Farm

ITC e-Choupal Weakness of e-choupal Although e-choupal helps eliminate the middleman and therefore allows farmers to get a better price for what they grow, it does nothing to solve the more fundamental problem of the inherent inefficiencies created by so many tiny farms. In addition, it relies on infrastructure, which is often lacking in rural communities. Electricity and telecommunication services can sometimes be less than 100 percent reliable in some of the places where echoupal has been implemented.Finally, although there is no longer a middleman, e-choupal can be no more effective than the sanchalak (coordinator) in each community.

ITC in conjunction with local farmers created the e-choupal system that is acting as a catalyst in rural transformation by providing access to latest information of the agro sector, developing local leadership and creating a profitable distribution. It helps in alleviating rural isolation, improves productivity and income, create transparency for farmers – which improves the economic condition of rural areas.This paper tries to identify the problem of mandi, need of e-choupal and challenges in development of e-choupal and derives with various conclusion and suggestions in ‘future strategy’ from initial finding and discusses direction for further investigation. Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy producing 23 percent of GDP, and employs 66 percent of workforce. Because of the green revolution, India’s agricultural productivity has improves to the point that it is both self-sufficient and a net exporter of a variety of food grains, yet most Indian farmers have remained poor.The causes include remnants of scarcity-era regulation and an agricultural system based on small, inefficient land holdings. The other constraints are weak infrastructure, numerous intermediaries, excessive dependence on the monsoon variation between different agro-climate zones, and many others.

The unfortunate result is inconsistent quality and uncompetitive prices, making it difficult for the farmers to sell his produce in the world market.ITC’s trailblazing answer to these problem is the – e-choupal initiative; the single largest information technology-based intervention by a corporate entity in rural India that is transforming the Indian farmer into progressive knowledge-seeking netizens. Enriching the knowledge of farmers & elevating them to a new order of empowerment. ITC aims to confer the power of expert knowledge on even the smallest individual farmer enhancing its competitiveness in the global market. The traditional model Indian farmers rely on Department of Agriculture, govt. niversities, insurance companies etc. for various inputs such as weather, modern and scientific farming practices and insurance cover.

Farmers approach input retailers who source them from wholesalers who are in direct contact with manufacturers. After harvest, farmers bring these produce to mandis; in small multiple lots throughout the year, where beans are auctioned to the traders and agents of the processing companies in an open outcry method. The government facilitate fair price discovery and enable aggregation of goods, regulate these market yards.Successful bidders then bed the beans, weigh them, pay part cash to the farmers, and transport the cargo to the processing units. But with every intermediary the cost of produce increases to the processor as intermediary adds his profit margin to the cost although the farmers get the lowest price and margin in the whole chain. e-choupal e-choupal is a Hindi word which means – “Village meeting place”. e-choupal is a virtual market place where farmers can transact directly with a processor and can realize better price for their produce.

-choupal makes use of the; physical transmission capabilities of current intermediaries & aggregation, logistics, counterparty risk and bridge financing.In June 2000, ITC Limited launched e-choupal in India and now e-choupal has become the largest Internet based intervention in rural India. e-choupal aims to provide farmers ready access to crop specific real-time information to improve the farmer’s decision making ability thereby helping them to better align their farm output to the projected demand in Indian market. -choupal, the Webbased initiative of ITC’s IBD, offers the farmer all information about products and services they need to enhance farm productivity improve farm-gate price realization and cut transaction costs. Farmers can access the latest local and global information on weather, scientific farming practices and market prices at the village itself through the web portal in Indian languages – Hindi, Marathi, Kannada and Telegu. echoupal also facilitates the supply of high quality farm inputs as well as purchases of produce at the farmer’s doorstep. -choupal and the traditional model The main attraction of e-choupal is that it connects large and small producer and users and eliminates the need of middlemen (who are essential in traditional market).

e-choupal is a virtual market that brings together vendors and customers. Geographical distance no longer restricts participation of farmers.The main hurdle of traditional market is that information asymmetry is inherent in the market where as e-choupal provides for transparent transaction. The transaction time at the ITC hub is less than at the mandi i. e. or 3 hours where as 1-2 days in mandi. Some more points are:• • • • • • Customer centric and not dependent on intermediaries.

