Forest

My countryside attraction is New Forest National Park. This general description of countryside attraction explains the general appeal, impact of location, design features and key points about countryside operation and management. My individual investigation of Exmoor National Park examines each of these features in more detail. By doing a general description first it will help to highlight the key information on countryside attractions that can then be compared with man-made attractions.

Countryside location and access

The key difference between countryside and man-made attractions is that the first are natural where as the second can be chosen. In Britain, there are over 10 national parks in various parts of the country but most of the parks are in the north. There are no national parks in the southeast London area. There are a variety of countryside natural attractions including gardens, nature trails, private farms, forests and woodland, wetland, smaller area of open space often used for out-door recreation, wildlife parks, and bird sanctuaries all of which are not national parks, but can be important countryside attractions. The coastal areas of Britain, separate to beaches and resorts, include costal walks, natural wildlife and scenery, which are popular with tourists.

Location and access to countryside is important for the following reasons:

• Promotion of tourism
• Economic. Countryside tourism earns income for the tourism industry
• Social. Countryside tourism provides opportunities for education, enjoyment and social entertainment.
• Environment. The management of the countryside especially in national parks helps protect the environment for the benefit of wildlife, plants, farming animals, local communities, visiting tourists for now and the future.
• Impacts of location and access can also be negative. Some countryside area attracts high numbers of visitors in peak season, which can have a negative impact on wildlife, farming, local communities, if not controlled. The seasonal popularity of countryside areas and the bad climate in winter can have a negative economic impact on employment, income for businesses and the country balance of payments.

Appeal and popularity

The main appeal and popularity of Britain outside its heritage cities and its popular youth culture is the greenery of its countryside heritage, which is uniquely different to natural scenery attractions of other areas in the world. A major appeal and popularity is for a day-trip or short break customers travelling to the countryside on local or regional journeys. The majority of British customers are regional, but that is because there is a national motorway network, with limited rail access, there are also many national domestic tourists. Countryside events such as fetes and agricultural shows are also popular. Many are promoted on television and are especially attracted to the family visitor and international tourist, because of their link to local cultural heritage.

In general British countryside has a good image and reputation. But it has suffered seriously from the ‘Foot and Mouth Disease’ and competition with city attractions and cheap holidays abroad, especially a seaside product market. The countryside attracts particular interest groups such as schools, educational groups, senior citizens with more time, and enthusiasts of outdoor recreation.

Design and technology of countryside

The natural landscape can be protected by managing and controlling access, building, roads, picnic areas, events and view points. Agricultural processors such as drainage, choice of crops, can also be controlled to help protect the nature and appearance of local environments. The location of entrances, exits, car parks, catering facilities, accommodation, can all be design to fit in to natural environment and to limit negative impact.

Many rural villages have local government planning control to limit manmade environments, so they are based on local materials and construction methods which help maintain local crafts and traditions, e.g. Cotsworlds, Yorkshire Grystone welsh stone built walls are features of the British countryside that have been protected. Design and technology is also very important for the health and safety and security of access to outdoor recreation, involving water, rivers, lakes and costal areas, mountains with dangerous rock features, isolated areas and countryside that needs to be protected from the dangers of fire or manmade pollution.

Marston Vale lies upon the Oxford clay, between Bedford and Milton Keynes in UK. The soils in this area are very fertile.

Because the majority of English houses are built in bricks, and the location of Marston Vale is also near London, many brickwork industries were set in this area over last hundred years. Most of the clay extracted here is sent to London to build houses. Today, the extraction of clay and the brick making is still busy, and the Stewartby brickwork industry is one of the biggest industries formed in Marston Vale.

Millions of tonnes of clay are extracted from the clay pit everyday, then the clays are transported by conveyor belt to the brickwork, where the clays are drained, moulded and then fired in kilns to make the red bricks that are used to build houses.

After all the clay that is valuable to mine has been extracted, huge holes are left on the ground. The topsoil has been removed from the ground during clay extraction, and so no plants will be able to grow in such areas. The area turn to worse if there is rain, the whole area will turn muddy and dirty.

A chain of pits stretches along the A421 from Bedford to the M1 near Milton Keynes. This was one of the worst areas of rural derelict land and damaged Ecosystem.

The noise, pollution, traffic and bad view that has been produced by the extraction pit and brick making factory affect local residents badly.

What can be done to improve the situation?

In 1989, 12 National Community Forest project were launched. These Forest will cover 470,000 hectares, which take over 3.6% of all land area in England and Wales, nearly equal to half the total land area used by the National Parks. The Community Forests is a national programme of improving the environment, which affects half of the people in England. Improving the countryside around towns and cities by planting woodland is the main aim of the Community Forests, especially in the areas of the derelict land. This will improve the environment and benefits the local people.

