Hero Honda Success

‘Motorcycles are a hit in rural areas’ Monday, April 15, 2002 Many continue to be surprised at the ability of India ‘s 2-wheeler segment to buck the present recessionary trend in the economy. What, they ask themselves, accounts for such resilience: competitive pricing? Quality? Technology? Or, is it ready availability? Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal, chairman, Hero Group of Companies, addresses some of these issues in an interview with Soumya Kanti Mitra. What makes the 2-wheeler segment so impervious to demand fluctuations? A 2-wheeler is the most necessary consumer durable good owned by lower Middle, and middle class, households.

There is multiple ownership of this product in such households. Firstly, there is an income effect that influences 2-wheeler demand. Per Capita GDP growth of 3. 7 per cent per annum has been pushing households up into higher income brackets. The push effect is more in lower and middle- income groups – hence the increased demand. It also links up with the higher contributions of the service sector to GDP; the income impact of that has been greater on lower income households. A second major reason is the inadequate public transport. The percentage of people who use public transport has fallen from 85 per cent to 75.

Entry-level transport options like two- and three-wheelers have mostly filled this gap. They have also become a sort of necessity and thus do not show heavy fluctuations in demand. Increased demand for two-wheelers from households has also led financial institutions to increase credit in a sustained way in the last three or four years. That too has imparted stability to this item, compared to others. A good proportion of sales owes to replacement demand. Are motorcycles gaining an edge over scooters? What is your experience as a market leader? There are few fresh issues with scooters. Firstly, the technology was dated.

Secondly, most were two-stroke vehicles, less fuel-efficient compared to motorcycles. The only advantage was that one could carry along a spare tyre. But motor- cycles have been preferred in rural areas for better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension. They can easily be used on rough roads. Scooters are preferred in urban segments. New generation vehicles with four-stroke engines may soon hit the market and that will boost the sagging scooter market. For the last two years scooters sales have been less than a million per annum. Are you, and others in the industry, planning changes in output and investment?

Considering the developments in household incomes and transport requirements we believe that the average annual growth of 2-wheelers for the next three years should be of around 8-10 per cent. There is over-capacity, but investments may be made in individual instances. The demand for motorcycles, however, is expected to grow by 15-18 per cent. That should attract investments. Abroad, certain top-end models in BMW’s, Honda’s or Ducati’s ranges have actually become ‘lifestyle’ statements for executives. Do you see anything like that happening in India ? The next 2-3 years may see a small beginning with the introduction of high-end motorcycles.

But the concept is too early for India . We do not have nice roads where the customer can ride such high-end bikes. With affordability not being widespread, who will manufacture to cater to such small volumes? We may see some inroads after imports get fully liberalised, but I think it is early days for that. Are exports from the sector under siege owing to the international slowdown? That could be a major factor. Also, there is over capacity in most countries in the 2- wheeler industry. Markets in Latin America and Africa are impacted, while intra- Asian trade is very competitive.

Read more

Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car

Table of contents

Digvesh khot , Narendran Neelagandan

ABSTRACT

The depletion of the fossil fuels is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major sources for the consumption of this fossil fuel are our vehicles that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to devise the alternative fuel for our vehicles which should be the sustainable option so that it does not contribute to the environmental impacts rigorously. The objective of the comparative analysis is to know the feasibility of the hybrid car against the petrol car.

The procedure adopted for the comparative analysis is to do life cycle costing of both the engines by considering the cost, benefits, maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The weight scoring model was also developed to analyze the feasibility of both the engines on the grounds of terms like safety, comfort, emissions and incentives. After completing the comparative analysis the life cycle costing model and the weight scoring model yield the results which were analyzed and the necessary recommendations were made.

The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more, but if they are run for more than 20,000 miles than the total cost per mile is less than the petrol cars. Also weighing model for both the cars gives more weightage to hybrid cars in terms of emissions and incentives.

KEYWORDS: Life Cycle costing, alternative fuels, hybrid vehicles, petrol engines.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Today the major problem the whole world is facing is the depletion of fossil fuels. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil fuels.

It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil fuels continues at the same rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels will get reduced by 50% of the current value and the prices will increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To overcome this problem a lot of automobile companies are working on the new design of engine which will work on some other source of energy other than fossil fuels. So hybrid model cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems.

The first hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a petrol engine, rotating at a constant speed to drive a ynamo, which charged the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). These accumulators fed current to electric motors contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several advancements were made in non-gasoline motors, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere around years from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotland and his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures have been working on different technology for a long time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008).

Hybrid cars are vehicles driven by hybrid engines, which are any engine that combines two or more sources of power, generally gasoline and electricity (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrid cars; the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid technology (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work together to move the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine either directly powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the battery that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another technology called Regenerative braking which stores the kinetic energy that is created while braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003)

PROJECT SUMMARY

This project was based on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the petrol engines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their performance and the impacts of environments.

