Experiment

The psychological explanation for the term ‘attachment’ is where you form an emotional bond to another person or object both physically and mentally. And to feel secure.

John Bowlby (1969) described it as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.

He also stated that early experiences In childhood have an important influence on development & behavior on the individual’s life.

Attachment behavior is essentially a survival strategy from evolution for protecting infants from predators.

Question 2

According to Bowlby, what harm is caused to an individual if he or she is deprived of an attachment bond in early childhood?

If the process of ‘attachment’ is ‘interrupted’, the individual may develop mental issues such as depression, behavioural issues, find it hard to make relationships, even goes as far as psychiatric disorders, dwarfism, acute distress or possibly death if the attachment bond is interrupted. From the 1940’s – 1970’s it was determined that a child must have a secure mother-child relationship if the infant was not to suffer any long term problems.

Bowlby did a case study on 44 Juvenile thieves and to his amazement discovered that a majority of them had suffered some sort of separation from their mothers, possibly more than 6 months or more in the first critical 5 years of their lives. This was actually proven to be of a biased nature as Bowlby did find that most of them had suffered some form of separation from their mothers and he presumed that this was the case of their delinquency. He also found that a small number of the juvenile thieves were unable to make “true” affection bonds. But these findings could be thrown out as Bowlby never had results from a “controlled group” to compare his findings.

Harlow did an experiment with this in mind with rhesus monkeys – “wire mother experiment”. It was conducted in 1960 to show the devastating effects deprivation. His experiments were classed as unethical and cruel, but they uncovered truths which have had a heavy influence on our understanding of child development.

Question 3

What factors appear to be necessary to bring about attachment?

Time and attention as well as the factor to attend to an infant immediately will bring out partial attachment. Sight is also an important factor as well. Jean Piaget proved that theory when he did a case study on infants aged between the age 8/9 months, by covering a toy with cloth to see if they would “look or search” for the object when it had disappeared out of sight.

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) noted that not only do infants form a solid attachment to their mother (or mother figures), but that a substantial amount of infants also made a close attachment to their fathers and older siblings.

Mary Ainsworth () had distinguished between infants who had successfully managed to make secure and insecure attachments.

The results showed that it was how the mother (or mother figure) showed sensitivity, i.e. detecting her infants signals, managing to interpret them and how the mother (or mother figure would react and respond appropriately).

Question 4

Describe and evaluate the evidence which has found that children can develop normally despite maternal separation?

Chibuccs & Kail (1981), found that there were 3 factors. It was as follows:- 1) how playful he was towards the baby

2) how much contact the have with the baby

3) Reads a baby signals

They noted that a mother would hold, smile, show more affection towards a child as well as routine physical care. The father would play more but it was more physical and that they would interact more with boys both physically and mentally than they did girls.

Kohen-Raz (1968), did a study on the kibbutz. It was noted that kibbutz children were equal in physical & mental skills to Israeli children, who were raised in private homes BUT were superior to Israeli children raised in orphanages.

Rabkin & Rabkin (1969) and Nahir & Yussen (1977) found that the kibbutz children could demonstrate several advanced characteristics than children raised at home, and that they also could show signs of recognition in how other children felt from an early age.

Question 5

Why do same people argue that animals should not be used in psychology experiments?

It has been noted that its acceptable perform experiments on animals especially primates as they are the closest relation to humans. Where preforming experiments on human kind is would be considered as outrageous and unethical.

It’s obvious that the experiments involving animals for psychological and behavioural experiments cause suffering but they shall be forth coming as it’s funded by tax payer’s money World Wide.

The experiments are aimed to help understand mental disorders and attachment disorders. Cahann only obtain results by watching human behaviour closely not under experimental circumstances.

Question 6

Describe and evaluate one study of visual perception in human infants.

Gibson & Walk – 1960 (visual cliff)

This was an experiment which consisted to measure depth perception where they attempted to get infants to walkover a glass plate suspended over a drop.

