Human Rights

This case study is about a 61- year- old woman named Manisha from Bhutan, Asia. She demonstrated resilience throughout her adult life in response to multiple changes in her environment. Manisha’s life illustrates how she was able to improve her quality of life through human agency despite numerous human rights violations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formed to provide a standard universal basis for all humans (UN General Assembly, 1948). These human rights are not dependent upon “race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (UN General Assembly, 1948). However, the inconsistency in the implementation of this policy was evident in Manisha’s life.

Manisha was born into a farming family, the youngest of 7 children, in a small rural village in Bhutan. Education was not widely endorsed and Manisha’s right to a free, elementary education was violated by the UDHR, Article 26 since she only completed the second grade (UN General Assembly, 1948). Manisha proceeded to get married and have four sons. She provided food for her family by tending to the vegetable garden on her property, while her husband worked as a contractor. They owned property and enjoyed prosperity. Both her right to marry, Article 16, and have a family and own property, Article 17, were respected (UN General Assembly, 1948).

The stability in Manisha’s life was first threatened when the government opposed her Nepali ethnic group in 1988 due to their Hindu beliefs. This political oppression became a turning point which led Manisha’s family on a difficult trajectory for close to two decades. The Nepali’s were denied citizenship, forbidden to speak their language, and not able to work. The Bhutanese government violated the UDHR, Article 2 when they made a distinction in how people were treated based upon their religion and language (UN General Assembly, 1948). Two life events occurred that were violations under UDHR’s Article 9 for Manisha and her husband (UN General Assembly, 1948). First, Manisha’s husband was arrested arbitrarily and imprisoned for 18 months, then a year later Manisha was told to leave the country.

Three months after first leaving Bhutan, Manisha’s family finally found safety at a Nepali refugee camp. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) provided crowded, but safe living conditions for the refugees and UDHR’s Article 14 was respected. Although Manisha’s family received shelter and food, clothes and personal hygiene items were scarce. In effect, UDHR’s Article 25 was both respected and violated (UN General Assembly, 1948). Since Manisha’s children attended school while at the camp, Article 26 was respected (UN General Assembly, 1948).

Manisha demonstrated human agency in making choices when she earned money working as the camp’s deputy secretary. In addition, she was part of a cohort of women, similar in age and situation, and she provided them with emotional support. However, after seventeen years Manisha and her family wanted to return home to Bhutan. Since it wasn’t a possibility, they sought to change their citizenship to Nepal. They were not able to do this despite their shared Nepali culture and the existence of UDHR’s Article 15, which offers the right to change nationality (UN General Assembly, 1948). Manisha’s family was encouraged by the UNHCR to make a transition and immigrate to the United States (U.S.) for a better life.

Arrival in the United States marked a turning point for Manisha and her family. At first, Manisha was lonely since she was physically and emotionally isolated from people. This was due in part because her family moved to the U.S. in three different stages. Initially, she was separated from three of her children and their families and experienced a loss of their linked lives. Many family relationships can provide comfort and support especially during times of transition.

After a year Manisha developed greater self-awareness when she noticed the negative difference that she was experiencing in her quality of life in the U.S. This was despite her previous success acclimating to life in a completely new environment. At the refugee camp, Manisha lived with many people, had strong connections, and was employed. Yet during her first year in the U.S., Manisha only interacted with her husband, and son and his wife, and lived separated from the outside world.

This realization caused Manisha to step outside of her comfort zone in order to better acclimate to the new environment. She enrolled in an English as a Second Language (ESL) class and gained employment at a school cafeteria to practice speaking English. These opportunities served to increase her confidence living in a new country. Manisha has now made connections and formed friendships with people from both America and Nepal. Manisha is currently taking a citizen preparation class because of Article 15, the right to change nationality is being respected (UN General Assembly, 1948) .

Like Manisha, her grown children and in-laws have also adjusted to life in the United States. They learned English and have all obtained some type of employment. Manisha is glad her grandchildren are enrolled in school and doing well. Unfortunately, Manisha’s husband hasn’t transitioned as well to his new environment. He is isolated since he isn’t working or attending classes to improve his English speaking skills. Although Manisha and her husband practice their Hindu faith at home, they don’t have access to the Hindu Center since they lack transportation. It seems that Manisha’s husband has not been able to restore the dignity and self-respect that he once had in Bhutan when he owned property and was employed as a contractor.

Social Cognitive Psychologist, Albert Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy offers insight into how Manisha has successfully resettled in the U.S. while her husband did not. Manisha believed that she could make choices to positively influence her life despite the adversity she faced in a new environment. Bandura states that “After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.” (Bandura, 1994). Manisha’s life demonstrates how human agency allowed her to survive and become mentally stronger despite the numerous violations of human rights.

Internet Censorship is the blocking, control, or suppression of websites, photos, or videos that contain restricted content, hate speech forums, sexually explicit content, social media, etc. Internet Censorship has taken over the Internet and controls what we see and hear. It is a way for countries, schools, colleges, businesses, to take away the right to explore the Internet by blocking content they find not suitable.

Censorship on the Internet is done in a few different ways; Internet Backbone (A physical way of censoring the Internet), ISP is a second way that governments use through blocking the DNS server from their countries ISP server, Software blocking is the third way that be used electronically by anyone (Individuals, Schools, Colleges etc).

