Globalization

Globalization is a process of integrating trade and commerce throughout the globe. Governments, private companies and even people merge their differences and intermingle, interact, devise new trade policies, bringing different cultures and countries closer to each other. Unprecedented advancements in transport and communication technologies have added to the growth of globalization.

Primarily, globalization is a commercial activity which also integrates different cultures and societies through trade and commerce. The origin of globalization is however a matter of dispute between historians and modern economist. Former believe it to be existing since ancient times while latter assert that it started only in 21^st century.

Long and Short Essay on Globalization in English

Below we have provided Long and short Essay on Globalization in English for your information and knowledge.

These Globalization Essay will let you know the meaning of globalization and its significance in today’s context.

You will also understand how globalization is shrinking boundaries and bringing people together.

These essays on Globalization will help you in your school assignments and several other competitions where you need to speak/write about globalization.

Globalization Essay 1 (100 words)

Globalization is the process of growing, developing and expanding the business, services or technologies all through the world. It is the expansion of various businesses to the global markets throughout the world. It requires huge international investment to develop large multinational corporations for the worldwide economic integration. It is to increase the connectivity and interdependence of the businesses in the worldwide markets.

In the last few decades, globalization has taken the form of technological advancement which resulted in easier travel, communication, and other businesses on international level for the people. On one hand, where globalization has made easy access of technologies to the people, it has also decreased the opportunity of success by increasing competition.

Globalization Essay 2 (150 words)

Introduction

Globalization is making the availability of businesses or technologies all across the world through the speed of markets. Globalization is making various huge changes in the world where people are moving away from their self-contained countries to the more integrated world. In order to globalize a business, a company need to bring change in a business strategy made for a single country to the special one having ability to operate in multiple countries.

Impact of Globalization

Globalization impacts a business and a company in various ways. Globalization impact on businesses in the worldwide market can be described under two broad categories of market globalization and production globalization. Market globalization is the reduction in selling barriers of products or services to other countries other than its home country. It is very necessary for a company to make success easier by effectively globalizing selling products to the international market. Production globalization is the set up of plant in many countries to produce products locally on low labour cost and earn more profit than its home country.

Globalization Essay 3 (200 words)

Globalization is the spreading of anything worldwide. However, generally it is the process of globalizing products, businesses, technologies, philosophies, etc all through the world. It is the creation of a successful interconnected marketplace without any limitation of time zone and national boundaries.

The most common and clear example of globalization is the spread of McDonalds restaurants all around the world. It became so successful in the worldwide markets because of its effective strategy adapting the culture of different countries in their menus to suit local tastes of people. We can say it as internationalization which is a great combination of both, the globalization and the localization.

It is very hard to decide whether the revolution of global marketplace is beneficial or harmful to the humanity. It is still a big confusion. However, it is also tough to ignore that globalization has created greater opportunities to people worldwide. It has changed status and way of living of people in the society to a great extent. It is hugely benefiting the developing nations by providing various developmental opportunities.

If we take it positively, it may eradicate the regional diversity and establish a homogenized world culture. It is supported by the information technology and show huge interaction and integration among businesses, companies, government and people of various countries. Globalization has positively and negatively affected the tradition, culture, political system, economic development, lifestyle, prosperity, etc.

Globalization Essay 4 (250 words)

In the last few decades globalization has been very fast which has resulted in the worldwide economical, social, political and cultural integration through the advancement in the technologies, telecommunication, transportation, etc. It has affected human lives in both positive and negative manner; its negative effects are needed to be addressed accordingly. Globalization has contributed a lot to the worldwide economies in various positive ways. Unbelievable advancement in the science and technologies has given amazing opportunity to the businesses to easily spread across the territorial boundaries.

Just because of the globalization, there has been huge economical growth of the companies. They have been more productive and thus given rise a more competitive world. There is a competition in the quality of products, services, etc. Successful companies of the developed countries are establishing their foreign branches to take advantage locally through the low cost man labor than their home countries. Such type of business activities are giving employment to the people of developing or poor countries thus giving way to go ahead.

Together with the positive aspects of the globalization, negative aspects are not forgettable. There has been risk of epidemic diseases by means of transportation from one country to another. There has been proper control of the government of all countries on the globalization in order to reduce its negative impacts on the human lives.

Globalization Essay 5 (300 words)

Globalization is a process of worldwide spread of science, technologies, businesses, etc through the means of transportation, communication, and trade. Globalization has affected almost all the countries worldwide in various ways such as socially, economically, politically, and psychologically too. Globalization is a term indicating fast and continues integration and interdependence of countries in the field of business and technologies. The effects of globalization have been seen on the tradition, environment, culture, security, lifestyle, and ideas. There are many factors affecting and accelerating globalization trends worldwide.

The reason of acceleration in the globalization is because of the people demands, free-trade activities, worldwide acceptance of markets, emerging new technologies, new researches in the science, etc. Globalization has huge negative impacts on the environment and given rise to various environmental issues like water pollution, deforestation, air pollution, soil pollution, contamination of water resources, climate change, biodiversity loss, etc. All the ever growing environmental issues need to be solved on urgent basis by international efforts otherwise they may finish the existence of life on the earth a day in future.

In order to prevent the loss of environment, there is need of globalization of eco-friendly technologies and huge level environmental awareness among people. In order to deal with the negative effects of globalization, companies need to develop greener technologies which may replace the current status of the environment. However, globalization has helped a lot positively to save the environment by improving various resources (reducing adverse effects on the environment like hybrid cars using less fuel) and promoting education.

Apple brand has also aimed to manufacture Eco-friendly products to reduce negative impacts of globalization and exceed positive effects. Increasing demands of the ever increasing population lead towards extensive deforestation causing great level environmental issue. Till now, almost half of the useful forests have been cut in the past years. So, there is a need to make globalization under control to reduce its negative effects.

Globalization Essay 6 (400 words)

Introduction

Globalization is the way to open businesses, improve technological growth, economy, etc on international level for the international players. It is the way to manufacturers and producers of the products or goods to sell their products globally without any restriction. It provides huge profit to the businessmen as they get low cost labor in poor countries easily through the globalization. It provides a big opportunity to the companies to deal with the worldwide market. It facilitates any country to participate, set up or merge industries, invest in equity or shares, selling of products or services in any country.