In theory, the land must be made to contribute the local communities, e.g.: Creating jobs, Creating farmlands, Creating an attractive environment, Creating a variety of different landscapes, Creating sports facilities, Creating settlements.

The Marston Vale Community Forests

Marston Community forests is one of12 National community forests projects which introduced in 1989. The Marston vale community forests cover a total area which more than 150km�. About 25,000 people are living inside the forest area, about 145,000 people are living on the edge of the area, most of them are in Bedford and Kempston, about 500,000 people are living within 20 minutes’ drive. (These figures are from GeoActive)

In order to succeed in this project, local people should put efforts in planning, planting and looking after the woods that are planted. The past experience has shown us that most environmental management, which involved local people, are more likely to succeed.

Local people are encouraged by the Forest team to grow their own seeds in Marston Vale Community Forest project. The results of that are small woodland have begun to grow in their villages.

Forest team also need to encourage landowners to allow their land to be planted with trees and organise seed collection and planting days. (This information is from GeoActive.) From this act, we know that the Marston Vale Community Forest project does not just involve the restoration of the clay extraction pits, but also allows local people to get in. It encourages people to plant trees, to protect the woodland created, to take a part in the development of the forest. The most important thing is people will love what they have planted, in order to love the whole nature.

The restoration of the clay extraction pits in Maston Vale community Forest

There are three possible ways to restore the clay extraction pit:

• The main restoration for the clay extraction pits is by changing them to an artificial forest. The way of doing so is to spread 3-4 metres of topsoil over the top. Then trees may be able to be planted in. The local people are involved in the development of the Marston Vale community forest. The plan is for local people to plant 100 ha of woodland each year and 5 Km of hedgerow each year. Farmers can apply for grants from the Forestry Commission for planting woodland.
• The huge hole left on the ground can also be turned into an artificial lake by pouring water into the pit, or just leave them until the rain season comes. Separate clay extraction holes may be joined together by digging out the soil between them. The Stewarby Lake is an example of this restoration.
• There’s also another restoration, which is making it into a landfill site. I personally think this is a fantastic restoration, because this is also a waste solution. Million tonnes of waste can be buried in the clay extraction every day. This solved the crisis of waste in London. After the waste is filled in, plants can also be planted on top. After a long time, a chemical reaction will be happen when the waste decays and the methane gas is produced in this process. We went to an L-field landfill site, which is run by Shanks company; more information on landfill site will be in the back.

Issues in the Maston Vale to Look at

A Geographer will particularly look at the environmental issues in this area, such as how clay extraction damages the area’s Ecosystem, how this affects local people, and what can be done to solve the problems, and finally are these attempts successful or not, and what can be improved?

To answer all these doubts, I will first introduce the area to the readers, give them the exact location of the Marston Vale area and what transportation is available to get there.

To let readers understand more about my coursework, especially on the day we went to the Marston Vale. I’ll explain clearly what we’ve done on the fieldtrip; where we did them; why we did them; and what are the data can tell us.

“The impact of visitors is damaging the environment of Epping Forest.”

I am going to investigate throughout this coursework, if this hypothesis is true. I will do this by using the three key questions stated below:

1. What are the effects of visitors on Epping Forest?

2. How is the forest being managed, and what are the effects of this management?

3. How successful have the management strategies been in protecting the forest from the impact of visitors?

* Epping Forest is on the urban rural fringe of South East of London, in England. There is a main road going through Epping Forest on the A104 and on the m25. You can drive through on the A104 on Wan stead or the m11 from Woodford and you can also catch the train from there. (The map above is taken from the website of Epping Forest (www.eppingforest.co.uk).

Before 1878, they used the forest to bury dead people, timber, farming, hunting, visiting and camping. They also used to cut the trees every fifteen years to make them grow bigger and healthier. (Trees are still being cut nowadays)

There are two ways of cutting the trees: Copping and Pollarding.

Copping

The above diagram shows: that the tree was cut from the bottom so that it can provide more stems and so it looks bigger.

Pollarding

The above diagram shows that the tree was cut from the top, so it can provide more stems and looks much bigger.

The day we went was very wet, therefore it was very muddy as well as very cold. The view was beautiful, but the atmosphere felt a bit eerie to me after being told to be careful of falling trees! We were told that the trees were falling because they were getting too old. Fishing, running, bike riding and feeding ducks (a great entertainment for little kids) is what attracts visitors most to Epping Forest. The forest is used for recreation by people walking, admiring the beauty of nature, by going to the pubs, riding horses, having picnics out in the sun and watching the fantastic firework display (in October).

On the day we went to the forest, we carried out a number of surveys (the surveys were carried out for us to find out more about Epping Forest). They were:

* Conversation and recreation

* Management of the Epping Forest

* Evaluation of public pressure impact

* People and car counts

Conservation and recreation survey;

It was a bout recording the percentage of the species. We had to record the tallest plant in (cm). We also had to use the Epping Forest’s Tramping scale, to score a value between

(1-6) for each quadrat.