A relevant social issue is why we use Internet Censorship. It could be used for countless numbers of reasons to block content such as anything from child pornograhy to videos of terrorist attacks. It is used to protect and keep environments and countries safe from graphic content and content that is deemed inappropriate.

Internet Censorship needs a boundary to not cross. I would draw the line if the censorship was preventing free speech and the right to voice our opinions publicly, or blocking information about other countries; censorship in these categories draw the line on how far Internet Censorship should go.

Censorship on the Internet is a crippling violation of free speech and power. Although it can shield us from graphic and inappropriate content; it is stopping the exploration of the world- wide web, the truth, and our control over the Internet.

Computers and the Internet have become a major part of everyday life for many people. As the Internet grows, the amount of X-rated material increases as well. The government feels that censorship of the Internet for everyone is the answer. Censorship of the Internet would only limit reference material, uses, and a persons freedom of speech. It is true, of course, that censoring the Internet may keep minors from viewing X-rated graphics that are available. The Internet is full of graphics and literature that is inappropriate for children to view. Many people feel that this ‘pornography should be limited or even banned from computer networks because children are able to view such images and text’ (Internet Regulation 35).

This censorship would include any indecent photographs, letters, and obscene language. It would limit the amount of pornographic material that could be viewed. But, by censoring all forms of indecency they may limit the amount of research material available for access. The United States Senate has approved a bill that would censor the Internet. This bill is known as the Communications Decency Act, or CDA. The CDA is so strict that it ‘could censor on-line booksellers, human rights organizations, information regarding both AIDS and safe sex, and even classic works of art’ (Kidd 1).

The CDA is a great deal of limitation set by people that do not believe parents will be able to control what their own kids see on the Internet. But, not all Senators are for the CDA; Senator Patrick Leahy, a Democrat from Vermont, does not support the CDA. Leahy states, ‘none of us is in favor of pornography. But we can accomplish the goal of keeping pornography away from children without imposing a big new layer of government censorship and without destroying the Internet’ (Internet Regulation 40). Censorship, by the government, would greatly decrease the amount of reference material available for use on the Internet.

Censorship would also limit the amount of use a person gets from the Internet. The CDA would ‘effectively ban ‘indecency’ in any forum to which a minor might gain access. The King James Bible, for example uses on of the ‘seven dirty words’, which courts have ruled to be indecent’ (Kidd 1). Banning all indecency would create a great problem on the Internet, as you can see. The amount of materials and programs available would be decreased by a great number simply because they may contain an obscenity. The government would be taking their control a little too far. They would ban everything and limit the amount of knowledge that people could gain.

It would be such a problem that Internet use would probably come to a stand still. In brief, censorship would greatly reduce many people’s use and access to the Internet and its many helpful and educational sites. Most important of all, by censoring the Internet, the government will be limiting a citizens freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is something that is important to everyone, and everyone wants to be able to interact and voice their opinions in any way possible. Censorship is going the opposite direction. Opponents to the CDA ‘argue that the free-speech rights of users would be violated if the Internet were regulated’ (Internet Regulation 35).

This is very true, by regulating the Internet people would be limited on how they could communicate. Consenting adults should be able to have access to whatever they want and should be able to communicate in any form they choose to follow. Speaker of the 3 House of Representatives Newt Gingrich said it right when he said, ‘It is clearly a violation of free speech and it’s a violation of the rights of adults to communicate with each other’ (Internet Regulation 36). Freedom of speech is an important part of American life and when a law restricts this right, it is unconstitutional.

It will be a terrible day when the citizens of the United States allow the government to run their lives by censorship. Moreover, censorship of the Internet would limit the constitutional right of free speech. In closing, censorship would only limit reference material, uses, and a persons freedom of speech. The government should and does have the right to make laws, but they should not have the right to limit a persons right to view something and express certain thoughts. Maybe in the future, the government will realize what kind of effect they could have on so many people. I strongly urge any legislators that are in favor of the CDA to reconsider.

Protecting from access the pornographic material is the first reason. I believe that the Internet censorship is protecting our children’s morality from the bad topics and harmful information. For example, as we know it is too easy for children to search about sports pictures, and they will see a few porn pictures appear. Thus, I think everyone has to take a strong action to protect and save our children life instead of Internet censoring. Another point supports the argument for censoring is keeping the national security.

There is bad categories of people, they use online to provide materials that harms the national safety; in contrast, some people support them and they can learn dangerous skills such as designing weapons encourage militant agendas and organize destructive activities such as terrorist activity through the internet, which causes danger to public safety. So, the censorship is able to limit and ban their activities.

Finaly, the freedom of speech is not an absolute right, which is why I am supporting the internet censorship. There are some people posts harmful opinions which affects others. There is a Commission support this argument: “Those who exercise their free speech to intimidate, bully, denigrate and harass others on the internet … causes harm may inhibit others from participating freely in this vital new public domain”. I assume if the Internet censoring apply around the world, surely that will avoid them to practice their free speech. Based on that, I believe the online censoring can restrict their behavior and morality. Opposing views of Internet censorship say that Internet censoring will limit the educational resources.

The filtering and blocking software is preventing medical students from researching and learning some specific biological concepts. Also, censoring may stop people from asking questions, exchanging the experience, and ideas about medical or social counseling on the Internet because it may include some censorship words. Thirdly, nothing can restrict the speech on the Internet. These points have some merit on the surface.

