Candle Light Glass Menagerie

The Power of Light A Candle light is the most primitive of lights, but it serves a different purpose than illuminating a room in The Glass Menagerie, written by Tennessee Williams. Williams uses the contrast between light and darkness to symbolize and emphasize the powerful moments that occur in the play. Although Williams uses these mechanics, the candle light of course has deeper meaning within the context of the story. Being the weakest of lights, the candle light is easily extinguished, but that small, weak light has some form of hope against the overbearing world.

With Laura being as fragile, he candle symbolizes her hopes and dreams that are which snuffed out from society. Throughout the play, Williams also uses candle light imagery to describe Laura and her emotions. The candle light represents hope and how it is lost, but the character who demonstrates this most is Laura. Light, in any form, brings some form of happiness to people. Laura demonstrates her happiness when she shares a tender moment with Jim. Being reclusive and removing herself from society, Laura is unable to interact with people, but only on certain circumstances when “light” illuminates through her.

This “light” that is being referred to is the inner hope that Laura has. She desperately wants to guard this hope though, in fear of it being extinguished. This is very apparent when Laura says, “Oh be careful – if you breathe, it breaks! ” (Williams 1281). Laura is referring to her glass unicorn, which also represents her, but any form of power like a breath could possibly break the unicorn which refers to her own candle light of hope. Laura desires Jim and hopes that his feelings for her remain true.

As Jim continues to enlighten Laura, she announces, “l trust you with him! Hold him over the light, he oves the light! You see how the light shines through him? ” (Williams 1281) Laura’s hope is continuing to grow as she suggests Jim to take hold of her unicorn. With the unicorn representing her, and the light illuminating through the unicorn, Laura has officially given herself and her hope into Jim. After he admits that he is to be married, the hope that is inside Laura is extinguished.

At the end of the play, Tom speaks solely to his sister, and tells her to “Blow out [her] candles” (Williams 1289). Tom means that there is no hope left for Laura, and she will be stuck with herself for the est of her life. Wanting to find new things in life, Tom has decided to leave, and realizes that with him leaving Laura has no chance to find another “gentleman caller” and so her lights of hope are extinguished. The author uses light and darkness to symbolize and to emphasize the dramatic moments of the play.

The desperation and highly charged emotions in this play are linked to the symbolism of the light getting dim or going dark Just like the status of the unstable Wingfields. The candles are a way for the audience to understand that soon all wlll go aarK. Easlly Dlown out, tne candles prov10e a very temporary moment of light, when Laura shares a tender moment with Jim, before her hopes and dreams are extinguished. There are several ways of looking at the candles. First, they establish a more muted tone – you might even call it romantic.

That less harsh light perhaps allows Laura to be more open with Jim; it gives her courage. That might lead to an interpretation that the candles symbolize hope. Hope that Laura might be able to connect with Jim, hope that Amanda’s dream of a Gentleman Caller providing a uture for Laura, hope that if Laura is taken care of, Tom will be able to strike out on his own and leave the shoe warehouse, etc. It makes Tom’s final line more heart- breaking – “blow out your candles, Laura. There is ultimately no hope for this socially and physically (at least in her mind) handicapped young woman. There is no place in our society for such a misfit. the last scene of the play, Tom tells Laura to blow our her candles, and here the candles symbolizes Laura and her familys hope. This can be seen by how it makes contrast with the world lit by lightning, and how he author uses candlelight to describe Laura. First of all, the candlelight stands in contrast to a world lit by lightning in Tom’s final words.

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Wyndor Glass Co. Research Paper

18 Chapter Two Linear Programming: Basic Concepts 2. 1 A CASE STUDY: THE WYNDOR GLASS CO. PRODUCT-MIX PROBLEM Jim Baker is excited. The group he heads has really hit the jackpot this time. They have had some notable successes in the past, but he feels that this one will be really special. He can hardly wait for the reaction after his memorandum reaches top management. Jim has had an excellent track record during his seven years as manager of new product development for the Wyndor Glass Company.

Although the company is a small one, it has been experiencing considerable growth largely because of the innovative new products developed by Jim’s group. Wyndor’s president, John Hill, has often acknowledged publicly the key role that Jim has played in the recent success of the company. Therefore, John felt considerable confidence six months ago in asking Jim’s group to develop the following new products: • An 8-foot glass door with aluminum framing. • A 4-foot 6-foot double-hung, wood-framed window.

Although several other companies already had products meeting these specifications, John felt that Jim would be able to work his usual magic in introducing exciting new features that would establish new industry standards. Now, Jim can’t remove the smile from his face. They have done it. Background The Wyndor Glass Co. produces high-quality glass products, including windows and glass doors that feature handcrafting and the finest workmanship. Although the products are expensive, they fill a market niche by providing the highest quality available in the industry for the most discriminating buyers. The company has three plants.

Plant 1 produces aluminum frames and hardware. Plant 2 produces wood frames. Plant 3 produces the glass and assembles the windows and doors. Because of declining sales for certain products, top management has decided to revamp the company’s product line. Unprofitable products are being discontinued, releasing production capacity to launch the two new products developed by Jim Baker’s group if management approves their release. The 8-foot glass door requires some of the production capacity in Plants 1 and 3, but not Plant 2. The 4-foot 6-foot double-hung window needs only Plants 2 and 3. Management now needs to address two issues: 1.

Should the company go ahead with launching these two new products? 2. If so, what should be the product mix—the number of units of each produced per week— for the two new products? Management’s Discussion of the Issues Having received Jim Baker’s memorandum describing the two new products, John Hill now has called a meeting to discuss the current issues. In addition to John and Jim, the meeting includes Bill Tasto, vice president for manufacturing, and Ann Lester, vice president for marketing. Let’s eavesdrop on the meeting. John Hill (president): Bill, we will want to rev up to start production of these products as soon as we can.

About how much production output do you think we can achieve? Bill Tasto (vice president for manufacturing): We do have a little available production capacity, because of the products we are discontinuing, but not a lot. We should be able to achieve a production rate of a few units per week for each of these two products. John: Is that all? Bill: Yes. These are complicated products requiring careful crafting. And, as I said, we don’t have much production capacity available. An Application Vignette Swift & Company is a diversified protein-producing business based in Greeley, Colorado.

With annual sales of over $8 billion, beef and related products are by far the largest portion of the company’s business. To improve the company’s sales and manufacturing performance, upper management concluded that it needed to achieve three major objectives. One was to enable the company’s customer service representatives to talk to their more than 8,000 customers with accurate information about the availability of current and future inventory while considering requested delivery dates and maximum product age upon delivery. A second was to produce an efficient shift-level schedule for each plant over a 28-day horizon.