How Globalization Work

Globalization helps global market to consider whole world as a single market. Traders are extending their areas of business by focusing world as a global village. Earlier to the 1990s, there was restriction of importing certain products which were already manufactured in India like agricultural products, engineering goods, food items, toiletries, etc. However, during 1990s there was a pressure from rich countries over World Trade Organization, World Bank (engaged in development financing activities), and International Monetary Fund to allow other countries to spread their businesses by opening trade and market in the poor and developing countries. In India the globalization and liberalization process was started in 1991 under the Union Finance Minister (Manmohan Singh).

After many years, globalization has brought major revolution in the Indian market when multinational brands came to India like PepsiCo, KFC, Mc. Donald, Boomer Chewing gums, IBM, Nokia, Ericsson, Aiwa etc and started delivering wide range of quality products at cheap prices. All the dominating brands shown real revolution of globalization here as a tremendous boost to the industrial sector economy. Prices of the quality products are getting down because of the cut throat competition running in the market.

Globalization and liberalization of the businesses in the Indian market is flooding the quality foreign products however affecting the local Indian industries adversely to a great extent resulting in the job loss of poor and uneducated workers. Globalization has been bonanza for the consumers however grave for the small-scale Indian producers.

Positive Effects of Globalization

• Globalization has affected the Indian students and education sectors to a great extent by making available study books and huge information over internet. Collaboration of foreign universities with the Indian universities has brought a huge change in the education industry.
• Health sectors are also affected a lot by the globalization of common medicines, health monitoring electronic machines, etc.
• Globalization of trade in the agricultural sector has brought variety of quality seeds having disease resistance property. However it is not good for the poor Indian farmers because of costly seeds and agricultural technologies.
• It has brought a huge revolution to the employment sector by the spread of businesses like cottage, handloom, carpet, artisans and carving, ceramic, jewellery, and glassware etc.

Conclusion:

Globalization has brought variety of affordable priced quality products and overall economic benefits to the developing countries as well as employment to the large population. However, it has given rise to the competition, crime, anti-national activities, terrorism etc. So, together with the happiness it has brought some sadness also.

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Globalization is positively needed by the society and country to go ahead and become a developed society and nation. A range of globalization essay is given above to help students getting education in various classes. Essay on globalization given above are easily worded and written by the professional content writer by keeping in mind the need and requirement of students.

There are many types of LEDCs; I will be using China as my main focus point, being that it is the country I live in. China’s economic growth per year is among the highest in the world, this is mostly if not entirely because of Globalization. Before 1979 when Deng Xiaoping created the Open Door policy, China’s Economy was almost a straight line going down. It was because of lack of globalization that the Chinese lost the Opium War, the Chinese thought that everything they need is within their boarders, and well obviously they were wrong, because from the Opium War on, as long as they kept their doors closed, they suffered.

This just shows that China cannot survive without Globalization. China’s economy grows fast, but this growth is mostly experienced in larger cities such as Beijing or Shanghai. This is because, though there are many factories outside, the wealth is centrally distributed, and most of this wealth ends up in Beijing or Shanghai, turning China into 2 counties, a LEDC (inner regions) and a MEDC (costal cities). From a report from BASF, it is shown that the costal areas, only a small percentage of China’s total area, with 375million people, has a GDP of $550 billion, where as the inner regions of China, almost 80% of China’s land with only 200million people, has a GDP of $110 billion. China has an urbanization rate of 10 million people per annum. This is because most of the foreign factories move near the big cities. It is a common argument that factories such a Nike and Gap force slave labor.

It might seem this way since an average worker in one of these factories is likely to work around 60 hours a week and get paid around $80 US a month. But if this was considered slave labor in China then no one would come to work here, the urbanization rate would not be that high, and the turn over rate of Nike (10%) would be much greater. The fact is, the local prefers much more to work in a multi-national company than a local Chinese factory. Mr. Fang, a worker in an Adidas factory right out side of Dalian city was interviewed once, he said, “In Adidas, I have my rights written on the walls, when I complain people listen, true I have to travel 7 hours by bus to get here from my home, but there is a dorm provided for me here and I get to go home every 4 months. This is paradise compared to the place I used to work in. Feng Huang socks, it was only 20mintues by bike from my home, but I was not allowed home, and my family was not allowed in to see me.

Sometimes I felt very nauseous, that usually happened to me in the afternoons when they were preparing the paint. When I would go to talk to the supervisor, he would just look at me and tell me to go back to work.” Not only do the workers in these companies get jobs, but they also get certain amount of training, which puts a man above another in an instant. The government funds schooling until the 9th grade, in the villages, a 6th grade education and you are considered smart. “The money that is made from the foreign investments often goes to building up the infostructure.” Well, that is what Mr. Zhang had to say, the chief of the department of construction in Fu Lai district in Zhe Jiang province. After saying So, he gets back into his Mercedes Benz SLK 600 and takes us to the newly built airport. “See, if it wasn’t for the factory here this would never be possible.”

True, but he says this in a district where there are 2 schools, one elementary and one junior high for about 5000 children. 5% of them proceed to High school, 1 or 2 then are accepted into universities. The value of family has seem to be fading as well, the younger generations rather live only with their spouses and leave the parents in an old folks home, something that would not have been allowed only a few decades ago. The way the children are looking now, there is no way they will be growing up to look after their parents. Walking down a street, you see many chubby kids begging their parents to go to McDonalds or KFC, wanting to buy expensive Nike shoes; this would have not been tolerated a few decades ago. It was always the eldest that had the power, always a top down structure, but now, it is the bottom commanding the top. Globalization has brought in money into the country, but it has also broken down family values and traditions, besides this money doesn’t always go to the people that actually need it, that is one common trait of globalization all around the globe.