Gibson & Walk wanted to find out whether 6 to 14 month old infants could perceive depth. Babies have a natural sense of danger so the experiment was designed to see if they can see it’s perfectly safe.

Case studies were placed each time in the middle of a table, where 1 side was replaced by glass to expose the “danger”. Their mothers would then try to tempt the infant over both sides.

The results showed that if the case study (infant) had no depth perception then the glass drop wouldn’t seem scary and they would just walk all over the table. Those that didn’t have depth perception and could see the drop, they would automatically avoid it.

This hypothesis will require research proving or disproving the question of mental illness causing a person’s chance of becoming homeless to increase. I will first locate an area with a high volume of homeless individuals, as this research will include all genders and races. The participants of this study will include individuals who has suffered from any type of mental illness or had to undergo any form of psychiatric treatment. The next step would be to collect actual information showing current homeless rates and if at all possible, records indicating mental illness.

I will also collect information from local homeless shelters and single-room housing programs in order to determine the availability of resources to the homeless. Food banks or kitchens will also be a great research aid, as these institutions provide free meals at no charge to these individuals, and lastly, make an attempt to gather information from a face to face conversation with people who are actually living on the streets. This method would probably be the most difficult, but if there is a hot meal involved, a survey, or form of questionnaire can be administered prior to receiving a meal with minimal force used to complete.

To maximize participation, incentives such as gift cards or even a free night stay at a local motel may suffice. After my critical data is collected, I will create individual files with information consisting of dates of contact, as well as all pertinent information collected via questionnaires or face to face interviews in order to form tables and spreadsheets, showing common traits shared amongst these homeless individuals, then generate a separate table showing personnel suffering from mental illness. It is at this point in which these findings will be compared and thoroughly analyzed.

This information will be presented in charts or graphs to show certain similarities between all variables. Research findings should be accurate and valid, if not, a new hypothesis concerning the issue of homelessness will be generated and studied again. However, if findings are true, this information may become beneficial to local community activist who serve the homeless population, as well as the mentally ill, and may provide the mental health professionals a clearer understanding of the relationship between mental illness and homelessness.

This may lead to the question, how money who is mentally incapacitated can learn to sustain a healthy career and provide a living for themselves, or a family without medical attention. Ultimately, this information can be used to improve local programs within the community, or even inform congressmen to take better action responding more appropriately to the needs of the homeless population who are mentally ill. References Campaign for Mental Healthcare [http://www. Calypsos. Org/publications/access/homelessness. HTML] Corporation for Supportive Housing [http://www. Cash. Org/index. CFML? Obfuscation=page. Vicarage;paged

1. When comparing the composition of world trade in the early 20th century to the early 21st century, we find major compositional changes. These include a relative decline in trade in agricultural and primary-products (including raw materials). How would you explain this in terms of broad historical developments during this period?

The typical composition of world production during this period experienced major changes. Focusing on today’s major industrial countries the industrial-employment composition was focused primarily on agriculture. Most value was in land. The predominant single consumption category was food. Since then, the economies shifted from agriculture to the manufacturing sectors. Income rose, and consumption shifted in favor of (increasingly affordable) manufacturing goods. Both income and price elasticities were in manufactures than in agricultural products. At the same time there was a steady tendency for synthetic (manufactured) inputs to replace agricultural based raw materials and industrial inputs. Hence international trade conformed to patterns of overall change in world consumption and production.

2. In the past-half century, the developing countries have experienced major compositional shifts from exports of primary products (including agricultural and raw materials) to exports of manufactures. How might you explain this in terms of broad historical developments during this period?

The compositional changes in world trade from the early 20th century to the early 21st century can be attributed to the changes in the composition of world production, brought about mainly due to technological progress. Focusing on today’s Industrialized Countries (primarily members of the OECD), the industrial-employment composition was focused primarily on agriculture. Most value was in land. The predominant single consumption category was food. Since then, technological progress in these economies shifted resources from the agricultural to the manufacturing sectors.