However, as stated previously, Internet censorship is to protect our morality, behavior, and socitey from useless information. It is important to remember that if censorship happens, the idea and knowledge will be limited in a small scope (Pasternak). To sum up, There are a huge benefit behind the idea of Internet censorship. It implements by using filtering softwares. We should use this technique in order to help people and protect them from dangerous concepts and their children from violence and pornography.

Time and again, Negro League players shared how restaurants refused to serve them and hotels refused to rent them rooms, even when they were the sole Black members of their high school and college sports teams. African-American athletes had to make do with the fare offered by the hot dog stands at the fields where they played, and they more often than not spent the night in the private homes of African-American residents in the towns they visited.

Segregation in baseball started in 1867 when the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg would not allow African American team to enter. Then the best white players refused to play with or against teams with any black players and it became normal that African Americans were not to participate in Major League Baseball.

Segregated baseball lasted sixty years, from 1887 until 1947 when Jackie Robinson took his place with the Dodgers. But in between those times there were other black players that most people don’t know about like John Bud Fowler who played for a white team for a short time in 1872 and Moses Fleetwood Walker who played briefly in 1884.

But black players were very talented and wanted to start their own teams so in 1885 the first black club called the Cuban Giants was made. It was sad because they felt they would be not being discriminated against if white people thought they were a foreign team.

Because of how talented these black players were, news started to get out that major league scouts were watching the Negro League players. That lead to Jackie Robinson being signed to the Dodgers.

Do you say the cells the Negro Leagues were able to bat throw and catch just as well as the men sometimes intimidated and stature but because they were so into baseball that they could perform as well as any man these ladies had to figure out how to change uniforms with the men even though even the men were not allowed to go into certain hotels or restroom to change clothes they traveled on the bus with them and they had to learn how to deal with a lot of?

The Demise/Folding of the Negro Leagues

In 1947 the Negro Leagues were split into two leagues, just like Major League Baseball — the Negro National League and the Negro American League. The NNL collapsed in 1948, but the NAL lived on in some form until 1963.

Integration did have an extremely negative impact on the Negro Leagues in the sense that it poached their star players. Think about why the major leagues are more popular today than the minors — the majors are where the big guns play. When all of the stars (and there were many) left the Negro Leagues, there was a less exciting team on the field in many Negro League cities.

Newly integrated major league teams were also very popular with African American fans. This left many columnists that wrote for African American newspapers with a dilemma: They wanted to encourage readers to attend the major league games, yet knew that would seriously damage Negro League game attendance. These writers knew that for many major league owners, economics were one of the primary interests. If integration could bring them more money, and more success on the field, they were more likely to embrace African American players.

As Negro League baseball limped into the 1950s, it tried to change its model. There was more barnstorming — teams traveled around the country playing different teams in different cities. Some teams tried to attract attention by adding women to their rosters. The Indianapolis Clowns signed infielder Toni Stone in 1953 to play second base (where Hank Aaron had played for the Clowns just a couple years before), and her presence on the team did boost attendance. (Other women were added during the 1950s as well). It soon became clear that the league just didn’t have the talent and the fan base to continue. The core of the league in the ’50s included Kansas City, Birmingham, Memphis and Detroit. Other teams in Mobile, New Orleans and Raleigh came and went. The league struggled on until 1963, and when it finally folded many fans hadn’t even realized the league was still in existence. (Liscio, 2012)

Conclusion: How these 3 women were able to play despite the hardships faced from others as they played a game they loved and was able to inspire others also.

Baseball is still a sport primarily associated with men. Social and institutional restrictions on who can play baseball have funneled many women athletes into softball instead. This shift intensified under U.S. Title IX legislation, which prevents discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally-funded educational setting, including sports programs. To satisfy their requirements under Title IX, many schools classified softball and baseball as equivalent sports, reinforcing the cultural conventions that for decades had closed off baseball to women. But women’s baseball has a rich history and continues to be played today on an international scale. While the state of women’s baseball in the United States and overseas has ebbed and flowed over time, it has often reflected the shifting beliefs about gender and sports and their place in the broader socio-cultural context.

Many African-American newspapers ran stories about the phenomenon of “girl” players on male baseball teams in the Negro League. Most of the stories were posted in African-American newspapers or weekly sports magazines unlike the mainstream white newspapers who briefly spoke of the “girl” players of baseball as only a passing fade. Black women athletes were portrayed as “models of pride and resistance,” encouragement, and power. Women who chose to speak up and claim power from the “the sometimes-unwritten rules that kept them out of restaurants, department stores, offices, bus seats, desirable neighborhoods, movie roles and well-paying jobs.” White-dominated baseball was another frontier black Americans conquered during the postwar period. (Jason 2016)

They played on high school teams but the when the opportunity presented itself to try out for the All-American Girls Professional League they will not even allowed on the field. Later the managers from the Kansas City Monarchs were looking for a way to increase spectorship. The managers from the Kansas City monarchs scouted for ladies out and wanted them to come play so he could increase the audience participation in the Negro League Baseball Field and teamsIn 1991 Stone and other players from the Negro leagues were honored by the Baseball Hall of Fame, and in 1993 she was inducted into the Women’s Sports Hall of Fame. Connie Morgan was inducted in the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1995. Morgan was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.

This article was about where abortion was and where it is in today’s society. Abortions have been practiced for thousands and thousands of years. In the United States, they became illegal around 1820. During this time, women still decided to have abortions, they were just extremely dangerous and usually resulted in death for the baby and mother both. By making abortions illegal, abortion rates unexpectedly did not decrease. Illegal abortions could reach a staggering 1.2 million per year despite the laws forbidding them. In the 20th century, one-third of states decided to legalized abortions. Abortions became legal in all states prior to the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court case in 1973. Since then, laws such as the ban on partial birth abortions have been put into place.

