Global Warming

Global warming is the steady escalation of the temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere which started in mid-20th century and its expected continuation (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). It poses heavy environmental and economic problems as widely publicized works, studies and reports have shown.

Changes to the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation are attributed to global warming. This in turn is said to cause glacial recoil, Arctic shrinkage, and worldwide increase in sea level. These changes consequently modify, damage, or even destroy natural habitats which lead to species extinction. Harsh effects on agriculture, reductions in the ozone layer, extreme weather events are more likely to be experienced brought about by global warming.

According to the 100 peer reviewed estimates conducted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2005, the average is US$12 per tonne of CO2, but range -$3 to $95/tCO2. On the other hand, Nicholas Stern aggregates the economic impact of global warming through gross domestic products (GDP). In his report entitled the Stern Review, he concludes that global GDP might go down by one percent and that global per capita consumption to fall by 20 percent due to extreme weather condition.

What is the most probable cause of “global warming”?

Global warming is caused by an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and ozone. Greenhouse effect by water vapor is around 36-70%; CO2 9-26%; methane 4-9% and ozone 3-7% .

Greenhouse gases are like “mirrors” that reflect back to the earth the heat energy, which would otherwise be dispersed in space. This phenomenon is the “greenhouse effect” which is exacerbated when there are plenty of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The Great Global Warming Swindle (GGWS) is a controversial documentary on climate change by British television producer Martin Durkin1. It first aired on the BBCs channel 4 on March 8, 20072. This documentary argues against conventional scientific understanding of the degree and cause of recent, observed climate change. The overwhelming view amongst climate scientists is that twentieth century global warming is largely due to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases resulting from increased industrialization during the last 100- 150 years.

His program collides sharply with the premise outlined in former Vice President Al Gore’s Oscar-winning documentary, “An Inconvenient Truth,” which presents a bleak picture of how a buildup in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide affects the global climate, with potentially disastrous consequences. Durkin presents an alternative view that recent global warming is neither significant nor due to human activity.

The documentary does not attempt to argue the latter view through any critical deconstruction of climate science orthodoxies. Rather, it contends that modern climate scientists are at best seriously misguided in their collective opinion on the nature and causes of global warming, or are at worst guilty of lying to the rest of the community. Publicity for the documentary leans heavily towards the latter, stating that global warming is “the biggest scam of modern times”.

The documentary uses a series of techniques to shake the viewer’s belief in current orthodox understanding and to present an amenable contrary viewpoint. Several experts, labeled as ‘authoritative’, are interviewed to lend credibility to the documentary.These commentators are presented as ‘insiders’ who cast doubt on the integrity  of climate change science and the IPCC assessment process that has led to current orthodox understanding. Alternate scientific contentions are presented in a credible way by selectively presenting facts and heightening uncertainties without context or by specious reference to the actual published science. The motivation and morality of scientists driving current orthodox understanding is questioned through aspersions that are conspiratorial in nature.

Many of the people that were interviewed did not have the proper credentials and were under qualified. For example, Patrick Moore is a Canadian Professor who has no training in climate science. He makes public statements in favor of genetic engineering and logging in the Amazon. In 1986 Moore had an altercation with Greenpeace and has since put most of his energies into undermining the arguments of environmentalists, particularly his former colleagues. His main claims involve the idea that environmentalists ‘treat humans as scum’.

In the 1990s, Moore worked as a consultant for the British Columbian Timber Products Association, undermining the attempts of Greenpeace to preserve forests. Also various large corporations and companies paid many of the people that were interviewed off. Fred Singer is a retired Professor from the University of Virginia and has never had an article accepted for a peer reviewed scientific journal in the last 20 years. He has argued that CFCs do not cause Ozone Depletion. There are numerous scientific studies that disprove his ludacris assertion. In 1990, Singer founded ‘The Science and Environment Policy project’, which contradicts climate science and has received direct funding from Exxon, Shell, Unocal and ARCO 2000.