Incomes rose, and consumption shifted in favor of (increasingly affordable) manufactures. At the same time, there was a steady tendency for synthetic (manufactured) inputs (e.g. plastic) to replace agricultural based raw materials (e.g. jute) and industrial inputs. In the developing world, the post World War II period also witnessed a major shift towards industrialization, which consequently led to steady declines in their agricultural sectors. Finally, the advent of the MNC (Multinational Corporation) further boosted the shift in resources towards manufacturing. All these phenomena contributed to the decline in trade in primary products (like agriculture and minerals) and the rise in trade in manufactured goods.

3. The Services sector has been steadily rising in relative importance in GDP of the United States, as well as elsewhere around the world. Since “services” have been identified as “non-tradables” (e.g. it is difficult to export haircuts), it may be argued that this trend will likely slow the rapid growth in international trade. Discuss.

This argument stands on questionable logical foundations. The past half-century has seen a steady growth in the absolute and relative importance of international trade. This trend has been reversed only by global conflicts, i.e. the two World Wars. This trend has remained steady and robust despite major compositional shifts (e.g. from primary to manufacturing), and location shifts (e.g., the sudden rise of NICs as significant group of exporters). The trend will probably continue into the reasonable future, fueled by both super-regional preferential trade regions and a growing impact of the multilateral forces, represented institutionally by the World Trade Organization (WTO)-as illustrated by the recent abolishment of the epitome cartelized trade, the world trade in textiles.

Driven by technology-especially in the areas of communication and transportation-a reversal of the growing trade trend is not likely in the near future. In any case, many ?services are in fact quite tradable. Examples would be financial services, long-distance teaching, ?help-desk? outsourcing, consulting and management services and others. In fact, when a tourist gets a haircut, we see that even haircuts become a “tradable” service.

6. An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result that trade is (potentially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade is better for the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole? Explain.

If we were to combine the production possibility frontiers of the two countries to create a single world production possibility frontier, then it is true that any change in production points (from autarky to specialization with trade) would involve a tradeoff of one good for another from the world’s perspective. In other words, the new solution cannot possibly involve the production of more of both goods. However, since we know that each country is better off at the new solution, it must be true that the original points were not on the trade contract curve between the two countries, and it was in fact possible to make some people better off without making others worse off, so that the new solution does indeed represent a welfare improvement from the world’s perspective.

7. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in many sectors, in manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic context, behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.

The Ricardian model of comparative advantage argues that every country must have a comparative advantage in some product (assuming there are more products than countries.

8. In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United States. It is obvious that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused devastation to the standard of living in the United States.,because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.

Regardless of relative wage levels, the United States would be able to provide its populace with a higher standard of living than would be possible without trade. Also, low wages tend to be associated with low productivities.

9. “No country is abundant in everything.” Discuss.

The concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than does the other country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmetic impossibility that it also has more workers per unit capital.

10.“A good cannot be both land- and labor-intensive.” Discuss.

In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factor intensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres per worker); or wage per rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statement above, let us assume that the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assume that the production of one bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres per person required to produce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. The wheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive.

11. Why is it that an industry is operating under conditions of domestic internal scale economies (applies to firm in the country) – then the resultant equilibrium cannot be consistent with the pure competition model?

Because once one firm became bigger than another, or if one firm began the industry, then no other firm would be able to match its per unit cost, so that they would be driven out of the industry.

The green moss bio-insecticide was extracted by means of pounding and squeezing. The insecticide was tested by the researcher by applying it to 10 eremites in three trials with three different concentration. The first setup was applied with the 100% moss extract, the second setup with the 50%, the third setup with the 25% concentration gradient of the moss extract. The last setup was applied with commercialese insecticide.

With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom. If the green moss extract, compared to commercialese insecticide, would be an effective insecticide against drowsy termites.

