Force

Bottlenecks in a Process Paper Tino Hearn OPS/571 James Powell April 13, 2010 RUNNING HEAD: Bottlenecks in a Process Paper The daily exercise process design is not an extensive process. The cycle time may vary daily. There are potential bottlenecks but not many relating to the daily exercise process design. “Good intentions often lead to bad habits. This is evident when bottlenecks occur from relying too heavily on highly productive individuals or systems. It is common practice to place more responsibility on an individual if that person consistently demonstrates the capacity for it” (Executive Blueprints, 2010).

The writer notices a couple of bottlenecks that occurs due to natural elements of the process. For example, the flowchart displays the writer decides the length of time and the distance he will run. This is a potential bottleneck because if the weather is inclement, there will be a delay in the writer’s ability to begin running at the designated time. This will produce a buffer prior to the next stage of the process because the anticipated time of the next stage which is the abdominal workout will be prolonged.

Another bottleneck would be if the writer starts his run and he gets muscle cramps or fatigue. This will potentially cause the writer to discontinue his run. However, these bottlenecks are not necessarily part of the normal process. Other potential bottlenecks could include the writer’s heart rate and vital signs being abnormal. The writer would have to his exercise regiment for that particular day. The bottlenecks in the exercise process will hinder the writer from reaching his overall health goals of losing weight; lower his cholesterol and acquiring better general health.

Some potential buffers could involve the writer being too fatigued or exhausted to complete the cool down period. This would also prevent the writer from getting into the abdominal and weight lifting phase of the process. In essence, there are limited amount of bottlenecks in the exercise program flowchart. The bottlenecks are not detrimental to the overall objective of getting a good workout and exercise program prior to starting the workday. The bottlenecks can potentially help the writer fine tune some steps in the process to get better results.

References Executive Blueprints (2010). Eliminating bottlenecks for process improvements. Retrieved April 13, 2010 from http://www. executiveblueprints. com/tips/090511bottlenecks. htm Tino, process analysis is a basic skill needed to understand how a business operates. I notice you used a source of reference to define bottlenecks and it is different than our course of study. However, I am not sure if you understand the concept of bottleneck correctly as evidence discussed in your paper.

Except for you mentioning heart rate and vital signs being abnormal and these factors can limit the capacity of your workout and there is limited discussion about this bottleneck. (-3) Consider using a value-added analysis (focused on eliminating the non–value-adding activities), you might be able to reduce the workout time and maintain an acceptable heart rate for your activities. I would like to have seen you support your perspectives of the process and support it with theoretical concepts from the assigned reading where necessary. (-. 25) As presented your paper earned . 4. 75 out of 8. 0 points.

A process essay is a type of written assignment unusually delivered by students of colleges and universities. The nature of a task is descriptive. The main aim is to present writing providing the reader with the step-by-step info describing a particular process.

By the formatting of the layout, it reminds a guide or a list of instructions. It should be concentrated on the description of the process of doing something. It may be a technical guide or list of steps explaining how to do any other process.

This type of composition is supposed to have a specific chronological order. Everything should be arranged logically and delivered coherently. Each step should be described in a detailed manner. One should be aware of the issue he or she is representing to be able to provide a comprehensive list of steps. These steps may help to perform a specific action. It is always a good idea to make a process essay as a sharing of the author’s personal experience.

How to Write Process Essay Topics

Writing of an essay begins with the choice of a subject. As is often the case, this process turns to be time-consuming. Process paper topic may be different starting from those related to personal experience and ending with those relating to any other spheres of life. The assignment by its structure and formatting remind a guide explaining the particular process as a step-by-step algorithm.

The starting stage of the preparation is choice of the topic. It is essential for the author to focus his attention on the issues with which he is familiar. What is more, the essay has to be concentrated on one particular process. That is why it is important to think about the possible topics enabling the writer to deliver appropriate process analysis.

Here is the list of 15 process paper essay ideas to dwell upon while working with this kind of paper.

1. How to make your room looking new and stylish?
2. How to change the color of walls in a day?
3. How to clean your car quickly and efficiently?
4. How to prevent car doors from freezing?
5. How to travel all over the world without spending large sums of money?
6. How to book cheap plane tickets in advance?
7. How to plan a tour around a foreign country?
8. How to improve the look of your skin?
9. How to get rid of annoying pimples?
10. How to prepare a mask for nourishing your skin?
11. How to fix the laptop and restart the operational system?
12. How to make dishes from Asian cuisine?
13. How to cook quickly and tasty?
14. How to plan your monthly budget?
15. How to launch a new project?

Examples of Process Sssays

Writing examples is a great way to illustrate all the points mentioned above. Here is the process essay sample.

How to Prepare Italian Pizza

The thing that matters for a tasty pizza is the recipe and cooking technique. To make a delicate Italian pizza, you will need:

1. Warm boiled water – 300 ml
2. Dry yeast – 10 g
3. Sugar – 2 tsp.
4. Salt – 1 tsp.
5. Flour – 500 gr
6. Vegetable oil (olive or sunflower) – 2-3 tablespoons.

To begin with, prepare a bowl – pour in warm water into a bowl, pour sugar, salt, yeast and one tablespoon of flour. Mix everything and leave for 15-20 minutes. After this time, the yeast will wander, covered with foam, and then you can begin to knead the dough. In a separate bowl, mix the remaining flour, salt, olive or sunflower oil, and pour the prepared frost. Stir the dough.

Making the proper dough consistency is essential. It should not be too tight. The perfect dough for a little pizza should be plastic and supple, but at the same time, it should not break, then the pizza will be tasty.

After the dough is ready, the most important step is to roll it out as thinly as possible. This recipe and the number of products are for three pizzas. Therefore, before rolling, the dough should be divided into three equal parts. Roll the dough off, but stretch it on the bones of the fingers, scrolling it many times in your hands. Therefore, the basis for pizza turns out thin in the middle and thickened from the edges.

After the dough is rolled up and its thickness is ultimately satisfying for you, grease it with tomato sauce, sprinkle with spices, put oregano branches, put tomatoes and circles of Mozzarella cheese on the top. Put the pizza in the oven and bake for 10-12 minutes at a temperature of 250 degrees.

