Harry Rednapp evaded tax. He received a payment of ?180,000 which he then put into an offshore account in the name of his dog. Her Majesties Revenue and Customs (HMRC) heard about this payment and took Harry Rednapp to court and said it was a gift which means it wasn’t part of his earnings and he could put it into an offshore account and got away with it.

It’s important for banks and building societies to investigate if large deposits are made into the accounts. This is because at the moment there is a lot of money laundering and fraud and so questions should be made. If they cannot give the correct answer, they will take legal action. Money Laundering is criminals disguise the original ownership and control of the proceeds of criminal conduct by making such proceeds appear to have derived from a legitimate source. An example of this is with HSBC. They were fined almost $2billion for failing to stop criminals using its banking systems to launder money.

Industrial democracy is another important factor; businesses should always treat their staff ethically. Nadia Eweida is an example where she was treated unethically. She worked for British Airways (BA) and was prohibited to wear a silver cross on a necklace. When she refused to conceal the cross she was fired. She went to UK courts to fight her cause for unfair dismissal, she lost. She then went to EU courts and won her case and BA had to compensate her worth ?26,000. An example of unethical treatment is when H;M amongst 36 other businesses failed to pay their staff the minimum wage.

They were fined a total of ?51,000 and also must pay the affected staff the ?177,000 they were underpaid. H;M owner Hennes ; Mauritz failed to pay ?2,604. 87 to 540 workers and the average underpayment for those affected was ?4. 82. In conclusion, I have now given examples of where there has been a lack of unethical practice and lack of duty of care. I personally believe that there are many authorities in place that are working well to control businesses and to ensure everyone is treated fairly.

Running Head: Case Ethics

Case Brief

McNeil PPC, Inc. v. Pfizer Corporation

351 F.SUPP.2D 226 (S.D.N.Y.2005)

Facts: McNeil PPC, Inc., the market leader and manufacturer of dental floss, is challenging Pfizer Corporation’s claim in its marketing campaign that their new mouthwash Listerine is equally effective as floss in cleaning plaque and gingivitis present between the teeth. Pfizer supports this argument through two clinical studies conducted for them. ADA recommends using Dental floss for cleaning plaque from between the teeth. However, consumers find it difficult to use floss. Since the time of launch of the mouthwash, sales of dental floss have declined. The studies conducted by Pfizer excluded people suffering from severe gingivitis. 

Decision Below: The district judge ruled in favor of McNeil PPC, Inc. and granted injunction to stop Pfizer from running the advertisements. (Jennings)

Legal Issue: Is Pfizer’s advertisement campaign of Listerine misleading consumers in believing that it is as effective as a dental floss for cleaning between teeth and posing a public health risk?

 Holding:

Affirmed Analysis: The visuals in the advertisement and claims based on the two sponsored clinical studies mislead the consumers into believing that the liquid mouthwash is just as effective in cleaning plaque and gingivitis as dental floss is. However, the ADA thinks otherwise and still recommends using dental floss. The advertisement campaign posed a public health risk by undermining the efforts of dental professionals and ADA to encourage use of dental floss to improve dental health of general public. The clinical studies conducted to support the claim provide inadequate proof to support the claim. Broad generalizations have been drawn based on the results of these studies, hence they cannot be claimed to be true.

 Personal Opinion: I agree with the court’s decision to grant injunction to stop Pfizer from running the advertisement campaign. Although Pfizer did use a caution note in its campaign, but Pfizer was implicitly claiming that the mouthwash was as effective as dental floss which is not true. The clinical studies are not representative of the real world scenario hence cannot be relied upon.

References

Jennings, M. M. Business, its legal, Ethical and Global Environment. Cengage Learning.

A negotiation is a situation in which two or more people are involved in a conversation, trying to reach an agreement about an exchange, distribution of benefits or job roles. Negotiations also result in other accepting the information that they are provided with therefore ethics are the firsthand priority in negotiations. Some negotiators believe that they can get away with lying to acquire the most, but some do believe that cheating can cost their credibility. An ethical negotiation is the one which is clean from any kind of deception.