A third was to accurately determine whether a plant can ship a requested order-line-item quantity on the requested date and time given the availability of cattle and constraints on the plant’s capacity. To meet these three challenges, a management science team developed an integrated system of 45 linear programming models based on three model formulations to dynamically schedule its beef-fabrication operations at five plants in real time as it receives orders. The total audited benefits realized in the first year of operation of this system were $12. 74 million, including $12 million due to optimizing the product mix.

Other benefits include a reduction in orders lost, a reduction in price discounting, and better on-time delivery. Source: A. Bixby, B. Downs, and M. Self, “A Scheduling and Capable-to-Promise Application for Swift & Company, Interfaces 36, no. 1 (January–February 2006), pp. 69–86. The issue is to find the most profitable mix of the two new products. John: Ann, will we be able to sell several of each per week? Ann Lester (vice president for marketing): Easily. John: OK, good. I would like to set the launch date for these products in six weeks. Bill and Ann, is that feasible? Bill: Yes.

Ann: We’ll have to scramble to give these products a proper marketing launch that soon. But we can do it. John: Good. Now there’s one more issue to resolve. With this limited production capacity, we need to decide how to split it between the two products. Do we want to produce the same number of both products? Or mostly one of them? Or even just produce as much as we can of one and postpone launching the other one for a little while? Jim Baker (manager of new product development): It would be dangerous to hold one of the products back and give our competition a chance to scoop us. Ann: I agree.

Furthermore, launching them together has some advantages from a marketing standpoint. Since they share a lot of the same special features, we can combine the advertising for the two products. This is going to make a big splash. John: OK. But which mixture of the two products is going to be most profitable for the company? Bill: I have a suggestion. John: What’s that? Bill: A couple times in the past, our Management Science Group has helped us with these same kinds of product-mix decisions, and they’ve done a good job. They ferret out all the relevant data and then dig into some detailed analysis of the issue.

I’ve found their input very helpful. And this is right down their alley. John: Yes, you’re right. That’s a good idea. Let’s get our Management Science Group working on this issue. Bill, will you coordinate with them? The meeting ends. The Management Science Group Begins Its Work At the outset, the Management Science Group spends considerable time with Bill Tasto to clarify the general problem and specific issues that management wants addressed. A particular concern is to ascertain the appropriate objective for the problem from management’s viewpoint.

Bill points out that John Hill posed the issue as determining which mixture of the two products is going to be most profitable for the company. 19 20 Chapter Two Linear Programming: Basic Concepts Therefore, with Bill’s concurrence, the group defines the key issue to be addressed as follows. Question: Which combination of production rates (the number of units produced per week) for the two new products would maximize the total profit from both of them? The group also concludes that it should consider all possible combinations of production rates of both new products permitted by the available production capacities in the three plants.

For example, one alternative (despite Jim Baker’s and Ann Lester’s objections) is to forgo producing one of the products for now (thereby setting its production rate equal to zero) in order to produce as much as possible of the other product. (We must not neglect the possibility that maximum profit from both products might be attained by producing none of one and as much as possible of the other. ) The Management Science Group next identifies the information it needs to gather to conduct this study: 1. Available production capacity in each of the plants. 2.

How much of the production capacity in each plant would be needed by each product. 3. Profitability of each product. Concrete data are not available for any of these quantities, so estimates have to be made. Estimating these quantities requires enlisting the help of key personnel in other units of the company. Bill Tasto’s staff develops the estimates that involve production capacities. Specifically, the staff estimates that the production facilities in Plant 1 needed for the new kind of doors will be available approximately four hours per week. (The rest of the time Plant 1 will continue with current products. The production facilities in Plant 2 will be available for the new kind of windows about 12 hours per week. The facilities needed for both products in Plant 3 will be available approximately 18 hours per week. The amount of each plant’s production capacity actually used by each product depends on its production rate. It is estimated that each door will require one hour of production time in Plant 1 and three hours in Plant 3. For each window, about two hours will be needed in Plant 2 and two hours in Plant 3. By analyzing the cost data and the pricing decision, the Accounting Department estimates the profit from the two products.

The projection is that the profit per unit will be $300 for the doors and $500 for the windows. Table 2. 1 summarizes the data now gathered. The Management Science Group recognizes this as being a classic product-mix problem. Therefore, the next step is to develop a mathematical model—that is, a linear programming model—to represent the problem so that it can be solved mathematically. The next four sections focus on how to develop this model and then how to solve it to find the most profitable mix between the two products, assuming the estimates in Table 2. 1 are accurate.

Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the market niche being filled by the Wyndor Glass Co.? What were the two issues addressed by management? The Management Science Group was asked to help analyze which of these issues? How did this group define the key issue to be addressed? What information did the group need to gather to conduct its study? TABLE 2. 1 Data for the Wyndor Glass Co. Product-Mix Problem Plant 1 2 3 Unit profit Production Time Used for Each Unit Produced Doors 1 hour 0 3 hours $300 Windows 0 2 hours 2 hours $500 Available per Week 4 hours 12 hours 18 hours

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Solar Ray Collector

OBJECTIVE: 

1. To determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. Illumination with a halogen lamp. Water temperature? 20°C.

  • a) Complete collector
  • b) Collector without glass plate

2. Illumination with a halogen lamp. Water temperature? 60°C.

  • a) Complete collector
  • b) Complete collector, a cold jet of air impinges
  • c) Collector without glass plate
  • d) Collector without glass plate, a cold jet of air impinges

INTRODUCTION: Solar ray collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to water. Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The heart of a solar collector is the absorber, which is usually composed of several narrow metal strips. The carrier fluid for heat transfer flows through a heat-carrying pipe, which is connected to the absorber strip. In plate-type absorbers, two sheets are sandwiched together allowing the medium to flow between the two sheets. Absorbers are typically made of copper or aluminum.

Theoretically, solar collectors transform solar radiation into heat and transfer that heat to a medium (water, solar fluid, or air). Then solar heat can be used for heating water, to back up heating systems. The efficiency of a solar collector is defined as the quotient of usable thermal energy versus received solar energy. Absorbers are usually black, as dark surfaces demonstrate a particularly high degree of light absorption. The level of absorption indicates the amount of solar radiation being absorbed which means not being reflected. As the absorber warms up to a temperature higher than the ambient temperature, it gives off a great part of the accumulated solar energy in form of heat rays. The experiment we can observe that the temperature increases for collectors with glass is lesser than the collector without a glass. This is because for the condition without a glass plate, the light emitted from the halogen lamp not being reflected. Thus the light is emitted directed to the solar ray collector and gives their full efficiency without any disturbance or obstacles.