Capable of being used for many commodities & multiple transactions. Easily scalable once it is verified. Uses local talent and local people to develop local leaders. Uses all the existing institutions and legal frameworks. Scientific way of inspection, testing and weighing. The e-choupal business model The model is centred on a network of e-choupal, information centres equipped with computer connected to the Internet, locating in rural farming villages. -choupal serves as choupal (gathering place) and an e-commerce hub.

A local farmer acting as a Sanchalak (coordinator) runs the e-choupal and the computer usually is located in the sanchalak’s home. ITC also incorporated a local commission agent known as the Samyojak (collaborator), into the system as the provider of logistical support. The critical element of the e-choupal system and the key to managing the geographical and cultural breath of ITC’s network by recruiting a local farmer is the sanchalak. Sanchalak create trust in society and all infrastructure set up is made in his house.Sanchalak receives commission for every transaction processed through the e-choupal and also benefited from increased social status that accompanies the position – a significant advantage in rural Indian life. Sanchalak act as public officer in ITC project. Sanchalak also aggregates farmers input as well as purchase orders.

Sanchalak undergoes training of basic computer usage, basic business skills, quality inspection of crop product training etc. The samyojak or cooperating commisssion agents also play important role.He earn income by providing logistical services that substitute for the lack of rural infrastructure by providing information and market signals on trading transaction. Samyojak is involved in ongoing operation of echoupal system, allowing them revenue streams through providing services such as management of cash, bagging & labour at procurement hubs, handling of mandi paperwork as licensed principals for the retail transaction of the e-choupal. ITC has plans to saturate the sector in which it works with e-choupals, such that a farmer has to travel no more than 5kms.The company expects each e-choupal to serve about 10 villages. Conventional transaction vs.

e-choupal Cost Trolley Freight Filling & Weighing Labour Khadi Karai Handling loss Sub total Processor Incurs – Commission Agent Cost of Bag Labour (Stitching & loading) Labour at factory (Unloading) Freight to factory Transit Losses Sub Total Grand Total Conventional Market 100 70 50 50 270 100 75 35 35 250 10 505 775 e-choupal NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL 50 NIL NIL 35 100 NIL 185 185 As percent of produce value 8 percent 2 percentThe e-choupal system The previous day’s mandi closing price is used to determine the benchmark Fair Average Quality (FAQ) price at the e-choupal, which is static for a given day. The information of mandi price is communicated through e-choupal portal. If and when connection fails, sanchalak calls an ITC field representative. To initiate a sale the farmer brings a sample of his produce to the e-choupal. The sanchalak performs the quality test in the farmer’s presence & must justify any deduction to the farmer. These simple checks and balances ensure transparency in a process where quality testing and pricing happens at multiple levels.If the farmer chooses to sell his produce to ITC, the sanchalak gives him a note capturing his name, his village, quality test report, approx.

quantity and conditional price. The farmer takes the note from sanchalak and proceeds with his crop to the nearest ITC procurement hub. Some procurement hubs are simply ITC’s factories that also act as collection points. ITC’s goal is to have a processing centre with a 30 to 40 kms radius of each farmer. At the ITC hub, a sample of the farmer’s produce is taken and set aside for laboratory test.Laboratory testing of the sample for oil content is performed after the sale & does not alter the price. The reason for this is that farmers having historically being exploited are not immediately willing to trust a laboratory test.

After such inspection, the farmer’s cart is weighed on an electronic weighbridge, first with the produce and then without produce. The difference is used to determine the weights of his produce. After weighing, the farmer collects his payment in full at the payment counter. The farmer is also reimbursed for transporting his crop to the procurement hub.Every stage of the process is accompanied by appropriate documentation. The farmer is given copy of lab reports, agreed rates and receipts for his record. Sanyojaks, who are adept at handling large amount of cash, are entrusted with the responsibility of payment except at procurement centres.

Samyojaks also handle much of the hub logistics, including labour management at hub, bagging, storage mgmt. , transportation from hub to factors and handling mandi paperwork for the crops procured at the hub and for all this he is paid a 0. 5 percent commission.Benefits of e-choupal “A quiet digital revolution is reshaping the lives of farmers in remote Indian villages. ” e-choupal delivers real-time information and customized knowledge to farmer’s decision making ability, securing better quality & price. The e-choupal initiative also creates a direct marketing channel, eliminating wasteful intermediation and multiple handling, thus reducing transaction cost and making logistics efficient. • Digital transformation – ITC began e-choupal with Soya grower in the villages of M.