Deception is an act which fortifies a false conception of the other party either through lying or through the omission of important information. It is not necessary that only through verbal actions one can deceive people but deception also comprises of instances when through non- verbal actions a false conception can be strengthened. Deceiving acts are those acts which makes a false belief stronger but not those which do not fortifies a wrong conception. Steven P. Cohen The success of negotiation lies to a great extent on the quality of the information exchanged.

There can be ethical lapses in the information that is provided by the party participating in the negotiation. Ethical Lapse There are several unethical tactics which can be used in a negotiation: • Lies: it can use in making false commitments, showing untruthful intentions, disclosing available resources, in explaining one’s constraints etc. • Puffery: there are several objectives that can be puffed up in the negotiation such as negotiator’s own alternatives as compared to the opponent’s, the cost of the object that he is selling, importance of the matters in hand and the qualities of the product or service.

• Deception: statements by negotiator can include false promises or even false threats, excessive demand, misinterpreting the facts, or demanding for concessions that are not needed.
• Weakening the opponent: eliminating the opponent’s alternatives, undermining them in one or the other way, blaming the opponent which reduces his confidence level, using abrasive statements for the opponent or even with him.
• Strengthening one’s own position: this tactic uses alliances, expertise and building up one’s resources.

It also includes using persuasive facts which makes the negotiator look stronger, such as misuse of the media and using an authority for one’s position.

• Nondisclosure: includes disclosing the facts partially and not completely, not disclosing a hidden fact, fortifying opponent’s misperception, and concealing one’s own actual position.
• Information exploitation: any important information provided by the opponent can also be used to exploit the opponent’s weaknesses, creating demands against the opponent and weakening its group.
• Change of mind: it means behaving which was not predicted which includes changing decisions at the last moment, accepting other parties’ offers which were claimed not to be accepted, change in demands and conditions, denying the promises that were made before.
• Distraction: distracting acts or statements can be quite simple but they could leave a huge impact. Providing excessive information so that opponents start suffering from information overload, asking too many questions, interrupting opponent’s questions, try to hide the issue that could put negotiators at a disadvantage.

It could also lead to complex actions such as shamming one weakness to such an extent that opponents start concentrating on it and are left with no time to observe other weaknesses.

• Maximization: includes making demands that put opponent at a disadvantage and demanding concessions that maximize negotiator’s profits but leads to opponent’s loss.

It also includes changing the position from win-win situation to win-lose situation. Reitz, H. Joseph Deception is done by the people during negotiations so as to benefit themselves and purely for their own self interest.

Self interest is something which gives the deceiving party the maximum benefit, which no other action can provide. Self- interest actions are self- centered actions which are usually material focused; they are performed to maximize the welfare at the personal level. Such self centered actions, which are deceiving, are unethical during the negotiation which harms the other party. People with low self conscience do not feel guilty after being unethical in the negotiation and they enjoy making fool out of other people.

Such people also do not share any religious beliefs which help them in differentiating lawful from unlawful acts. People tend to forget ethics in the negotiation when they are highly motivated towards their personal well-being. Self interest motives are omnipotent in people who are negotiating for their personal business but in conscience people, who believe in being ethical; such motives do not play a powerful role. Some people can also be indifferent towards their personal benefit especially when they are negotiating on behalf of some organization.

Ethical norms in negotiation are usually broken due to opportunism or desperation. When it becomes too hard for the party to let go of an opportunity, they lead the unethical path. Desperation arises when a party wants to spare itself from any kind of loss. Such situations can be really tempting and therefore could astray a party from the ethical way of dealing. In other words it could also be said that the members belonging to such parties face the problem of weakness of the will.