The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per year spent on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost components like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insurance, maintenance , and repairs. All the data for these cost components for both types of engines were collected from the company websites and the EPA website.

After the collection of these data, the life cycle cost model has been used for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as petrol engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. Weight scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which included the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The relative weights for these components were assigned according to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components.

The sources for the data were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission data was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the final conclusions were made. The comparative study for both the cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more efficient in terms of long term usage than the petrol cars.

CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION

Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and decrease the emission levels and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturers who have released different hybrid models into the market (www. onda. com; 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is “The Civic Hybrid 2008” which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power train for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of 110hp@6000rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a maximum of 158 volts (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). The functioning of the system at various stages is different and is explained below.

STARTING: The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) system motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if it’s very cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008)

ACCELERATION: When extra acceleration is needed, while passing or climbing up an inclined region, the IMA System’s electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engine’s to give extra power. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008)

CITY CRUISING: At steady speeds below 35 mph on level roads and under light throttle, fuel injection is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008)

HIGHWAY: At higher cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the motive power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008)

BRAKING: The cars IMA System tap’s the kinetic energy that is produced in the vehicle, when brakes are applied. During that period, the system’s motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car while at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com; 11, 2008)

AT A STOP: When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our foot off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is certified by Environment protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment.

This car is also equipped with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by California Air Resource Board (CARB). The technology being new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is high as compared to the petrol engine cars. But if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om; 11, 2008) The petrol version of 2008 Honda civic sedan which is currently out in the market, is a normal car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces 140hp@6300rpm (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic internal combustion engines which run on volatile fuels. They use air and fuel mixed together and a spark plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive shaft which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008).

Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Germany) in 1885 who both together started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the widely used internal combustion engines which have been under constant improvisation to improve their efficiency and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com; 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com; 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created.

LIFE CYCLE COST MODEL DESCRIPTION

The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was based on following cost components:

  • Depreciation
  • Insurance
  • Financing
  • Taxes and fees
  • Fuel
  • Maintenance
  • Repairs

The source for developing the model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepairs.

The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al; 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows:

Time frame: The time frame for calculation has been taken as 5 years. All the data for the cost components are based on 5 years.

Depreciation: it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has travelled. For both the cars it the average of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered.

Insurance: It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into account. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state.

Financing: This is the interest expense on a loan in the amount of true market value purchase price + destination charge + base sales tax & initial fees (www. honda. com; 11, 2008).

  1. The values for these expenses are considered for Louisiana region assuming the 10% down payment and a loan term of 60 months.
  2. Taxes and fees: we have included base sales taxes, license and registration fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008).
  3. Fuel: Assuming 45% driving on freeways and 55% driving in city we have collected the data for the fuel from www. epa. gov.
  4. Maintenance: We have considered both the scheduled and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components.

Repairs: the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturer’s warranty for five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com;11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been done for three conditions and they are:

  1. Condition 1: cost component data for USA
  2. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana.
  3. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways.

CHECK LIST MODEL DESCRIPTION

The weighing model that has been created has taken into consideration of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not play a significant factor for many people who plan to buy a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given.

The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com; 11, 2008). But these can be improved to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them.

The last criteria is the incentives that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al; 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions.

RESULTS

Life cycle costing Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 Finance 2331 Fuel9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643

Total life cycle cost37645 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost35528 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3: distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship: 1-5 years.

Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 Opportunity cost2999 Total life cycle cost30, 518 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1: cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note: The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source: www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel data.

Condition 2: cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22,600. Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note: the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov – fuel data. Condition 3: Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturer’s suggestion retail price: $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship: 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note: the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47.

Source: www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov – Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for sensitivity analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1: Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 200000. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2: Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine may be less than the hybrid cars but after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After performing the sensitivity analysis we observed that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars, but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing nature of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring method (Shtub, et. al; 2005).

Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008: For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer.

CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source: www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more preferable for the customers.

The hybrid cars have a 25-100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com; 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached: Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the best option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. The incentives offered by the federal state government for buying the hybrid car may serve as a good step towards motivating people to go for hybrid option

Bibliography

  1. autochannel. (2008). comparison of hybrid cars and petrol engine cars for miles travelled. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. autochannel. com. Avraham Shtub, j. F. (2005).
  2. Project management process, methodology and economics. pper saddle river, new jersey: pearson, prantice hall. edmund. (2008). cost comparison data for hybrid and petrol cars.
  3. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. edmund. com. environmental protection agency. (2008). emissions for hybrid and petrol engines.
  4. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. Environmental protection agency. (2008). fuel cost for hybrid and petrol engines.
  5. Retrieved 11 29, 2008, from www. epa. gov. H. Paul Barringer, P. D. (1996). Life Cycle Cost Tutorial. Houston, Texas: Marriott Houston Westside. Heather L.
  6. MacLean, e. (2000). A Life-Cycle Comparison of Alternative Automobile Fuels. journal of the air and waste management association , 1769-1779. honda USA. (2008). hybrid cars and petrol cars. Retrieved 11 24, 2008, from www. honda. com. Jeremy Hackney, R. d. (1999).
  7. Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles: emissions, energy,and cost trade-offs. science direct journal , 243-267. lester lave, h. m. (2000). life cycle analysis of automobile fuel/propulsion technologies. environmental science and technology , 1600-1698.
  8. Steven Kmenta, K. I. (2000).