If your oven is not from the newest generation and the maximum heating temperature is lower than you should increase the baking time. After the pizza is ready to decorate it with fresh basil and serve it to the table. A fine Italian pizza on your table will surprise many!

Ideas for a Process Essay

Ideas for a process essay can be taken from real life. It is always a good idea to describe a process, which you have performed several times. It will enable you to define all the details and highlight all the important nuances. The best idea for the essay is that one, which is created and formulated by the author.

Several elements may add unique coloring, charm and sense loading. Primarily, you have to focus the reader’s attention on a particular issue. Prepare the audience for the info they are going to receive. Deliver the info using well-structured sentences.

The clearness of the idea, which you are going to focus on, depends on the structuring. That is why; the crucial requirement is to stick to logical and coherent characteristics. The reader will be able to see the clear picture. Provide the audience with the detailed info, so that the character of the assignment will be fully preserved.

The Structure of the Procedural Essay

Write the Intro

Topics for process essay are of the utmost importance. However, it is not proper to overlook the demands of a structure. Like any other type of written assignment, a procedural essay has to start with the intro. The adequate intro has to comprise attention-grabbing facts that will attract the reader’s attention.

It is a good idea to provide the most basics thing that will be needed for the appropriate performing of the process, which you are describing. You can mention the time limit, special materials that may be required. The last sentence of the intro has to be a thesis. It should comprise facts that provide the reader with the main idea of the assignment.

Principal body preparation is the next phase of the process essay delivery. Create a scheme, indicating the main points you are going to cover in your essay. It will enable you to order everything logically. Following your outline, you may be sure that nothing significant will be overlooked. In contrast to the standard essay, this paper may have more than 2-3 body paragraphs due to its nature specificities.

There are no standards concerning the number of sentences to be included in the section and their length. A writer can decide by himself, depending on the type of procedural essay. Be sure to enhance your work with transitions between steps, so that the target reader will not get confused.

The finishing part of the essay has to present a summary of all info discussed throughout the work. Thanks to it, the author manages to condense all the issues and deliver appropriate ending. If it is a technical manual, add short generalization. If it is a recipe, tell the target audience now can enjoy the tasty dish. In a case with the guides, tell that now a target reader is familiar with the certain process and prove him or her that the essay reading was useful.

General Tips of Procedural Essay Preparation

By its nature, the procedural essay is a descriptive guide. The primary goal is delivery of handy info that may be successfully applied by a target audience. It is significant to understand that taking into account the aim of the author, he has to approach the issue seriously and prepare an outline that may help to deliver a detailed and relevant composition.

The structure of a process essay depends mainly on its type. The recipe presupposes process explanation plus a list of ingredients.  Sometimes, writers add a list of hints helping in the cooking process. In a case with the preparation of various types of guides, the task of the author is to include info describing the usage specificities as well as a warning about certain difficulties that may arise.  It is appropriate to mention all the necessary skills, knowledge, time limits in all types of process essays. It is a compulsory requirement.

Be clear and distinct. Do not overlook the details. Try to as precise as possible. Create an outline and try to follow it to preserve the logical order of your thoughts. Mention all the needed skills, requirements, equipment and ingredient at the beginning, so that the target reader can thoroughly prepare for the process itself.

Every instruction or guide has to comprise a list of warning that may prevent the reader from unexpected consequences or possible difficulties. An excellent and useful strategy is adding to the illustrations. It may help the audience to visualize the process, which you are describing.

Policy Process CJA 580: Public Policy Issues University of Phoenix Dr. Matthew Geyer, Faculty May 15, 2010 Policy Process Society relies on the criminal justice system to maintain order within communities and to maintain a safe environment for community members. Society expects the criminal justice system to provide justice by separating the guilty from the innocent, to incapacitate dangerous individuals, to promote deterrence to law-breaking individuals, and to rehabilitate offenders.

An important expectation of the criminal justice system is to provide fair and just consequences to criminal offenders and assist the offenders with reintegrating into society. Some of the expectations of the criminal justice system are not met therefore; the purpose of this analysis is to describe methods for improving the criminal justice system to meet the expectations of society. This analysis will also provide the necessary procedures the criminal justice system could take to make these suggestions an actual policy.

The current criminal justice policies are inclined to punish offenders as a method of crime control and crime prevention (American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. , n. d. ). Although punishment is necessary for many criminal offenses and criminal offenders, a punishment is not a necessity for all crimes. In many cases in which narcotic transfers are involved, the punishment of incarceration for an extended length of time is cruel and unusual.

Narcotic transfers are typically considered non-violent crimes and subsequent to incarceration, the offender is continually punished because their ability to reintegrate back into society and become law-abiding, contributing members of society is hindered (American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. , n. d. ). Incarceration is not an efficient method to deter offenders from reoffending since, following incarceration, they are unable to gain successful employment because of their criminal history. Gaining successful employment s not unrealistic however; employers tend not to disregard the offender’s history therefore influencing the offender’s decision to reoffend. Many narcotic offenders do not desire to break laws; their main concern is monetary gain. Alternatives policies in regard to narcotic offenders should be implemented to assist them with reintegration, rehabilitation, and to actually deter them from reoffending. A possible policy to implement to avoid incarcerating non-violent offenders is implementing a program that assists offenders with education and seeking employment.

A program of this magnitude will give offenders the opportunity to remain connected with society and will give them the opportunity to become successful members of society. The program may provide job training skills, education courses, and employers who are willing to employ individuals with a criminal history. Not only will this program benefit ex-offenders, it will also benefit the companies that hire them. The Work Opportunity Tax Credit is a federal tax credit given to companies to reduce the federal tax liability of employers to be used as an incentive for employing ex-offenders (Tax Credits, n. . ). The main objective of the policy is to provide crime control and crime prevention oppose to punishing offenders only for them to reoffend. Implementing this policy may become a challenge because of the procedures necessary to implement the policy. The first step and most important step of starting this policy is compiling a list of employers willing to hire ex-offenders. For more than one reason, employers may believe hiring an ex-offender would be detrimental to their company.