Any individual, no matter what his background is, can fall for such temptations which bound him to compromise on ethical norms. They are myriad chances that we come across such negotiators who believe that concealing the true information from the opponent party are the true elements of negotiation, therefore they would mislead their opponent at every possible chance. But there are others as well who believe that even if the deception is unnoticeable, it can be costly.

Once the negotiator loses his reputation, it is difficult to gain it back which could lead to an immense hindrance in the future business deals. During the negotiation process it is likely that one party would have information to a greater extent than the other party. For example if a party is selling a second hand good to a potential buyer, it is the selling party who would know the exact information about the good and not the buyer, that is the seller would know the flaws of the good. It would be the seller’s choice to deal the negotiation through ethical means or not.

If the seller portrays the good as a flawless object he could sell it at higher price but it would be an unethical way of carrying out a negotiation. The higher the quality of the good being sold, the higher the price the buyer would be willing to pay. Such situations can be really tempting for the seller to use some aspect of deception. But on the other hand if the other party in the negotiation, that is the buyer, is smart, he would notice the incentive the seller would have to cheat. That could lead distrustful situation among the two parties.

Even if the seller is being honest about the quality of the good, it would be difficult for the buyer to believe his words. The buyer not believing the statement of the seller would only be willing to pay low quality price and it would lead the seller to produce low quality good, it is like a viscous cycle. Even if the buyer and the seller were better off at producing high quality good and paying high quality price, they would be at disadvantage due to the distrust borne in the negotiation. Peter C. Cramton and J. Gregory Dees. Conditions which can make deception more likely are when:

• The party is at far greater advantage by deceiving or cheating than by dealing the negotiation with honesty.
• The information provided by the party and the actual information cannot be compared.
• It is difficult to judge the intentions of the party involved in the negotiation. • Verification of the facts of the provided by the party is hard due to lack of resources to protecting oneself from falling for deception.
• The parties do not meet often and their interaction is infrequent.
• In case deception is discovered, the compensation is difficult to take place.
• The history of the reputation of the party involved in the negotiation is not available, or it is arduous to acquire.

Culture at Work

There are several reasons for negotiators to amiss the ethical of dealing during the negotiation. The most common reason of deception is to maximize the profits; the temptation of gaining money through little or large deception can compel the negotiators to adopt unethical ways. Sometimes external pressure, either professional or personal, can blend unethical element in the negotiations, such promotion in the office or personal financial situation.

Competition from other companies is another reason of deception, to make your company move ahead from its competitors through unethical means can make a company look like a successful one. If negotiation gives a party an immediate profitable return then the parties do get tempted to achieve that return even if they cannot acquire it through ethical means. Past experiences of deceiving in the negotiation and achieving the desired outcome, can motivate the same party to carry out the act of deception once again and this goes on and on.

They start enjoying the acquirement of quested result through unethical motives. Radu Ionescu As an opponent party one can get the hint of deception if the other party is providing with some ambiguous points or there is uncertainty in their discussion. If there is lack of commitment from the other party then it could be likely that it is involved in some deceiving acts. Even a little unwillingness by the party to provide complete or important part of information should alert the opponents because there are high chances of unethical motives involved in the negotiation.

If a party fails to verify any kind of information that is provided by it, then that information cannot be classified as free from deception. Conflicting verbal and non-verbal actions should put the opponent on guard. Defending once stance to an extent that seems odd, aggressiveness during negotiation and competing with other parties when it is not essential, can be due to the fact that the negotiator is trying to curtail the deception involved in the negotiation.

If one looks at the purpose of ethics/morality and the common conception of the purpose of sales, one can make a fairly good case that sales ethics is an oxymoron. Morality or ethic is incompatible if following the rules of business practices inevitably to the exclusive pursuit of self interest. The majority of large company has established code of ethics but it seems to be the case that they have failed to reinforce the message.