This website provided a lot of information such as dates and what occurred during those dates in order to get a better understanding on the history of abortions. I would use this article in my argumentative paper in order to explain why some people feel as if legalized abortions do more good than harm since when they were illegal, thousands of women would harm themselves in attempts to abort the baby. I could also use this source in my introduction and discuss the timeline of how abortions used to be, how they are now, and how they got to this point. This article has not changed my personal views on abortion, but it helps me get a better understanding of why some people do support them.

According to pro-life advocates, life begins at the time of contraception. However, pro-choice advocates believe that the fetus is not a human until it can live on its own outside of the mother’s body. This source is useful because it gives a clear presentation of both sides opinions regarding when human life begins. This article gives examples and explanations from both points of view to help the reader decide which side to partner with. The information in this source is reliable because it is objective rather than biased. There are multiple charts and graphs within the article which obtains accurate information regarding the topic. The objective of this source is to present both sides of the argument to when human life begins. This article is helpful and I would probably use it in my argumentative paper when I wanted to defend how abortion was wrong because life begins at contraception. A human has 46 chromosomes, and so does a fetus, therefore making it a human. The fetus has a heartbeat, brain activity, cell function and growth.

This was a survey of women who have had an abortion and the aftermath it had on them. It asked questions that showed proof that women who have had an abortion in their teen years were more likely to experience extremely negative psychological moments. The survey also showed that women who had an abortion within their teen years were more likely to have had a rough home life and generally poor relationships with men. It compares to a few of the other articles, as far as being a survey. This is a very reliable source to use since it came from Elliot Institute. I would use this information in my argumentative paper. It presents that a lot of women have psychological issues within their life after having an abortion. I could use the statistics and information within this source in my paper to defend my points on why not to have an abortion because it causes more harm to the mother than it does good.

Parental Consent’ from Gale Cengage Learning, debates on whether or not minors should be able to decide to have an abortion without parental consent are becoming more controversial. The purpose of laws requiring parental consent are to prevent girls from being sexually active or choosing to have an abortion, and to protect ‘parent-child relationships.’ However, the laws are driving young people out of their home state to find a state that does not require parental consent in order to have an abortion. Health care professionals, as well as some government officials, feel as if such laws need to be banned because they are causing young people to make poor decisions such as harming themselves in order to be able to have the abortion.

This source was useful because it gave me a perspective on how pro-choice and pro-life advocates view parental consent laws. The article was not biased because it didn’t side with one way or the other, but told both points of view. The information from this article is reliable because it does not give crazy statistics that can’t be proven, but uses credible people to defend its side. This article would be good to use in my paper if I need to reference the effects that parents have on abortions. Realistically, parents have very little involvement. If the state in which the minor lives in has a law in which the parent must give consent, they generally just leave and go to another state for the abortion. Or, the teens take matters into their own hands and end the pregnancy by inflicting harm on themselves.

This source did kind of change my perspective on things. I am pro-life, anti-abortion, however you want to say it, but are more laws preventing minors from getting abortions really going to stop them from aborting the baby or just stop it legally? I think the emphasis needs to not be on parent consent and abortions as much as parent consent with contraceptive availability to prevent abortions all together.

Abortion: Mandatory Ultrasound’ from Facts on File News Services, some states have made it mandatory for women to receive an ultrasound before getting an abortion. People who support the requirements defend that doing so will protect the woman’s psychologically and physically. This is because the exact age of the fetus could be determined, ensuring that the pregnancy is not too far along to do the abortion safely. Also, by showing the woman the baby, it gives her a chance to connect with the baby, possibly changing her mind or decision to follow through with the abortion. However, people who are against the ultrasound laws say that it is manipulative and inappropriate. They argue that the women are put through more psychological harm from the ultrasound than without it.

This article is useful because it gives a good argument for both sides of the issue concerning ultrasound requirements before to an abortion. The information in it is credible, like the other articles I have read, it does a great job of being objective rather than being biased. This source does not pick a side and only defend it, but rather gives the supporter’s views as well as the opponent’s. This would be a helpful source to use in my argumentative paper to defend my opinion of why women should receive an ultrasound before getting an abortion. It is the reasonable step before any surgical procedure, so it only makes sense to do it before an abortion as well in order to be fully informed. It could help the woman completely understand that what is inside of her is more than a ‘fetus’, it is a baby, with a heartbeat, growing every single second.

This article was about how if birth control was offered to women in the United States for free, than the rate of teen pregnancies and abortions would tremendously decrease. A study in St. Louis demonstrated this concept. The teen pregnancy rates went from about 34 births to 1,000 teens in 2010 to around 6.3 births per teenager. Similarly, the abortion rates decreased phenomenology. The rates went from around 13.4 to 17 abortions per 1,000 women to only 4.4 to 7.5 abortions. The controversy now is whether or not free contraceptives should be provided nationwide. This article is not biased. It’s goal is to show the knowledge of if women were able to have free birth control, then abortion rates would greatly decrease.