However, one of the goals of this program is to provide the skills and abilities to satisfy the employers, preventing recidivism. The second step of starting this policy is proposing the policy to policy makers. The policy will need the support of the community and the overall criminal justice system to be a success. The program can be a success providing it has the necessary resources. Profiling is an issue within the criminal justice system. Profiling, as it refers to criminal justice, includes using gender, sex, and most commonly, race to identify an individual as a suspect or possible suspect of a crime.

Oftentimes, the individual is not a suspect or possible suspect and a crime may not have even been committed however, they are judged based on the above. The issue of profiling, mainly racial profiling, is because of the criminal justice system’s inability to address racial disparities. A fair criminal justice system is an expectation of society. The influence of bias and different treatment in the system should be protected against and evaluated for prosecution. Many instances occur in which an individual has been racially profiled and as a result the individual has been physically, mentally, or emotionally harmed by the incident. Disparities in processing have been seen most prominently in the area of law enforcement, with documentation of widespread racial profiling in recent years. Disparities in the criminal justice system are in part a function of the interrelationship between race and class, and reflect the disadvantages faced by low-income defendants (Mauer, n. d. ). ” Providing a mixed criminal justice system may provide society a sense of comfort if they believe the system consists of individuals similar to them. . A policy should be implemented to employ an equal number of races within the criminal justice system.

There is no absolute way to ensure employing an equal number of races will decrease racial disparities however, employing different races may decrease racial profiling in communities. The policy should also include the intent to prosecute individuals if it is proven that he or she profiled resulting in some form of harm from the incident. This policy will be a challenge to implement considering there may not be any proof of any wrongdoings however, if the incident is reviewed and evaluated, prosecutors may take the necessary steps to prosecute the individual.

The most important step to implement this policy would be to involve the community and policy makers. Policy makers would have to agree to approach legislation with the policy to implement a law that would decrease racial profiling. The community’s involvement is also important. Society members can assist in ensuring individuals are prosecuted for wrongdoings by reporting mistreatment to them or reporting mistreatment of others. The current criminal justice system has issues that can be addressed by implementing different policies. The two policies described above can assist in improving the operation of the criminal justice system.

Implementing a policy that will allow offenders to reintegrate back into society, rehabilitate, and to deter them from reoffending will decrease the amount of individuals incarcerated and as a result possibly decrease the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. The policy will also provide crime control and crime prevention oppose to punishing offenders only for them to reoffend. Implementing a policy that punishes criminal justice employees for profiling is another method that can assist in improving the operation of the criminal justice system.

The goal of this policy is to decrease profiling by employing different races thus decreasing the possibility of profiling. References American Bar Association. (n. d. ). American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. Retrieved from American Bar Association http://www. abanet. org/poladv/transition/2008dec_crimjustice. pdf Mauer, M. (n. d). Racial Disparities and Criminal Justice. Fdch Congressional Testimony, Retrieved From Masterfile Premier Database. National H. I. R. E Network. (n. d. ). Tax Credits. Retrieved from National H. I. R. E Network http://www. hirenetwork. org/admin/clearinghouse. php? state_id=NC

Also, that a 16 year old risk of getting in car accident is higher then any other age group. If you do not have your permit, please provide the last four digits of your social security number so that your teacher can issue your drug and alcohol certificate. My last four digits are: Module 2: The Driver: Describe three aha moments that you had as you worked through Module Two. 1 . That we have two different type of vision central and peripheral. 2. “Aim high and look ahead, don’t look down” This is important because we can spot curves from far 3.

When I found out you must have a optimistic attitude to drive but not too pessimistic cause if you’re to optimistic you can be a bad driver. How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) This information will affect me as a driver because if I follow these rules I can be a good driver. If I don’t follow these rules I can cause serious accident that may result in my death or someone else death. Module 3: Natural Forces Affecting the Driver 2. Inertia- When a object is at rest it will remain at rest.

While an object in motion will remain in motion in the same direction unless a force touch it. 3. Potential Energy- Its energy an object already has in it self. 4. Kinetic Energy- The energy made while an object is in motion. 5. Friction-Its the restraint between the movement of two surface in contact. 6. Traction- Traction is always affected by friction someway somehow. 7. Centrifugal Force- The opposite of centripetal force. It doesn’t seek to be in the middle. It also increase a person acceleration. 8. Centripetal Force-Its a force that seeks to be in the middle. 10. Force of impact- Is the force made when objects meet.

Module 4: Signs, Signals & Pavement Markings 1. Explain the purpose of the following A. The difference between solid and broken lines is: In a solid line you can not pass over it while on a broken line you may pass over it. B. Yellow lines (broken or solid) indicate what type of traffic flow: The yellow line indicates where the center of a two way traffic is at. You may cross over a broken yellow line but you can’t cross a solid yellow line. C. White lines (broken or solid) indicate what type of traffic flow:White lines tells you which way traffic is traveling in your direction. 2.

Observe and describe the different signs in YOUR city. Give specific examples of each (include color, shape, what the sign is for, etc. ). A. A regulatory sign: A speed limit of 35. Its a white rectangular shape sign. B. A motorist services sign: A hospital sign. It’s a blue square sign with a capital H in the middle. C. A recreational sign: A recreational sign is brown and rectangular. A sign indicating to the Florida everglades. D. A sign that you know what it means because of its shape: A triangle sign is telling you to yield. 3. Explain 3 interesting or important facts from Module 3 and 4.

A. An interesting wing I learn is that driving and physics are interconnected. 8. 1 realize that the shapes and colors off sign tells you a lot about its meaning. C. An important fact I learn is that you can always drive over a broken but never a solid line unless there is hazard in the way. Module 5: Laws and Rules of the Road Create a car saying (Bumper Sticker) or a Road Sign (Billboard) that would describe one main point you learned in Module 5. This is an example off bumper sticker from a former student: the right speed is always a good deed. Enjoy your ride and don’t collide! 1 . What would yours say? Don’t be afraid to cease. Drive with ease. 2. How would it look? It would be on a neon green rectangular sticker with the saying in big bold black letters. 3. Now, write at least one paragraph (5 sentences or more) which explains why you thought this would make a great bumper sticker or billboard, and how it summarizes the information you learned in Module Five. I thought this would make a great bumper sticker because it’s a very catchy phrase. When somebody read it. It will stay in their mind because its simple and catchy.