Termite, common name for numerous species of social insects that can damage wooden structures, such as furniture or houses, or other materials containing cellulose while other species obtain a special fluid secreted by beetles. Control is obtained also by using wood treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical. Because most worker termites cannot vive without moisture, the territories should be exposed to dry air.

Insecticides induced to termites are of the following: The soil where a structure is standing would be treated with an insecticide to discourage termite incursions; wooden parts of a structure would be treated with creosote or some other poisonous chemical for control thus making the termites live outside the wood but the workers cannot live without moisture, thus being exposed to dry air. Commercialese insecticides are very harmful not only for the common health of the insects but also for humans and the environment.

Unstable chemicals that kill other lives will most potentially kill others. In conclusion, commercialese insecticides which contains harmful chemicals are widely ranged in the country but must not be thus having the study. Moss is used in this study as an insecticide to drowsy termites due to the Bryophytes isolated location; moist, wet, and out of reach. Green moss is not contacted by termites, thus the idea of making idea of making the Bryophyte to be an insecticide.

General Statement of the Problem The problems of the research are the following: The possibility of the green moss extract to be a potential insecticide to drowsy termites; the comparison of the green moss extract as an insecticide and the commercialese insecticide to its effectiveness over drowsy termites. Specific Questions 1 . L’s there a significant difference between the different proportions of the green moss extract and commercialese insecticide in terms of killing termites? . Will there be a high mortality rate on the termites when the green moss extract is used. Statement of the Hypotheses The null hypothesis of this study is that the Green moss extract would not be an effective insecticide over drowsy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality while its alternative hypothesis is that the Green moss extract would be an effective insecticide on droopy termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of mortality.

Significance of the Study The aim of the study is to use the abundance of green moss extract in the research’s location for use as a alternative for a insecticide over commercialese products due to its chemical value. And also, to find what substance does the green moss extract notation which has insecticidal properties over the termites, if ever. Most Filipino families will benefit from the study due to its abundance in any place which is damp; virtually, everywhere. It may also be mass produced and may be a source of income to the Philippines; export to other countries.

Scope and Limitation The study will be dealing with the production of the bio-insecticide made out of the pure extract gathered from the green moss given the reason of the countless chemicals found in the commercialese insecticide and that the bio-insecticide is to Essen the usage of it by proving that the product has better mortality rate over pests, in this case, drowsy termites. The study will be limited on what type of tests shall the green moss extract bio-insecticide undergo. The study is also limited on using just the green moss as the resource for the study.

Definition of Terms Bryophyte – a botanical division (phylum) of small, soft plants. Drowsy termites – creates colonies in wood, with no connection to the ground necessary. Green moss – A plant which may grow in all types of climate and grow on a variety of substrates. Insecticide- a chemical used against insects. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The potentiality of Nonage bark extract as an insecticide was conducted by Sheer Ann Alarming, Erectile Guessers, and Shannon Mayo through Photochemical Analysis and Screen-House Experiment.

For the Screen-House Experiment, four nonsectarian were constructed with them applied Treatment A (pure extract), B (extract with essential oil), C (Bacon), and D (Raid). Mortality rate and effectiveness of the extract were observed for two minutes y the researchers and the results were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance (NOVA). As a result, in terms of the treatments effectively on mosquitoes, the pure extract is the most effective. On the other hand, Treatments A, C and D were effective against termites’ and cockroaches.

The researchers had bought to a conclusion that Nonage Bark Extract is effective and could be tapped as an alternative bio-insecticide in eliminating insects. In another research, by Amman Bengal, tackling on the Insecticidal effect of Thebe on common house mosquitoes, he stated that developers have had discovered that thebe oil contains insecticidal qualities as well although no toxicity as been reported present. He then made an experiment by introducing the concoction to twenty(20) common house mosquitoes to test the effectively of it and was then observed for twenty(20) minutes.