Management of the Epping Forest survey;

For the management, we had to record the recreations scores and the environment scores using the numbers (3, 2, 1, 0,-1,-2,-3) for Pillow Mounds and Robin Hood Green.

Evaluation of public pressure for impact survey;

It was about the feature of trees (how well or bad they looked), we had to circle these numbers (3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3) if it was positive or negative, we had to use these numbers for Pillow Mounds and Robin Hood Green.

People and car counts survey;

We had to count how many cars, lorries and vans go into Epping Forest as well as leaving it.

Using my own research, I will be able to find out the answers to my 3 key questions. To do that I will be using text books in the school library, central library, the internet and by seeking information from my teacher as well our surveys that we did when we went to Epping Forest

Key Question 1 – “What are the effects of visitors on Epping Forest?”

Visitors to Epping Forest

Centre 1995.

The highest amount of people that visited Epping Forest were 4023 in October 1878, this was because they visited throughout the summer and autumn, people went to pubs, ride horses, had picnics and watch the fantastic fire work display (in October). The least amount of visitors that visited Epping Forest were 739 people in December because, it was winter. The view was beautiful but the atmosphere was very cold.

The effects of visitors on Epping Forrest

Variety of Vegetation cover.

(Quadrat survey)

The divided bar graphs show that Robin Hood Green has a greater variety of vegetation cover than Pillow Mounds. Pillow Mounds however has fine grass and more bare ground, than Robin Hood Green. This could be the reason for the vegetation differences.

At Robin Hood Green there is less fine grass (49%) and more broad leaf grass (24%). The remaining area has bracken (1%), mass (6%), leaf litter (4%) bare ground (16%) and young tree (1%).

There is a lot fine grass at Pillow Mounds, because it is more resistant to tramping. Broad leaf grass dies more easily with tramping, but it is allowed to flourish at Robin Hood Green where less people go.

Public pressure evaluation survey

Robin Hood Green

Pillow Mounds

The two bar graphs show that in both Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds natural features look beautiful. In Robin Hood Green there is not a lot of surface erosion, this is because there are few litter bins. The air pollution is clean. There is a lot of traffic. It is not noisy because, there are a few people. Also a lot of developments are taking place. In Pillow Mound there is erosion. The air pollution is clean, not a lot of traffic and there is also a huge amount of noise and people around. Few developments are also taking place.

Tallest plants

Robin Hood Green Pillow Mounds

I had found out the two tallest plants in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds while I was doing my variety of vegetation cover one of them was 20cm and the other one 30 cm.

Key question2- “How is the forest being managed and what are the effects of this management?”

It is important to manage the Epping Forest by the wooden pillars that are put up on the road side. This is very good because it will stop the cars from riding on the vegetation and damage the forest. In Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds there are bridle ways and hard surface paths, which is also very good so we do not damage the forest by walking on its vegetation. There are signs in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds which shows information about whish direction to take. There are logs topers to stop cyclists because, cyclists damage the vegetation and fritting the horses. The gates that were surrounding the visitor’s center were put there to make the visitor’s center look beautiful.

Robin Hood Green recreation score

Pillow Mounds recreation score

These two graphs show Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds Recreation score of the management. As I can see there are not a lot of people who park their cars on the road or through the forest this is because, there are ditches next to the park so cars can not go through the forest. There is a lot of litter bins in Pillow Mounds but there are a few in Robin Hood Green this is because they want to decorate the forest with less bins “I find that less litter bins are not good for the environment, because litter bins can get full easily and if someone wants to throw rubbish in it will fall on the ground; creating more rubbish.” There are by-law signs, so people know what is going on in the forest.

There are horse riders in Pillow Mounds and Robin Hood Green which also damages the forest. That is because the horses walk into vegetation and also make erosion. The fences were put in Robin Hood Green and Pillow mounds because it would help the cattles to survive. The tea huts in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds are coloured green. This has a very good effect on the visitors, by making them feel that even if they go and have a cup of tea, they are still in the forest. It looks very good; as if the tea huts are trees or plants that were not known before just because of its colours. There is an information center, where visitors can ask and find out any help which they might need. Footpaths are there so we can walk on them instead of tramping on the vegetation.

There are also toilets to execrate waste because if we use the forest as toilets, by then the forest will be damaged.

Robin Hood Green Environment score

Pillow Mounds Environment score

These two graphs show Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mound environment score of the management. As I can see most of the people park their cars on the road. There are ditches next to the car park so that the cars can go through the forest. There are litter bins to put litter in. People can find by-law signs, if they want to know what is going on in the forest. Horse riders step on vegetation and damage the forest. Fencing next to car park are there to stop cars going on the grass and through the forest. The tea huts are in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds so people can have tea. The information center is in the Epping Forest for visitors to get information about the forest. Footpaths are there so we can walk on them. There are toilets so we can execrate waste.