Patrick Michaels is another such person interviewed in The Great Global Warming Swindle. He is one of the most prominent climate change skeptics in the US and made the claim (in the movie) “I’ve never been paid a nickel by the old and gas companies”. This is actually not true as according to journalist Ross Gebp, Michaels has received direct funding from German Coal Mining Association ($49,000), Edison Electric Institute ($15,000), and the Western Fuels Association ($63,000), which is one of the post powerful funders of Global Warming Skeptics in the US. However, one of the more credible people interviewed in the movie was Richard Lindzen.

He is a meteorology professor at MIT and is known as one of the most reputable climate change skeptics in the US. Some of his most notable claims include those published in the Wall Street Journal in June 2011 maintaining that “there is no consensus, unanimous or otherwise, about long-term climate trends or what causes them”. Lindzen is known to charge oil and coal interests 2,500 USD a day for his consulting services and in 1991, he testified in front of a senate committee, after receiving funding from the company Western Fuels. He is a member of the Advisory Council of the Annapolis Center for Science Based Public Policy which receives a large proportion of its funding from Exxon Mobil.

In summary the documentary is not scientifically sound and presents a flawed and very misleading interpretation of the science. While giving the impression of being based on peer-reviewed science, much of the material presented is either out-of-date, already discredited or of uncertain origin. A number of the graphs and figures used in the documentary are not based on any known or published climate data, while others are presented schematically, and hence may confuse and mislead the viewer.

The general arguments in the movie are; that climate change is a natural occurrence, that Global temperature actually dropped during the period of greatest anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions, that carbon dioxide is not a significant greenhouse gas that the greenhouse effect isn’t being enhanced and that carbon dioxide concentration increases do not cause increased temperature. The format of the documentary itself is sound in that it shows the opinions of various source, the problem is that the interviews were taken out of context and visual imagery was often manipulated.

The documentary attempts to support the claim that temperatures were higher in the recent past with the graph ‘Temp – 1000 Years’ – attributed to the “IPCC”. This graph purports to show global average temperature between AD 900 and “now”, with the highest values recorded between about 1100 and 1300 (labeled as “Medieval Warm Period”).

The graph is actually reproduction of a schematic diagram published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its First Assessment Report in 1990. It is important to note that this schematic is largely based upon early reconstructions of European temperature changes such as that of Lamb (1988). Critically, the 1990 IPCC Report cautioned, “it is still not clear whether all the fluctuations indicated were truly global”, and underlying the fact that neither regional temperature averages nor temperature records from single locations can be used as proxies for global temperature.

This 17 year-old graph has been superseded by numerous more recent studies, with the IPCC successively publishing updated records of “near global” temperature in its Second Assessment Report in 1995, its Third Assessment Report in 2001, and its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007. The most up-to- date figure for the Northern Hemisphere, from IPCC (2007), is reproduced in Figure 3, which shows 12 different reconstructions. These consistently show that, for the Northern Hemisphere, the past century is exceptionally warm, and that the warmth of recent decades clearly exceeds that of the Medieval Warm Period in all cases.

The United States National Academies published a report in 2006 (NAS 2006) that reviewed the published scientific evidence on surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2000 years. It found that “evidence for regional warmth during medieval times [centered around AD 1000] can be found in a diverse but more limited set of records including ice cores, tree rings, marine sediments, and historical sources from Europe and Asia, but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain”.

Based on a review of the scientific literature, the report concluded “none of the large-scale surface temperature reconstructions show medieval temperatures as warm as the last few decades of the 20th century.” Very clearly, the documentary has misrepresented the early IPCC figure, and ignored all IPCC updates to this figure. The analyses published by the IPCC strongly contradict the documentary. Another such scientific inaccuracy is the claim that the rising temperatures of the planet stared to plateau around 1940 and then didn’t continue to rise again until 1970, and therefore that this represents evidence that human activities don’t influence the climate.