In another scenario, a collector with the glass plate, the light that emitted from the halogen lamp is being reflected by the glass plate and also reduced the heat that crosses from the glass to the solar collector and hence reduced their efficiency. When the glass is placed, the maximum efficiency recorded was 0. 23 and when the glass is not used the maximum efficiency reached 0. 29. Efficiency indicates how well an energy conversion or transfer process is accomplished. We can say that when we use heated water around 60 C, we can see that PN becomes constant zero at the end of the time for natural air with glass. This is because the inlet and outlet temperature have become the same. So we can say that there is no useful power in the system. For the experiment that using the blower, the useful power and efficiency of the absorber for the blower without a glass plate is higher than the blower with a glass plate. This is because the air from the blower relieves the heat from the surface of the absorber thus directly reducing the effectiveness of the absorber significantly. There are several errors that occurred while we doing the experiment.

First is as parallax errors, for instance, the reading of the thermometer not taken precisely. Thus it might be given a slight error in the data. If the parallax errors occurred, it might influence the results and calculations that we got. Secondly is to get the temperature of water at 60 Celsius°C and sometimes the temperature drop and affected the heat exchanger. Besides, we are having difficulty in order to maintain the flow rate of 100 cm3/min, because it sometimes goes down and up. Thus we have to check it frequently and its quite disturbing because we also need to take the measurement for every minutes for 15 minutes. Moreover, the thermometer is not precise because its scale is only 0. 5. Thus it is very difficult to get the correct measurement.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we can say that this experiment has achieved its objectives since we can determine the efficiency of the solar ray collector under various experimental conditions. In this experiment, we can say that, the greater the heat losses of the absorber the higher its temperature. Although there a lack of technique in handling the apparatus, we managed to complete the experiment with the guide of the instructor.

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Science Lab Report

Table of contents

HYPOTHESIS

There will be no net movement of water molecules into or out of the potato.

MATERIALS LIST

  • Large potato
  • Cutters (in the shape of a fish)
  • 3 small beakers or clear dishes
  • 3 glass covers
  • Sucrose solution
  • Salt
  • Distilled water
  • Paper towel

PROCEDURE

  1. Add 200ml of distilled water, 40ml sucrose solution, and 5g salt into three beakers respectively. Record the solutions concentrations, volumes, and weights.
  2. Use a cutter to cut the potato to a similar size. Record the weight of pieces of potato.
  3. Put the three potatoes slice into each beaker.
  4. Cover the beakers with glass covers and leave them for 48 hours.
  5. Carefully remove the potato slices from the distilled water solution & pat it dry on a paper towel.
  6. Weight the potato slices immediately.
  7. Record the final weight of the pieces.
  8. Clean up the equipment & area and return materials to their proper place.

DATA AND/OR OBSERVATIONS

  • Potato slices weight (Before)

Material

Distilled water Potato slices weight (After) (Quantitative)
Sucrose solution 40ml 21. 5g 2g
Salt 200ml 5g 20g

USE TIME: 48 hours

RESULTS

We can Observe that the slice placed in salt is very flexible, while the slice placed in the sucrose solution is flexible but less so. Since potatoes already have sugar, less water will diffuse out of the potato placed in sucrose solution water. The slice placed in water will be rigid since it will absorb water.

ANALYSIS ERROR

The glass can not cover the beakers well, so the data value that we got was too close. We used a big size of the cylinder (500ml) to measure the sucrose solution and distilled water.

150ml water potato weight (before/after) 20g /24g
150ml water potato weight (before/after) 20g/13. 5g
with 15g salt

I compared with Evan’s group, our results roughly the same.

CONCLUSION

The water molecules move towards higher concentrations of the solution. That means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. As the water left the cell it was much like letting the air out of a balloon. As more and more of the cells lost water, the slice of potato became soft and flexible. (the potato in water with sucrose solution just on the contrary.)

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A Study of the Cambridge Faculty of History Building

A Study of the Cambridge Faculty of History Building

The Faculty of History edifice at Cambridge was the 2nd of legion university edifices designed by James Stirling. Working in partnership with James Gowen, Stirling’s foremost University undertaking, the Department of Engineering at the University of Leicester encompassed four interesting design brief judicial admissions, two of which appear to hold exerted some influence on the external visual aspect and design composing of the Faculty of History edifice at Cambridge.

For the University of Leicester undertaking, laboratory work infinite was required to be flexible with respect to constellation in order to run into the altering demands of experimentation and research lab work, a construction was required capable of lodging a H2O armored combat vehicle for hydraulic intents at a tallness of 100 pess above land degree, direct sunshine was to be avoided due to instrumentation sensitiveness, and eventually, exposed concrete could be used as a seeable exterior coating. Harmonizing to John Jacobus, the result is a “form that is rich in coloring material and surface, but its forms are ne’er gratuitous, and, what’s more, none of them looks notional, in malice of their freshness. It is a functional edifice that looks functional, a factory-like research lab and schoolroom edifice which gives every visual aspect of being merely that ; a mill for survey ( but non, decidedly, an instruction mill ) ( footer: 1964 April: Technology Building, Leicester university by James Stirling ( Leicester, UK ) by John Jacobus, Architectural Review, 28 March 2011 ) .

The design brief judicial admissions with regard to exterior finish and the restriction on direct sunshine resulted in extended usage of north confronting glassy facets surrounded by and juxtaposed against visually dominant ruddy brickwork consisting full lifts, a bold horizontal facade organizing exterior facing for the high degree country suiting the H2O armored combat vehicle, and, multiple narrow perpendicular columns. Although strikingly different in result, one can non assist pulling analogues between the Leicester and Cambridge edifices and reasoning that some inspiration for the Cambridge edifice was drawn from Stirling’s first University design authorization. Both edifices portion huge sweeps of glass interrupted by ruddy brickwork that creates a powerful yet heavy statement.

Stirling and Gowen parted company station completion of the Leicester undertaking, go forthing Stirling to finish the design and compete for the Cambridge authorization without any design burden associated with partnership for his concluding competition entry. The design of the Cambridge edifice was completed in 1963 with Stirling emerging as victor of the design competition. Following a re-orientation of the proposed edifice from a Southwest to a Southeast facing way, building commenced in 1964 and was concluded in 1968.