Sociology is described as ‘the systematic study of human society’ (Macionis and Plummer 2005:4). Because of this, it is unlikely that ‘the environment’ is one of the key topics that sociologists naturally think of as part of their studies. Indeed environmental issues seem far removed from what is still largely the staple fare of sociology courses. ‘What have species loss, acid rain or ozone depletion to do with the mainstream social theory or key disciplinary concepts such as class, power and inequality? (Alan Irwin 2001:8)

Until recently a sociologist would answer ‘nothing’ but since the emergence of modernity there has been a shift in sociological thinking towards globalisation. According to David Held, this is ‘the widening, deepening and speeding up of global interconnectedness’. More generally, it is known as a recent cultural and economical era that centres on universalism, homogeneity and progress. Undoubtedly globalisation is having a profound effect on the world but its specific effect on the environment has become a major topic across all of the social sciences.

Until now sociology never included the environment but as environmental degradation increases affecting world population, cultures and lifestyles, awareness of the environment has now become necessary. ‘Environmental degradation is no longer a peripheral concern of the social sciences…. it is an unavoidable and pressing reality. ‘ (David Goldblatt, 1996:5) Substantial references to the environment are generally limited within classical sociology. Primarily, sociologists have focused on the evolution of social interaction and cultural change.

In the first half of the 19th century both Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer considered sociology to be epistemologically and ontologically dependent on, or subordinate to, biology. Comte drew on biological analogies and metaphors of form and function and to explore the interrelationship of individuals and institutions in modern society (David Goldblatt, 1996:2). Spencer’s work was the first of many attempts to marry Darwinian models of evolution, selection and change to social development.

The work of the classical political economists, also directly examined the relationship between the natural environment and the human economic prospect. Classically, Thomas Malthus inquired into the social consequences of rapid population growth in the context of limited environmental resources with which to feed that population. By the end of the 19th century however, the pace of western industrialisation exploded and population growth continued unabated. All sociological and economical predictions were proved redundant.

From this point of view it is perhaps no surprise that social thinkers bypassed further attempts to engage with the social and economic origins and consequences of environmental change, they didn’t want to be proved wrong. When looking at the classical trinity of Weber, Durkheim and Marx there is no marked difference. According to Goldblatt (1996:3), ‘Weber’s work conducts the most limited engagement with the natural world. There are some reflections on the environmental origins and implications of nomadism in his study of Judaism. Yet his historical investigations… ielded little direct study of the historical impact and social implications of differing natural environments. ‘ Throughout his work Weber’s theoretical reflections on the environment go little further than a few brief paragraphs in ‘Economy and Society’, ‘in all the sciences of human action, account must be taken of processes and phenomena which are devoid of subjective meaning…. favouring or hindering circumstances. ‘ In other words non-human, unintended processes, such as climate or water-levels, are of significance if they affect human action.

However, Marx and Durkheim are more appropriate. In taking population density and its relationship with material resources to be the driving force behind the evolution of human societies, Durkheim made the natural world a decisive causal factor in human history. Similarly Marx placed the economic interface of human societies and the natural world at the centre of historical change. By contrast, Weber never gave demographics a central causal role in history, he defined action by reference to the ideal type of purposive rational action.

In his opinion, the relationship between means and ends was more significant than the ontological relation between human subject and natural object. (Goldblatt 1996:4) Yet clearly, the works of Marx and Durkheim are of limited use to environmental sociology. The primary ecological issue for classical social theory was not the origins of contemporary environmental degradation, but how premodern societies had been held in check by their natural environments, and how it was that modern societies had come to surpass those limits or had separated themselves in some sense from their ‘natural’ origins.

Yet it is possible to defend the classical thinkers, modern societies were unconstrained by natural limits and at the height of capitalism and industrialisation, it did not seem that economic growth would prove to be environmentally problematic in any way. From this point of view it is only since the advent of the modern era and particularly the onset of globalisation, that the environment has begun to be examined in a sociological sense. This is done in two main ways.

Most obviously, social life is increasingly generating environmental problems leading to degradation. The levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have dramatically risen since the invention of industry. Natural resources such as the fossil fuels are burnt in gigantic quantities releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which in turn contributes to global warming and climatic change. Similarly the use of CFCs in refrigerators and aerosols has resulted in the depletion of the ozone layer which allows harmful UV rays from the sun to enter our atmosphere.

Deforestation has also resulted in soil degradation and a loss of rainforest habitat which in turn has caused a global loss of natural animal habitat resulting in the extinction of over 10,000 different animal species. However, these environmental problems are not universally distributed and many sociologists argue that the serious environmental consequences flow from the global disparity of wealth and power, exasperated by globalisation.

For example, the richest 20% of the world’s population account for around 90% of the world’s motor vehicles which are the primary cause of carbon emissions. Yet the world as a whole will suffer from global climate change. Similarly ‘the members of all high-income societies represent 20% of humanity but utilise 80% of all energy produced. ‘ (Connet, 1991) The causes of environmental degradation are distinctly uneven but the effects look to be even more so.

As shown, the richest, most developed countries have contributed most to environmental degradation but studies have shown that the poor developing countries will be most affected. Global warming and climate change will result in the increase of floods, storms and harvest failures, and these will always most affect those living closest to their means of subsistence. One study predicts a decline in harvests of 30% in India and Pakistan by 2050. Similarly over 90% of global deaths from air pollution occur in the developing world where medical advances are far behind those of the developed world.

As the world has become more aware of the effects that technology has had on the environment, rich, developed nations have had the capital to find alternative resources or to find cures to treat the medical conditions caused by environmental degradation but the poorer countries will have to suffer. Agricultural degradation and desertification is currently severest in Asia and Africa who rely most upon this primary industry and will become unable to diversify from lack of capital. Sociologists look to examine this highly uneven social stratification. Population is also an environmental matter that sociologists have begun to look closely at.

Since 1960 the world’s population has increased by over 75% to around 6 billion and most of the current increases derive from the less-developed countries. The problem lies with the question of consumption. By 2050 the global population is expected to have reached 8. 5 billion people, all living with ‘western-style’ consumption. This is unsustainable, and this raises the question of social lifestyles. To curb the growth rate people will have to change their lifestyles. However, it is unrealistic to assume that people will conform to legislation that changes the way they live.