SCENARIO-BASED FMEA: A LIFE CYCLE COST PERSPECTIVE

  1. Baltimore, Maryland: ASME. the fuel cell vehicle analysis of enegy use, emission and cost . (1998). pergamon , 381-385. Timothy E. Lipman, M. A. (2003).
  2. Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Design Retail and Lifecycle Cost Analysis. Berkeley, California 94720: Energy and Resources Group. wikipedia. (2008). hybrid engines and petrol ngines.
  3. Retrieved 10 29, 2008, from www. wikipedia. com. Kibert, C. J. (2008). Sustainable Construction . New Jersey: John Willey and Sons.

Read more

Honda vs Toyota

One of the topics in the first assignment was a discussion on the decline of Honda and Toyota’s failure to dominate America’s sedan market. It was explained in the article entitled Honda Fails with Toyota to Dominate American Sedan Market: Cars from the website www. businessweek. com; that the dominance of the two major Japanese car makers among U. S. small car and family sedan car market is shifting. The Los Angeles Times has a similar article involving the same two auto makers: Toyota and Honda.

The article is entitled Honda, Ford Pass Toyota; the Two Car Brands Rank at the Top of a Consumer Report Survey on Quality. The article was written by a Jerry Hirsch. Hirsch explains that Toyota has been toppled as the leading top-quality automaker, with consumers now looking more favorably on Honda and Ford; this he states is from the Consumer Reports ‘2011 Car Brand Perception Survey. “A series of massive recalls over the past 18 months has tarnished Toyota’s reputations for quality”.

According to Hirsch, the Consumer Reports survey ranked Honda first, Ford second, and Toyota finished third . Ford has moved up in public perception while Toyota has declined. The Ford brand has outsold Toyota’s line of vehicles last year for the first time since 2006 . The purpose of this research article was to report and explain to average consumers and businesses alike; that Toyota, a household name among many in the U. S. for reliability is now starting to lose its glamour; and why it is happening.

Three major and popular auto brands were studied in the report: Honda, Toyota, and Ford. The findings by Hirsch were both logical and sound. Both Honda and Toyota made headlines again due to the shortages of parts and cars coming from both automakers due to the recent earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan this year on March 11. In the article Toyota Curbs Parts Orders; Honda Cuts Production by an anonymous author in the journal Tulsa World; it explains that shortages of auto parts from Japan are hitting Honda’s and Toyota’s North American operations; Read about lean production vs mass production

Toyota wanted U. S. ar declares to stop ordering replacement parts made in Japan because it was worried about running out of them . Again Honda and Toyota, two major Japanese auto makers, were studied in this report. The purpose of the research was to explain why parts coming from Japan (particularly from these two auto makers) are in short supply. The findings are as Japan slowly regains recovery from this devastating natural disaster, parts and cars coming from Japan and made by Honda and Toyota as well as their subsidiaries will be in short supply and will take longer to get.

The researcher and author of the article is anonymous, but both the findings and the conclusion were sound and logical. Another topic that was discussed in the first assignment was surviving and thriving in competitive markets. In the book by Sheth and Rajendra Sisodia entitled The Rule of Three: Surviving and Thriving in Competitive Markets, based on extensive studies of market forces discuss dominated by big companies, small niche markets, and the middle companies which were likely to be nudged by both ends to the point of disappearance.

A similar article about surviving and thriving by PR Newswire US entitled Pinstripe CEO Sue Marks Speaks About Surviving and Thriving Despite the Recession at BizTimes Milwaukee Corporate Growth Summit, targeted towards middle market CEO’s, presidents, C-level executives, and entrepreneurs seeking to accelerate growth (Anonymous, 2011). Marks is a human resources and recruitment outsourcing specialist, serial entrepreneur, and founder and CEO of Pinstripe, Inc. hich “designs, builds, and delivers high-performance talent acquisition and management solutions”. Marks spent 25 years building businesses in HR, staffing and outsourcing shared best practices for accelerating growth in corporate culture. The findings and research by the author were logical and sound.

Read more

Swot for Honda

In the current economic market, a company does not necessarily follow that the best chance possible instead to develop the ability to create competitive advantage by understanding the level of fit between their strengths and upcoming opportunities. In some cases, companies can overcome their weaknesses and to achieve attractive opportunities. In the context of current globalization, the opening up, economic exchange – the water cultures is inevitable and risks in the market for small businesses do not.