This is clearly a tactic employed by the movie’s makers and interviewees to manipulate the audience as the logic behind this is very flawed. The years leading up to and during the second World War were a time of great industrialization for many countries in the northern hemisphere (which contains a majority of the Earth’s landmass), causing large amounts of carbon dioxide to be pumped into the atmosphere. This industrialization also created a large amount of pollutants that stayed in the lower atmosphere which reflect incoming sunlight back into space, thereby causing temporary cooling.

These lower level pollutants, including sulphate aerosols only have residency times of a few months (as opposed to about 100 years for C02) and therefore warming resumes (refer to figure 1 in appendix). The current data from the IPCC shows that since then, the temperature has been increasing faster than it has in the last 10,000 years17. While there were clearly many attempts at manipulations and scientific errors in the Global Warming Swindle, there were a few valid points that were made. The argument that Global warming is (in some cases) being used in such a way that keeps developing countries from the rapid development needed to create better standards of living for the general population in a valid one.

It is very simple for the theory to be used in a way that makes actions such as preventing the use of fossil fuels in developing countries seem valid, despite the fact that this often a necessary step in the development process. Developed countries currently emit a vast majority of global greenhouse emissions and the media frequently depicts countries such as China and India as the colloquially termed ‘bad guys’ because they refuse to maintain the necessary reductions in greenhouse emissions. The movie showed a short clip of an interview in a hospital in a rural area of an developing countries where the power from a solar panel was clearly not enough to power the hospital. Such instances are common in rural areas of Africa where NGOs, in an attempt to reduce Global emissions, install inappropriate technologies.

The movie is also has a sound format in that it is in documentary ‘style’ (disregarding the validity of the points presented), and it shows clips from various different scientists and Climate skeptics in different fields. Climate change Skeptic Bjorn Lomborg has been criticized for using very few researchers belonging to a very narrow spectrum of fields to validate his claims18. In comparison, The Global Warming Swindle has presented a decent number of sources and ‘experts’. The general format was also such that it intertwined interviews, narration and visual aids. This method is quite effective in maintaining the interest of the audience throughout the movie.

The inaccuracies presented in Al Gore’s ‘An Inconvenient Truth’ needed to be responded to and the general idea of creating a documentary to address this issue was a good one. Al Gore only barely presented the other side of the argument and there are some very valid cases relating to the fact that Global Warming may not have anthropogenic causes. In fact, if the Global Warming Swindle is correct in its assertion that Global warming isn’t manmade then there really isn’t much that can be done and our resources really would be better spent elsewhere and any real action would mean convincing every nation on Earth to cut down on fuel emissions-which data suggests, is unlikely.

Despite these valid points, arguments can be made to the contrary, especially with consideration to their presentation and the omission of certain information. The Global Warming Swindle implies that there are official expectations for developing countries to cut emissions by the same amount as developed countries. This isn’t true. The Kyoto protocol explicitly stated that there was nothing expected from developing countries in this regard.

This was yet another attempt to manipulate the audience into believing the producer’s agenda. The inclusion of this fact may have made the movie seem a little more credible and balanced but this information is omitted. For the most part, it is now understood that economic development has to go hand in hand with climate policy. There is currently no legitimate environmental movement that says that the worlds less developed should have their access to energy restricted. There is also a very valid argument to the effect that sustainable development is a possible route towards economic development.

Regardless, even if sustainable development doesn’t occur, the use of fossil fuels for development in developing countries wouldn’t have a significant effect on the environment. Costs estimate that the upper bound for the annual cost of emissions reductions consistent with the stabilization of CO2 levels would equal about 1% of the world’s GDP by 205020. This shows that, despite the cost, continual development is possible and that these actions will prevent the possible occurrence of Global Warming related phenomena that could have a detrimental effect to global development. The issue about how scientists now use the theory of manmade global warming to fund their research is completely true. On the other hand, this is not a new phenomenon.

In order to prove or disprove a theory, scientists need to find sources of funding for their research. Obviously using arguably the most in ‘vogue’ scientific issue of our time is an easy way to get funding. Before the theory of Global Warming was being researched, scientists still had to present their research and find modes of funding. Therefore using this as a way to argue that Global Warming isn’t the result of anthropogenic greenhouse gases seems a weak argument that is rather off topic.