Until now, social and political thought never included the environment, it was always assumed that it would continue to be able to sustain human lifestyles but this has changed. It looks to sociologists to suggest solutions Traditionally the environment did not matter to sociology, it was barely spoken about by the classical thinkers but the degradation of the environment has become a sociological issue, indirectly because of globalisation. The global homogeneity of western style industrialisation and production resulted in large-scale pollution which is now out of control.

It has reached a stage where consumption outweighs production and humans are unable to look to the traditional optimistic views supported by all the classical, modernist thinkers. This believed that human technological innovations would always be able to be relied upon to support population growth. This is now impossible, the answer is no longer down to ‘science’ but down to values that people must choose. Sociologically this now raises questions of inequality. Both the causes and solutions of environmental degradation were initiated by western policies and the particular solutions do not suit everyone.

Recently many less developed nations have refused to curb industrial emissions as they feel it is their turn to develop according to the pattern that the western world first started. At the same time, the existing developed countries fear the suggested environmental solutions as they fear the economical repercussions that a reduction of emissions, and therefore industry, will cause. Sociologists now look to examine the possibilities of adhering to the lifestyle change that environmental policy will now cause.

Globalisation is a term meaning the way things like ideas and money spread around the globe more and more rapidly and easily. A transnational corporation, or TNC, is a company with branches or workers in many different countries; this is an example of globalisation.

Nike, for instance, is an American company which has branches in Mexico, India, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, Canada, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, England, Ireland, Italy, Australia and many more countries, especially in Europe, and has nearly all of its products manufactured in foreign places. This is a great benefit to Nike because it means that they can find the cheapest places from which to buy their raw materials, have their products made where wages are lowest, choose countries that are easy to ship goods to and from, and sell their products where retail prices are highest and people are richest. In order for a company to do well, it must reduce its costs and increase its sales, which is exactly what going global helps it to do.

However globalisation does not only benefit the transnational corporations. It also helps people in less economically developed countries where there are a lack of jobs, because the people can then work for the companies and earn wages. And because the markets are large, lots of jobs are available. The governments of LEDC’s are pleased to have transnational corporations setting up businesses in their country because the wages help the economy to balance out and the companies sometimes help them exploit the resources that they are not yet able to exploit for themselves.

Another benefit of globalisation is that it increases promotion and advertising. If a company can advertise all over the world, then obviously it will make more money, and if, say for instance, Nike sponsored David Beckham who also happens to be famous world-wide, then both Nike and Man Utd would be able to sell more merchandise.

Going global creates employment, spreads cultures, and helps companies become more successful, however it is not actually a benefit to everyone.

Many people object to the way cultures are becoming mixed. Western culture is eroding and undermining the cultures of countries like China and India where TNCs make their money. It’s a shame to lose the valuable ways of life and traditions of countries like these in order for the world to turn into one giant America.

The main problem is the fact that the people where the TNCs get their products made are badly exploited for their work. Because the transnational corporations want to find the easiest and cheapest way possible of manufacturing their goods, their employees often work in very bad conditions and get paid the lowest wages that their employer can get away with. And what’s more, as soon as the company they work for find somewhere cheaper, they’ll move their factory there, leaving hundreds of people suddenly unemployed. Because the TNCs take so much of the profit for themselves, they actually stop the countries from developing.

There is also the fact that because LEDCs often don’t have environmental laws, the transnational corporations constantly pollute the water and air where they make their products, and there’s nothing anyone can do to stop it.

So even though globalisation has its benefits, it is also a problem for a lot of countries. I think that if globalisation is going to be successful and become an advantage for everyone, somehow we need to find a balance where the economy is fair and people don’t get exploited. This will be an extremely difficult thing to happen and will probably involve companies making less money, but should also mean that the world economy is more balanced and therefore companies won’t need to have excessive profits.

If richer and more developed countries helped less economically developed countries to grow, then eventually the world economy would become more balanced and equal, and companies in LEDCs would be able to start going global themselves, but this time it would be fair because cultures would be shared rather than invaded, and money would be distributed evenly. Unfortunately, this is never really going to happen.

To do this part of the assignment I visited Whitehaven harbour to try and find evidence to answer this question. On this visit we went to many different places around the harbour that we thought would have a connection to the coal trade and the harbour.

First, we visited the lime tongue, the name tells us that they imported lime for the iron industry and unloaded it on this pier. There is also another pier called the Sugar tongue, the name tells me that they imported sugar and unloaded it onto this pier. From this we can tell that goods were also imported into the port of Whitehaven. I know that from my background knowledge of coal that it would not have been possible to unload the coal onto either of these piers because they are too thin to unload heavy, bulky coal.

To support the evidence further of having other exports and imports, we found drawings and inscriptions on benches down the lime tongue. These drawings included coal that we know was exported, tobacco that was imported from Virginia, timber which was imported from North America for the coal industry to be used as pit props and fish were exported. We also found the old Custom House, pictured right, which tells us that goods did come in to the port of Whitehaven and people had to pay custom duties on them. From all this evidence I can deduce that not only was coal exported from Whitehaven Harbour but other goods were also exported and imported into the port.

By looking down at the harbour I could see that it was a very suitable place to have an inlet. The harbour has a big headland to protect it from prevailing winds and the size of the harbour would be very good for small boats. Another reason that it was a good place for an inlet is because it would have been a way of bringing business and money to the town of Whitehaven so they would get something back in return for building the harbour.

From looking at the harbour I could see that it was quite small, not very wide, not very deep and wouldn’t be suitable for bigger boats. This would be a problem for Whitehaven harbour, as by the 1870’s steam ships were replacing the sailing ships. These steam ships were longer, wider, deeper and could carry more than the sailing ships which would mean that they wouldn’t be able to get into the harbour so they wouldn’t be able to load up the coal.

By looking across the sea and from my background knowledge I think that most of the coal from Whitehaven went across the sea to Ireland. This could be especially to Dublin since this was Britain’s second largest city in the eighteenth century. It could have also been taken to the Isle of Man since this is also only across the sea.