So SOOT analysis will help the enterprises’ balance – close – measure – count “correctly before you decide to enter international markets before penetrating international markets. Since SOOT analysis model is a subjective assessment of the data is sorted by the SOOT format as a logical order and easy to understand, easy to present, to discuss and make decisions, which can be used used in any decision-making process is a useful tool for understanding and decision making in any situation for any organization or business.

Distribution SOOT process will provide useful information for connecting the resources and capabilities of the company with a competitive environment where companies operate. SOOT model provides a tool for strategic analysis, review and evaluate the position and orientation of a company or of a business plan. SOOT fit and analysis work in groups, are used in business planning, strategy development, competitor evaluation, marketing, product development and service SOOT is used in business planning, strategy development, competitor evaluation, marketing, product development and services.

Lets analyze the different factors that affect the relative competitiveness of the company. SOOT Pest normally associated with creating models to analyze and assess market potential through external factors n terms of political, economic, social and technological. SOOT Strengths stains off of 4 letters (strengths), Weaknesses (weakness), (opportunity) and Threats (risks). Strengths: The strength of the business. As with all of the attributes, elements inside increases the competitiveness of business against competitors.

In other words, it’s all business resources that can be embroiled, used to perform operations more efficiently than competitors. The strength of the business is often reflected in the business advantages of operating in the market. As the advantages of specifications, design, cost, brand, reporter management, business quality, business reputation in the market. Soot for Honda By Identity work done best? What resources are needed? The advantage that others see in her what?

To consider the issue from the perspective of self and others. Need practical rather modest. The advantages are usually formed when compared with competitors. For example, if all the competitors are providing high-quality products is a manufacturing process quality is not so dominant that is necessary to survive in the market. Weaknesses: The weaknesses of the business, are all attributes depleting potential of the business over the competitors.

The competitiveness of an enterprise is likely that businesses can maintain their position in the long-term strength and won, a victory in a competitive market, to achieve the strategic objectives set out . Weaknesses usually answer the question: What can be improved? What is the work done worst? What should be avoided? To consider the matter on the basis of both internal and external. Can others see that weaknesses do not see myself. Why competitors can do better yourself? Now to get to a realistic and face the truth.

Strengths and Weaknesses of a business is considered to be elements within the enterprise. Each element within the medium is both a weakness strengths in business processes on the market. The problem is that right now trying to develop, detect, exploit, detailed analysis of internal factors to figure out the strengths, limitations and weaknesses compared to its competitors. On that basis, offering solutions to reduce blemishes and promote the strengths of the business to gain maximum advantage over the competition.

Opportunities are opportunities in the business, is changing, new elements appear on the market created favorable opportunities for enterprises or in other words it appears that the ability to supply goods and services to customers to increase sales, expand and affirm advantage in the marketplace. However, the appearance of not necessarily profitable for businesses because there are so many competitors. Depending on the competitiveness of enterprises strong or weak to be able to exploit favorable opportunities in the market. Opportunities often answer to the question: Where is the good chance?

Interesting trend that I already know? Opportunities can come from technological change and international markets or even in narrow range, from the change in government policy elating to outsource part of their operations Cut company, from the change changing social patterns, population structure or structures fashion, from the events taking place in the region. Search method is most useful revise their advantage and ask the question whether the advantages that are open to any new opportunities. Can also do the opposite, check your weaknesses and ask the question whether there is any chance to appear if they are removed. Image, losses or bring negative impact on the business activities of the enterprise, such as damage to goods and property, narrow market and damage brand reputation. Threats usually answer the question: What are obstacles? The specific requirement of the work, product or service has changed anything? Changes in technology risk anything with the company or not? There are problems of delinquency or cash flow? Is there any weakness threatens companies? The analysis usually helps to find out what needs to be done and turn weaknesses into perspective. Opportunities and Threats are external factors of the business.

The process of trade liberalizing is the time of giving the enterprise business freedom, trade barriers are less common, freely expanding market for its products, but also put business before such challenges competition in the market will be more severe in degree and scope, only enterprises with good capacity, the existence of competition, the less competitive firms leads to losses and bankruptcy. Meaning of SOOT: It not only makes sense for enterprises in shaping domestic business strategy, but also of great significance in the formation of international business strategies to meet the development needs of the business.

Once the business to grow, gradually establishing credibility, brand yourself a solid and sustainable, the SOOT analysis is an indispensable stage in the process of strategic planning of corporate business. Top of Form B. SITUATION. SOOT analysis of the company Honda In the current economic market there are many companies, large corporations have used SOOT analysis to plan a business strategy as the company Binomial company Honda, Toyota company . To understand more about SOOT, we will explore the SOOT analysis of the company Honda.