The results brought the researcher to the conclusion that thebe contains an insecticidal effect on mosquitoes. Lastly, the researchers Gaylord and Clement had pondered over the effectiveness of cassava extract insecticide against termites and how it could be a substitute for the commercialese insecticides. The extract was then gathered and applied to twenty(20) termites inside a beaker; sprayed twice. After several trials and times measured, they used T-test to tabulate the data of the Cassava extract against the commercialese insecticide.

They then concluded that the two have no significant difference and that the Cassava extract is effective and may be a substitute for the commercialese insecticide. METHODOLOGY Location of the Study The study was conducted inside the vicinity of the researcher’s school, Calm City Science High School. The moss was gathered from Callahan, Laguna. Data Gathering Process The data was gathered after the application of the 100%, 50%, and 25% gradient incineration of the green moss extract, and the commercialese insecticide to the drowsy termites.

The researcher had observed if there was a significant difference between the four (4) substances to the mortality rate of the drowsy termites. Statistical Analysis The data gathering technique to be used in the study by the researcher is the One-way analysis of variance that it may be used to two or more samples, by using the F-test, and must be numerical data. Since the samples are independent, they have equal variances, and that the insecticides are virtually distributed by the same assure, the study is applicable for a One-way NOVA.

Instruments The researcher used the following materials to make the bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract. The raw materials that were used to create the product was green moss and water (for the concentration of the extract). The other instruments used were mortar and pestle, to pulverize the moss and get the extract easier; beaker, as both a container and measurement tool for both the extract and commercialese insecticide; filter paper, in order not to get impurities to the extract; terrorized containers as where the drowsy termites would be put to; and sprayer for the distribution of the extract.

A stopwatch will be used to measure the duration of the mortality of the drowsy termites. Procedure The researcher would first collect the materials for the experiment going with: 500 grams of moss; a beaker; a stirring rod; mortar and pestle; filter paper; patisseries; commercialese insecticide. The researcher would then be extracting the moss using the mortar and pestle and then be contained on a beaker through filter paper and funnel. After a short hill, the extract and the commercialese insecticide will then be applied to 3 set- ups each and having the extract decreased from 100% concentration to 50% and then to 25%.

The results will then be gathered and tabulated after twenty(20) minutes using the “One-way analysis of variance” or the “One-way NOVA”. Summary and Conclusion This study was conducted to develop a bio-insecticide made out of green moss extract that may kill drowsy termites. The data was gathered by applying the different concentration of the green moss extract which was 100%, 50%, and 25%, including the commercialese insecticide to three (3) trials each containing ten (10) drowsy termites.

With the given results that were computed from the gathered data, the researcher conclude that the alternative hypothesis, which states that the green moss extract would be an effective bio-insecticide on dry wood termites versus the commercialese insecticide by means of their mortality, is accepted the reason given that the F value is higher than the degrees of freedom thus stating that the alternative hypothesis is accepted. In addition, the researcher has tested and concluded that the extraneous arable of the moss extract to be acidic and that may have affected the termites’ mortality is faulty.

The green moss extract has a level of 8 pH which concludes that it is a basic substance and not an acidic substance. Recommendation The researcher recommends finding what exact content that the green moss extract has that had killed the drowsy termites. He recommends that when the specific content of the green moss extract that has a pesticides effect is found, use another type of moss. The researcher also recommends using the same type of moss but in another location having the reason of different nutrition of the moss.

To investigate whether the ripening of bananas will speed up when placed with already ripe bananas in a brown paper bag. Hypothesis: The brown paper bag and already ripe bananas will ripen the unripe banana quicker. Investigation Design: The control of the experiment will be a pair of two unripe bananas which will not have any interference with their natural ripening process until the end of the experiment. The independent variable will be the presence of ripe bananas in one scenario, as well as a brown paper bag in the second scenario. The dependent variable will be the ripening of the banana.