Whitehaven harbour has only had the lock gates for about ten years, so before this boats could only come in and out of the harbour at high tide. As you can see from the picture, on the left, which I found in an old newspaper, the harbour would have been mud at low tide, so the boats would have been unable to move. From this I can tell that the Harbour must have stopped developing for the lock gates not to have been installed earlier, because the lock gates have been a big improvement to the harbour meaning boats can leave and enter the harbour when they wish.

Whitehaven’s hinterland extended to surrounding places like Egremont and most of West Cumbria because the roads were so bad this made more people want to transport the coal by boat. Before we went on the trip to Whitehaven we watched a video called ‘Sail to Steam’ which showed the port of Liverpool and showed how its hinterland grew especially after the coming of the railways. Having watched this video I think one reason why Whitehaven’s hinterland stopped growing was because Liverpool was taking trade away from Whitehaven. This was because it was a more accessible port for the bigger ships and also because Liverpool had lock gates, which meant ships, could go in and out of the harbour when they needed to.

By looking at the map of the ‘building of the harbour’ I can see that most of the harbour developed between 1693 and 1833 which is just about the period we are looking at. I think coal could have played a big part in the development of the harbour because this was about the time when coal mining was becoming popular in Whitehaven. They also needed a way to transport the coal from Whitehaven to places where they needed it, so they kept developing the harbour as the coal industry was developing and growing. The extra piers were built for the loading of coal when extra space was needed around the harbour for the various ships to land and wait to be loaded. This must have seemed an extremely good idea because then they could transport the coal to Ireland, which had little or no coal and was only over the channel.

When we were walking around the harbour we found an old canon, which must have once been used to defend the port, this is pictured on the right. This tells me that Whitehaven’s coal trade must have been very valuable for it to have been protected.e found some models linked to the story of John Paul Jones, which aren’t really relevant to this assignment because they have nothing to do with the coal We also had an extract of John Paul Jones’ diary to look at, in this extract it said about all the ships in the harbour (over one hundred) at low tide were unable to move because of the mud. This shows that in 1778 the harbour was very busy but there was a problem with low tides making boats unable to move.

We also went to look for any evidence of warehouses and railway lines around the harbour but couldn’t find any. We know they were once there because we have seen an old photograph of them. This suggests that Whitehaven’s port has declined in industry because otherwise the warehouses would still be there but I wouldn’t have expected any evidence of the railway lines. This is because the railways would not have been needed anymore once the coal mining had stopped. This then suggests to me that as the coal mining industry declined so did the amount of industry going in and out of the port. This tells me that coal mining had a big effect on Whitehaven’s port and was also very important to it.

From the graph I drew on the rise and fall of Whitehaven port I can see that the peak of the coal exported was in 1835, when the amount of coal exported was 459 thousand tons. After this date the amount of coal exported began to fall. This tells me that either the coal was being transported by another means of transport, such as the railways, or not as much coal was being mined in Whitehaven. Either way this tells me that the coal exports out of the port of Whitehaven was decreasing.

On the visit we looked for evidence of drift mines (or adits), which are mines cut into the side of a hill held up by pit props, but we couldn’t see any. This will have been because drift mines weren’t very deep because of faulting, the risk of flooding and the danger of a roof fall so many of the drift mines will have collapsed and will have been flattened over. Also quite a few of the drift mines were on Mount Pleasant which is where later they built the houses for the coal miners to live.

I also looked for evidence of straithes but couldn’t find any. Straithes were used to load coal from trucks onto boats quickly, they were particularly important to the port of Whitehaven, which was tidal, because they needed to load the boats quickly to get them in and out on the same tide. The straithes will have been removed because they will have been no longer needed because there is no coal trade in Whitehaven now.

We also went to look at Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived but now there are no houses there. This would be because they would be no longer needed, because as the coal trade decreased fewer people would be employed so they didn’t need the housing facilities. Mount Pleasant used to have 200 terraced houses, which were homes to 1825 people. Mount Pleasant was not far away from any of the mines so this would have made it very convenient for the workers to get to work.

On the visit we went to look at the Duke pit fan house. We know this is connected to coal mining because Duke pit means there is coal. The job of the fan house was very important, it was to circulate the air down the mine. By looking at this picture of the fan house I have calculated that the actual size of the fan wheel would have been about 20-25ft wide. This tells me that it was a big pit, which would have had lots of coal to mine and would have had lots of employee’s.

As we were walking along I noticed evidence of an old railway incline, as you can see from the pictures the railway line would have ran from Haig pit down to the harbour for the coal to be loaded onto ships. This would have made it very easy to transport the coal. Although Haig pit operated after the period that I am investigating, it leads me to believe that other pits will have had railways or wagon ways down to the harbour. This will be because the harbour is not very far away from any of the mines and it would cost too much to transport the heavy coal on land especially since the roads were so bad.

As we walked towards the Wellington pit entrance I found lots of covered over air vents. These air vents will have been used to get fresh air into the mines, which is a very important thing to have in a mine.

We visited the entrance to Wellington pit, where I noticed a plaque on the wall telling me that the pit operated between 1840-1933. These dates during the pit was working are significant because it worked for nearly one hundred years. This is a very long time for a mine to work, so this tells me that the mine must have been big, and must have lots of coal to mine. Also to back up this evidence is the diagram ‘Underneath Wellington Pit’, this shows that the pit was very deep and had lots of coal seams, which were quite wide. Wellington pit is very close to the harbour (about 100 yards) this tells me that this would have been the most convenient and cost effective way of transporting the coal to wherever it had to go. Wellington pit is also very close to Duke pit, which suggests that they could have been linked.

I also went to look at the candlestick chimney, which is called this because it looks like a candlestick. If you look at the picture you can see that the chimney is very tall, this suggests to me that it is not only an air vent but also it was an exit for poisonous gases. This is so that the gases went higher than Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived so that the miners did not get poisoned.

I also found evidence that there were mining disasters on a plaque on the wall near Wellington pit. It told me that in 1910, 136 people died in the Wellington Pit disaster. This tells me that coal mining was very dangerous. Also, other evidence that shows us mining was dangerous is the building called the mission which used to be the hospital. This suggests that there must have been a number of accidents for a hospital to have been this close to the mines.