Honda Company is a corporation 2nd largest carmaker in Japan, by Choirs Honda founded on 09. 24. 1948. L is Australia’s first production motorcycle, later spread to and now produce both cars and motorcycles. Honda is the largest engine manufacturer in the world with over 14 million units per name. TTY course, possible that the foundation of the success of Hand’s motorcycle parts do. Honda began U. S. Production of motorcycles scooters since 1958. By the late sass, largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world and since then has never lost this title. 976 Accord car immediately known people with less energy characteristics and ease of driving, Honda has found a foothold in America. In 1982, the auto maker Honda is the first Japanese manufacturer to build a car plant in the U. S. , starting with Accord car factory in Marseille Honda was the first auto manufacturer to introduce more Japanese luxury vehicles separately. Accuracy cars launched in 1986 has created more and more powerful Honda models sporting nature than the other Honda vehicles.

For 2007 models, Honda plans to increase the safety of the vehicle by adding the standard parts for all Honda vehicles in North America (except the Insight and ASSESS cars will not have side-curtain airbag ) as airbags in the front seats, side-curtain airbag and anti-lock for the win. Analysis: Hand’s strengths: Honda is one of the famous brands worldwide. Over the years Honda has been recognized as a user of the company that produces the best product with high safety This is expressed through the sales of the many at the dealership on the consumer market.

From the late ‘ass to early ‘ass, the Honda has dominated the market and become the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, and since then the company has never lost this title. The consumer market is very large Honda, Honda is headquartered in Tokyo and with the price listed on the Tokyo stock market, New York City, London, Paris, California, Canada Profits soar. At the Honda Joint venture in China will help the company increase its net income by 10 billion yen (92. 5 million dollars), higher than the initial estimate f the company, Chief Financial Officer Which Hold said with Bloomberg.

This allows Honda continue to maintain the target net income even after lowering its profit forecast trading down 3. 1%. The development of the Chinese market and reduce Russian’s dependence Honda and the North American market, accounting for 70% of business profits hang. Donna Hand’s sales in China Jumped 15%, and twice in Russia in the first quarter of the fiscal year, an increase of 8% faster than in the U. S. Honda has always put our customers first. At Honda, customer service is not only good care of your car. For us, customer service customers – Honda car owners.

Product design. Honda ever-changing styles and models of vehicles with exceptional design, advanced technology, high quality and safety. 1976 Accord car immediately known people with less energy characteristics and ease of driving, help Honda find a foothold in the U. S.. Accuracy cars launched in 1986 has created more and more powerful Honda models sporting nature than the other Honda vehicles. Since its market launch in August 2006, the Honda Civic has been trusted by customers in Vietnam. Always gain a foothold in the entertainment industry.

With superior design, advanced technology, high quality, safe, Honda Civic is one of the best choice for customers in the midsized sedan segment. Even when the Civic was born it was very much the favorite. And only after 2 years and 9 months of actual sales of 12,000 vehicles. Honda has applied many scientific achievements to be modified for the quality and design of their cars as investing huge amounts of money into the development of vehicles powered by fuel cells like This Honda is really very hard to prove the viability of a future technology generations.

There are always new designs. Everyone in her dream. The dream was not Just to wing me strength to overcome any challenge, but also arouse in us to share inspiration, a motivation to develop innovative and progressive ideas, the development of Honda essentially based on the idea that because Honda which is built from the dreams. The power of Hand’s dreams to reach constant breakthroughs in technology, not only in the field of motor cars and the movers. Thus, the introduction of the Civic is a great result from the pursuit of dreams and perform.

These sophisticated new design features of the new Honda Civic is inspired by the unique sporty Civic Type Or’s – a sports car fame has penned exciting world for many users all over the bridge. The new design will bring a unique personality, fashion and fun moments behind the wheel for customers. Weakness As the famous brand should have a lot of other products but does not produce or have any relationship with the company’s brand Honda Honda clones affecting the company title. Subsidiaries in the I-J, British car production fell 47. 5% in 12/08 compared to the same period in 2007.

The number of new cars registered in 2008 decreased to 2. 1 million units. On 30/1, Honda said profits in the final three months of 2008 fell 0% compared with the same period a year earlier. In the context of the global financial crisis, Honda patios are constantly applying the cost-cutting measures, including the temporary closure of its main base in the UK for four months from February Honda Motor’s sales will fall 94. 7% Manufacturer’s second largest automobile Japan – Honda Motor, on Tuesday (28/4) estimates of group revenue in the 2009 fiscal year starting in April will fall 94. %, compared to fiscal year course in 2008, to 10 billion yen (104 million dollars). 3. Opportunity SEEM 2008 event. By the 2008 SEEM event, Honda announced a new version complete model is very popular 2009 Honda Fit with Mugged parts and new models will hit the market in the first half of next year. The accessories include 16-inch wheels, aluminum oil tank pump cap, sports grille, new muffler system, denoted rear, flexible lever, sports pedals, floor mats Manufacturing added many new products. Since 2004 the company started manufacturing diesel motors run smooth Just has no filter to meet pollution standards.