This phrase summarizes this doodle because when driving you must remember all the laws and regulations the state of Florida may have. A driver can’t be afraid to slow down or stop while driving when it is necessary. Plus a good driver must drive with ease meaning he has to drive with confidence. Module 6: Effects of Alcohol and Drugs Some day you might find yourself in a dangerous driving situation because of drugs, alcohol, or extreme drowsiness due to medication. Talk to a parent or guardian about what they would like for you to do if you find yourself in this situation.

Answer the following questions in one or more complete sentences. . Explain three ways you can get home safely, without getting behind the wheel, if there are drugs or alcohol in your system. A. Let a friend who is sober give you a ride home. B. Call a taxi to take you to your destination. C. Call your mom and/or dad to pick you up even if you may face consequences its better then driving home intoxicated. 2. Explain three ways you can get home safely if the friend you rode with has drugs or alcohol in his system and you prevent him from getting behind the wheel. A. Take away their car keys and drive them home. B.

Call his/her parents to pick him/her up. C. Use public transportation. 3. What would your parent/guardian want you to do? My parents would rather me to contact them to pick me up from my destination. They rather pick me up intoxicated then get a phone call from the police saying I kill somebody or myself because I was drinking and driving. 4. Look up and list the number of a local taxi or car service in your community. Include the company name and telephone number. Module 7: Collision Costs and Preventions There are many costs associated with owning and driving a car. The purchase of a car is only the beginning.

There are maintenance costs, fees, tolls, taxes, fuel and insurance. For the next few questions, you will explore these costs by talking to a parent or guardian about your driving responsibilities. 1. Will I have a vehicle of my own to drive, or will I share? My vehicle would be shared with my parents. 2. Who will pay for the insurance and gas? My parents would pay for my car insurance and gas until I get a Job. 3. Contact your family car insurance company to obtain a cost estimate. How much will you be expected to pay monthly or annually? My parents would be expected to pay 175. 3 a month. . If you drive 50 miles each week and your car gets 25 miles to the gallon with gas costing $4. 00 per gallon, how much gas will you have to buy? I would pay $8. 00 a week. 5. If you get paid $8. 00 per hour at your Job and insurance is $200 a month, how many hours will you have to work to pay for insurance? I would have to work 25 hours. 6. Will your parents set restrictions on your driving such as the hours of the day you can drive or how many passengers you can have in the car? If so, please include restrictions. My restrictions would be that I’m allowed to drive am to pm.

Plus I’m to allowed to have friends in my car. 7. Will your parents allow you to drive to school, work, on major highways, how far from home can you drive? Please include where you will be allowed to drive. I would be able to drive to school and work when I do get Job. 8. Never text and drive! Discuss with your parents the use of your cell phone when driving. Explain to them the one situation when it would be appropriate to talk on your cell phone. Then write the situation you spoke with them about. It would be appropriate to talk to my parents when I am park. Never answer my phone when I’m riving.

Module 8: Substance Abuse Choose one option to complete your 5-8 sentence paragraph in this section. Imagine a close friend is planning to go out and celebrate this weekend. You know your friend intends to drink and may experiment with drugs. You are not only concerned for her well-being but also worried that she might get behind the wheel and drive. Using the information you learned in module 8, write a paragraph persuading your friend to make safe choices. List at least 3 dangers she may face and 2 alternatives for her to safely and legally enjoy the celebration. Dear Friend,

General Goal: To depict how the conformity and opposition of the respiratory system influence take a breathing under normal conditions and how they may be altered by disease.

Specific Aims: The pupil should be able to:

• define transpulmonary force per unit area, transthoracic force per unit area, and transmural respiratory system force per unit area and discourse how they relate to lung and chest wall kick force per unit area.
• describe 2 alone surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent, depict how these belongingss affect lung conformity, and depict the physiological effects of unnatural surfactant production in IRDS.
• define “ dependent lung ” , discuss the mechanism underlying distribution of regional airing in assorted organic structure places.
• province whether the lung and chest wall will flinch inward or spring outward at RV, FRC, chest wall unstressed volume ( Vo ) and above 65 % TLC and to place the volume at which lung and thorax wall forces balance.
• list 2 major factors which will diminish airway quality and increase airway opposition.
• describe why flow is “ attempt independent ” during termination but non inspiration, and discourse the mechanism responsible for greater flow restriction at low lung volumes or in the presence of emphysema.

Normal breathing

Inspiration is usually active. Termination is usually inactive.

Muscles of respiration

Inspiratory musculus

Diaphragm. Principle musculus of inspiration.

External intercostals. Lift ribs during inspiration.

Accessary musculss. Include sternomastoids, scalene musculuss, and alae nasi.

Expiratory musculus

Abdominal musculss. Principle musculus of termination.

Internal intercostals. Pull ribs downward and inward.

Pressures involved in respiration.

Pbs = force per unit area at organic structure surface ( normally

atmospheric )

PM = oral cavity force per unit area ( normally atmospheric )

PPl = intrapleural force per unit area

PALV = alveolar force per unit area

Figure 1

Airway force per unit area gradient PM – PALV. This is the force per unit area gradient driving air flow into the lungs.

Transpulmonary force per unit area PTP = PALV – PPl. This transmural force per unit area across the lungs. Equal to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of lungs when there is no air flow. Additions and lessenings with lung volume.

Transchest wall force per unit area PTC = PPl – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the thorax. Equal in magnitude to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of the chest when there ‘s no air flow. Additions and lessenings with chest volume.

Transmural respiratory system force per unit area PRS = PALV – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the full respiratory system ( lungs + thorax ) . This is equal to the net inactive elastic kick force per unit area of the whole respiratory system when air flow is zero.

Outward Acting forces Inward playing forces

when positive when positive

Three ways to blow up the lungs

Increase alveolar force per unit area. Done when utilizing external positive force per unit area inhalators.

Decrease organic structure surface force per unit area. Done when utilizing the old Fe lungs.

Activate inspiratory musculus. The normal manner to breath.

Inflation kinetics. Requires that transmural force per unit area development be sufficient to get the better of non merely elastic kick forces but besides airway opposition to flux.

Elastic characteristics of the lung

Lung conformity ( CL ) — step lung volume at assorted transpulmonary force per unit areas. The incline is lung conformity.