This information is reliable because it came from ABC news, which is a very reliable news source. I would use this article in my argumentative paper although it doesn’t give much information about abortions, but I could use it in order to explain different options to fix the inclining number of abortions in the United States. A controversy now is whether or not some women use abortions as their birth control. If free birth control was available or provided, then the percent of abortions would decrease. However, the issue with this concept is that the government would be paying for the immense of the medicine, therefore taxes would probably increase. In the article, it stated that mostly poor women were the ones who fought to have this free birth control. If this was the case all over America, than the hard-working middle class would probably end up supporting prostitutes to receive their birth control.

In the global contemporary business environment, employing effective marketing strategies has become potent tool by which business organisations employ to achieve market advantages. The bid to find cheap labour, to find markets for their business, and find abundant of natural resources, several multinational companies (MNCs) have established their operations in several developing countries. The examples of such companies are Coca Cola, Nike, Cadbury, Shell, Adidas etc.

Likewise traditional business organisations, multinational companies have also devised several marketing strategies to introduce their presence in the countries that they are operating. However, in the global business environment, business ethics has become one of the fundamental trends in the business practices. Some of the multinational companies (MNCs) have faced public criticisms with marketing tactics implemented in many of developing countries. The demand for good conducts among business organisations is gaining more recognition in both academic community and commercial settings.

Essentially, the notion of ethical behaviours continue to gain recognition as Multinational Company (MNC) are entering the new markets, and the pressures to implement ethical business practices are increasing. Typically, MNCs are being suspected to implement unethical practices that affect human rights in developing countries. Among the unethical practices that have been identified in business conducts of MNC are the misleading marketing strategies of Multinational Corporation in developing countries.

In some developing countries, some multinational corporations arbitrarily refuse to abide by the standard codes of marketing practices solely because the national governments have not sanctioned it completely. (Mahdavi, 2007, Laczniak, and Inderrieden, 1987). To force MNC to abide with ethical marketing practices, many human right organisations have risen to challenge the series of unethical practices of multinational organisations in developing countries.

For example, the UN Commission on Human Rights has implemented series of norms to obliged private business entities to protect human rights when implementing marketing practices in the countries they are operating. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of human rights on the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries.

1. 1: Background of the Study In the contemporary international business environment, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has grown in component.

After the Second World War, many companies in developed countries have devised method to expand their markets out of the country of origin and started establishing in foreign countries. The expansion of companies to other countries has given rise to the concepts of multinational companies, multinational corporations or multinational enterprises. Typically, multinational companies have been found in virtually all industries raging from retail industry to High Tech industry. The Coca Cola, which is in food industry, has been found to establish in more than 200 countries including developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Read about the impact of globalization on Ghana’s economy

In addition, the Toshiba, which is in High Tech industry has established in six continents which includes several developing countries in Africa, South America, Asia Pacific and Middle East. ( The Coca Cola, 2009, Toshiba, 2010). To exploit market potentials of developing countries, the multinational companies have devised several marketing strategies. The MNC has employed power of advertising to persuade people in developing countries to buy their products. The Coca Cola has employed the soft drink brand to persuade people in buying their product.

With marketing strategies such as advertising, brand acquisition, persuasive communication tactics, clever promotion etc, many multinational companies have been able to dominate the markets of the countries they are operating. For example, two multinational companies in India have dominated the soft drink products. With marketing strategies employed by MNC, local firms are incapacitated to challenge the dominating marketing strategies of many if multinational companies. However, the motives of marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries are to monopolise national markets in order to exploit consumers.

To challenge the marketing exploitations of multinational companies, some organisations have come out to challenge the marketing strategies of multinational companies. For example, Crow (2007) revealed how UN Commission on Human Rights has been able to implement the article 13 of UN Commission on Human Rights to obliged multinational companies to act in accordance of fair marketing and advertising practice in order to ensure safety and quality of goods and services the companies provide to people.

The essential motive of the article 13 is to curb the business entities in marketing or advertising harmful products to consumers in developing countries. However, Crow (2007) only centred his argument on tobacco industry, and did not cover other sector that multinational is operating. This paper the provides the research problem for the greater understanding on the impact of human rights on marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries. 1. 2:Statement of Problem

The problems of misleading marketing practices have been the characteristics of many multinational companies in developing countries. While there are various laws curbing the activities of multinational companies in developed countries, the powerful financial resources that MNCs have accrued have incapacitated the governments of many developing countries to implement laws that can curb the misleading marketing strategies of multinational companies. “However, the existing body of research suffers from an important limitation, viz. , most

of it has been conducted in high income, industrialized countries (HICs). Although it is understandable that researchers in our maturing discipline would initially focus on the world’s most advanced economies, we believe it is paramount for the future of marketing science and practice that we conduct more research in so-called developing markets”. (Burgess, SteenKamp, 2006, P 338). Thus, the study attempts to address the limitation identify with paucity of the study on the methods human rights affect the marketing strategies of Multi-National Companies in developing countries.

1. 3: Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to access the methods human rights affect the marketing strategies of Multi-National Companies in developing countries. To enhance greater understanding on the methods the human rights organisations affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies, the study answers the research questions in the following section. 1. 4: Research Questions The study generates and answers following research questions to achieve the purpose of the study. What are the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries?

How are the marketing strategies of multinational companies affect the human rights of the people in the developing countries? How are the human rights affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries? The research collects data through primary and secondary data in order to answer the aforementioned research questions. 1. 5: Research Methodology The study employs research methodology to collect data in order address the research problem, and answer the research questions. The method adopted for data collection is through primary research and secondary research.