However, it can be argued that the success of this company is doing motorcycle parts Continuously expanding consumer market. Honda is showing determination to increase its market share in China, with plans to rate a separate brand for the Chinese market. Honda has dominated the market for consumption in Canada. Canada is a vast region extending to the horizon and spread out over four, with scattered lakes, and the city is only small dots connected by roads. This is an opportunity for Honda to develop its product line.

Honda is ranked 19th in the top 100 world’s most powerful brand in 2006. Risk For the most powerful of which is Honda Toyota. Toyota plans to launch the line new gas-electric hybrid cars cost about $ 20,1 50 in 2011 to compete with the Honda Insight, priced under $ 20,000 in the U. S. Market. Toyota will cut production costs Pries to give birth to a cheaper product such as using petrol engine with a capacity of 1. 5 liters is smaller at Honda are so many fake products of brand companies. This has affected the company’s brand.

Many new Honda products were distributed to stores in the market that automatically increases the price when selling items, making no customer confidence in the company. This is affecting the credibility and reputation of Honda. C. Solution separately. Despite difficulties in the market, but Honda has established itself as a separate brand and constantly making new products design, style, unique design. To improve the competitiveness of companies in the market, the Honda following are some solutions for companies in the following years. Enhance Marketing activities.

Strengthening Market Research Market research is an essential task for any company in any business process. A company can not exploit its full potential nor satisfy all customer needs without being fully accurate information about the market. Through market research, the company will take the necessary information about pricing, supply and demand of goods and services which are trading companies to set out the strategic plans and specific measures to the goals set forth by the many. Products Constantly improving the product quality, diversified product design according to the needs of the market increasingly diverse and rich.

Building and brand development trust the company to understand their customers better than anyone else and always take customer satisfaction as the focus for all activities. Along with branding, companies need to accelerate the process of developing their brands. Strategy. Strategy should be based on deep understanding of the target audience as well as the ability of the company. Introducing clear and consistent strategy to employees, customers and shareholders. Just adjust your strategy as needed to meet changes in the market – for example, when a new technology appears, or with the new government regulations. Reform. Streamline production processes fundamental to continuously meet – but not exceed – the expectations and requirements of our customers. Eliminating waste to increase annual capacity from 6% to 7%. Culture. And keep reminding the managers, employees, individuals and groups constantly meet the expectations of business results. Always remuneration linked to specific goals and salary increases are standard products. So keep the reward in case the target is not done. Always clear statement about the value of the company. Structure.

Develop an organizational structure fast, flexible and simple to reduce bureaucracy and attitude simultaneously, simplifying operations. Elimination of administrative barriers that limit the exchange of information and cooperation. Always looking for the dedication and creativity of the middle management and the employees – not the talent of the CEO – the company’s future. Talent. Always promote and achieve long-term strength by looking for local talent within the company. The development of human resources within the company will save and liable rather than acquiring talent from other places.

Should develop its own training program for the best employees to retain talented Leadership Leaders of successful companies often very dedicated to the Job. They are always at the helm, to build relationships between people at all levels. They identify and take advantage of business opportunities before competitors recognize and solve the problems soon arise. Such members of the company board of directors will also have a share of the profits in the financial success of their companies succeed and enjoy a good understanding of the industry and its business sector. Creativity.

Always encouraging, timely creative ideas, breakthrough even if it means removing the existing products. The use of new technologies to enhance the whole operation, not only enhance the product development process. Mergers and links. Should be involved in business activities that help promote new relationships with customers and are available to strengthen the company’s mainstay. Building partnerships to most effectively utilize the talents of both companies. And should develop a systematic approach to identify, select and end of such a business agreement Bottom of Form

Read more

Baja Holdings & Investment – Consumer behaviour

The ass’s and ass’s saw new manufacturers like ELM Scooters India and Kinetic emerge. This decade got manufacturers the best margins and two wheeler productions went Upton almost 4 and half lack units ; Growth rate has not been what it was in ass, then early ass shift over period of scooters to motorcycles; adds Baja] But the ass’s proved to be the transformational decade.

A slew of global alliances were struck. Hero tied up with Honda, TV’S with Suzuki and Escorts with Yamaha. It was hero Honda that moved the Indian market from scooters to bikes with the promise of fuel economy, better technology and a stylish product. Market leader Baja] was caught off guard but managed to fight back. The ones who failed to make the transition continue to struggle. Post liberalizing the focus was on technology, pollution control, emission norms, increased competition and segmentation.

Two wheelers production grew to almost 38 lack units. This period incidentally saw global alliances like Kinetic Honda, TV’S Suzuki, and Yamaha Escorts come apart with the foreign partners going it alone. The last 7 years have seen an increase in exports, capacity expansion, more investments and almost a dozen vehicle manufacturers. But global big boys like BMW, Harley Davidson, Triumph, Ducats continue to give India the cold shoulder. While high-end bikes may not make strategic sense yet is it the need of the road for the 100 c bike?