Key question3:How successful have the management strategies been in protecting the forest from the impact of visitors?

The best examples of the environment that had worked best were;

* Ditches next to the park because, it will stop the cars going through the forest and damage the vegetation.

* The forest information center is for visitors who want to know more information about the Epping Forest.

* Tea huts are for people who want to drink tea, and have some free time.

* Footpaths are there so we can walk on them instead of tramping on the vegetation.

The area of the forest that has been damaged is Pillow Mounds which I think was done on purpose so more people are attracted to Robin Hood Green. The way I found out this was because I did a soil compaction and the results were that Pillow Mounds is more damaged than Robin Hood Green

Soil compaction

Robin Hood Green Pillow Mounds

I had to do soil compaction in Robin Hood green and Pillow mounds. The diagram above shows the heist soil compaction in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds in centimeters.

Conclusion

The Hypothesis was the impact of visitors which damages the environment of Epping Forest.

1. What are the effects of visitors on Epping Forest?

The effects of visitors is damaging the environment

2. How is the forest being managed, and what are the effects of this management?

The forest is being managed by running pubs and running tea huts, so that more money is provided.

3. How successful have the management strategies been in protecting the forest from the impact of visitors?

They have been very successful.

Agree or disagree?

I do fully agree with the hypothesis, the impact of visitors on Epping Forest does damage the environment, in many numbers of ways (which I have included in my answers for the key questions which I have used). The forest is now being well managed, so the environment of Epping Forest is under safe hands.

Evaluation

My first survey was about Public pressure impact we had to use a worksheet and a pen. The equipment that we used were a quadrat 2*30tape. My second survey was the management of Epping Forest; we used a work sheet and a pen, which we used to fill our options in.

My third survey public pressure impact, we used the work sheet and the pen, and we had to fill in our opinions.

It was raining our worksheet got wet, so we had to hide it from the rain.

My results might differ from those results which are obtained at a different time of the day, or at a different time of the year; this is because different people are found at different times.

We can try and make the results as fair as possible, by going to Epping Forest once a week or once a month, our overall average results differ from our own results because using a quadrat makes it slightly different. For example; I might put the quadrat slightly in a different place or in a different way.

To get a clear idea about the forest, we can stay there for more time and find out more research about the forest or we can ask many people who work there or visits.

The part where my work went very well in was the public pressure impact survey and management of Epping Forest because we had to use our own opinions.

I will make the forest better if I had more time and more people helping me, by building hotels out of wood which is from the Epping forest trees, so the colour of the hotel is suited to the forest, this might have a great effect on the visitors; because they would feel as if they are in a very different place where everything looks a lot alike.

Key question3:How successful have the management strategies been in protecting the forest from the impact of visitors?

The best examples of the environment that had worked best were;

* Ditches next to the park because, it will stop the cars going through the forest and damage the vegetation.

* The forest information center is for visitors who want to know more information about the Epping Forest.

* Tea huts are for people who want to drink tea, and have some free time.

* Footpaths are there so we can walk on them instead of tramping on the vegetation.

The area of the forest that has been damaged is Pillow Mounds which I think was done on purpose so more people are attracted to Robin Hood Green. The way I found out this was because I did a soil compaction and the results were that Pillow Mounds is more damaged than Robin Hood Green.

Soil compaction

Robin Hood Green Pillow Mounds

I had to do soil compaction in Robin Hood green and Pillow mounds. The diagram above shows the heist soil compaction in Robin Hood Green and Pillow Mounds in centimeters.

Conclusion

The Hypothesis was: ”The impact of visitors is damaging the environment of Epping Forest.”

4. What are the effects of visitors on Epping Forest?

The effects of visitors is damaging the environment

5. How is the forest being managed, and what are the effects of this management?

The forest is being managed by running pubs and running tea huts, so that more money is provided.

6. How successful have the management strategies been in protecting the forest from the impact of visitors?

They have been very successful. A lot of developments took place.

Agree or disagree?

I do fully agree with the hypothesis, the impact of visitors on Epping Forest does damage the environment, in many numbers of ways (which I have included in my answers for the key questions which I have used). The forest is now being well managed, so the environment of Epping Forest is under safe hands.

Evaluation

My first survey was about Public pressure impact we had to use a worksheet and a pen. The equipment that we used were a quadrat 2*30tape. My second survey was the management of Epping Forest; we used a work sheet and a pen, which we used to fill our options in.

My third survey public pressure impact, we used the work sheet and the pen, and we had to fill in our opinions.

It was raining our worksheet got wet, so we had to hide it from the rain.

My results might differ from those results which are obtained at a different time of the day, or at a different time of the year; this is because different people are found at different times.