While the study collects data through secondary research, a researcher identified that there are scanty of literatures on the effect of human rights on the marketing strategies of Multinational Corporation. The limitation identified in the research study has made a researcher to make use of primary research as to supplement secondary research as a method of data collection. 1. 6: Significant of Study The significant of the study are as follows: This study provides a greater understanding on the method human rights affect marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries.

The study enriches the knowledge of academic community on method human rights affect marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries. The study enhances the knowledge of business organisations on the effect of human rights affect marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries. 1. 7: Limitation of the study The study suffers the following limitation. First, there are scanty of secondary research found for the completion of this study. Many of the respondents of primary research did not respond on time.

A researcher incurs high cost because of telephone calls to ensure that target data for the study are achieved. The literature reviews is essential to explore the contribution of previous studies on the methods human rights affect the marketing strategies of Multi-National Companies in developing countries. Chapter 2: Literature Reviews This chapter explores the previous studies on the methods the human rights organisations affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies in the developing countries.

To enhance theoretical framework on the study, the paper discuses global marketing theory in order to provide greater understanding on the marketing adopted by multinational companies in developing countries. In addition, the literatures are reviewed to examine the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries. The review of literatures also provides the effect of marketing strategies of multinational companies on people in developing countries. Finally, the paper reviews the methods the human rights affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries.

2. 1: Theoretical Framework The International marketing theory is provided to enhance the greater understanding of marketing strategies of multinational companies. The theory of international marketing has revealed that MNC employs different marketing strategies in the countries they operate in order to obtain foreign exchange, improve quality of life and increase productivity. (Katsikeas, 2003). However, Bradley (1987) argued that International marketing theory is not applicable in modern world because of the complexity of international business.

Typically, some multinational are not operating to improve quality of life in the countries they are operating. This is has been revealed with the activities of Shell in Nigeria where the company displaced local people from their land. Sheth and Parvatiyar (2001) also supported the argument of Bradley by pointing out that international marketing theory is no more relevant in the marketing practice. The author proposed the global Marketing Theory that explains the conduct of marketing strategies of multinational companies.

The author argued that the formation of Asian and South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has enhanced global marketing theory because multinational companies have been able to counter country’s barriers in implementing the various marketing strategies in the countries they are operating. (Sheth, Parvatiyar, 2001). This paper employs global marketing theory to explain how the human rights affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies in developing countries The essence of the study to fill the gap that has been identified.

The identification of gap created is essential in order to provide the greater understanding on the issues the literatures needs to be filled. 2. 2: Identification of Gap Empirical analysis of numerous literatures has revealed scholars have only centred on the marketing strategies of the multinational companies in developed countries. The analysis of literature provide by Sing et al (2007) has only revealed that marketing strategy of multinational corporations in developed countries of the United States and Australia.

The authors identified that the multinational marketing strategy in these countries was Business-to-Business (B2B). However, there was no mention of the method of marketing strategy of multinational companies in developing countries. A recent study has revealed that direct marketing tactics is one of the major marketing strategy multinational company employ in many Latin American countries. However, there was no mention in the study on the method human rights affect multinational companies in developing countries. (Jones, 2010).

With scanty literatures on the methods the human rights affect the marketing strategies on of multinational companies, the study attempts to fill the gap by providing systematic reviewing of the literatures that is related to the study. Thus, the literatures are reviewed on the overview of Multinational Corporation and their marketing strategies in developing countries. 2. 3: Overview of multinational companies and their marketing strategies in developing countries. The concepts of multinational companies, Multinational Corporation, and transactional companies connote the same meaning.

The Encyclop? dia Britannica (2010) provides definition multinational company as any corporation that operates in more than two or more countries at a time as well as having headquartered in one country. The weakness in this definition is that many companies with limited resources have been viewed to operate in multiple countries with introduction of electronic commerce (E-Commerce). The e-commerce has diluted the definition of multinational companies since many companies from developed countries with limited financial capitals have been noted to operate in two or more countries.

With relevance to this study, multinational companies are business organisations that have business facilities or assets in two or more countries. Such companies have headquarters that coordinate global markets in developed countries such as USA, UK, German, Japan, France, or Canada. With powerful structure of multinational companies, the budgets of very large multinational corporations are bigger than the budget of small countries. Powerful multinational companies such as Coca Cola, Toshiba, BMW, Mercedes Benz, and others could create wealth, jobs, and improve technology of developing countries.

On the hand, many powerful multinational companies have been noted to influence political activities, and exploit consumers in developing countries through different marketing strategies. (Investopedia, 2010). The vast number of multinational companies are scattered around the world and specialised in the sectors in which they specialise. With their sizes, and managerial skills, MNC employ various marketing strategies to dominate daily life of average consumers in developing countries. (Guyon, 2008). 2. 4: Marketing strategies adopted by multinational companies in developing countries

To dominate the market structure of developing countries, the multinational corporations have adopted different marketing strategies. Panwar (2007) argued that multinational companies employed various marketing strategies such as colour TV advertising, promotion, and Brand acquisition. For example, the multinational companies employ colourful TV advertisements to dominate the market shares in India, this is by persuading consumers to buy only certain brand of product, and this strategy has made them to dominate large percentage of market shares in developing countries.