The edifice is situated on the Sidgwick site and houses the Seeley Historical library. In supplying a on the job infinite for up to 300 people, every bit good as a little figure of computing machines, it is one of the largest libraries belonging to the University of Cambridge web of libraries. Once in usage, assorted defects both in footings of design and building item came to visible radiation. Practical defects included thermic public presentation associated with individual tegument glazing and roof escape. Argument environing the edifice centred on map versus signifier and for many regular users, the library was regarded as a infinite non suited to work within. In 1984, about 16 old ages after gap, the History Faculty was at hazard of destruction before a determination was made to modify the bing edifice in order to continue the successful elements of the edifice whilst rectifying those facets regarded as flawed.

In this survey I will be concentrating on the exterior design of the History module, and how some of Stirling’s design picks impact the experiential quality of the library.

The Faculty of History edifice can be regarded as the Centre of the Sidgwick site as it is situated at an intersection point, with multiple tracts meeting on it. Consequently, the edifice has four chief entrywaies, with one at each corner. Since the edifice is approached and discernible from assorted waies as a consequence of being sited at an intersection, the overall ocular facet, presence and exterior quality of the edifice are of great importance. One drawback of being sited at an intersection is the presence of other edifices.

With the History edifice surrounded on all sides by other edifices, it is unable to maximize its standalone individuality every bit good as its ability to come to life during two of the most inspiring light facet periods of the twenty-four hours. While environing edifices are all within close propinquity to the History Faculty, none of them are of great tallness, which does travel some manner towards cut downing their intervention with sunshine and their ability to supply distraction versus the centerpiece. Nevertheless, the History building’s inability to bask uninterrupted exposure to direct sunshine at dawn and sundown oes non let the edifice to bring forth the maximal impact of direct utmost ague angle sunshine on the edifice. Full exposure to near horizontal sunshine would bring forth all possible results associating to the contemplation and refraction of sunshine. For the bulk of perceivers, this hindrance will non be given great consideration as the library clears at 9am, by which clip the Sun is high plenty in the sky for the edifices South of the History Faculty non to move as a barrier. Additionally, the lowest of the surrounding edifices is positioned on the west side of the library therefore understating the sum of clip lost to sunset light effects generated by the edifice.

At its most basic degree, the edifice is composed of two primary signifiers ; a huge, individual storey country, triangular in program which is set within an L-shaped multi-storey construction. The Seeley library occupies the individual floor infinite, which is unfastened to all members of the university, while the multi-storey construction provides offices infinite, meeting suites and talk suites for staff and pupils of the History section. The overall signifier is successful as it allows the library to be placed at the bosom of edifice supplying both ocular and physical benefits.

The edifice has a strengthened concrete frame with a steel roof supplying structural unity while the outside is clad in stretcher bonded ruddy brick and exhibits non-structural patent glazing. This method of adhering provides a ocular uniformity and repeat that emphasises the separate elements of the edifice together. The huge bulk of the edifice is in fact glazed, which provides superior degrees of natural light interior and creates an interesting visual aspect on the exterior through the contemplations that vary harmonizing to both the clip of twenty-four hours and conditions conditions. Similar to the masonry, the glazing is unvarying in its clear divisions of panels, giving the glass a presence while staying visually lightweight. The primary stuffs seeable on the inside are pigment and tile. Harmonizing to Stirling this combination produced an aesthetic that could be likened to a Television Studio ( commendation needed ) .

The most impressive characteristic of the edifice is it’s tiered, pitched, glazed roof that covers the cardinal reading country of the library. The design is symmetrical along its short axis, as can be seen when sing the edifice from the sou’-east. From this peculiar point of view it could be argued that glazing is overused and that the inclusion of more ruddy brick, peculiarly towards the base of the edifice, would hold created a more grounded aesthetic with better balance. While the roof successfully manages natural visible radiation in the library country, there is a ocular struggle between the masonry and the library roof. Puting the visually heavy and baronial ruddy brick cladding against the weightless glazing seems to propose a cardinal desire to make a strong contrast between different parts of the edifice. However, the roof is really heavy in its angular and over defined signifier. It is likely that the edifice would hold benefitted from more nuance in this country.

Another of import external characteristic is the buttress-like signifier of the multi-storey, L-shape portion of the edifice. Not merely is it visually attention-getting, it besides creates a sense structural surety and foundation that is absent from other countries of the external design. This signifier determines and articulates the plan for the edifice ; the smallest suites, situated on the top floor can merely be occupied by offices, while the larger suites on the lower floors can be used as meeting suites and for talks as the infinite permits.

One facet of the outside that detracts from the ocular impact of the edifice is the big raised platform adjoined to the north frontage. The platform is by no agencies redundant as it provides an entryway to the edifice and entree to the roof leting for care. However, its inordinate size means that most of the infinite is presently disused. One possible betterment, capable to structural capacity, would be to make a insouciant outdoor siting country. This is something that the Sidgwick site presently lacks and by virtuousness of being on a raised platform would help in making a clear differentiation between the formal working infinite and an informal community infinite.

In the initial designs the glassy library roof faced southwest. However, due to limitations sing the land ownership, the full edifice had to be rotated 90 grades towards the E. As a consequence, the multi-storey construction covers portion of the library roof in shadow during the afternoon. Clearly this has a negative impact on the lighting of the library in the afternoon and resulted in inordinate thermic addition during the forenoon. Interestingly, no changes were made to the building’s design to counterbalance for the alteration in orientation. Had there been no ownership limitations the library would hold enjoyed natural visible radiation until well later in the twenty-four hours, which would hold been a discriminatory result topic to satisfactory thermic provisioning.

Upon come ining the edifice it becomes evident that the library is set below land degree, this design pick has both its advantages and disadvantages. Students working in the library can profit from both high degrees of privateness and an absence of oculus degree distraction ; the below land degree facet eliminates all mode of communicating with those outside the edifice. One possible negative result of the below land agreement is the deficiency of outward ocular facet for those passing drawn-out periods of clip in the library. Without the copiousness of natural light deluging in from the glassy roof, this infinite could hold been at hazard of being a cheerless environment. The working country of the library is arranged as a radial in forepart of a raised response country. This provides those working at response with an unobstructed position of the library, hence leting easy monitoring of library users and discouraging any actions that are non suited within the library.

This determination to put the library below land degree, combined with the floor to ceiling glazed facade gives this portion of the edifice an uneasy natation quality, as the burden bearing wall back uping the glass and the construction above is non seeable from the exterior. Possibly Stirling was seeking to make the feeling that the glass provides the structural support, when this is clearly non possible. Additionally, positioning the library below land seems to dispute the extended execution of glazing, the intent of which is to convey natural visible radiation into the library. This is a minor ailment as there is no existent deficiency of visible radiation in the library.