We can try and make the results as fair as possible, by going to Epping Forest once a week or once a month, our overall average results differ from our own results because using a quadrat makes it slightly different. For example; I might put the quadrat slightly in a different place or in a different way.

To get a clear idea about the forest, we can stay there for more time and find out more research about the forest or we can ask many people who work there or visits. We can also just observe the people there; where they put the rubbish, where they walk and all sorts of questions.

The part where my work went very well in was the public pressure impact survey and management of Epping Forest because we had to use our own opinions.

I will make the forest better if I had more time and more people helping me, by building hotels out of wood which is from the Epping forest trees, so the colour of the hotel is suited to the forest, this might have a great effect on the visitors; because they would feel as if they are in a very different place where everything looks a lot alike.

If you become a member, you become, as stated by the California Science Center website, “part of a dynamic, innovative community dedicated to our mission to stimulate curiosity and Inspire science learning In everyone by creating fun, memorable experiences. ” If you do not want to ay to be part of a wonderful organization, you can volunteer by turning In an application either by e-mail, fax, or by sending a letter to the Department of Volunteer Resources. In order to volunteer, however, you must be at least 16 years of age.

Looking at the application, I believe that all elements that you are to put down are viable, and I would not change a thing. The history of the science center is as such. It started in 1912 and mainly housed agricultural innovations form around the world; that is until after the war. In 1951, nice a boom in technological advances was more prevalent than agriculture, it the name was changed to the California Museum of Science and Industry, and mainly housed technology In an urban environment. In 1987, It was once again transformed.

This time, the Museum went through a drastic change, and was turned Into a state- of-the-art science education facility. Its Intended use was to “respond to the needs of diverse communities and a state that continues to grow and evolve” and was then renamed the California Science Center. Future growth entails becoming the largest science center in the western united States, and housing exhibits from worlds beyond, and a South East Rainforest’s. In the Ecosystems exhibit at the California Science Center, there are eight different zones.

These zones are: the Extreme Zone, the Forest Zone, the River Zone, the Island Zone, the Rot Room, the Global Zone, the L. A. Zone, and finally the Family Discovery Room. The Extreme Zone consists of many ecosystems, all of which have a common theme; It Is very hard to survive there. An Important principle that I believe should be explained to the public Is that although these ecosystems are harsh, they are still vital to our planet. The Forest Zone Is not the typical forest that we think of, that’s because It’s a kelp forest.

An Important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that life originated from the sea, and kelp forests like this form the Lovers Torts AT Tie Tanat we see t ay I en River Lone consists AT asana Ana water. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is way that water and natural waterways are important because they carry energy and materials from lace to place. The Island Zone is a zone dedicated to evolution and adaptation by the animals that live there.

An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that evolution is a genetic fact. The Rot Room has to do with rotting organisms, like trees and animals. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that these organisms that decompose other organisms are vital because they make the soil ready to support new life. The Global Zone is about ecosystems and their interactions. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that the Earth itself is one giant ecosystem.

The L. A. Zone deals with urban ecosystems, and the daily challenges faced. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that little things like running water and trash service are extremely complicated things. Finally, the Family Discovery room deals with how our homes and habitats provide us with food, water, and shelter. An important principle that I believe should be explained to the public is that e should not take our homes for granted, as others around the world are not as fortunate as us.

The Elephant Clock is a Unusual striking early 13th century clock whose design fuses together elements from may culture,” and was invented by Al-Izard. It was created in the 13th century. It works by using Greek water raising technology. It is considered to be multi-cultured because it “uses Greek water raising technology, an Indian elephant, an Egyptian phoenix, Arabian figures, Persian carpet, and Chinese dragons, to celebrate the diversity of the world. “

INTRODUCTION Do you know this animal guys? Yes, u’re alright, this cute animal has name “Orangutan”. And do you know where we can find these animal? Of course in the forest, it’s a mistake if you say it can be found at your home or in Unesa’s area! hehe.. The question I mean is “Do you know where country they can survive alive? ” OK,, I think you will understand after this presentation, because in this presentation we are going to talk much about this animal and the reality how they can be threatened in nowadays.

Orangutans are the only exclusively Asian genus of extant great ape. They have proportionally longer arms than the other, more terrestrial, and great apes. They are among the most intelligent primates and use a variety of sophisticated tools, they also can make sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. So, it’s not stranger if they are often called as “the human of forest”. You know guys, Orangutans are now found only in Sumatra and Borneo, in Southeast Asia.

Nowadays, the biggest threat that is faced by the habitat of orangutans is a decreasing of their habitat because the rain forest where they live is used as palm oil, mining and trees felled for timber. Orangutans have lost 80% of the habitat in less than 20 years. Indonesia is one country that has reduced the number of the world’s largest tropical forest. There are no signs that show reduced rates of deforestation. About 15 years ago, there were approximately 1. million hectares of forest area that continues to cut down every year in Indonesia, and continue to grow in 2000 as many as 2 million hectare. Legal and illegal loggings have affected the depreciation amount of forest in Indonesia. The opening of the forest as oil fields in Indonesia also has resulted in millions of hectares of forest clearing, and it will happen later to all the plain forests which are not protected. As an information, we have to know that Indonesia is a ‘home’ for 90 percent of the remaining species wild orangutans that have habitat in the tropical rain forest.