P. e-choupal tried to change the stereotype image of farmers of bullock cart.Farmers now log on to the site through internet kiosks to order high quality input, get information on best farming practices, prevailing market prices for their crops at home and abroad for the weather forecast all in the local language. The e-choupal site is also helping the farmers discover • • the best price of their quality at the village itself. The site also provides farmers with specialized knowledge for customizing their produce to the right consumer segments. The new storage and handling system preserves the identity of different varieties right through the ‘farm gate to dinner plate’ supply chain.Thus, encouraging the farmers to raise their quality standards and attract higher price.

Credit and Insurance – Farmers’ low income and difficulty in accessing credit limits the capacity to pursue opportunities within and outside the agriculture sector. ITC e-choupal proposes the solution of this problem by making partnership with financial institutions. e-choupal provide various types of loans like non-cash loans for farm inputs, loans to sanchalak (sanchalak can better manage credit risk & have better access to farmers), direct loans to farmers based on sanchalak recommendation, Insurance & risk management services etc.Local leadership development – ITC uses involvement of farmers in content creation helps to easily customize the information as per the local requirements. Participation of local farmers ensures provision of adequate and decipherable information to e-choupal, which can be employed into the farming, or pricing of the produce. The increased participation in e-choupal develops local leadership quality in farmers. The farmers get attracted towards e-choupal due to increased profits, added services that he could get, saving in time and the ability to use e-choupal for many transactions.

choupal delivers relevant technologies in the hands of the farmers, which can improve the economic condition of the entire village. e-choupal is one of the very few ICT projects in India that has effectively utilized e-commerce transactions for poverty alleviation. ICT also reduced the number of middlemen between producers and consumers. Now, simple technology solutions are available to create networks in rural areas, which can function as virtual marketplaces. e-choupal at a glance States covered 9 States [M. P. , Haryana, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, A.

P. , U. P. Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Kerala] 36,000 6,400 3. 5 million Village covered e-choupal info kiosks Empowered e-farmers Other benefits to farmers Farmers are reimbursed for transport to the procurement hub of e-choupal. The transaction time at the ITC hub is also much faster than mandi. ITC has given recognition to integral partner in the supply process & not mere as agricultural producer and thus elevating the level of respect of farmers.

Similarly providing shaded seating area while waiting for their paperwork shows ITC really care for farmers. References Cost and revenue Stream e-choupal has been successful.It has reduced the cost of procurement and the cost of transit and the material handling cost. Procurement transaction costs are reduced from the industry standard of 8 percent (farmers incurs 3 percent and the processor incurs 5 percent) to 2 percent (with farmer saving all his 3 percent, and the processor ITC – saving 3 percent). • • www. echoupal. com Case study on ‘ITC’s e-choupal & profitable rural transformation’ by Kuttayan, Annamalai ; Rao.

Case study on ‘Developing a rural e-hub’ by Bowonder, Gupta ; Singh. • The total cost incurred on the initiatives so far has been • Papers in Digital Opportunities.Rs. 50 million (Rs. 35 million as capital cost towards computers and other hardware at the kiosks as well as central servers and Rs. 15 million revenue expenditure incurred towards portal development, people overhead etc. ).

But ITC has gain benefit Rs. 20 million, which is the equivalent of full investment on 40 percent of the Choupals (Kiosks). In terms of future revenue, the outflow is 52. 1 million in 2001-02 which reduces to 3. 90 million in 2005-2006 and for 2006-07 is estimated as 2. 70 million. Where as inflow in 200102 is 15.

3 million where as 65. 0 million in 2005-2006 and estimated as 85. million in 2006-2007. The internal rate of return (IRR) on the project works out to be 21. 55 percent. In the mandi system, there was a mark up of 7-8 percent on the price of soybean from the farm gate to the factory gate of this mark-up 2. 5 percent was born by the farmer while 5 percent was borne by ITC with e-choupal, ITC cost are down to 2.

5 percent. In absolute terms, both the farmers and ITC save about $ 6 per metric ton. Challenges As the power is usually available for only a few hours a day at on a sporadic schedule, the e-choupal computer cannot always be accessed when information is needed.Phase imbalances leads to damage of equipments. Telecommunication infrastructure in villages is poor. Telephone exchange also have limited battery backup. In addition, there is no local support staff to maintain or troubleshoot telephone exchanges.