An facet of the edifice that I peculiarly appreciate is the contemplation of the exterior signifier on the inside layout. This is most prevailing in the library, where the L-shaped construction forms the boundary of the cardinal reading country and the tabular arraies and bookshelves follow the signifier of the glassy roof construction that sits straight supra. This gives the edifice a great sense of coherency and makes the passage between interior and exterior infinites really natural.

The cardinal reading country of the library can trust on natural visible radiation depending on the clip of twelvemonth for the bulk of its 9am-7:30pm gap hours, all because of the roof. At an angle of about 40 grades the roof Lashkar-e-Taibas in far more light than standard perpendicular glazed facades with solid roofs. Such designs cut down the angle of light incursion and hence the distance that light penetrates into the edifice.

Internally, the roof has a bed of clouded glass ( ? Clouded glass or blinds? ) . This helps to administer the visible radiation equally, in add-on to forestalling blaze, which can be a major distraction in some on the job environments. By cut downing the strength of the light ‘hot spots’ are less likely to happen within the library. The enormousness of the cardinal infinite in footings of ceiling tallness and floor country along with the controlled natural visible radiation and impersonal internal ornament strategy provides a really comfy working country where there is no sense of enclosure or oppression.

The visible radiation from the roof and the environing glass facade besides permeates countries of the library environing the Centre. These countries provide extra infinite to read and analyze, every bit good as lodging the library’s aggregation of books. When compared to the cardinal reading infinite, these countries have low ceilings with no natural visible radiation from straight above. While natural light alone is non sufficient in these countries really small unreal lighting is required to make suited on the job conditions during the lightest hours of the twenty-four hours. However, early in the forenoon and tardily in the afternoon well higher degrees of unreal lighting are required. While this can be considered a defect from an energy ingestion position, it does supply users with a different experience and while some may prefer the copiousness of natural visible radiation in the sweep of the cardinal reading infinite, others may prefer the combination of natural and unreal visible radiation offered elsewhere within the edifice.

The Faculty of History edifice excels on a figure of degrees, yet basically fails from a ocular point of view. Its combination of ruddy brick and huge glassy frontages is unusual and therefore attending grabbing. The design contradicts itself in some instances, the most detrimental of which is the visually heavy and angular roof. Interestingly, the roof is really effectual when it comes to the proviso of natural lighting for the library and helps to make an appealing internal infinite. However, the fact that the cardinal and dominant external characteristic of the edifice fails in its external ocular entreaty dramatis personaes uncertainty over the overall success and design of the edifice.

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Development of Architecture During the Industrial Revolution

Table of contents

Introduction

The industrial revolution is one of the Great alterations in human history. It starts in the center of 18 century in Britain and go oning until now.

Before the Revolution, there were no metropoliss merely small towns. To acquire from one small town to another people used galloping Equus caballus, which was the chief and fastest transit of that clip. For bulk of people the agribusiness was dominant. When , agribusiness and hand-made been stopped.

Thingss that describes the period of Industrial revolution are innovations of steam engine, coal anhttps://phdessay.com/positive-and-negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution. Everything is changed when James Watt created a “steam engine” in 1769. Invention of steam engine provided Britain with an industrial power. Factories, cloths and railwaies could be anyplace.( Louis Auguste Blanqui, historical channel.com.au ) .

Invention of Fe by Derby Family could non go on without steam engine. Smelting of Fe by wood coal was expensive procedure. Abraham Derby discovered, that alternatively of utilizing coal, can replace it with coke.

Besides Fe industry, there was a development of fabric production, because fabric is the basic demands. Food and cotton merchandises were light and easier to transport to different metropoliss. Location of Britain was good for H2O conveyances. We know, that Britain is non from sea from any parts. This was the thing that makes the transit of goods easier.

During this clip changes the production of goods. Now alternatively of utilizing hand-made merchandises, machines started replacing people. For illustration in cloths and industries, machine could replace 5-6 people. This is chief disadvantage of the Industrial Revolution, when authorities starts discontinuing unneeded workers.

Inventions of Industrial revolution period influenced to the economic system growing. It is creative activity of different machine tools, utilizing of Iron in industry.

Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture every bit good. Industrial revolution truly affected on architecture. There was no demand of fancy architecture any longer. Peoples started design more industrial type, which is more utile instead than Gothic edifices. Beautiful Gothic edifices were designed to affect people. In that period some people was already on industrial side, started planing simple construction. At the same clip some people went back to the old architectural manner and brought them back. Therefore there were motions as Gothic resurgence and Art Nouveau. When people started planing with industrial head they had many pick of design their house.

Producing of Fe influenced on architecture. One of great illustrations of architecture of industrial period is Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton (1850-1851) . Joseph Paxton studied and experienced Fe and glass, about of fall ining these constituents together to plan a big edifice.

Body

The motion of Gothic manner architecture was non accidently. Those motions were against industrial revolution. They wanted to convey back the traditional manner of architecture. The Crystal Palace in comparison to Gothic Revival and humanistic disciplines and trade motions in architecture is new manner of design of that clip. Gothic resurgence is architectural motion, which was based in England. It’s been a remake of traditional edifice manner of “Middle Ages” . Gothic manner edifices are really heavy and cosmetic. Structure made of rock and brick. “Art Nouveau” motion has same characteristics as Gothic motion, such as: symmetrical forms and signifiers, usage of arches and heavy structural system.( Jackie Craven, Art Noveau Architecture. architecture.about.com )

The Crystal Palace is on of the Great edifices of Industrial period, which represent new way in architecture. One of edifice that represent revolutionized architecture. When architecture moved from traditional manner to the new measure. This construction is illustration of how people started sing different types of stuffs, alternatively of building the edifices by masonry and rock and maximising the indoor infinites. It is a design of lightweight and low-priced edifices. This was the measure when architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new sort of architecture. It plays a large function in a history of architecture.

The Crystal Palace was a glass and dramatis personae Fe construction. The construction was built in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1850 the commission were traveling to take a design for the construction, which will exhibit the latest engineering and invention from around the universe: “ Great Exhibition of the plants of industry of all Nations” . The commission demands was:

  • Economy and maximising the exhibition infinite
  • Spaces for circulation
  • Spaces for response, categorization and arrangement of goods.
  • Position from the inside.