Based on the research by Bartlett and Preston (2000, 200), eventhough the company has code of ethics, but many employees cannot see that ethics is active in the work enviroment. If the only responsibility of business is to increase profit, it is quite sensible to claim that there is not such thing as business ethics. Given the pressure of the marketplace, the stock market, and the notion, sales manager have a fiduciary responsibility to increase profits.

Thus, there is no wonder that they will become bottom line oriented. For example, more than 30,000 people have lost their job in Jack Welch’s 17th year career as CEO at GE, earning him the nickname of “Neutron Jack” -for the bomb that destroys people but leaves buildings intact. For most business people, such moves have made Welch America’s premier corporate changemaster, the wunderkind of Big Business. His methods are extolled in business schools, praised by the media and copied by others (Duska 2000, 113).

In the sales division, salespeople are typically put under great pressure to increase the bottom line sales and make profits by such means as commision, quota, and other sales-force management techniques. It is very usual that they maybe led by this pressure to lie to consumers, conceal information, make unrealistic promises, disparage the competition, and oversell (pushing products to the consumer who do not needs the product). Salespeople may also be tempted to cultivate customers by offering or agreeing to pay kickbacks or outright bribes, with or without the company’s knowledge.

Since salespeople often work away from the office without close supervision, they also have the opportunity to misrepresent their work, pad their expenxe account, or otherwise cheat their employer (Boatright 2009, 275). This situation is exacerbated if the moral judgment from society accept the unethical behaviour. For instance, In Indonesia, bribery is a common act in the sales enviroment, thus to succesfully develop the sales in Indonesia, the sales division has to accept the bribery, such as give money to the client’s purchasing officer to allow her/his company buy from us.

People have long debated whether ethics contribute to profits. A frequently asked question is whether sales ethic is oxymoron or not. First, we must make clear that ethics focuses on what is good or bad from a moral perspective. Consequently, the value of ethics is not as an instrument for profits but lies in its intrinsic worth. To sum up, in the real life, sales ethic is an oxymoron. Actually, almost all of the company do the sales ethic in the eyes of public, but this sales ethic is an intrinsic to maintain its continuity and keep the long term profitability.

Providing that the company do sales ethic because of those objectives, they do not do the sales ethic since it is not the ethic’s intrinsic worth. Eventhough the company looking ethical, but it is doubtless that they still do the unethical behaviour, although it is not serious, for instance, shadow prices and excessive ads (the food is bigger and more appealing in the ads than actual). This situation is exacerbated with the acceptability of moral judgement by the public for the unethical behaviour.

I believe that Carmine had been unethical, why, because Carmine told his father and two of his uncles about the company improving beforehand. And he also intends to tell some of his other relatives about the improved profit picture prior to the time the initial stock offering is made, not all. This is not the proper way a company runs, Carmine should have shared the news about the company and its profits improving at the shareholder’s meeting.

Yes it is ethical for Carmine to let his relatives know that the company is doing well and that they will be receiving profits this year, why, because most of his relatives are the shareholders of the company. Shareholders are a part of the company because they have invested in it.

If I was advising Carmine about ethics in relation with the organization, I would tell him that ethics deals with internal values that are a part of corporate culture and shapes decisions which concern social responsibility with respect to the external environment, therefore it is important that he himself also follows the code of ethics. And he needs to remember one thing and that is there are great deals of companies that get into trouble with the simplified view that choices are governed either by law or free choice if the code of ethics are not followed properly.

A Friend for Life Question 1 The recommendation given by the marketing vice president is legal but it is not ethical, why, because he is suggesting that the company should use the substitute of the fur and let the customers know that they are using the expensive one. Even though it is legal for the company to use substitute materials for their products but it is unethical of them by not telling the public that what kind of substituting material they are using in the product and letting them believe the materials they are using are long-lasting.

It would be unethical if the firm used the less expensive simulated fur but did not change its slogan of “A Friend for Life” and then did not tell the buyer about the change in the production process, why, because the company is selling the bears at its original price while using cheaper products which would only last 8 or so months, when the slogan indicates that it is going to last for a lifetime . It is important to let the buyers know about the change in the production process beforehand, or else the company would damage its reputation within the market.