The support team is also short-staffed. Other challenges are: • • • • • • • Illiteracy about computer in rural areas as well as rural population has low trust on electronic system. Selection of an educated, intelligent, reliable and matured person as a sanchalak. Improper knowledge about rural market.Vicious circle of intermediaries (Adatiya ; Brokers). Improper and complex user interface on e-choupal. Lack of rules and regulation related to electronic choupal.

Mistrust about inspection, testing and weighing of produce on centres. ITC’s example show the key role of IT in providing and maintaining by a corporation, but used by local farmers – to bring transparency, to increase access to information, and to catalyze rural transformation, while enabling efficiencies and low cost distribution that make the system profitable and sustainable .Critical factors in the apparent success of the venture are ITC’s extensive knowledge of agriculture, the effort ITC has made to retain many aspects to the existing production system, including retaining the integral importance of local partners. ITC e-choupal is committed to transparency and respect and fairness towards farmers as well as local partners. The author is currently working as Assistant Professor in an MBA college in Pune (NIFEM). She is an M. Phil – University topper from DAVV, Indore, MP and is currently pursuing her PhD on e-Governance under the guidance of Prof.

(Dr. ) Pankaj Trivedi.The ITC e-choupal has attracted global attention. Says David Upton, professor, Harvard Business School, who flew down to India to write this case study for his students, “This is a supply chain innovation that is local to India but has broad applications to the world. What is interesting is the social good it brings in the wake to the small, marginal farmer. ” Upton points out several issues which the company has addressed. Firstly, it is not just tweaking around but a greater efficiency in the supply chain.

One of the problems in redesigning supply chains is how to use different tools, thus making the various players still own the chain.Here, the farmer and the team are involved in painting the big picture, so there is enthusiasm and a feeling of ownership. Further, how do you avoid a channel conflict by finding space for the middle-men? Upton also points out that the ‘roll out, fix it, scale up’ model is a new approach to strategic management. The philosophy here is that the terrain has so many uncertainties that gaps will exist. So, unlike in the past, where focus was on well-laid strategic plans, here you give experimentation-based strategies more weightage.Says Upton: “Admitted I do not have all the answers but I will not wait for them; instead build safety nets while I roll it out, learn lessons and then fix it. This means you are not attached to your design and are sensitive to lessons from the outside world.

” The company’s target is to eventually have 50,000 choupals to cover 200,000 Indian villages which means covering one-fifth of the country. With this infrastructure, ITC targets Rs 2000 crore (Rs 20,000 million) by the year 2005 from its international exports.Says Sivakumar, “Even while we set up choupals all over India, we have offers from international organisations to replicate this in Africa and other developing countries. ” The eChoupal advantage ITC’s eChoupal project is a winner—for farmers who get better remuneration and for the company that’s assured quality inputs for its business Imagine an illiterate farmer in a remote village in Madhya Pradesh sitting at a desktop wired up to the WWW through a small VSAT link, powered by a tiny power generator by the side, and surfing away to glory downloading invaluable information about weather forecasts and sowing trends.Imagine farmers checking prices for soya beans at the nearest government-run market, or even on an international commodities exchange. “A few V V R Babu years ago such a scenario would have seemed outlandish but today it’s a reality,” says V V R Babu, CIO, ITC (eChoupal Project). IT for the Masses The eChoupal project covers over 35,000 villages in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttaranchal providing millions of farmers with critical information on farming.

The Choupal services are being delivered by over 6,000 Sanchalaks and over 17,000 Upa Sanchalaks to these remotest areas.Multiple Benefits Farmers can look at weather forecasts, order fertiliser and herbicide, and consult an agronomist by e-mail when their crops turn yellow. At some eChoupals they can even buy life insurance, apply for loans and also check their children’s exam results. While much has been written about the social benefits of ITC’s eChoupal, the matter of the fact is that the project was conceptualised with a pure business focus to create farmer communities in villages to facilitate sourcing of high-quality farm produce for the company’s fast growing agribusiness.Better Payment In IT parlance, eChoupal is an intelligent blend of applications like CRM and supply chain management. For instance, by helping the farmer identify and control his inputs and farming practices, and by paying more for better quality, ITC has been able to preserve the source and improve the quality of produce. The project was built using .

NET. The first implementation of a Soya Choupal took eight months but later extensions like the Aqua Choupal for aquamarine farmers took between six and eight weeks.Today eChoupal is a flexible, easy to deploy solution. ITC Infotech provided an inhouse team of 25 to 30 people in the initial stage and this gradually came down to around 20 people, and finally a five-member team to maintain the project. The portfolio of commodities sourced has been vastly expanded to include maize, barley, sorghum, and pulses, and the sourcing cycle is extended almost around the year. In the commodities market, these two factors are helping ITC create a definite competitive advantage.The Problems “Initially we thought that we would work with DoT to upgrade rural telephone exchanges.