Hysteresis. Lung volume at a given transpulmonary force per unit area is higher during deflation than during rising prices. The grounds for this are complex. Often, merely the deflation limb is shown on figures.

Conformity lessenings ( the lung becomes stiffer ) at high lung volumes.

Two major forces contribute to lung conformity: tissue elastic forces and surface tenseness forces.

Saline rising prices eliminates gas-air interface. It takes less transpulmonary force per unit area to blow up the lung with saline. The lung becomes more compliant because merely tissue elastic forces remain.

Surface tenseness in the lung.

At every gas-liquid interface surface tenseness develops.

Laplaces Law. It takes a certain rising prices force per unit area to back up the surface tenseness developed at an air-gas interface.

T=tension ( dyne/cm )

P=transmural force per unit area ( dyne cm2 )

R = radius ( centimeter )

Wetting agent in the lung

Secreted by Type II alveolar cells, surfactant lines the air sac at the gas-liquid interface and has dipalmitoyl lecithin, ( dipolmitoyl phosphotidyl choline=DPPC ) as a major component.

Surfactant has 2 alone surface tenseness belongings

The mean surface tenseness is low.

Surface tenseness varies with country. Surface tenseness rises as country gets bigger and falls as country gets smaller.

Physiological importance of wetting agent

Additions lung conformity because surface forces are reduced.

Promotes alveolar stableness and prevents alveolar prostration. Decreased surface country lowers surface tenseness. Increased surface country additions surface tenseness. Small air sacs are prevented from acquiring smaller. Large air sacs are prevented from acquiring bigger.

Promotes dry air sac. Alveolar prostration tends to “ suck ” fluid from pneumonic capillaries. Stabilizing air sac ( see B ) prevents transudate of fluid by forestalling prostration.

Infant respiratory disease syndrome ( IRDS )

Surfactant ( DPPC ) production starts tardily in foetal life so premature babies are frequently unable to do surfactant properly.

Babies with unnatural wetting agent have stiff, fluid-filled lungs with atelectatic countries ( alveolar prostration ) . Non-ventilated, collapsed air sac efficaciously do right to go forth shunting of blood. ratio can be analyzed in amnionic fluid to supply an index of gestational adulthood of surfactant production. Sphingomyelin production starts early and remains changeless during gestation and is therefore a marker of entire phospholipid concentration. Sphingomyelin has no surface active belongingss.

Regional lung volume and regional airing

Dependent lung-the lung in the lowest portion of the gravitative field, i.e. , the base when in the unsloped place ; the dorsal part when supine.

Intrapleural force per unit area is higher ( i.e. , less negative ) around dependent parts of the lung because of the weight of the lung.

Transpulmonary force per unit area ( PALV – PPl ) is greater at the vertex ( 0- ( -10 ) than at base ( 0- ( -2.5 ) in unsloped lung. Therefore, the vertex is more hyperbolic ( i.e. , has a higher volume ) at FRC.

Ventilation is greater at the base than the vertex of the unsloped lung because the base is on a steeper part of the force per unit area volume curve. The vertex is on a flatter ( less compliant ) part. The base starts with less air but has greater airing ; the vertex starts with more air volume but has less airing.

Summary. Ventilation is greater in dependent parts of a normal topic ‘s lungs.

Time invariables for emptying. Important regional inhomogeneities in airing can besides be caused by factors which cause regional differences in airway oppositions or elastic features. High opposition and high conformity equal slow voidance.

Specific conformity. Conformity divided by resting lung volume clinically FRC is used ) . This standardization must be done to analyze the elastic features of tissue and their alterations in disease. How would compliance differ in a kid and an grownup, both with normal lungs?

Interactions between lungs and chest wall

The lungs and chest wall operate in series and their conformities add in return to do entire conformity.

The chest wall is like a spring which may be either compressed or distended.

Transthoracic force per unit area is negative at RV and FRC intending the chest wall is smaller than its unstressed volume and its care to spring out. Normal tidal external respiration is wholly in the negative force per unit area scope.

Transthoracic force per unit area is 0 at approximately 65 % of TLC intending the thorax is at its unstressed volume and has no inclination to prostration or expand.

Transthoracic force per unit area is positive at volumes above approximately 65 % TLC. The chest tends to fall in above its unstressed volume.

The lungs are like a spring which may merely be distended.

The lungs are above their unstressed volume ( minimum volume ) even when the system is at residuary volume. The lungs still have some volume at their minimum volume.

Transpulmonary force per unit area is positive from residuary volume to entire lung capacity so the lungs ever tend to prostration.

Functional residuary capacity is the lung volume at which the inclination for the chest wall to jump outward is merely balanced by the inclination for the lungs to flinch inward. The transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) is zero at FRC if respiratory musculuss are relaxed.

The secret plan of lung volume against transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) with represents the combined consequence of lung and chest wall kick.

A pneumothorax causes lungs and chest wall to alter volume along their curve until their transmural force per unit area is zero. The lungs ever recoil inward. The chest wall springs outward unless it is inflated to beyond 65 % TLC in which instance it besides will flinch inward.

Conformity alterations in disease

Lungs become slightly more compliant with natural aging and go markedly more compliant with emphysema.

Lungs become less compliant ( stiffer ) with pneumonic fibrosis or during hydropss caused by arthritic bosom disease.

Chestwall becomes less compliant ( stiffer ) in status where the chest wall is deformed ( eg. kyphoscoliosis ) . It besides becomes functionally less compliant when abdominal pit alterations cause upward supplanting of the stop ( eg. gestation ) .

Airway resistance

Air flow is chiefly laminal during quiet external respiration. Resistance is determined by Poiseuille ‘s Law and the force per unit area gradient required is relative to flux.

When air flow additions, as in exercising, some turbulency and eddy flow develops in big air passages and at subdivision points. An excess force per unit area gradient proportional to flux rate squared is necessary.

The major site of opposition is in the larger air passages specifically in the medium size bronchial tube. Merely approximately 20 % of entire air passage opposition is in little air passages ( less than 2 millimeter ) .

Factors taking to cut down airway quality and increased airway opposition.

Contraction of bronchial smooth musculus. Stimulations include: pneumogastric tone, histamine or reduced airway. is peculiarly of import for advancing homogenous airing. When it builds up in a ill ventilated part the air passages to that part tend to distend.