The advises that I would give to Paula is that to let the buyers know about the change in the production process, this way the company would not be faced with challenges. She needs to remember one thing and that is ethical challenges arise in the organization when in a situation each alternative choice or behavior in undesirable because of potentially harmful ethical consequences. Right and wrong is not clearly identifiable in the situation.

The consequences of these challenges would be that the company can get sued, might damage its reputation within the market and the industry etc. these are the things she needs to keep in mind before making the right decision. Creative thinking here did help the product to become of the biggest successes within the market. The four steps which led to the development of this product are; the manager needed something better than bookmarks to help him locates the pages he marked quickly.

He needed something that would adhere to the page buy not tear it,  this led him to ask around the research and development department whether such an adhesive product existed and he found out that it did,  the manager requested for a batch of glue to be prepared and applied to small pieces of paper that could be used as bookmarks and 4the manager then had a large batch of the “attachable” notes-now called Post-it notes-made, and he began distributing them to secretaries throughout the company. And before long, more people began to ask for them.

The manager sent the Post-It notes to the secretaries throughout the company to find out the whether the demand for the Post-It notes existed or not and if it did exist would it be strong or not. And the manger found out that there was a strong demand existed thought the industry for these notes. The Post-It notes innovation was an extension of a product. The manager was looking for something that would help him locates the pages he marked quickly, he asked around in his workplace and he found out that if an adhesive existed that would do this.

One did, but it never had been marketed because the company found that the adhesive was not strong enough for industrial use. The sources of innovative ideas which help to account for this product’s success are; sticky small pieces of paper which work as a bookmark and can be used by secretaries to attach messages to files, and by the managers to send notes along with letters and memos.

Reference

1. Daft, R L. (2008), New Era of Management. CENGAGE Learning

Diversity Diversity in management is a major task. There are many aspects related to diversity, such as: culture, religion, and gender, just to name a few. It is important to remember that different people have different values and morals. Treating each person as an individual may be a difficult task for some managers. For managers who hire, hiring people with different backgrounds can enhance the team’s performance by introducing different perspectives and ideas. The planning process includes identifying how to integrate these ‘different’ people into the team.

Ensuring the necessary resources are available to train and develop personnel based on their experience and education is a big part of organizing. Leading a team of diverse individuals can be quite interesting. Each person must be empowered and motivated to come to work and perform at his or her best. Controlling and monitoring each individual’s performance and how each person relates to others is mandatory for the team to be cohesive. Starbucks has made diversity a major priority.

According to Starbucks’ Corporate Social Responsibility Report, diversity is one of Starbucks’ Guiding Principles. “At Starbucks, we embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. ” (Starbucks, 2009). Diversity is even one of Starbucks’ core values in their Standards of Business Conduct. Ethics According to Bateman and Snell (2009), ethics is defined as “the system of rules that governs the ordering of values. ” The four functions of management are vital to an organization’s ethical behavior.

Management has a responsibility, not only to the consumers, but also to the staff to lead by example and behave in an ethical manner. Starbucks understands the importance of ethics. For the third year in a row, Starbucks has been named one of the world’s most ethical companies by Ethisphere Magazine (Starbucks, 2009). Starbucks’ Standards of Business Conduct empowers and motivates their employees to make ethical decisions by providing a framework to be followed if they have any doubts.

Starbucks also offers their support to their employees in doing the right thing and conducting business with integrity. References Bateman, T. , & Snell, S. A. (2009). Management: Leading and collaborating in the competitive world (8th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Starbucks. (2009). Starbucks Social Corporate Responsibility Report. Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/aboutus/csrreport/csr. htm Starbucks. (2009). Business Ethics and Compliance. Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/aboutus/SoBC_FY09_eng. pdf