But the forests in Indonesia for 50 years has been much reduced because of illegal logging, land clearing for oil palm industry, paper and pulp. Consequently, these orangutans have lost their homes, and forced to scramble land with humans, that ultimately lead to conflict. And this conflict really happened in Kalimantan, it has recently been reported that there was a massive slaughter of orangutans in Kalimantan. The existence of endangered orangutans in East Kalimantan has been even more endangered.

They continue to be slaughtered, as the impact of forest clearing for oil palm plantation. According to the results of a recent survey, people who live on the Indonesian side of Borneo or Kalimantan, have killed at least 750 orangutans in a year. The beginning point of orangutans slaughter is originated from a palm oil company of Malaysia that plans to plant oil palm there, they held deforestation which reached thousands hectares of forest. As a result, habitat for animals, especially orangutans in the forest habitat becomes damaged.

They will lose their homes and their food sources. So that, they survived their lives by eating the buds of palm oil that has been planted. This makes the company owners furious, they decide orangutan is a pest and must be destroyed. One of witness even said that the company promised to pay anyone who managed to kill and persecute the orangutans will be paid 500 thousand to 1 million rupiahs. So, that triggers the local society to do the hunting of orangutans with various ways to get that reward.

This is basically what this paper are going to talk. This paper will give a complete and detail analysis from the information above of the case of the orangutan slughter problem by giving the prediction of the negative effect that are going to be hapenned if this condition continues. This paper will also give some opinion based on the analysis,who to be responsible for this case,and what to do to recover this bad condition by giving some recommendation to the government.

The New Forest coastline is situated between the Dorset border and the Southampton Water on the south-west coast of Britain. It is split into three main areas and is managed mainly by the New Forest District Council but also other councils. The three areas are, Christchurch Bay, Western Solent, and Southampton Water. There is a big issue that affects this coastline. The cliffs on the coast are slowly being eroded, and the low-lying areas need to be protected from coastal flooding. Natural landscapes and wildlife habitats need to be protected for people who want to work and visit the areas. This problem attracts a lot of interest from all the councils who try and decide what system and form of protection should be used.

Physical Features & Human Land-use

The coastline is lined with many landforms and the land surrounding the area is used by humans for various activities.

Christchurch Bay between Highcliffe and Hurst Spit has very narrow shingle beaches on its coastline and is backed by cliffs that are up to 30m in height. These cliffs are mainly made of sand and clay and are subject to erosion and in some places the cliffs have retreated up to 60m over 25 years. Even built up areas are exposed to coastal flooding and occasionally experience mudflows and landslips. Hurst Spit itself is vulnerable to the erosion of the sea after having been breached over several years. The area is used mainly for settlement and many villages have been built up along the coast all of which are in danger of flooding and/or collapsing.

The Western Solent between Hurst Spit and Calshot is slightly different to Christchurch Bay. This area is full of coastal marshes with a lot of wildlife and animal habitats. This area is low-lying and therefore there is a major risk of flooding, especially when there are high tides and heavy rain. There are also two river estuaries from the Lymington River and the Beaulieu River. This area is used for boat-building and repair but also for recreational sailing.

Southampton Water is situated between the towns of Calshot and Redbridge. There are coast marshes and intertidal areas with a great nature and wildlife value. The area is at risk from water pollution caused by domestic sewage and industrial waste. This former river estuary has been now developed and is used for major industry including oil refining and there is also a power station. The rest of the area is used for housing.

Why we Need a Coastal Management System

There is a big need for a coastal management system. Human activity has influenced the area because the scenery and recreational activities and potential attract many visitors and holiday-makers. Many other people emigrate there because it provides an attractive environment to live, work and retire. The coastline brings in more money for the locals in the form of “foreigners” and therefore without the coastline many people would have no source of income. However, human activity provides a certain amount of pressure which threatens to change the coastline and its natural ecological balance.

Apart from human factors physical factors hat take place also influence the coastline’s shape. Waves, Currents, groundwater, movements and weathering have a considerable impact on the shape of the coastline and human activity – this must be to be taken into account when deciding management proposals for the coast.

Action taken by the Local Authority

The local authority has done a lot of work involving the coastline and now must set up a management scheme to stop many risks. Over various years many protection methods have been used. Concrete sea-walls were built to protect the cliffs; however it has been proven that actually absorb the wave energy instead of reflecting it. They are also an eye-sore. Groynes have also been introduced in the system and they stop the movement of material along beaches as well as widening them. Low-lying areas have been protected by dykes and flood walls, however some people have suggested that coastal flooding should take place as a natural event even if property is at risk. There have also been attempts to protect wildlife areas and bird sanctuaries.