Loss of elastic kick in lung ( i.e. , more compliant lungs ) . Radial grip on bronchial tubes usually helps keep them unfastened.

Lower lung volumes are associated with less elastic kick and slower flow rates.

Loss of elastic tissue in chronic clogging disease ( eg. emphysema ) lower elastic kick forces.

Maximum forced termination consequences in

May be plotted as volume vs. clip or flux vs. volume.

Peak flow occurs early and flow falls as termination continues and lung volume lessenings.

Effort independency. When the maximal flow-volume envelope is reached, flow falls with forced lung volume regardless of get downing volume or attempt.

Mechanism of flow restriction at lower lung volumes during termination.

Collapse of the air passages during termination: The entire force per unit area in the air sac equals pleural force per unit area + the elastic force per unit area of the lungs. Flow in the air passage requires a force per unit area bead owing to the syrupy opposition of the gas. If the air flow is rapid plenty, or the airway opposition great plenty, this force per unit area bead will go equal to and so greater than the elastic force per unit area, the airway transmural force per unit area becomes zero or less and the air passages will be given to fall in. The point along the air passage where this occurs is called the “ equal force per unit area point ” . With a forced termination the equal force per unit area point moves closer to the air sac because as the flow rate additions so besides the syrupy force per unit area bead additions, but the elastic force per unit area remains the same. Cartilage in the big air passages helps to oppose the inclination to prostration during forced termination.

Alveolar force per unit area = elastic kick force per unit area + intrapleural force per unit area.

Mouth force per unit area = atmospheric force per unit area = 0.

During expiration intrapleural force per unit area is positive ( greater than atmospheric ) .

Equal force per unit area point ( EPP ) . Airway opposition causes a force per unit area bead from air sac to talk. At some point in the bronchial tube the force per unit area has dropped enough that it merely peers environing intrapleural force per unit area. This is the EPP.

Since air passages are collapsable air flow will be relative to the difference between alveolar and EPP force per unit areas and reciprocally relative to the opposition of this section ( retrieve Starling Resistors ) .

Increased attempt will do similar additions in alveolar force per unit area and force per unit area at the EPP. The force per unit area difference and therefore the flow will be unchanged.

Forced inspiration is non attempt independent because intrapleural force per unit area is negative and air passages are held unfastened.

Figure 13 – A household of flow-volume cringles. Each of the four inspiratory and expiratory critical capacity manoeuvres is performed at a different degree of attempt. The manoeuvre with maximum attempt is designated by the figure “ 4 ” . Maneuvers “ 3, 2, and 1 ” are performed with increasingly less and less attempt.

Mechanics of breathing study questions

True or False. The abdominal and internal intercostal musculus drive expiratory flow during normal external respiration.

What relationship exists between the volume of an elastic construction and its transmural force per unit area?

What transmural force per unit area difference equals the kick force per unit area of the lung? The chest wall? The whole respiratory system?

What 2 forces contribute to lung conformity and must be overcome to blow up a lung? For each force, name a common lung upset in which it is altered?

List two of import surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent.

List three physiologically important effects of holding surfactant nowadays.

At FRC which part of the lung is most hyperbolic? During inspiration from FRC, which part of the lung is best ventilated?

What is meant by unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the chest wall at its unstressed volume? At what lung volumes are the lungs at their unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the entire respiratory system at its unstressed volume?

During forced termination flow becomes limited. What two force per unit areas add together to do alveolar force per unit area? What force per unit area determines force per unit areas at the equal force per unit area point?

How does maximum forced expiratory flow alteration with lung volume? Why? How does maximal expiratory flow alteration with clogging disease? Why?

From many experiments, Thomson had certified that cathode rays carry negative charge and identified the cathode rays inside vacuum tubes as being electric currents composed of these tiny electrons (Hamblin, 2005). It was the crucial first step in the development of the twentieth-century concept of the atom (Simmons, 1996). In the following paragraphs, I will introduce the Thomson’s life and his important achievements. Biographical information J. J. Thomson was born at Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manchester, England on December 18, 1856.

His father Joseph Thomson was a publisher and book dealer; his mother was Emma Swindles, a housewife. The family’s environment was not good for learned, but he was excellent in study and had an exceptional memory. When Thomson was fourteen in 1870, he enrolled in Owens College and had been taught by the physics professor, Balfour Stewart. Then he entered Trinity College in 1876, as a minor scholar. In 1880, Thomson became a Fellow of Trinity College, when he was Second Wrangler and Second Smith’s Prizeman; he remained at Cambridge for the rest of his life, and becoming lecturer in 1883.

In 1884, Thomson was named Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at an exceptionally young age (Simmons, 1996). On April 30, 1897, was his first time announced preliminary discovery of electron during lecture in Royal Institute, England. In 1903, Thomson published a summary of his work; Conduction of electricity through gases, and he created the “plum-pudding” model, which is the first model of atom. Thomson won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906, a knighthood in 1908, and the Presidency of the Royal Society in 1915. He was also a member of the Board of Investigation and Research, which served Britain in World War One (Weinberg, 2003).

After that, he resigned from the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919 to become Master of Trinity College, until died on August 30, 1940 (Hamblin, 2005). In addition, he married with Rose Elisabeth in 1980, they had one son; George Paget Thomson; also won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937, and one daughter. Background information In the end of nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century were exciting and revolutionary time for physics (Franklin, 2004). They began to investigate the behavior of electricity in evacuated tubs.

The conduction of electricity through a near vacuum appeared to produce a kind of “ray”, lighting up the inside of the tube. The cathode rays appeared to be like light, and thus some physicists concluded that they were wave but other evidence proofed that the rays were in fact material in nature. During 1894 to 1897, Thomson was investigated the phenomenon of cathode ray, which had been discovered in 1858 (Ne’eman& Kirsh, 1997). In 1897, he made a significant discovery that the “rays” were indeed built up of particles and that they were the constituents of all atom.

Thomson believed that his experimental evidence, by electromagnetic deflection and measuring the kinetic energy of the ray, had proven it. In the first, he did not initially call it electron, but chose the word “corpuscle” to emphasize the material nature of the particle. Thomson had found the new particle was very much matter, and he believed that it was the fundamental form of matter in atoms (Hamblin, 2005). Moreover, Albert Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which fundamentally changed our concepts of space and time in 1905.