Everything else, the room temperature, type of banana, etc, will remain common to ensure the experiment is valid and reliable. To increase reliability, the experiment should be repeated. Method: 1 . Collect six unripe bananas, four ripe bananas and a brown paper bag 2. Set one pair of unripe bananas on a bench/table 3. Set down a pair of unripe bananas as well as a pair of ripe bananas, alongside the first pair, making sure they are at least 1 Com away from the first pair 4. Set down the remaining four bananas (two ripe, two unripe) another Com away from the previous bunch; place these in a brown paper bag. 5.

Take photos of each of your three bunches, separately 6. Record your observations in a table 7. Wait a day before repeating step 5 and 6. 8. Repeat step 7 until all bananas are ripe. Risk Assessment: Be careful where you Step, there may be bananas on the floor, or other obstacles. Be careful with the paper bag, this is to avoid paper cuts. The main component of the experiment is edible; keep family members and other observers away! Results: Daly – Friday 14th June Bananas were purchased and the experiment was set up. The ripe bananas came from the same hand, as did the unripe ones. The experiment will be conducted indoors.

Day 2 – Saturday 15th June The unripe bananas in all three bunches have shown a slight change in color, they are becoming more yellow. The lone pair of unripe bananas are very slightly behind the other 2 bunches. Day 3 – Sunday 1 6th June Both bunches of bananas that weren’t in the brown paper bag showed that they did ripen. The bunch of bananas in the brown paper bag did show a slight, but certain, difference to the others, they are ripening quicker. Day 4 – Monday 17th June The difference between the bunch in the brown bag and the other 2 bunches is starting to become more noticeable, although this is only by close analysis. Front, they are still all fairly alike. Day 5- Tuesday 1 8th June The brown bag bananas have shown a massive difference in their ends, not so much their middle parts. The others are ripening too, but not at the same rate. Day 6 – Wednesday 19th June The lone bananas are ripening naturally and are now a satisfying yellow. The mix of ripe and unripe bananas is very slightly more yellow than the first bunch. The bunch from inside the bag is ripe too, with the already ripe bananas beginning to rot. Day 7 – Thursday 20th June Within the week, the plain bananas have ripened quite well to produce a well pipe and ready to eat fruit.

The next set of bananas is just as ripe; with the originally ripe bananas starting to rot (this may be simply due to natures course). The bunch from the bag are definitely more yellow, with the originally ripe bananas getting quite a few brown marks to show the beginning of them rotting. Day of Observation Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Bunch 1 (2 unripe bananas) Green (no change) Green slight yellow tinge Green -> yellow tinge Green -> almost completely yellow Green yellow except for each end Green yellow Green -> completely yellow Bunch 2 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas)

Green and yellow (no change) -Green -s slightest tinge -Yellow haven’t changed -Green -> yellow tinge -Green -> almost completely yellow -Yellow are becoming a darker shade of yellow -Green yellow except for each end -Yellow are slowly browning -Green -> yellow -Green completely yellow -Yellow are beginning to show brown dots Bunch 3 (2 unripe and 2 ripe bananas in a brown paper bag) -Green slight yellow tinge -Green almost completely yellow -Yellow are not beginning to brown -Green yellow except for tiny part on each end -Yellow are browning -Green yellow -Yellow are beginning to rot -Green completely bright yellow Yellow are now major brown and rotten Research and Analysis: RESEARCH When bananas are harvested they are placed in a ‘ripening room’ to replicate the climate conditions of heat and humidity. These conditions are constant, much like those of my experiment. Due to the set temperature of these rooms, the bananas start to respire. The ethylene given off by bananas, as well as other fruits, helps to kick start the ripening process. This is somewhat like my experiment in the sense that the brown paper bag was holding the ethylene in. This ethylene may have also effected the second bunch, although to as much because they did not have a bag to confine the ethylene in. The natural ethylene of bananas is the same as the ethylene artificially produced in these ‘ripening rooms.