If I had time then it would have been interesting to look for some of the remains of other pits that have something significant about them. The King Pit is interesting because in 1793 it was the deepest coal mine, as it was about 960ft deep. The Haig pit would have been interesting because it was the last pit to have been operating in the area and it went 7 miles under the sea. The Saltom pit would have been interesting because it was the first mine to mine coal under the sea.

From all of this evidence I have come to a number of conclusions. I have concluded that coal was the main export and was exported in large quantities. There were also different imports at different times between 1700 and 1900. The evidence that proves this is the old customhouse where the imports had to pay custom duties on the goods imported also the lime and sugar tongues, tell us that sugar and lime, were imported. The graph on the rise and fall of Whitehaven shows that a lot of coal was exported.

I have come to the conclusion that Whitehaven was perfect for the transportation of coal up until the late 1800’s.The size and shape of the harbour and headland was just right for the small sailing boats, the headland protected these boats from prevailing winds. In the 1870’s steam ships became popular, this would cause problems for Whitehaven as the harbour would have been too small for these big steam ships. The harbour was also perfect for transporting coal because it was close to all the mines in Whitehaven so this would mean that the coal would not have to travel far to be loaded onto the ships.

I have also come to the conclusion that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than it was in 1900. To support this is the graph the rise and fall of Whitehaven that shows us that the amount of coal that was exported. The amount of coal exported began to decline about the time of the railways and steam ships becoming popular, which could mean that the harbour wasn’t being used as much for the export of coal and also because of the railways and steam ships Whitehaven’s hinterland began to decrease.

My final conclusion is that coal helped the harbour grow. Most of the evidence points to this, such as the building of the harbour at the time when coal mining was becoming popular. Also, when they stopped mining as much coal and they found other ways of transporting it, the harbour stopped growing and went into decline, this is why the lock gates were only just recently added to the harbour. From this I can tell that the industrial revolution must have also played a very important part in the development of Whitehaven Harbour. This is because if the industrial revolution hadn’t happened then there would have not been a big demand for coal. So therefore the coal industry in Whitehaven might have never got as big and they might not have opened as many mines, which would mean that there would have been little point in developing the harbour for such a small amount of coal. This answers the objective of the whole assignment that the coal trade appears to have been very important in the development of the port of Whitehaven between 1700 and 1900

How useful were the site and other sources in helping you to the answer the question which is part 1?

In part one of my assignment I considered what I could learn by visiting the harbour itself about why the port of Whitehaven had changed and developed up to the 20th century. The conclusion that I reached at the end of part 1 was briefly this: The coal trade had a very important part in the development of the harbour but there were other imports as well. Coal was not the only reason that the harbour stopped developing because things like the steam ships, which weren’t accessible into the port of Whitehaven and the railways, stopped it developing. Also because of Whitehaven had no lock gates, which put it at a disadvantage. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and in 1800 than in 1900.

I am now going to select some other sources to do with the port of Whitehaven and judge each one according to how useful it is in explaining the development of the harbour compared with the evidence of the harbour itself. The sources I have chosen to consider are:

1) The Beacon centre

2) John Paul Jones feature film

3) John Paul Jones diary

4) Census Results

5) Sail to Steam video

The first source I will be considering is the beacon centre, which is a museum about the history of Whitehaven. The Beacon centre is relevant to the question because it does give information about the coal mining. The Beacon centre also contains information about the John Paul Jones raid, the slave trade, railways, ships, the Lowther family and much more. The Beacon centre is typical because it tells us about the history of Whitehaven and surrounding areas. It was opened in 1996 to inform people about the history of West Cumbria. I think that the Beacon centre was put there for tourism rather than for historians to find evidence. My evidence for this is because the Beacon centre has a rather big section on John Paul Jones compared to a relatively small section on coal mining. Even though the raid of John Paul Jones only lasted a few hours in the history of Whitehaven and the coal mining industry lasted over 200 years.

So this tells me that the Beacon centre is trying to attract American tourists by having a large section on John Paul Jones, since this is why most American tourists come to Whitehaven to see where John Paul Jones raided. Other evidence of it being there for tourism is because when we went it was a free week so this means that it is trying to attract locals to visit it and see how good it is. This is so that when the summer season starts and tourists ask locals where to go to look around Whitehaven they will tell them to go to the Beacon Centre. This would mean that the Beacon centre would make more money. I think that this source is reliable because they wouldn’t tell people about subjects that weren’t true. Compared to the harbour, the beacon centre is not very useful in explaining the development of the harbour because it doesn’t contain enough evidence since it is just there for tourism so it puts information in to it that people will be interested in and want to find out about.

Now I will be judging an extract from the John Paul Jones feature film. This source is relevant because it does mention Whitehaven harbour. We saw an attack on Whitehaven harbour; the men in the attack burnt shipping to frighten British merchants so that they got British troops to guard the port. This was so that they got some of the troops away from America, so they had more chance of winning the war. This film was produced to make money because John Paul Jones would be popular with Americans so that would encourage more people to go and watch it therefore making more money. It was made in Hollywood and not even the raid on Whitehaven was actually filmed in Whitehaven.

This tells me that the film was produced to make money because if it were for any other use than they would have spent the time and money to reconstruct the event in Whitehaven for the film. This source is reliable in one way in that the raid in Whitehaven did happen by John Paul Jones but we don’t know the actual words that he said so the words on the film are unreliable. The film extract isn’t typical because it isn’t every night that Whitehaven would have had a big raid. Compared to the harbour, I don’t think that this source was very useful because it was produced to make money rather than to inform us. The film extract didn’t contain enough information about the development of the harbour like the size and shape of it and it didn’t mention the coal trade.

I am now going to judge an extract from John Paul Jones diary. It says that over one hundred ships were in the port on that night. The diary extract is relevant because it tells us what a typical night in Whitehaven Port was like. We know that it was typical because Whitehaven was not expecting a raid so it was just a normal night until it happened. John Paul Jones produced this diary and it was produced for his own purposes to write down about the day’s events. And because it was a diary we can say that it is reliable because you wouldn’t expect anyone to read your diary, so it was just written for his own purposes although he could have been bias towards his own country. I don’t think that the diary extract was as useful at answering the question from part one than the harbour was. This is because although the extract gave us valuable information about the harbour at the time it didn’t tell us about the coal trade or about the development of the harbour. All it tells us is that the harbour was busy and that it was low tide because the harbour was just mud.