In three hebdomads commission received more 250 plants from Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, Hanover, Hamburg, France. But the commission rejected all the plants. Largely all the work was brick and masonry structural designs. But there was Fe and glass design by Hector Horeau. The commission rejected it every bit good, because of the cost of the undertaking. ( The Crystal castle, p12 )

Already known designer and nurseryman Joseph Paxton presented his thought and construct to the commission. Before Joseph already had an experience with combination of dramatis personae Fe, glass and laminated wood in his “ Chatsworthhouse” edifice, which was made of glass. The larges glass house of that period. He experienced the thought “Ridge –and- furrow” roof system in Charsworthhouse, subsequently he apllied this system in Crystal Palace’s design.

Joseph’s design was based on faculty with the sizes 10inch x 49 inches, which is size of larges glass available that clip. The construction consisted of right-angled trigons, which were supported by Fe beams and pillars. The length of right-angled trigons was for 564 m. These basic constituents of the construction were light, strong and easy to construct. After Joseph submitted his drawings and computations, the commission approved the low cost design.

The construct of ridge-and-roof house was lily flowers. Paxton’s repute as nurseryman was high, he wanted to lily bloom to be grown in England. He takes attention of flowers. Later it became a construct for the roof system in Crystal Palace. In building of the glass house, there was an issue with ridge-and furrow roof. Glass construction required more light, but because of structural members of roof ( trusses, purlins ) edifice does non acquire forenoon and eventide beams. To avoid this job he created the methods of glass roofing, which calls “ridge and furrow” . The rule and constructs of the roof was to acquire forenoon and eventide visible radiation without any limitation. Therefore the spectacless were placed in specific place. He tested this thought in his “Green house” . After it was applied to the Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal castle, p29 )

The roof of transept is semicircular from exterior. In building of this roof the support was made arched lumbers. Columns supported on each arched lumber. The transept roof besides following the construct of ridge-and-furrow roof. It was constructed in a level mode, but following the form of arched lumber. The scope of the arches had louvered framed opening which allow inactive airing for the edifice.

Hollow columns of the construction support the roof. The roof itself looks level. It has ridges and furrows, because of rise and autumn of them is little, roof looks level. Truss p of the roof 24 pess from each other and this pning were supported by light beams or balks. These balks call “Paxton’s gutter” , because he created the system of utilizing the balk as a trough. The advantages are when it rains, H2O running from the surface of the roof to “Paxton’s gutter” . From there H2O goes to the chief trough, which is connected to the hollow columns and passes down to drainage. ( The Crystal Palace, p.36 )

But later on roofing system gets a job, because of non handiness of good quality building stuffs. On of the disadvantages was leaking largely from all of the portion of the large edifice. This job could non be solved.

In footings of maximising the infinite dramatis personae columns had advantages compare to masonry columns of traditional architecture, because it could transport the same burden as masonry columns. Cast Columns much slimmer than masonry columns and can supply more unfastened indoor infinite. When the bottleneck was complete the interior exhibition infinite was tremendous. Because there were no solid walls, merely the slender columns back uping the ego weight.

On of the of import advantage of the structural frame plants, that cast Fe was low in monetary value comparison to traditional carven rock. The columns of the Crystal Palace consist of reservoir, where the all the drain H2O collects from the roof. This drain H2O is useable in state of affairs of fire or for agribusiness. ( The Crystal Palace, p18 ) .

The great tallness of the edifice was divided into 3 narratives. Where are the dramatis personae Fe columns in each narratives have different tallness. In lower floor columns tallness is 19 pess and for first and 2nd floor is 17 pess. Between the columns the girders have same deepness and sizes. They look similar and give an feeling of fretwork. Therefore building does non look heavy.“This demoing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness”( The Crystal Palace, p35-36 ) .

Joseph Paxton designed his “Victorian house” in such a manner, so the edifice retains wet and gets bright natural lighting every season of the twelvemonth. But the mechanical and natural merchandises, which were in the edifice, were destroyed because of wet. After this experiment with “Victorian House” , it was experience for him to make new design to avoid those issues for Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal Palace, p 32 ) .

An of import advantage in building of Crystal Palace takes machinery. Paxton used different types of cut machines ( Punching machine, Iron boring machine, Adzing and be aftering machine ) . Al the machines powered by steam engine. Painting machine reservoir make fulling with the pigment, so it runs on surface of the frame. It constructed in a manner so unneeded portion could be cleaned. One of the machines he used for framed wall. The frames being cut in machinery with the precisely same dimensions, after this glass was put into the frame. The glass sashes been designed in manner so in summer can be removed. Since the work is done by machine, people did non worry that portion might non fit with each other. ( The Crystal Palace, p51 ) In pre-industrialized period constructing been by human trades without machines. Therefore it is harder and building takes long clip to be completed. The society of Art awarded Paxton’s sash-bar machines in 1841 with decoration. These types sash-bar machines started utilizing in other portion of the state. In present clip sash-bar design was taken from Paxton’s machine.

The large challenge of The Crystal Palace was to keep the normal temperature indoors. Because the map was exhibition, there would be 1000s of people. Heat bring forthing by people and the heat coming from exterior was the chief issue. Already in that clip Joseph Paxton smartly designed the external shading devices. Direct Sun visible radiation does non acquire, visible radiation is filtered and it becomes really soft. Another manner of solution of heat transportation was to do airing system. He designed airing system for wall and flooring. Puting prefabricated lovers on the wall provides hot air flight. For shocking system board were placed 1 cm apart from each other. It was smartly designed inactive design. Air could go indoors. ( Wikipedia ) . This is the 1 of the great illustration when people started believing of climatic response. Design the infinite, which will smartly work, instead than planing it for ornament.

In footings of spacial planning, Paxton provided refreshments infinites for people during the exhibition. There are infinites with unfastened tribunals and trees. There was no necessity of doing solid enclosures, so the construction does non lose the elation. The trees of the north entryway were besides for refreshment intent. Spaces were enclosed by sash-glazed dividers about similar as exterior glass panels. Suites of the edifice was designed that can acquire more natural lighting and airing. Partitions that separate the suites give the edifice really light consequence. ( The Crystal castle, p.36 )

In 1936 on 30 November Crystal Palace was set on fire. In one hr the edifice was destroyed. North Transept was burned. Government non insured to cover the rebuilding. Because the cost was about 2 million lbs. That clip Welby Pugin laminitis of Gothic Architecture called this edifice “Glass Monster” . He told Paxton“ You had better maintain to constructing green houses, and I will maintain mu churches and cathedrals” . Many other designers started criticizesCrystal Palace. Many books and articles was written after the destruction. Thomas Carlyle called it “Big glass soup buble” . But in these missive yearss Crystal Palace benn called “Proto Modern Architecture” and became a case in point for many edifices such as commercial edifices in Europe and America. Crystal Palace became a symbol of industrial revolution, strength and economic- industrial power of England that clip.