To delay ripening may remove ethylene gas, which cannot be completely done as they do contain ethylene. Placing a banana alone may help support the delay of ripening it; this is much like bunch 1 in my experiment. Even though it was indoors, the varying temperature made the ripening process differ to that of a temperature controlled room. Although this may replicate bananas ripening in a natural way to an extent. ANALYSIS Strengths: The experiment contained a control which helped with comparisons. All the controlled variables were kept the same. The 3 bunches allowed more conclusions to be made about the effects of not only a brown paper bag, but also the presence of other bananas.

The photos were taken at the same time of day, to increase reliability of results. Weaknesses: Naturally, bananas ripen under sunlight, which we did not carry out. Only color, not taste, was assessed as an indicator of ripeness. The bananas may not have been sufficiently spaced to properly isolate them from each others’ paving off of ethylene gas. Comments: The already ripe bananas showed a more noticeable change, which was not expected. The bananas ripened quicker than expected, which made the experiment have a shorter duration time. The difference between the three different bunches was not as significant as I expected. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis, and the research also backs up this.

Since the beginning of development, many different cultures came into existence. Civilizations began and of course empires grew. Several reasons lead to the evolution of large, powerful empires. Some include cultural diffusion, great leaders, inventions, and more. The main reasons were independent inventions and cultural diffusion. The best explanation for the evolution of the large powerful empires was cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion is when a culture spreads from one group or empire to another and therefore the empires cultures are diverse and the more the diverse a community is the more stable it is.

Independent inventions is when a culture invents new methods of life on their own, such as methods of gathering food, hunting, creating weapons, wood work, and as well as ceremonies. Culture diffusion was seen all through many civilizations. In Document 1, Confucius speaks about the importance of parents and how you piety and your reasoning in life is to first serve your parents. Confucius then says after serving the parents you serve the ruler. Cultural diffusion causes this asset to spread. In Document 2, Seng Du, states the serving the king is the assistance in the ruling of one’s country.

Many civilizations followed the same moral. In Documents 6 and 7, the details in which the structures were built are very similar. Cultural diffusion is portrayed in the documents. The Romans began using columns just like the Greek. In Document 8, the trade routes were the main reason in cultural diffusion. Traders began meeting with others and began developing there languages and soon they brought them back to there own civilizations and the cultures spread. The evolution of large powerful empires was caused by independent inventions.

In Document 4, In the Bhagavad-Gita the Hindu came up with there own way they saw the universe. The Hindus believed in spirits and the multiform world. The document describes the appearance of the deity. In Document 4, Ashoka practices morality and the once war machine ended. Since he is the ruler he believes in all men to be his children. Ashoka desires that all his children be happy in this world and in the after as he wishes for the men also. Ashoka believes that there should be growth of spirit of morality. Independent inventions are portrayed because there are different eliefs and different morals. In Document 5, Julius Caesar defeats enemies and then celebrates with five triumphs. Independent inventions are shown in the document because Romans came up with their own ceremonies. Julius celebrated five triumphs. The celebrations were after the war ended. Many civilizations had their own ceremonies and methods of life. Cultural diffusion also played an important role. Some additional types of documents that would help asses the development of empires are primary documents like journals. Journals from traders or citizens would be the best.

Trading was the main reason of expansion and evolution. Traders were the reason new languages and cultures spread. With the spreading there were expansions and the empires evolved. As you can see, cultural diffusion and independent inventions were some reasons for evolution is the great empires. With cultural diffusion and independent invention a gradual change occurred in the empires. Beliefs and traditions spread and ceremonies evolved. Diversity became an important role and the more diverse a community is the more stable it is.