The Great Global Warming Swindle does not represent the current state of knowledge in climate science. Skepticism in science is a healthy thing, and the presence of orthodox scientific skepticism in climate change is ubiquitous. Many of the hypotheses presented in the Great Global Warming Swindle have been considered and rejected by due scientific process. This documentary is far from an objective, critical examination of climate science. Instead the Great Global Warming Swindle goes to great lengths to present outdated, incorrect or ambiguous data in such a way as to grossly distort the true understanding of climate change science, and to support a set of extremely controversial views.

Corporate Social Responsibility is the uninterrupted committedness by concern to act ethically and lend to economic development while still assisting the quality of life of their milieus such as the local community and the society. ( Mallen Baker, Business Respect, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.php [ 2010 ] )

This essay will discourse the general background of British Airways company and the state of affairs, cardinal facts, the stakeholders and their engagement and the ethical issues that has arised in the last five old ages. Alternate solutions, rating and decision will besides be discussed on the concluding portion of the essay.

British Airways is one of the largest air hoses worldwide that provides conveyance to its riders by plane. British Airways ‘ mission is to give its riders the best possible service in their flight so that they will truly value their stay aboard the British Airways ‘ aircraft.  Air conveyance is really efficient and good to its stakeholders, nevertheless, its gives out many negative impacts to the environment such as loud noises and the less obvious, C dioxide emanations.

Climate alteration is arised as a immense issue in the 1990 ‘s. Carbon dioxide emanations are a nursery gas that lead to pollution which contribute to what is known as the “ nursery consequence ” or planetary heating. ( founded by Arrhenius and Callendar ) It besides comes from waste mopess when the gases can non allow the Sun ‘s energy radiate it back into the infinite. Each clip a plane takes off, fuel is burned breathing C dioxide ( C02 ) into the ambiance which contributes to the “ nursery consequence ” . The air hose industry has “ a diverse and by and large unsatisfactory attitude ” to carbon offsetting, a study from MPs says today. ( Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] )

The harm done to the Earth ‘s ambiance is increasing and planning and action must be taken to forestall this. A major stakeholder in the company is the directors. The directors in British Airways took the action to fall in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and besides participated in the Kyoto Protocol to assist the nursery consequence job. In a meeting in Copenhagen, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has told the air hose industry ( including British Airways ) to better its C efficiency by an mean 1.5 % per twelvemonth from 2005 to 2010 and by maintaining the marks of this growing yearly. Besides, the UNFCCC wants to see a 50 % decrease in C emanations from 2005 and 2050. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change web site, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/2860.php ) and ( Giovanni Bisignani, IATA ‘s Director General and CEO, BioAge Group, [ Online ] , Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/iata-20090923.html [ 2010 ] )

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change gathers and portions information with each other about C dioxide emanations, make up one’s minding on what methods are best to manage it and keep a good environment for the society. It launches national schemes and spreads them to each other within the convention to cover with the clime alteration. British Air passages joined the Kyoto Protocol and by making this, they agreed to cut down their emanations by 5 % by 2010 compared to the degrees of 1990. The UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol helps come up with schemes to assist BA ( British Airways ) solve the planetary heating job in an efficient mode. In the Kyoto Protocol, there are two undertaking mechanisms. First, the Joint Implementation ( JI ) allows industrialised states to co-operate with the developing states to transport out undertakings. This allows British Air passages to acquire aid by fall ining the Kyoto Protocol. Second, the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) involves investing in undertakings to cut down C dioxide emanations. Huge Numberss of undertakings are supported by investings by the CDM including the CDM grapevine undertaking where immense Numberss of C dioxide emanations have been delivered off from the United Kingdom.