For example, Onida Better Power Line (BPL), and Videocon dominate the 65% of market share in India. One of the marketing strategies employed by multinational companies in India is to weaken competitions. To control the market, some MNC employ market acquisition. This has been employed by Coca Cola when the company acquired Parle Products, which was one of a soft drink brand in India. The Pepsi Cola also acquired Mumbai. In India, only two multinational companies are controlling the entire market of soft drink. (Kelly, Skinner and Ferrell, 1989).

The persuasive communication is another major marketing strategy employed by multinational companies in developing countries. Many MNC employ powerful promotional tactics through persuasive communication to persuade consumers to buy their products. Typically, this promotional tactics is to change the mind of consumers from buying any other products apart from their products. For example, the Dettol antiseptics, Maggi cubes, Cadbury chocolates etc have been able to create unique brands to communicate to consumers. Typically, multinational companies spend billion of dollars to spread the unique brand name onto the mind of consumers.

With this promotional tool as a marketing strategy, many multinational companies have been able to create monopoly for themselves in developing countries. However, Harris and Attour did not agree that MNC could only employ advertising and communication strategy to persuade consumers in developing countries. The author argued that a unique marketing strategy employed by MNC is Standardisation Branding practice, which involves the MNC making use of combination of colourful text, size, and model as form of advertising.

Typically, the version of advertising employed by MNC in Middle East is to make use of colourful headline in order to persuade consumers towards their products. (Vrontis, Thrassou, Lamporianou, 2009, Harris, Attour, 2003). Nguyen and Nguyen (2009) also agreed that branding was one of an effective marketing strategies employed by MNC in developing countries. This is true of the tactics implemented by Honda in Vietnam where the firm launched Honda motorcycle brand in the Vietnamese markets.

Typically, the Honda adopted the Branding Strategies to position its products as being identical to Honda Made-in-Japan. Typically, the Honda came when the Vietnam was experiencing the transportation problems. Thus, Honda was able sustain itself into Vietnamese market through the introduction of Brand Launching. On the other hand, Cleff (1975) argued that advertising, promotional communication, branding, and markets acquisition were weak as form of marketing strategies that multinational companies employed in developing countries.

Typically, the impact of advertising, promotion, and others are limited in the cities in many developing countries where there are concentration of literates and rich consumers. The author argued that Pricing is a major marketing strategies that many MNCs employ to persuade consumers. The advertising and promotion cannot be effective without pricing strategy as marketing strategies. In many developing countries, the per capita income is a major driver that can influence consumers to buy goods and service. (Robertson, Fadil 1999).

With low purchasing power of many consumers in developing countries, MNC employ combination of pricing, advertising and promotion. (Leff, 1975). However, critics of MNC have argued that marketing strategies of many MNC in developing countries are exploitative in nature. The critics argued that marketing activities of MNC are designed to perpetuate domination of consumers through domination of local markets. With the powerful marketing strategies of many MNC, more than 90% of the industrial activities of some developing countries have been dominated by MNCs.

This example is revealed in Cote D’ivoire, Togo, Senegal, and some other developing countries in Africa. (Phillips,2008). With increase in domination of MNC in many of developing countries, the Human rights have come out to challenge the marketing strategies of MNC in developing countries. The major reason for the challenge of human right is to change the marketing strategies employed by MNC in developing countries. Thus, the paper explores the methods human rights affect the marketing strategies of MNC in developing countries. 2.

5: Method Human Rights affect the Marketing Strategies of MNC in developing countries. Increase in demand for more informed information about a product has become challenge to the marketing practise of multinational companies in developing countries. Likewise the developed countries, the demand for marketing ethics have also started to grow in many of developing countries. Typically, the public are increasingly watching the marketing practices of multinational companies, and the extent the multinational companies are implementing marketing ethics in their marketing strategies. (Smith, 1995).

To protect the interest of consumers, and to ensure that consumers are well informed about the products and services produced by multinational companies, there are different pressure groups that serve as watchdogs on marketing practices of MNCs. The national governments of developing countries are among the pressure groups that are curtailing the marketing strategies of multinational companies in the developing countries in order to promote human rights. The national governments of states are responsible to provide domestic laws to sanctions MNCs in case of misconducts in their marketing practices.

According to Dovey and Morrison (2007), it is the major responsibility of national governments to promote human rights in their countries, and the national governments have major responsibilities to hold business responsible in promoting human rights in the countries they are operating. However, the extent by which national governments could enforce the multinational companies to apply fair practice in their marketing strategies in developing countries is debatable concerning the vast amount of financial resources that many multinational companies have at their disposal.

Blanton and Blanton (205) argued that it is very difficult for developing countries to affect the marketing strategies of multinational companies in order to promote human rights given the importance of multinational companies to the developing countries. Typically, the MNC is considered as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the economy of developing countries. The FDI provides employments, and infrastructure to the economy of developing countries.

Considering the benefits that multinational companies provide to the developing countries, it will be impossible to curtail the marketing strategies of MNC in developing countries in favour of human rights. (Apodaca, and Stohl 1999, Blanton, 2000). This argument is supported by Awuah (1997) who pointed out that many developing countries arbitrarily did not regulate the marketing tactics of MNC because of the believe that MNC were the sources of FDI to the economy of developing countries. This is revealed from the attitude of Ghanaian government towards MNC.

The origin of MNC in Ghana makes it difficult to curtail the marketing strategies of MNC in Ghana. Many MNC that came to Ghana were producing the products being formerly imported into the country. Before MNC came to Ghana, the country was heavily depending on imported goods. To attract the FDI, the government of Ghana provided several incentives such as tax holiday and other incentives. However, Mahdavi (2010) did not agree that MNC could not be curtailed by human rights when implementing marketing strategies in the developing countries.