We watched a video called Sail to Steam, which I am now going to judge. This video was a documentary and although it didn’t even mention Whitehaven it gave us information about the development and growth of Liverpool port which we can relate to the port of Whitehaven so it is relevant. It told us that the coming of the railways increased Liverpool’s hinterland and that the lock gates improved the port because they no longer had to wait for the high tides to come in and out of the port. It also told us about the change from sailboats to steam ships that could carry more and were bigger. From this I could tell that Whitehaven was at a disadvantage because it didn’t have lock gates, the port would have been to small for the big steam ships and the coming of the railways decreased Whitehaven harbours growth and hinterland.

This documentary was produced to inform people about the changes from sail to steam especially in the port of Liverpool. From this I can tell that the information given is accurate and reliable because they wouldn’t produce a documentary with inaccurate information. This source is typical because it shows how the port of Liverpool grew over the years. I think that although this source was useful in telling us why Whitehaven port might have stopped growing that it is not as useful as the harbour itself. This is because it doesn’t contain information about Whitehaven port and its development and it doesn’t tell us about Whitehaven’s coal trade.

I am now going to analyse the census results. The census results are relevant to the question in part one because they show us how many people lived on Mount Pleasant and it shows the different jobs they had. This then gives us an idea of how many people work down the mines and this then tells us how important the coal mining industry was to the people of Whitehaven. The census was produced in 1851 for the government, to inform them of how many people there were in the country. A census is an official count of the population so this tells me that the census is accurate and reliable because they wouldn’t produce a census that was wrong because it would have been a waste of money. Although the census results are useful I don’t think that they are as useful as the harbour itself because it doesn’t give us enough information about the coal trade and it doesn’t tell us anything about the harbour.

If we could have had the resources I would have also liked to have had the figures for the amount of coal mined in the area between 1700 and 1900. This would have been useful because I could have compared it to the amount of coal exported from the port and then I could have seen just how much the harbour became more useful for the exportation and coal. Also I would have been able to look for a decline in the amount of coal exported compared to the amount mined when the railways became popular, to see if railways did take some of Whitehaven’s hinterland away from it. I would also have liked to have had a diary extract from a person who worked down the mines. This would have been useful to find out the day to day workings of the mines.

In part 1 I found that coal was very important to the port of Whitehaven but other things were imported as well but as steam ships became popular the harbour was at a disadvantage because the harbour was too small for these big steam ships. Also Whitehaven didn’t have lock gates so this put it at a disadvantage because it meant the boats had to wait until high tide to come in and out of the harbour. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than in 1900.

I have concluded for this part of the assignment that the beacon centre is only there to attract tourists and to make money. I have also concluded that the John Paul Jones video is also just a way of making money and not about informing historians about the raid on Whitehaven harbour. My conclusion of John Paul Jones diary extract is that although it was useful in telling me about a typical night in the harbour it does not contain enough information about the harbour or about the coal trade. I have also concluded that the sail to steam video was useful in telling me about the development from sail boats to steam ships but it did not contain any information about Whitehaven. I have come to the conclusion that although the census results tell us a lot of information about the amount of people living on Mount Pleasant and the amount of people working down the mine it doesn’t give us sufficient evidence to answer the question that is part 1.

My conclusion that the visit to Whitehaven harbour was much more useful to me in answering the question that is part 1 than any of the other sources. Whitehaven harbour contained lots of unwitting evidence about the harbour and how it developed between 1700 and 1900. It also gave me a lot of information about the coal trade and how it relied on the harbour to be exported. This source contained information about both the harbour and the coal trade so this makes it very useful and also reliable because we can see the evidence. This source is also typical because it contains the remains of things (like the mines) that were actually there between 1700 and 1900

Coffee houses In the urban area were very popular. The entry strategies for Shattuck across USA and Turkey that might account for the there success was major the Cataracts experience. The experience consist of highest quality coffee from control over the quality and processing of the beans, outstanding people that were recruited and trained on knowledge of coffee along with costumer service and the design of the stores to create a cozy atmosphere with help of there sanctuary Like ambiance with Its aroma, lighting, music and dcord. This basically, attracted people to socialize at Cataracts coffeehouse. ) The Core benefit from Cataracts Turkey is the deferent variety of the Coffee they serve. Actual benefits are the excellent customer service from high trained on the knowledge of coffee along with perfect cozy environment experience. Augmented benefit Is the Turkish coffee that they offer In Turkey. 3) Cataracts uses hybrid-marketing strategy in Turkey. I can claim this confidentially because along with more that 30 varieties of drinks, including espresso based coffee drinks, teas, iced coffees, made from up to 1 5 types of coffee beans, food

Items, and merchandise goods, they also offered Turkish Coffee on their menu in Turkey, which Is part there heritage. 4) Market Penetration strategy: To grow the current products In Turkey, Cataracts can do the following: C] ; Encourage current customers to buy more by providing a stamp system where customer will get 1 cup coffee drink free after every 5 cups. ; Attract competitor’s customers: By providing half price offers on selected drinks.

C] ; Get non-coffee drinkers to start coming by providing other local coffee substitute which will give hem opportunity to expose them to there core products. Market-Development Strategy: To launch Shattuck in new rural areas, there are three approaches that can be taken: 0 ; Perform advertisement before opening a new store to built anticipation In the surrounding people ; Prove TLS Diverge Tree at ten new location Tort a couple of days to built potential customers ; Check demographic of the location and dcord the shop accordingly to attract customer by their interests.