And with small cars with a sub 1000 c engine market and a price tag of a lack hitting the Indian market, the two-wheeler makers may find the going tough. Increased disposable income- more families graduating to threshold level of income, increasing need for mobility, demand from semi-urban ND rural areas, wider choice, lower prices and greater financing opportunities are contributing to two wheelers growth. From almost a single player to a dozen players today in India, with penetration levels of 30-4011000 people owns a motorcycle, there is a huge potential in the two-wheeler market.

On October 28, 2013, at 12:08 hrs Baja] Holdings ; Investment was quoting at RSI 819. 50, up RSI 3. 00, or 0. 37 percent.

The 52- week high of the share was RSI 1058. 00 and the 52-week low was RSI 743. 75. The company’s trailing 12-month (TM) PEPS was at RSI 64. 74 per share as per the quarter need September 2013.

The stock’s price-to-earnings (PIE) ratio was 12. 66. The latest book value of the company is RSI 466. 04 per share. At current value, the price-to-book value of the company was 1. 76.

The era tot post independence trot the ass’s to ass’s saw the emergence tot the two- adds Baja] New Upcoming Bikes in Indicates in India, New Bike Prices India, Upcoming Bikes in Indicates in India have a fascinating history. It is in 1955 the first set of tortoises started showing in Indian roads. Indian army needed sturdy, fast and reliable motorcycles for its avariciousness needs to operate on rugged terrains at border areas.

The police forces also needed subscribe for internal security. The 350 c Bullet from Royal Enfield was the first choice micrometeorite lovers in those days. Even today, the Bullet motorcycle commends unique respect. The Royal Enfield Bullet comes with strong engine and sturdy features. When the administered, the company started assembling bikes in Achaean using imported parts from UK. Today, the scenario is completely different. The entry of Japanese bike majors such as Honda Suzuki has completely changed the Indian motorbike market.

They introduced lightheartedly bikes with fuel efficient engines and various advanced features. The two stroke engineering way to more advanced four stroke engines. These engines pass standard emission moorlands help keeping the environment clean and green. Some of the major motor bike manufactures like Hero Honda, Baja] Motors, Suzuki, TV’S noonday bikes in India. These companies have introduced a variety of models starting from interleave 100 c to powerful 1200 c supervises. India is fast becoming a manufacturing hub formats especially cars and bikes.

Indian bike manufactures export a large volume of bikes though East Asia, Africa and South America. Two wheelers account for three fourth of telephoto of the country. Lillian two wheeler markets consists of various segments such as entry level bikes, medium levelness, super bikes, scooters and electric bikes. The entry level bikes come with 100 c or 125 caginess. These bikes form 70 to 80 percent of market and majority buyers are daily countermand field sales personnel. These bikes cost anywhere between RSI. 5,000 to RSI. 42,000. Horehound Splendor, Baja] Discover, Honda)Medium level bikes in India come with 150 c or more powerful engines with adventuresses like disc brakes, digital dashboard, alloy wheels and body graphics. These types tot bikes more patronized by students and bike enthusiasts. Baa Pulsar, Honda CB Dazzler Horehound Karma, Yamaha Faze and TV’S Apache ART belong to this category. These bikes repaired between RSI. 55,000 to RSI. 80,000/-. supervises are new to Indian market. As the demand grows many bike manufacturers interconnected global super bikes in India.

These bikes belong to luxury segment and come with powerfulness and advanced features. Supervises are very expensive and cost anywhere between RSI. Tit 10 lass. Electric bikes are new entrants in the Indian market to fight the pollution and Americanization. ;2. The author is providing here the details about the new bikes in India and all of the unbecoming bikes models by all of the motor bikes companies in India including the price list of the new Yamaha Bikes in India Two Wheeler Industry Overview India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world.

Indian two-wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. Indian two-wheeler industry had a small beginning in the early ass’s. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country. Bikes are a major segment of Indian two wheeler industry, the other two being scooters and mopeds. Indian companies are among the largest two-wheeler manufacturers in the world. Hero Honda and Baja]

Auto are two of the Indian companies that top the list of world companies manufacturing two-wheelers. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign companies in the mid sass.

The openness of Indian market to foreign companies lead to the arrival of new models of two-wheelers into India. Easy availability of loans from the banks, relatively low rate of interest and the discount of prices offered by the dealers and manufacturers lead to the increasing demand for two-wheeler vehicles in India. This lead to the strong growth of Indian automobile industry. Kinetic Honda was introduced in the Indian market during the mid ass. The main feature of Kinetic Honda is its ease of use. This helped the youngsters and the women to buy scooters. Key players in the Two-wheeler Industry

Read more

The process of developing and designing products

The process of developing and designing products has taken a sharp change in the last couple of years. Companies are being pushed by demanding global customers and are being challenged by rapid change of technology. Manufacturers have had to increase the speed of design cycles while at the same time cut the cost of development and manufacture. They must ensure the product takes full advantage of the latest and best technology. Leading companies have found that obstacles in the market today are far too rigorous to overcome on their own.