1. Attach a vertical strip of masking tape to the side of each of your test tubes for marking the water level and using the permanent marker, make a mark on the tape about 1 CM down from the mom the of the test tube. This will be the outside water level.
2. Tear off enough steel wool to make a ball about 2. 5 CM in diameter. Use a p encircle to push the steel wool down to the bottom of a test tube. Repeat for a total of three test tubes with steel wool.
3. Rinse all of the test tubes (three with steel wool and three without) by filling the test tubes with water, allowing the water to sit there for 1 minute, and then pouring the water out.
4. This step will dampen the tell wool in the three tubes that have it thus making sure there is enough water present for the oxidation reaction. Treating the the ere test tubes without steel wool the same way ensures that all variables are controlled.
5. Turn all six of the test tubes (three with steel wool and three without) upside e down and mount them over the jars so that the water level is at the starting mark you made in step 3 on each test tube.
6. You may want to cover your entire setup with a big plastic bag to minimize evaporation. Be careful not to knock the test tubes when covering and uncovering. Check at least daily, and write your observations down in your lab notebook k. Carefully mark the water level on the tape on each test tube.
7. When the water level is no longer changing in the test tubes, you’re ready t o analyze your results.
8. Measure the difference in water level between the open end of the test TU be and the water height inside the test tube at the end of the experiment. For how many tubes did the water level change? For t hose that did: Calculate the volume that corresponds 2 to this difference the total starting volume of air in each test tube. Volume of a cylinder: V=nor h Remember, for tubes containing steel wool, the wool will displace most of the air. Make sure your measure ants and calculations take this into account.
9. Calculate the proportion of oxygen in each test tube. Average the proportion on of oxygen from all the test tubes with steel wool. How does this compare with the value for percentage of oxygen in the air that you found in your background research?

Background Information

The goal of this experiment is to measure the percentage of oxygen in air Sam peels and this reject will show an interesting way of doing that.

The method depends on at mesospheric pressure and a chemical reaction that removes oxygen from the air. I will find out what kind 0 f chemical reaction can remove oxygen from the air. Oxidation of iron, also known as rusting, will do t he trick. Exposed iron will rust in the presence of oxygen and water. I will study this chemical reaction a ND I’ll see that oxygen becomes combined with the iron atoms and water to create iron oxides. I thin k this meets middle school grade level expectations because it enables me to understand the term s and concepts: atmospheric pressure, oxidation of iron and the layers of the atmosphere.

The question I am asking is why does the water level eventually stop rising? I wanted to know how much oxygen is in the air and how much of it we consume when we bread the every day. Well this project shows an interesting way of finding out. The atmosphere contains the oxygen we need to breathe to support cellular respiration, the metabolic process that provides the e chemical energy necessary for life. This makes my project possible and yet at the same time ca vitiating. I’m going to SE test tubes to measure the percentage of oxygen in my air sample.

This is what gave me the idea to do this science experiment. Variables The independent variable was the varying types of metal: steel, copper, and iron. The dependent variable was the amount on rust on each sample. The control fifths experiment is the surrounding air. The constants in this experiment are the type of test tubes used, the time each metal spent submerged in water, the water in each bottle/jar, and the temperature of the surrounding air. Hypothesis If the metal rusts, then the level of the water in the measuring beaker will decrease. Conclusion My hypothesis was if the metal rusts, then the amount of water in the measuring beaker will decrease and it was correct. My data supported my hypothesis because as the metals developed rust, the amount of water in the measuring beakers decreased. The average for the copper was 21. 3. The average for the iron was 28. 7 and the average for the steel wool was 33. 7. The copped water level decreased the most and the steel wool decreased the least.

My question, why does the water eventually stop rising was answered. I found out that the water level decreased because of evaporation. Reflection loved working on the project but what I enjoyed the most about it was making g the test tubes. My data made sense because its shows the water level decreasing for each metal like I said it would in my hypothesis. Now that I have finished my experiment have new questions such h as what would happen if collected air samples at high altitude, and then tested them at low altitude or vice versa).

If I ever took a vacation in the mountains, I can use this method to compare oxygen el veils in the air at high and low altitude. I could try doing this experiment at high altitude and comparing t he results with same experiment done at a lower altitude. Can use this procedure to detect decree seed oxygen content in exhaled air. Then I could do background information and find out how much oxygen we consume when we breathe. I think this method is sensitive enough to detect the difference an d would provide me with more accurate data.