The department was proactive in upgrading many rural exchanges to electronic ones. After 15 months we found that the experience was not satisfactory,” explained Babu. Power cuts in rural areas can run for eight to 10 hours. ITC even went so far as to provide gensets at a few locations hoping to spur DoT to doing the same. It didn’t work out and in 2001 ITC shifted its focus to using Ku Band VSATs. Power remained a problem and it was solved by using solar panels.The EChoupal Roadmap ITC now plans to leverage its eChoupal infrastructure to sell third-party products, provide rural market research services, and in the social sector, to provide services like health advisories and enable e-governance.

ITC eChoupal has embarked in on providing best of the class retailing and shopping experiences to the rural consumers by building retail shopping complexes that provide integrated facilities under one roof. Under the brand ‘Choupal Sagar,’ these shopping complexes house—a procurement centre, retail store, food court, farmer facility centre and healthcare clinic.In healthcare services, a pilot project has been launched along with leading corporate healthcare service providers, to extend reliable and quality healthcare services to the remotest villages. Several health camps conducted during the pilots are encouraging and the project is in the midst of scaling up to other locations. ITC eChoupal is currently piloting delivery of quality education services to the rural areas leveraging the physical and digital infrastructure developed for commodities sourcing and consumer retail services.

My name is Ram Manohar. I am a farmer engaged in paddy cultivation as well as the Secretary of an Association of farmers. I come from Thirunellveli district in Tamil Nadu. About five kilometers from my farm land, a multinational company established a factory for producing soft drinks. The entire land around the factory to an extent of 10 Sq. km was under paddy cultivation. The entire water requirement for the company was from bore wells in the company premises.

It is understood from the employees of the company that each bore well is around 1000 ft deep. Since the establishment of the factory the water availability in the bore wells in the farm land started receding. The main water source for agriculture and day to day life is from bore wells. The company apart from producing soft drinks is also producing a fertilizer as a by -product. The Agriculture Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu is marketing the fertilizer at a subsidized rate. The said fertilizer is very cheap and the farmers are using the same for paddy cultivation.

However the use of fertilizer has reduced the yield. Since the past two years almost the entire bore wells in the farm land has gone dry. Hence I am unable to cultivate paddy for the last two years. Around 2000 farmers in the locality are similarly placed. The Government has appointed a study commission to look into the issue of shortage of water, reduced yield and connected issues. After enquiry the Commission recommended the immediate closing of the factory. The Government of Tamil Nadu acted on the Report and closed the factory. In the meantime the Government also framed rules for regulating bore wells.

The company has wound up its entire activities in India and closed its office and its responsible persons had left India. The entire farmers in the locality under the association are on an indefinite strike. We are demanding compensation. Can we claim compensation from the Government as well as from the company. Presently the farmers have no means for their daily livelihood. Please advise us.

Additional Information

1. I am sixty years old.
2. From time immemorial my family is engaged in paddy cultivation and Thirunelveli district is known as the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu.
3. I own fifteen acres of farm land.
4. The name of the company is Popsco. It is a Finnish company.
5. The company started functioning in India in the year 2005.
6. The company has 100 acres of land.
7. There are 40 bore wells in the factory premises.
8. I have three bore wells in my farmland and they have also gone dry.
9. The average depth of the bore well in the farm land of the area is 250 ft.
10. The Commission was appointed during July 2007
11. The Commission gave its report during March 2008.
12. The Commission found that the fertilizer contained high level of Cadium which has resulted in the reduced yield and that the farmlands have been contaminated.
13. The Commission also found that the water shortage was due to excess drawing of ground water by the factory.
14. The Commission found that the farm lands cannot be profitably cultivated for a minimum period of five years.
15. Fertilizers containing Cadium has been banned since 2003 in almost all parts of Europe.
16. The commission found that a minimum ten years period is required for sufficient increase in the ground water level.
17. The estimated loss of income of the farmers as per the Commission Report is five thousand Crores.
18. The commission found that the fertilizer was approved for sale bypassing statutory requirements.
19. The factory was closed during December 2009,till that time the factory was fully operational.
20. The association has given written representation for compensation to the company on October 10th 2009.