Follow by this discovered, people also had changed the way to think about nature and formed an integral and important part of the physics of the time (Franklin, 2004). Experimental information The purpose of Thomson’s experiments in 1897 was to investigate the nature of the then recently discovered cathode rays. He was tried to decide between the view that rays were negatively charged, material particles and the view that they were disturbances in the “Aether”, the medium through which physicists believed that light waves traveled at the time (Franklin, 2004).

In the first of several experiments, Thomson wanted to proof that the cathode rays carried negative charge. He placed two metal plates, connected to a battery, inside a cathode tube, creating a magnetic filed through which the rays would have to pass (Simmons, 1996). The rays were emitted from the negative electrode “the cathode” and caused a glow when they impinged on the glass or a plate coated with Zinc Sulphide fixed inside the tube. There is another physicist, William Crookes, has been published that the cathode rays were a stream of particles carrying negative charges substances in 1897 (Ne’eman& Kirsh, 1997).

Thomson certified this by showing that the rays could be deflected from their straight path by a magnetic or an electric field, and that their behavior under the influence of these fields was exactly what would be expected of a stream of negatively charged particles. By measuring the deflection of the rays in combined electric and magnetic fields of different strengths he was able to calculate the speed of the particles and the ratio between the charges carried by each particle (e) and its mass (m), but no way could be found to calculating the charge and the mass separately.

The ratio e/m of the particle was found to be independent of the type of metal of which the cathode was made or residual gas in the tube. Thomson repeated these experiments and found that the particles, which the light knocked out of the metal surface, were identical to the particles constituting the cathode rays. Thus he got the conclusion that these particles were present in all matter, and that by means of an electric voltage or irradiation with light they could be extracted from certain substances (Ne’eman& Kirsh, 1997).

The particles were given the name “electrons” (corpuscle). Impact Firstly, the electron was not only the first of the basic particles to be clearly identified but also by far the lightest of the elementary particles (Weinberg, 2003). Secondly, as a consequence of its lightness, charge and stability, the electron has a unique importance to physics, biology and chemistry. The heat of our sun is produce by the electrons participate in the nuclear reaction. In addition, every atom in the universe consists of a dense core, was surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

For chemistry, the chemical differences between one element and another one, depend almost entirely on the number of electrons in the atom, and the chemical forces that hold atoms together in all substances are due to the attraction of the electrons in each atom for the nuclei of the other atoms (Weinberg, 2003). Lastly, the cathode ray tube that we used in television screen and computer monitor today, was developed from experimental apparatus. It is basic from a glass tube plugged by metal electrodes, with the air evacuated and some specific gas pumped in.

When the electrodes are connected to a battery with enough voltage, the cathode rays strike the opposite end of the tube and glow or fluoresce. The rays are streams of electrons, not light rays (Simmons, 1996). Conclusion In conclusion, Thomson had constituted one of the important milestones in physics: Cathode rays consist of particles that are elementary and found in all matter. Because of his famous experiments, the Cavendish Laboratory was already became a paradise for physicists at that moment, and number of his students also won the Nobel Prize.

With change through time, there are nearly sixteen types of elementary particles have been known so far, but only one particle type has always remained on the list: the electron (Weinberg, 2003). Therefore, the achievements of J. J. Thomson were still having influence in the world.

Bibliography

1. List Dahl, P. F. (1997). Flash of the cathode rays: A history of J J Thomson’s electron. USA: Institute of Physics Publishing.
2. Franklin, A. (2004). Are there really neutrinos? : An evidential history. USA: Westview Press. (pp. 17-21).
3. Hamblin, J. D. (2005). Science in the early twentieth century: An encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. (pp. 18-20, 96-98, 320-321).
4. Hollow, R. & Morgan, A. (1990). History of ideas in physics: Gravitation and atomic structure. Australia: Brooks Waterloo. (pp. 54-56).
5. Ne’eman, Y. & Kirsh, Y. (1996). The particle hunters (2nd ed. ). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 2-5).
6. Simmons, J. (1996). The scientific 100: A ranking of the most influential scientist, past and present. USA: Carol Publishing Group. (pp. 152-155).
7. Weinberg, S. (2003). The discovery of subatomic particles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 9-11).

Evaluation of seperation gap between multistorey buildings subjected to dynamic seismic load

Dr. G Sridevi1*(0000-0002-5922-3132), Mr. Umesh Biradar 2(0000-0003-0087-9433), Mr. G Sudarshan 3(0000-0002-5129-5465) and , Mr. A Shivaraj 4(0000-0002-7437-1256) 1234 B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur, India Abstract : When structures are under earthquake forces, adjacent structure may collide with each other due to different dynamic characteristics. When building vibrates out of phase and separated gap between buildings are not sufficient to accommodate their relative motions, this can cause severe damage to the structures and it is known as seismic pounding.

Most of the time it is not possible to maintain sufficient pounding gap between adjacent buildings. Present work evaluate the minimum separation gap required between high-rise building models considered. Two high-rise building of 10 storey and 15 storey are modelled and analysed for dynamic time history analysis for the EI Centro ground motions and minimum pounding gap between buildings has been discussed.Keywords : Seismic Pounding, RC Building, ETABS, Time History Analysis.

Introduction

Because of expanding population and land esteems, structures are being built to close to each other. During a quake it is expected that, they will pound against each other. This repeated collision activity is referred as seismic pounding. Pounding of structures could have cause severe damage, as neighbouring structures with various dynamic attributes vibrate out of phase and there is inadequate separation gap to accommodate the relative movements of adjacent structures.

This highly congested construction system in the metropolitan cities is the major concern for the seismic pounding. The most simple and viable method for controlling the issue and diminish the harm caused by it is to give enough separation gap between the adjacent structures.

Literature

Shehata (2006) examined structure pounding response and proper seismic hazard dissipation technique. Three categories of recorded earthquake excitation are used for input. The effect of impact is studied using linear and nonlinear contact force model for different separation distances and compared with nominal model without pounding consideration. And it is concluded that, an increasing gap width is likely to be effective to minimize the effect of seismic pounding.