Decision

The chief thought of this essay was to demo the effectivity of industrialised methods of building of Crystal Palace in resistance to Gothic resurgence manner and Art Noveau, which represents traditional architecture. The chief points are:

  • The chief difference is that Crystal Palace represents new manners of design, where edifices do non hold to be so heavy. The intent is economical usage of infinite. For illustration: slender columns allow holding large indoor infinite comparison to masonry columns.
  • Using of different types of machines. Building can be completed in short period of clip.
  • Low cost and handiness of dramatis personae Fe.
  • Smart designed construction in response to climatic facets. As was already mentioned above, Paxton’s trough system, which collects the rain H2O in specific reservoir. Drain H2O is useable in instance of fire or for agribusiness.
  • Less utilizing of unreal lighting, because of glass stuff.
  • Passive airing design. Louvered wall system and flooring system, where the block’s spacing is 1 cm. , which allows the infinite, breathe.

The Crystal Palace was the great illustration of new manner of architecture. It was a measure frontward from the traditional architecture. The structural system of Crystal Palace we can still utilize in our clip. It was a case in point for future edifices. Already experient dramatis personae Fe and glass. After the destruction, people know how to avoid those jobs. Test it and do it work better, but the chief construct is based on Crystal Palace skeletal system. Therefore nowadays we have improved skeletal constructions.

My sentiment is that this type of architecture is more utile, comparison to traditional. In footings of infinites, how could it be better and lighter by utilizing the different types of stuffs? But at the same clip it can transport the similar burden.

It was the clip when people started believing of different design, forms and signifier. When people started believing of low cost constructions and sing of different stuffs except brick and rock. When people started believing of chances prosecuting with environing and climate facets of those sorts of constructions. Which is did non be for traditional type of architecture. Gothic and humanistic disciplines and trades edifices are more concentrating to demo the importance of it. Even the ornaments, which are non utile.

There might be disadvantages of Industrial Revolution, but the chief advantage is measure for the hereafter with industrial head.

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The Glass Ceiling

This paper addresses two articles, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership written by Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli, and A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, written by Debra E. Meyerson and Joyce K. Fletcher. The phrase glass ceiling is described in many articles as a barrier that prevents women from achieving success in their careers. Women are found at the top of middle management and are being denied of higher positions in the corporate ladder and are getting paid less than men for similar type of work.

Both articles address the question whether is the glass ceiling the reason why women are not getting advancement in their careers or it is the sum of many obstacles that hold women back into the high level jobs. According to the authors of both articles, the answer to this question is that it is not the glass ceiling the barrier for women’s advancement. To understand and overcome these barriers, the authors of the articles have used terms such as and small wins strategy.

According to Meyerson and Fletcher, it is not the glass ceiling but the organizational structures and its hidden barriers to equity and effectiveness what are holding back women. This paper will explore the author’s recommendations for overcoming these barriers and for helping women prevail by changing workplace’s practices in organizations. Overview The two articles chosen to write this abstract have been selected from the Harvard Business Review.

In the first article, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the word labyrinth is described as a contemporary symbol that “conveys the idea of a complex journey toward a goal worth striving for” (Walls all around section, para. 1). If women are able to understand the barriers in this labyrinth, they will be able to overcome many obstacles they encounter. Throughout awareness and persistency during the process, women will have a much better chance to obtain their desirable goals in their careers. In the article A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the authors mentioned that is very rare to find women holding high evel positions in organizations. Women represent only 10% of senior manager positions in Fortune 500 companies. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, the best way to destroy this glass ceiling is throughout the use of the small wins approach. Main Issues In the article Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the term labyrinth is described as what women have to go through in the workplace to be able to occupy high level roles. Woman who desire top positions, will encounter barriers during the journey, and some of them will be able to find solutions to those obstacles to improve the situation.

Some of the obstacles or barriers named in the article are (a) prejudice; (b) resistance to women’s leadership; (c) leadership style;(d) demands of family life; (e) underinvestment in social capital. Prejudice The beginning of the labyrinth starts here with prejudices that hurt women and help men. Women in this country, with full time positions, earn 81 cents for every dollar than men earned (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 1). Research has been done by many professionals seeking an answer to explain the difference in pay between genders.

One of the most comprehensive studies, from the Government Accountability office, showed that men worked more hours per year and also had more years of experience (Vestiges of prejudice, para. 3). Even though variables such as marriage, parenthood and years of education were adjusted for both genders, the study showed a gender gap that lead to wage discrimination (Vestiges of Prejudice section, para. 4). According to Eagly and Carli, men are promoted more quickly than women with equivalent qualifications even in female settings such as social work and education (para. 5).

The authors add that “White men were more likely to attain managerial positions than white women, black men, and black women” (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 5). Resistance to Women’s Leadership The author describes women as having communal associations and men with agentic ones. Women are compassionate, affectionate, friendly and sympathetic among other communal qualities. On the other hand, men are described with agentic qualities such as aggressive, ambitious, controlling, etc, which are associated with effective leadership (Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 3).

Eagly and Carli consider that women are at a tough place, which she describes as the “double bind”, because people perceive women as lacking the right traits to be effective leaders (Resistance to women leadership section, para. 4). Women who are described by the peers as effective managers possess the following traits: insincere, avaricious, and pushy amongst others ((Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 11). Leadership Style Women are struggling with people’s perceptions about by being compassionate and caring. Qualities such as assertive and controlling are perceived by people on great leaders.

According to Meyerson and Fletcher, women are considered as transformational leaders. They encourage employees, and mentor them to achieve desired goals. It is described as the type of leadership that leads to a more innovating, productive and efficient for organizations (Issues of leadership style section, para. 6). Transactional leaders are described as leaders that reward employees for meeting their goals. Men are considered to be more transactional leaders than women. According to the article, the most effective type of leadership is the transformational style.

Demands of Family Life. Studies showed that women are working less hours a year than men and have fewer years of experience due to family responsibilities. Women are confronted with the challenge of balancing work and family responsibilities. Many of them end up leaving their professional careers due to work-family conflict. According to the authors, in 2005 women devoted 19 hours per week to household work, while men just helped 11 hours a week (Demands of family life section, para. 3). Meyerson and Fletcher explain that married mothers increased their hours per week from 10. 6 in 1965 to 12. in 2000, and married fathers increased theirs from 2. 6 to 6. 5 week (Demands of family life section, para. 4). Underinvestment in Social Capital Women are trying to balance their responsibilities at home and at work which leaves them little or no time to build the social capital needed to succeed in the workplace. Another obstacle encountered by women is the fact that these networking activities are mostly composed by men who concentrate their meetings in male activities. The C-suite is described by the author as those positions such as chairman, chief executive officer and chief operating office.