Product-Development Strategy: If a new product is launched in the current arrest follow strategies can be approached: ; The beverage should be made according to taste of the customers ; Shattuck also introduce some local products, which are preferred with coffee by the common local community like Huzzah ; Provide free Internet in their cafés to attract professional and the student coward. Diversification: If they want to launch a new product for the new market, it’s always good to keep following items in mind: ; That product should be exclusive for the locations community, which means that it should be according to their taste. Advertise the new product on large scale to make sure that community is aware of it. According to my understanding of the case, Shattuck has accomplished to penetrate the Turkish market in urban areas but there still growth potential, whereas expanding in the rural areas shouldn’t be difficult task if they reduce there prices to some extend and follow some of the strategies mentioned above. 5) My recommendation for Cataracts Turkey to improve sales growth by little more localization while keeping hybrid strategy intact.

They should introduce some more coal food items with coffee. Some of their local sweets and Hausa, which also is a long lasting heritage of Turkey and the rest of the Arab community. Like Turkish coffee is an opportunity to socialize similar smoking Hausa with friends is also very common activity in Turkish get together. This is will bring more customers to the coffee house to hang out and by multiple cups of coffee in a single visit. Also reduce price to some extend to make it affordable to a larger variety of coward as Turkey has a very uneven income distribution.

The Submissive Covering In reality, most people live through virtual fences as they feel social exclusion and racial covering arises. The fences have double standards either to protect the revered ones in protection, whereas, the common people are enclosed from society. The imagery of fence in Fences of Enclosure, Windows of Possibility and the Covering Hidden Assault Cover In our Civil Rights shows the theory of the way power structures restrict and control over society. All these fences are interconnected with racial covering in Covering The Hidden Assault on our Civil

Rights, where the minorities being excluded from virtual fences that restrict them from achieving mainstream. The representation of globalization is similar to white supremacy in the United States, the domination on less powered people. In this case, relating Klein term virtual fences will demonstrate how racial covering is affected by society with white supremacy Just as capitalism is built by the ones with huge resources. Lack of resources and racial pressure combine to create virtual fences on people who are not accepted and the search for window of possibility arises.

Klein describes that the fences that protect public interest is disappearing fast. Similarly, the gap between the white and minorities is visible even on public television as virtual fences between different races. For example, when Hosting students say how they cannot imagine Asians appearing on TV, and goes says she cannot imagine any self-respecting minority could remain untroubled by the whiteness of television (Hosing, 306). It is showing the tendency of public TV not showing minorities and more likely the whites to be appeared.

As invasion of the public by the private hectically put up new barriers, whether in schools, hospitals, workplaces, farms and communities, show commodity or necessity is becoming untouchable by common people Just like Asian Americans being less likely to be on public TV. The invading of the public by the private has reached into categories such as health and education, of course, but also ideas, genes, sees , now purchased, patented and fenced off, as well as traditional aboriginal remedies, plants, water and even human stem cells (197).

Yes, and citizens are becoming more lack of resources and barred under many restrictions even on commodities. In both cases, it shows the bitter truth of virtual fence categorizing people in terms of race and resources, to dictate who is inside of power dynamics and who is not. One of Hosting students says that she will not mind how white television casts are and rather she will assimilate to the white norm or speak unaccented English. The productive way of getting over the barriers is to arouse the pride of authenticity as an individual feels the virtual fences of racial pressure.

The window of possibility is created when Hosing speaks The Japanese believe they are a race apart, proclaiming their blood more pure than that of other peoples (299). Hosing explains how the other side of people can think differently, as well as remembering he was part of majority in mainland Japan. Hosing starts to show his Japanese pride and accept his heritage and says in Japan Hess part of majority too. The virtual fences in Klein writing relates to the racial covering mentioned by Hosing as people see the downside of either capitalism or globalization that puts bars around people or take away their rights, they conform to society.

Virtual fences favor people with more accepted appearance and view someone’s cultural aspect of racial identity as being different and furthermore, it elicits negative characteristic of a person, leading social exclusion. Klein says this as the fences of social exclusion can discard an entire industry, and they can also write off an entire country, as has happened to Argentina (197). The essential power of globalization has dark shadow over the world, disregarding common citizens who deposited their life savings.

This claim clearly specifies how one country can be devastated by social exclusion. In comparison, Hosing mentions Yet if dating Janet represented assimilation in one sense, it was also its rejection. To date another Asian as to be raced apart. We would often be the only Asians in a social group (Hosing, 303). This fear comes from the worries about being fenced out of society and the racial barrier acts as locking out these people into their own barrier, groups of Asians, Hipics and Blacks.

Hosing mentions how another form of reaching windows of possibility is found as racial minorities try to breach the social contract of assimilation sometimes, Just like an African-American woman wearing cornrows. Racial covering can advance over categorical exclusion as written by Hosing, Times eave changed, and I suppose you could call it progress that a Chainman, too, may now aspire to whiteness (Hosing, 308). This also can open window of possibility as they challenge themselves to racially assimilate to white people in order to be more conformed to society.

Hosing questions how its worth asking when we will live in a society where Americans will feel central without feeling white and that we are far from that society. The virtual fences have great impact on individuals to feel socially excluded from one another, resulting racial covering to be socially accepted. Surprisingly, people are being barred from work for showing their diversity and federal Constitution and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It only protects race much more than orientation.

Even at work, there’s virtual fence as Hosing writes the unfairness of Title VII claims that English-only rules that require employees to speak English in the workplace (Hosing, 313). This states that the employers are being more required to be conformed to American society under their restriction. These policies have been another virtual fence on the basis of national origin. In imprison, globalization, which seems to be decent title, misuses power over people by prevarication that co-opts only limited people controlling certain private companies that are open for certain types of people.

Globalization is no longer organizing societies of the world, but as Klein explains the fences that surround the summits become metaphors for an economic model that exiles billions to poverty and exclusion (Klein, 199). This is when the activists were withstanding all the attacks from the police to confront the form of virtual fence. People fight back to open window of possibility on the social structure. Klein talks this behavior as following, their goal, which I began to explore in the final pieces in this book, is not to take power for themselves but to challenge power centralization on principle.

Other kinds of windows are opening as well reclaim privatized spaces and assets for public use. (Klein, 200). They are both euphemism terms and the people misuse things are that are meant to be good to show their power over lower people. People sometimes take challenge on virtual fences to advance over exclusion and discrimination and confront at the stage. Hosing and Klein share many examples and that limited