Their Objectives

The New Forest District Council have many objectives and some are more important than others, including:

1. The coast need to be protected because many properties are lined on the cliff edges and there is a big risk of them collapsing.

2. Areas of value need to be protected as they attract tourists and bring in more money for the locals and the council so they can easily afford to protect the rest of the coastline.

3. The landscape is important as it also brings in more tourists with its natural beauty of which should be protected.

4. Pollution needs to be prevented so any sort of protection doesn’t become eroded by acid rain and also to improve the quality of life and the water that goes into the towns.

5. The coasts’ economy needs to be recognised so it can be maintained and the social functions of the coast can take place.

6. Cooperation is important between everyone from the local councils to the industry owners.

7. Public awareness needs to be improved to let people know where they stand and what danger they are in.

8. Historical aspects needs to protected because they are an important part of history, this is not very important.

9. Developing criteria for the development of the coast is important for future vents and emergencies.

10. The least important is recreational activities as these can be done in many other places.

Alternative Suggestions

There are any other ways in which the coastline can be protected. On the coast many things can be used for protection. A recurved sea wall can reflect the waves and push them back out to the sea. Rip-rap are large boulders used on the coast to absorb the wave energy and disperses it. Gabions are used to absorb some of the wave energy and stop erosion as do wooden revetments. To decide what to use we would use cost-benefit analysis which would allow us to make best use of our money.

The tropical rainforest is the biggest and most complexed ecosystem in the world. It holds more than half of the world’s animals and plantlife, Including a huge majority that haven’t even been discovered yet. The rainforest compared to Britain is 30 times larger, covering around 8 million km. Some of the forest is destroyed everyday, including animal and plantlife. The forest from above is a vast green quilt of trees, giving off several different shades. From air you can see the emergents, which grow up to around 50m in height, these are accompanied by the canopy, which are 15m lower down. The under canopy’s are 10m in height and the lowest of all are the shrubs and bushes. The ground of the forest is dark and damp, smelling of decaying matter. Long creepers or lianas trail to the ground, entangling themselves in the branches.

The forest canopy is described to as the ‘engine’ of the rainforest. This is because, it’s where most of the photosynthesis takes place, and you will also be able to discover all of the forests fruits and animals.

The average rainfall of the forest is 2,000mm. All of this rain is called classic convectional rainfall, it falls regularly every day at the same time (throughout the year). 80% of this rain is recycled back up into the atmosphere. The rest of the rain is collected in the rivers and streams which flow back out to the sea.

The soils of the rainforest are of a poor quality, this is due to all the leaching that takes place. The soil is very thick, about 20m (60feet). This is because it has been weathered for a long time, with all the heat and wetness.

The roots in the trees are found close to the surface of the ground, this is where all of the nutrients are found, from falling leaves.

There are two cycles in the tropical rainforest, a nutrient cycle, where the leaves fall and hit the ground to be fed on by the decomposers, and a water cycle, where the rain falls, some of it collecting in the leaves and some of it making it’s way down to the forests floor, and rivers, 80% of it is recycled.

In this essay I will be writing about the tropical rainforest. It will consist of 7 different parts including the introduction, the other parts are the location of the forest, the structure and diversity of the forest, forest processes, about slash and burn, other human use of the rainforest, opinions on the forest and the future.

The location of the tropical rainforests is the following; inside the tropics, 23.5 degrees north and south equator. South America, Africa and South East Asia. Most of it locating in south America. In Asia it is 0.7% a year, Africa it is 0.3% a year and in Latin America it is 0.5% a year.

The tropical rainforest has an incredible amount of diversity about it.

The forests cover around 6% of the earth’s land surface. What is diverse about this? Well it’s diverse in lots of ways, not only does it contain no less than half of all the worlds species of plants, animals and insects, but it also has had hundreds of them destroyed (extinct). Because of mans choice to cut down parts of the forest. The forest can be known as a treasure house of resources.

The bird life of the forests is unbelievingly profuse, brilliant and melodious. The trees and the forest floor teem with animals that few people have ever seen or even heard of. Many hundreds of fish have been evolved in the forests rivers and streams. The most diverse of all the living things in the tropical rainforest though is the insects, there are many hundreds of thousands, and maybe even about this amount not even discovered.

The diversity is also shown by the Indians of Amazonia, with their ability to use more than 1600 pharmaceutical plant extracts. This vast medical potential has only been scratched.

Each year 100,000-140,000 square kilometres of forest is destroyed. In a few decades a quarter of the entire world’s store of biological species could vanish into oblivion. This deforestation brings local ruin, flooding, soil erosion and land infertility. World-wide it threatens to change climates, to accelerate global warming. And large areas of former rainforest end up as tough, virtually inedible grass, of no use to man or beast-natures ecological revenge!