This process of design and development of products has never been so competitive and daunting. However, it is more critical for future success. The Success of modern day companies is due to help from a resource that has been present since the early days of the company. The answer is suppliers. In some industries suppliers are taking on responsibility for designing parts, components, materials, assemblies, and even complete systems for automobiles, computers and other products. Leading manufacturers are using their supply bases as a key element of their product design strategies, and it’s paying off in a big way.

In other words the old saw “Slow and sure wins the race” no longer holds. Speed is competitive edge today s business needs to succeed. Including suppliers in the manufacturing process adds to the clock-speed of a company. The Honda Motor Company is one such company that has recognized this need for speed and has thus adjusted its production to accommodate. The Honda Motor Company is one of the world s most well known producers of motor vehicles. The Company itself is based in Japan, but it had branches all over the world.

From a simple start, Honda has grown to one of the world s most successful motoring companies, selling products in almost 200 countries. Honda has set new standards in vehicle production and design. From the Civic to ongoing participation in automotive racing, Honda s spirit of challenge and commitment forms the basis for every Honda project. Honda’s new “world platform” strategy will produce four variants of the new mid-size Accord platform. Honda s Research and development team found that the easiest way of producing their most popular make of car, the Accord, was to produce a world platform.

This platform is an Accord chassis around which different accord bodies are built. For example; The Accord built for America will be larger than the one built in Japan because there is a market for larger cars. The one built in Europe will narrower so that it may compete with other cars on the European market. Essentially the Accord platform is universal. The car s appearance changes due to its location around the world. Accords will be produced in 11 and sold in 100 countries.

Read more

Hot Imports Night

The roars of modified import cars stimulate my senses as I walk towards the Dallas Convention Center, where the 2001 Hot Imports Night car show is taking place. All around me, groups of anxious car enthusiasts rush towards the convention center. Hundreds of people were already in line, impatiently waiting to buy a ticket for the show. Luckily, I had already purchased my ticket online and did not have to wait on this half-mile long line. As I approached the entrance, I was overwhelmed by the onslaught of sounds coming from within.

I knew walking in that this will be a day I wouldn t soon forget. As I stood in that cavernous exhibitions hall, my eyes feasted on rows of modified Hondas, Acuras, Mazdas, and other import cars. The car that caught my attention was a lime green 1995 Honda Civic Hatchback, shining radiantly below four strobe lights. This car had an Acura Integra GSR engine in it, a Greddy exhaust system, headers, a turbocharger, intercooler, white rims, a dragon decal on the hood, and many other modifications. Behind me I overheard a guy saying dats tight, but there are better cars and I knew he was right.

There were endless rows of cars, and each row had its own representation of perfection. The cars were not the only part of the show that caught my attention. Standing by each sponsored car was a girl in her mid twenties wearing everything but clothes. One girl had on a golden studded bikini, which complemented her Venus-like body and her long flowing blond hair. Her innocent smile and seductive pose made it hard for me to take my eyes off of her. There were also models sitting behind desks signing posters for a modest fee. These were the models that graced the cover of car magazines as well as Playboy.

Standing in front of these models would be lines of fans who wanted an autograph and picture. I tried to take a picture of every car model that I saw, unfortunately I ran out of film. When I reached the end of the hall I was surprised to see a disc jockey spinning break beats on a turntable and a mob of people raving and dancing on a dance floor as if they were in a nightclub. The music that came from the four giant sized speakers at this area was even louder than the music that played throughout the hall. The strobe lights had a dizzying affect, and my mind blurred as I walked through the crowd of people dancing.

In one corner of the dance floor, I managed to push through the crowd of mesmerized people to get a glimpse of a short Asian guy, drenched with sweat, wearing flared jeans and a pink polo knit shirt wowing the crowd with his flawless break dancing abilities. As I had predicted, the night was anything but forgettable. I now anxiously await next year s event, which will take place next May. In the meantime, I ll just relive that night in my mind and learn some dance moves so that I can participate on the dance floor instead of standing around recording everyone else with a video camera.

Read more
OUR GIFT TO YOU
15% OFF your first order
Use a coupon FIRST15 and enjoy expert help with any task at the most affordable price.
Claim my 15% OFF Order in Chat
Close

Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own

Let us help you get a good grade on your paper. Get professional help and free up your time for more important courses. Let us handle your;

  • Dissertations and Thesis
  • Essays
  • All Assignments

  • Research papers
  • Terms Papers
  • Online Classes
Live ChatWhatsApp