The importance of ethics is very crucial in business conduct in order to avoid lawsuit. Essentially, “The public scandals of corporate malfeasance and misleading practices, have affected the public perception of many organisations”. (P 2). Although, the author agree that “advertising does not promote the advancement of human moral sensibility”. (P 2). However, there are accountability mechanisms that are forcing multinational companies to comply with the promotion of human rights. (Donnelly, 1984, Donnelly, 1999).

Meanwhile, Kinley and Joseph (2002) categorised that accountability mechanisms such as legal duties in form of domestic laws to promote the product safety. The government has been viewed to propagate trade practices laws that prohibit the MNC to mislead consumers into buying their products through deceptive conduct. This covers the aspect of marketing the products that may harm the health of consumers. However, many of domestic laws in the developing countries have been incapacitated to curb the excesses of MNCs. (Dunning, 1993).

There are also Non Governmental Organisations (NGO) that support national governments to curb the excesses of MNC with regard to marketing practices. The NGO such Amnesty International has laid down the framework that MNC should follow in their marketing strategies. Although the framework laid down by these NGO many not be effective. Nevertheless, their publications on the detrimental effects of marketing practices of MNC that affect human rights may make these MNC to tailor their marketing campaigns with respect to human rights.

For example, the Article 13 of “World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)” prohibits the promotion and advertising of tobacco products accepts what has been allowed in the countries constitutions. Although, the NGO may be trying to cub the excesses of many of the MNC in the developing countries. Crow (2005) argued that the effect of NGO is weak in curtailing the marketing strategies of MNC with regard to human rights implementation without the support of national government.

In many of the developing countries, some Tobacco companies promote smoking of children by using marketing tactics with deceptive advertising. Typically, the advertising techniques of MNC Tobacco companies such British American Tobacco (BAT) in Nigeria employ deceptive advertising to conceal the heath risks of tobacco to consumers, and this has been seen to violate consumers’ rights. With various arguments provided by various scholars on the methods human rights affect the marketing strategies of Multi-National Companies in developing countries. The study employ research methodology to validate the arguments of literatures reviewed.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter provides the methods the study collect data. The data collection is through primary and secondary researches. The paper also provides methods of data collection. The paper also identifies the sample population for the primary research. 3. 1 Methods The methods the study collects data are through primary and secondary researches. The data collection procedures through secondary research are through critical analysis of scholarly academic journals, academic books, and research articles. There are several advantages derived using secondary research.

One of the advantages is that the secondary research could be collected from the electronic database that contain large varieties of research papers such as journal articles, reports, citation, e-books etc. A key advantage of secondary research has been provided by Castle (2003), who pointed out that “secondary research is its potential for resource savings and cost- effectiveness”. (p3). However, one of disadvantages of secondary research is that it might be difficult for a researcher to find adequate secondary data when studying minority groups. (Colorado State University, 2010).

To sources for the secondary data, the paper searched for data from electronic database such as Sage Publication, Emerald Database, Social Science Research Network database, EBSCOHOST database, Science Direct, and Wiley Science. The study also searched for university libraries for relevant academic books. There are several advantages for using electronic database to search for secondary data. One of the advantages is that the electronic database contains large varieties of academic journals, scholarly articles, large number of business report, bibliography, marketing report, and other academic sources.

To supplement secondary data, the study also employs primary data through questionnaires. The essential advantages of using primary research are that the data are collected in natural environment. However, collecting data through primary research might be expensive, and this might prohibits completing research on time. (Pelmer, 2010). To collect data from primary research, a researcher send approximately 200 questionnaires to the sample population. The major reason for sending large number of questionnaires is to achieve the required target 50 correct responses from the target population.

The method that a researcher employed to distribute questionnaires to the sample population is through email. Using email for the distribution is easy and less expensive. The collection of the responses was through the same medium. 3. 2: Sample population The sample population is the executives of many of the multinational companies in the developing countries such as India, Nigeria, Brazil, and other developing countries. There questionnaire are also sent to several working class people in several big companies.

The study selected small sample population to have total control of data collected through survey method. To enhance data reliability, and data validity, the paper provides data analysis. Chapter 4: Data Analysis For the reliability and validity of research, this chapter provides analysis of data collected from primary and secondary researches. The main purpose to implement analysis of primary and secondary researches is to check the accuracy of data. 4. 1: Analysis of primary data To collect data through primary research, a research distributed 200 questionnaires to the sample population.

However, it took approximately 7 days before the respondents started sending the questionnaires. Within 3 weeks of sending the questionnaires, a researcher was able to collect the required data to generate the research findings. From the 200 questionnaires sent to the respondents, a researcher received 155 questionnaires. Analysis of 155 questionnaires revealed that 32 did not fill the questionnaires in a proper way. In addition, 23 respondents left the questionnaires blank, and 28 returned the questionnaires unfilled with the note of not having the knowledge of the contents in the questionnaires.

This make the questionnaire to remain 72. Further analysis of these questionnaires revealed that there were 21 questionnaires that contained suspected bias. Method to identify a bias from the questionnaires is to ask some questions twice Trochim and Donnely (2007), argued that it is essential to remove the suspected bias from the data to enhance data validity and reliability. The 21 questionnaires were removed from all data collected making the data to remain 51.