The loss of new drugs could prove disastrous, because many of the drugs that have not been discovered could well be cures to diseases such as cancer and the common cold.

The forest processes are the soil system, rainforest ecosystem and the water cycle.

The soil system, where the forests trees shed their leaves and branches. There is a layer of decomposing litter on the surface of the ground. Which is followed by a thin layer of nutrient rich soil. This is where the trees roots take back up all the nutrients. If trees are removed, then the whole nutrient cycle is broken, and all of the existing nutrients are washed away, this is called leaching. Leaving the soil infertile.

The next process is the rainforest ecosystem. This is when the precipitation (rain) falls onto the trees leaves, and the suns energy also shines down onto the leaves, this causes evaporation in water vapour. Some of the water seeps through into ground water and surface run-off. The ecosystem is also when the nutrients are recycled, as stated in the soil system.

The water cycle is when all the heavy rainstorms fall down on the forests layer of trees, and is evaporated or transpirated. A lot of this is recycled through the rivers, as they carry a lot of it back to the sea.

The slash and burn process is a long one. It begins with human activities, as they cut down an area of the forest by hand. Some trees are left standing to protect the soil and if they have fruit and crops growing on them, then they will be left to.

The wood is then burnt, destroying the natural seeds which reduces weeding. Ash from the burnt trees is then dug into the soil to provide fertiliser. New crops are the planted (e.g. yams, manioc, cassava). There is less vegetation to cover the ground, which exposes the soil, causing leaching and erosion. The yields then get less each year, mainly after 2-3 years. The farmers move on to clear a plot somewhere else, and start the whole process again.

The plot in which the farmers have demolished is now abandoned. And will soon start to re-grow again, but less luxuriant, with fewer and lower species. This is called secondary growth.

The ecological balance is restored after about 20 years.

There are mainly 4 different other ways in which humans use the forest. (1), there is clearcutting, in which an area of the forest is completely cleared. Only valuable species are taken out and the rest are left and burned. This is a useful source of income. (2), Agroforestry, this is a farming technique that imitates the canopy and ‘layer’ structure of the natural forest by planting trees as well as shorter- lived farm crops.

This idea is similar to that of the Indian forest ‘gardens’, but the area does not need to be abandoned for a fallow period. (3), this is biosphere reserve, this is a way of protecting part of the forest by leaving it ‘untouched’ except for research and the collection of materials for plant breeding etc. The protected ‘core’ area is surrounded by a ‘buffer zone’ in which only certain human activities are allowed. The activities permitted will cause little damage to the ecosystem and will stop more demanding activities invading the area. (4), trees for annual crops and timber.

The forest is cleared and replaced by stands of tree crops or quick-maturing timber trees. Once the trees grow, they again provide a protective canopy. Humans also use the forest for things such as mining, drugs and research for new drugs, fruits and other forms of food.

There’s lots of opinions on the rainforests. ‘Not to exploit and populate an area, is a luxury that people in Brazil cannot afford’. A question is, ‘what is more important man or tree?” This was taken from a former commander of the amazon region.

An African farmer said, ‘If you pay me, I’ll happily keep the forest standing. Otherwise I’ll cut it down to make a living.” This is a very true remark, in which I have no arguments about. The farmer has to cut down forest, so he can continue living his life.

The Observer and WWF (World Wildlife Federation) ‘not World Wrestling Federation! Wrote a section on the rainforest, which talks about how the forests are so good, yet humans are constantly at war with it.

It says, ‘Trees bind the soil to the ground, regulate the waters of life, and manage the climate. They stand at the heart of the world’s religions, and pervade our literature and culture.

This is the good news, but the bad news is, ‘Yet we seem to be permanently at war with them. Barely a quarter of the world’s primaeval forests still remain, and they are usually in remote places. Even these are now falling so fast that little of our natural heritage will be left for the next generation.

In LEDC’s such as Malaysia, where it has to use the forests resources. The only way to save the forests in the future is to help out the LEDC’s and help them develop, therefore we will be saving the forest. 232,000 kilometres squared of tropical rainforest. The tropical rainforest in central areas and inaccessible areas, this is where urbanisation is destroying the forests.

Conclusion; I have discovered some fascinating facts and opinions on the tropical rainforests. I have discovered all about the rainfall, soils, humans use of the forests, the extreme diversity, where the rainforests are to be located, the whole slash and burn process, and what to do in the future.

I can now understand why the rainforests are so vital and important to us now and in the future, whether it is to do with drugs and cures, or the research of animals and other living creatures.

My opinion is that everyone should try and do something to help in preserving the tropical rainforests. As it is for their own good, and something that has been created in the rainforests could help us in a big way in our futures e.g. a cure for a horrible disease.