These positions are held mostly by men and only 6% hold by women (para. 1). The authors mention the following organization actions to help women obtain positions in the C-suites (a) Increase people awareness of prejudices against women; (b) change hours spent at work; (c) be more objective in the evaluations; (d) use transparent recruitment within the organization; (e) place more women in executive positions; (f) help women build strong social capital; (g) give women opportunity to return back to work when circumstances change.

The second article, A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling mentions the difficulties women confront in organizations to work effectively: (a) women bear more responsibility at home than men; (b) women who have a set schedule missed important company meeting set after hours; (c) missing meetings made them look less committed; (e) meetings put women in a double bind (The problem with no name section, para. 5). Meyerson and Fletcher mention three different approaches that have dealt with the solution to the symptoms of gender inequity (a) encourage women to assimilate to minimize the differences.

In other words to act more like men; (b) accommodates women’s needs and situations such as extended maternity leave, flexible work arrangements, etc; (c) emphasize the differences that women bring to the workforce such as their collaborative style (Tall people in a short world, para. 5). The fourth approach mentioned by the authors, deal with sources of gender inequity. This approach consists on the belief that a change is needed in the organization due to a gender inequity problem.

After recognizing the issue, this fourth approach should be linked with the small wins strategy (A fourth approach: Linking equity and effectiveness, para. 2). The article mentions the reason why the small wins process is so effective for organizations (a) tied to the fourth approach help organizations to understand erroneous practices and assumptions; (b) make a difference in the big picture in the road to change; (c) create sense that a small change is a huge and systematic change and have great impact throughout the organization; (d) have a snowballing effect.

By adding small wins, one by one, it will create a whole new system of revised practices and efforts; (e) defeat discrimination by accepting that change is needed and that it will help the organization’s effectiveness. Factual Impact of the Main Issues in Organizations Labyrinths can be thought of as a symbolic form of pilgrimage. As paths, women walk among its turnings confronting difficult situations that need to be managed along the way. What it is important for women it is to know that the passage for the labyrinth is not simple journey.

It requires for women to be aware on their progress and also to be persistent to navigate it. Organizations need to be proactive about taking measures to understand the labyrinth that leader women confront in the workplace. Building unique leadership traits with a supportive work environment will help them to overcome the barriers to obtain the desire goals. To be more effective, organizations need to support women by becoming advocates for female to advance as managers finding endless opportunities for promotion.

Organizations need to understand that women had slowed their careers and earnings for taking the majority of family responsibilities. Thus, the implication for organizations is that women are choosing to work part time, work from home or take many days off from work. Another implication for organizations, it is the need to address the challenge for women to be perceived as capable leaders. The article describes this challenge as the double bind term where women at the workplace have to please both expectations in organizations, one as leaders and one as females.

Meyerson and Fletcher explain that “Most organizations have been created by men and for men and are based on male experiences” (The roots of inequity section, para. 1). Women have been entered in the workplace confronting the fact that organizations still embrace traits associated with men such as though, aggressive, assertive, etc. Organizations must develop a culture of fairness by creating practices that benefit both men and women where the division of labor by gender does not exist and where women feel that they add an enormous value and feel as competent as men.

Also, organizations should foster a work environment that values working parents. It is crucial to create structures and policies where work and family complement each other and where women have the opportunity to fulfill their careers without felling guilty of abandoning their families. In the second article the authors described how important is to shatter the glass ceiling using the small wins strategy. Since this strategy initiates change using diagnosis, dialogue, and experimentation, it promotes efficiency and efficiency within the organizations.

The authors add, “The strategy benefits not just women but also men and the organization as a whole” (para. 4). The organization during this strategy go through the follow steps (a) the diagnosis of the problem in which managers dialogue to find out what is happening within the organization culture; (b) experimentation where correctives practices are replaced to obtain real wins. Text Comparison According to Greenhaus et al (2010), the glass ceiling is “an invisible but impenetrable barrier that prevents qualified women and people of color from advancing to senior management jobs” (p. 321).

The text agrees with the authors of the two articles, about the fact that even though the number of women in managerial positions had risen dramatically, women are experiencing difficulties in getting jobs above lower and middle managerial positions. For the authors of the article, Women and The Labyrinth of Leadership, the glass ceiling is a barrier which limitations are fading. Women are facing are not only barriers, but what they describe as a labyrinth. It has obstacles and turns. For the authors of A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the glass ceiling is not the reason why women are holding back.

The main reason, they affirm, are the organizations in which women work. The authors state that it is “the foundation, the beams, the walls, the very air” (The power of small wins section, para. 7). Greenhaus et al (2010) identified factors that organizations can seek to support women advance in their careers such as (a) giving more authority; (b) inclusion to formal networks; (c) establishment of mentor relationships; (d) mutual accommodation; (e) elimination of access and treatment discrimination; (f) minimal intergroup conflicts; and (f) responsiveness to work-Family issues (p. 33).

Eagly and Carli mention some these actions such as (a) establishing mentoring programs; (b) using job performance assessments that are not biased against minority employees; (c) using open recruiting tools; (d) implement family-friendly policies for both male and female employees; (e) emphasize the visibility of women in high-level leadership positions. Debra Meyerson and Joyce Fletcher explain the need for organizations to address the power of small wins since “they unearth and upend systemic arriers to women’s progress (The power of small wins section, para. 1). According to Greenhaus et al (2010), it is the glass ceiling that limits opportunities to minorities to develop and reach top management positions in America (p. 323). They authors add that “The small portion of women at senior management level suggest that many women do not move beyond jobs in lower and middle levels of management” (p. 323).

For the text authors the glass ceiling, in contrast with the authors of the articles, is about managing diversity since organizations are in need to understand why women and minorities experience restricted careers opportunities. According to Greenhaus et al (2010), organizations must develop a culture where employees understand multiculturalism that is the heart of the organization’s mission that must be communicated and enforced at all levels (p. 349).

References

Eagly, A. H., Carli, L.L. (2007). Harvard business review. Women and the labyrinth of leadership.

Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2007/09/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership/ar/2 Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G.A., Godshalk, V.M. (2010).

Career management. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE publications Inc. Meyerson, D. E., Fletcher, J.K. (2000).

Harvard business review. A Modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling.

Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2000/01/a-modest-manifesto-for-shattering-the-glass-ceiling/ar/1

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