British Airways ‘ actions to cut down C dioxide emanations are monitored and precise records are kept by the Protocol and experts squads are hired to reexamine these records. If the nursery consequence is non dealt with, H2O degrees could lift taking to inundations on some locations destructing ecosystems and the alteration in clime could consequence people ‘s wellness worldwide for people who can non accommodate to it. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php ) British Airways ‘ most of import stakeholder is its clients which are its riders. By making all this, appropriate action is taken by British Air passages to assist the life conditions of its riders. By taking action, British Airways promotes a good image for the company go forthing its clients with positive feedback. This will do it ‘s riders continue in buying the services of the concern as the concern shows good ethical behavior and shows that it is a corporate socially responsible concern. It besides shows that British Airways is a company willing and able to take the appropriate action to repair it ‘s jobs. The directors carried out studies and investigated that its employees have first-class client service. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php ) The directors besides recruit CR ( corporate responsible ) experts and promote the employees to believe of their thoughts of their ain to assist with CR. The directors carried out a study in 2008 to oppugn its corporate duty. The response of this study led to the set up of the programme “ One Finish ” . The programme involves utilizing all the necessary agencies to cut down C dioxide emanations to forestall planetary heating and to keep a good corporate socially responsible position. However, even by making all this, BA was still left with unsatisfactory remarks that BA had merely purchased 1,600 metric tons of C beginnings which merely average to four return flights to New York. Global heating has to be dealt with, it leads to many jobs. ( Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ] ) It increases the temperature ensuing in the expansion of glacial lakes which could take to inundations. It besides leads to land instability which could ensue in avalanches. Both of these consequences destroys the ecosystems of the animate beings populating in those countries. If this job is non dealt with, the alteration in clime could consequence the people ‘s wellness who can non accommodate to it such as the young person and aged. Besides, planetary warming leads to extreme conditions events which increase the costs of the concern to accommodate to these conditions. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php )

British Airways volunteered to fall in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. ( EU ETS ) The EU ETS proctors and takes record of all the big C dioxide emitters and let them to breathe to a certain bound of C dioxide. If a company exceeds its allowance it has to buy allowances from other companies in the EU ETS or cut down on how much they emit. This allows British Air passages to buy excess C dioxide emanations than the sum that they are allowed if they need to for their services to maintain their clients satisfied. This allows the company to run its flights and services as normally expeditiously, nevertheless, it could lend to planetary heating if it goes over their C dioxide allowances often. ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] and British Airways, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb )

British Air passages set up a programme called “ One Finish ” . The programme allows British Air passages to run expeditiously while still taking action to cut down C dioxide emissions every bit much as possible. It has many ways to cut down its C dioxide emanations. British Airways was the first air hose to present a voluntary rider strategy and was besides the first air hose to win authorities blessing for it ‘s C countervailing actions. The voluntary rider strategy allowed riders on board flights to give payments to British Airways so that it could fund power workss and air current farms to cut down C dioxide emitted around the country. Deforestation increases the planetary C emanations by up to 25 % , which is a immense impact towards planetary heating. ( British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate-policy/public/en_gb ) British Airways is developing solutions with this programme to forestall deforestation taking to a better environment. Waste maneuvering groups have been recruited by the company to forestall waste excessively much extra waste to be deposited landfill countries which could besides take to carbon emanations. The company reduced that sum of paper by covering with it ‘s services electronically by electronic mail as possible and by altering its manuals, signifiers and studies to electronic agencies every bit much as possible. Overtime, British Airways waste issues decreased continuously. The company besides took reusing and recycling into history. Items that can be reused were donated to orphanhoods and furniture within offices and the aircraft were reused every bit much as possible. All the in-flight wastes were recycled and disposed of decently, which left some waste to be incinerated which avoids taking up landfill infinite. Besides, British Airways has decided to replace old theoretical account aircrafts to newer more environmentally friendly theoretical accounts cut downing emanations. All of these solutions of the programme are cost alot in finance but it will go forth its clients satisfied and will demo that it is a company willing to take action with good ethical beliefs leting it to maximize its net incomes in the hereafter without any jobs.