My name is Sofia. I am a veterinary doctor and an expert in embryo transplantation technology. I am an employee of a Company in Gujarat.

I joined the company on 10/05/06. The notification for selection stipulated that a five year bond has to be executed as a condition for selection. After selection I executed the bond. At the time of selection I have surrendered my entire original certificates to the company. The bond stipulated that I should work for minimum five years with the company and in case of resignation, liquidated damages of Rs ten lakhs has to be paid. Furthermore the bond contained a non – competition clause which prohibited me from working in a similar organization for ten years. All the selected candidates executed the bond.

I was sent to Denmark for routine training by the company. The company has agreed to enhance the salary to all employees w. e. f 01/01/08. However the company has not yet enhanced the salary citing financial crisis. There was an offer from another company. I appeared for the interview and got selected. I was instructed to produce the original certificates on or before 10/02/2010. I approached my company for relieving me and also for original certificates. The company stated that I cannot be relieved as the new company is engaged in similar business. I lost the opportunity.

From April the company is facing severe financial crisis. The future of the company is uncertain. Can I resign from this company and opt for another job. The company has orally informed me that they would not relieve me till the bond period is over. I am one among the ten veterinary doctors in India who are skilled in embryo transplantation and as such I have tremendous job opportunities with higher prospects. Am I entitled to claim compensation from the company for denying my opportunity? The company is threatening to sue me if I join similar institutions. Please advise me.

Additional Information

1. Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Degree obtained in the year 2005.
2. The name of my Company is Gujarat Livestock Corporation.
3. Selection was through all India written test and Interview.
4. Bond was executed on 1/05/2006. The bond has no clause allowing the company to retain my original certificates. I have the copy of the bond and the copy of the notification inviting application for the job.
5. The pay scale is Rs 16000-22000.
6. My post is Assistant Veterinary Surgeon.
7. I successfully completed the probation on10/05/08.
8. It was told that the original certificates would be returned after the probation period.
9. The proposed enhancement of salary was Rs five thousand per month.
10. The offer for the new job was from Gujarat Diary Corporation.
11. The offered post was Deputy Manager.
12. The pay scale of the new company was Rs 25000-35000.
13. Written request for relieving was made on 20/01/2010.
14. Reply to the above request was received on 28/01/2010.
15. Gujarat Diary Corporation and Gujarat Livestock Corporation are engaged in similar activities and both are promoted by the Government of Gujarat.
16. I was provided in- house training for the first six months by the company.
17. I went to Denmark on 10/05/07. Training was the same as given in the in house training and was for three months.
18. The company has spent Rs fifteen lakhs as expenses for my training in Denmark.
19. In addition I went for training to Australia for three months with the permission of my employer. Training in Australia was from 2/06/08 to 02/09/08.
20. The training in Australia was for specialization in embryo transplantation.
21. Training in Australia was on my own expenses

Recently we were told by our teacher to pay a visit at our campus on the occasion of a science fair giving each one of us one ticket. Accordingly, I went there and enjoyed a lot. What I saw was a fantastic arrangement of exhibits done by the students. I saw miniatures mostly about agriculture. One of the unique creations was a miniature of Terrace Farming, it is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.

As we all know, one of the popular terraces is he Banana Rice Terraces (Haggard-Haggard Palatal). Some of the miniature was describing about Contour Plowing it is plowing across a slope following its elevation contour lines. This is the kind of agricultural solution used by most farmers as a tool for weed control, prevent soil erosion, and in some cases to promote plant growth. There was also a miniature about Interloping meaning growing two different vegetables in an area at the same time to save space. On the other miniature it was about how to farm organically.

According to a book that I have read, eating organic odds may in fact, reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer for individuals who abstain from consuming products produced by conventional farming methods. I also saw a miniature about animal farming. Mostly the main products of this Industry are meat, milk and eggs for human consumption. Here’s to other miniature about urban Vile which pictures out the setting of an urban place or what we call a city where you can see tall buildings and establishments and a large crowd of people.

In the contrary there was a miniature with details of a Rural place where It Is located outside the city with a low population density and small settlements. And lastly, one object drew my attention. It was about family farming. Like In my hometown we have a small farm at the back of our house, and planting Is one of our ways of bonding during weekends. One of the Important features of family farms Is the Intimate connection between families and farms which creates vital links between a farm and the food being grown. I miss home. I spent full 30 minutes rooming around the science fair enjoying such wonderful creations.