Mizam Dogan et.al (2009) carried stress examinations on outline models for various effect focuses and investigation on pounding. It is concluded that pounding forces are not totally absorbable on account of their high esteems but rather their consequences for structure can be decreased by setting versatile materials between adjacent structures or by strengthening basic frameworks.Pushover is a static nonlinear analysis method to estimate seismic structural deformations. It gives force displacement relationship of a structure or structural element. Horizontal load is applied in a specified pattern in increments and for a given applied shear force, associated displacement is found until it reaches its maximum capacity of deformation.

As the storey drift increases the columns are subjected to additional moment leading to the failure of the structure. A B Kawade et.al studied the minimum gap to be provided between the adjacent buildings using push over analysis. Response spectrum analysis was carried out by taking the data of EI Centro earthquake on different models. The results indicated that the acceleration and shear force produced because of pounding varies with the storey height and peak storey drift depends on the ground excitation characteristics.

The effect of pounding is observed to be more predominate when floor levels of adjacent building are different constructing separate buildings with equal floor heights is one of viable solutions to prevent seismic structural pounding. It was also observed that the separation distance to be maintained increases with the increase in peak ground acceleration values.Jeng-Hsiang Lin et.al (2002) investigated the seismic pounding probability of buildings in the Taipei metropolitan area.

Detailed procedures of the analytical method are presented. And concludes that pounding probability of adjacent buildings is found to be significantly affected by the natural period of individual buildings and the period ratio of the adjacent buildings. Due to the lack of proper treatment of the vibration phases of adjacent buildings, it is found that the method used in the current Taiwan Building Code (TBC’97) provides poor estimates for the required building separation distance and produces a non-uniform risk for all the cases investigated in this study.

MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

To Study the Dynamic Behaviour of Tall Structures.To Evaluate Seismic Pounding Effect of Adjacent Buildings with Consideration of Vertical Geometrical Irregularity.To Study the Influence of Shear Walls on Seismic Pounding Effect.

MODEL DESCRIPTION

In Present Study Total 3 Models have been Modelled to Evaluate Dynamic Behaviour of High Rise Buildings by Considering Vertical Geometrical Irregularities.Model 1 : A Plan which consists adjacent multi storey buildings one is 10 Storey and the other one is 15 Storey with a separation of 100mm with Masonry infill walls.Model 2 : A Plan which consists adjacent multi storey buildings one is 10 Storey and the other one is 15 Storey with a separation of 100mm in this particular model all infill walls are modelled and designed as shear walls.-47625012700Fig 1 : Plan View of the Buildings1219200176530Fig 2 : Isometric View of ETABS Model1104900191770Fig 3 : Elevation of ETABS Model

METHODOLOGY

The principle objective is to evaluate the effects of seismic pounding between two closely spaced multi-storey buildings, to understand the minimum seismic gap between the buildings, modelling is done to study the response of buildings under pounding during EI Centro earthquake.In order to observe pounding effect between adjacent buildings, two RC buildings of 10 and 15 storey are considered. Both buildings have been modelled and analysed in ETABS 2015 software. Based on the analysis results the clear separation distance is provided. all 3 models have been analysed for nonlinear time history analysis to study dynamic behaviour of buildings.

The output results were obtained.In Time History Analysis the ground motion records are given as input. The time history analysis has the ability to perform linear as well as non linear analysis . The ability of this method to account for bidirectional effects by applying three components of ground motion helps in predicting the response more precisely. In a Linear analysis, it is assumed that the displacement of whole structure does not exceed elastic limit under the application of design forces. when the structure deforms more than elastic limit, non linearity of the structure in terms of geometry or material are to be considered.

Bureau of Indian Standards clearly gives in its code IS 4326, that a Separation distance is to be provided between buildings to avoid collision during an earthquake.

Effect of Pounding is studied with a reference to storey displacement. The Storey Height Vs Storey Displacement graph has been plotted to understand the dynamic behaviour of Structure.

In Model – I separation gap between adjacent buildings are 100 mm. Displacement observed was 509.883 mm in X direction and 31.881 mm in Y direction. When masonry wall are replaced with shear wall, lateral displacement has reduced in considerable amount to 36.74 % and 80.8 % in X and Y direction respectively.Effect of pounding can be reduced by providing safe separation gap. By the result of Model – I we can conclude that minimum safe separation gap between building is 540 mm.Stiffness of building can be enhanced by adopting shear wall to reduce the pounding effect

References

• A.B. Kawade , Mr. Abhijeet A. Sahane “Seismic pounding effect in building” Amrutvahini college of engineering, Sangamner.Alireza M.Goltabar.R, Shamstabar Kami, A.Ebadi, (2008) “Analyzing the effective parameters in Pounding Phenomenon between Adjacent Structure due to Earthquake”,
• The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 12-17, Beijing, China.Diego Lopez Garcia, (2004)
• “Separation between Adjacent Nonlinear Structures for Prevention of Seismic Pounding”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Paper No. 478.Jeng-Hsiang Lin, Cheng-Chiang Weng, (2002)
• “A Study on Seismic Pounding Probability of Buildings In Taipei Metropolitan Area”, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 123-135.K.Kasai, V.Jeng, P.C.Patel ; J.A.Munshi “Seismic Pounding Effects – Survey and Analysis” Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,USA.Mizam Dogan and Ayten Gunaydin, (2009)
• “Pounding of Adjacent RC Buildings During Seismic Loads”, Journal of Engineering and Architecture, Vol: XXII, No: 1.Raja Rizwan Hussain et.al. (2013)
• “Non-linear FEM Analysis of seismic Induced Pounding between Neighbouring Multi-Storey Structures”, Latin American Journal of solids and structures, pp. 921-939.Shehata E. Abdel Raheem, (2006)
• “Seismic Pounding between Adjacent Building Structures”, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 6, pp.66-74.Susendar Muthukumar and Reginald DesRoches, (2006)
• “A Hertz contact model with non-linear damping for pounding simulation”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.35, pp.811-828.Weng Dagen, Li Tao Bashar Alfarah, Fransisco Lopez-Almansa (2017)
• “Non linear time history analysis of a base isolated RC building in shanghai founded on soft soil” Tongji University, Technical university of catalonia, paper No. 2634.