By fall ining the UK Emissions Trading Scheme which is apart of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme allows British Air passages to demo that it is a concern capable of taking action and believes extremely in its moral and ethical beliefs. They could besides profit themselves with free advertisement and it will demo high leading accomplishments. It besides shows that it is a corporate socially responsible concern by stand foring itself in the EU ETS. However, one should believe that, the company should hold focused more on the attempts on the programme “ One Finish ” as that showed more positive consequences. Even though, the company participated in the EU ETS, globally, from 2005 to 2007, there was an addition in emanations by 1.7 % . ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, [ Online ] , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme [ 5 March 2010 ] ) By acquiring involved with the EU ETS, some clip and attempt was wasted particularly by its meetings where this could hold been spent elsewhere.

British Airways handled the state of affairs expeditiously and smartly set uping the clime alteration programme, “ One Finish ” . The decrease of emanations and energy usage was needed to protect the people for what was known as the “ nursery consequence ” . This shows that the concern is corporate socially responsible and boosts its repute pulling inward investing and positive client feedback. One should believe that, the company should hold used its employees to come up with thoughts or have carried out studies to inquire its clients to come up with a solution that would be as efficient but leting them to carry through the clients ‘ demands but non increase the costs of the concern as much. Besides, the company could hold chiefly focused on one portion of the clime alteration programme, so it did non hold to pass enormously on such as air quality and the Auxiliary Power Unit ‘s and Ground Power Unit ‘s which were likely non as noticeable to its clients and could hold been avoided. ( British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-air-operating/public/en_gb )

British Airways has decided to go corporate socially responsible because it recognises the importance in working with its stakeholders to demo that it is a company with good moral beliefs and ethical values. Climate alteration arised as an issue where C dioxide emanations is a nursery gas that lead to pollution which is known as the “ nursery consequence ” or planetary heating. British Airways contributed to planetary heating by its services where fuel is burnt when one of its aircrafts take off. The company joined the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and the EU ETS to forestall C emanations every bit much as possible. The company besides set up a clime alteration programme called “ One Finish ” which had many side undertakings to come up with thoughts to look into the best possible agencies to cut down C emanations.

Bibliography/Reference:

Corporate Social Responsible:

1. Mallen Baker, Business Respect, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.phpA [ 2010 ]
2. Introduction to British Air passages:
3. Dr Paul Toyne, Dr Andrew Sentence, Article 13 and CBI – CSR Case Study Series, [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublicationHYPERLINK “ hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; UR L=http: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublication & A ; PNID=1320 ” & amp ; HYPERLINK “ hypertext transfer protocol: //owa.exeter.ac.uk/owa/kcjt201 @ isad.isadroot.ex.ac.uk/redir.aspx? C=aaedac0f05b944718bbb437ba845c374 & A ; UR L=http: //www.article13.com/A13_ContentList.asp? strAction=GetPublication & A ; PNID=1320 ” PNID=1320 [ March 2006 ]

The nursery consequence and planetary heating and citation:

• Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk /environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ]

United Nations Framework Convention ( UNFCCC ) :

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change web site, [ Online ] , Avaliable: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int/2860.php )

United Nations Framework Convention and the engagement of the British Airways and air power industry:

• Giovanni Bisignani, IATA ‘s Director General and CEO, BioAge Group, [ Online ] , Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greencarcongress.com/2009/09/iata-20090923.html [ 2010 ]

The Kyoto Protocol, Clean development mechanism ( CDM ) and Joint execution ( JI ) :

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.int /kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

Ethical motives and values of British Airways, the nursery consequence, clime alteration scientific discipline:

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc.in t/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php

British Airways and the constitution of “ One Finish ” :

• British Air passages, Up to day of the month article, [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britishairways.com/travel/csr-climate- policy/public/en_gb

BA and the purchase of 1,600 metric tons of C offsettings:

• Peter Woodman, The Independent, PA Transport Correspondent [ Online ] Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indep endent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/mps-attack-british-airways-for-risible-attitude-to-carbon-offsetting-458386.html [ Monday, 23 July 2007 ]

More Ethical motives and values of British Airways, the nursery consequence, clime alteration scientific discipline:

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change website [ Online ] Avaliable at: hypertext transfer protocol: //unfccc. int/press/fact_sheets/items/4987.php