Human

Jeremiah Morales Morales 1 IB World Literature Ms. Gibbs December 21, 2011 A Hero of Our Time: Human Complacency with Suffering and Pain Throughout A Hero of Our Time, Mikhail Lermontov speculates greatly the validity of human friendships. Through his protagonist, Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin, Lermontov reveals friendship to be a parasitic sort of relationship, one member of the unit of friendship always exploiting the other to some degree.

Pechorin himself is the manifestation of this idea throughout the course of the novel, interacting with other people only to achieve his own means and never when it would be unbeneficial to him. Pechorin inflicts emotional trauma of some degree upon all the people he meets; as a result of Pechorin’s presence, suffering is introduced into the lives of those around him. Also, despite Pechorin’s malign intentions & the suffering he brings to those near him, these people about him continue to lionize and honor him, neglecting to sever their ties with him even when the relationship they shared became unhealthy.

The most profound example of vampirism in the novel, however, lies within the relationship shared between Pechorin and Bela, a young Circassian princess whom he would kidnap and later abandon. Through the recurring notions of suffering, Lermontov reveals the penchant of the human heart for the infliction and reception of pain, however inadvertent it may be. As Lermontov reveals through Bela and her submissiveness to her captivity, people silently allow others to inflict pain upon them, offering no true struggle against their oppressors.

In the Caucasus, Pechorin crosses paths with Azamat, a young Circassian prince with a particular interest in Karagyoz, the horse of an old acquaintance of Pechorin’s, Kazbich. Pechorin comes to fancy Azamat’s sister, the lovely Bela, whom had danced before him during a wedding party. Pechorin proposes a bargain to Azamat; if he could kidnap Bela and bring her to Pechorin’s dwelling, Pechorin would procure Kazbich’s famed horse for him. Both parties fulfill their ends of the deal, and Bela soon was within the walls Morales 2 of Pechorin’s home. Once in Pechorin’s home, Bela hides “behind [her] door” (20).

Bela is deeply frightened and emotionally wounded by her kidnapping, fearful of those who abducted her. She no longer sings or dances as she did before; she only “sits in a corner, wrapped in a shawl” (21), holding herself in a sort of fetal position. “She isn’t talking” (21) and “isn’t looking up” (21), refusing to actively observe her surroundings or absorb the reality of what was happening about her, for she is “as frightened as a wild chamois” (21), “shuddering” (21) when spoken to, her senses of stability and communication greatly distorted by the mental suffering she had undergone as she was abducted from her home.

She “pines” (21), “her head hanging down to her chest” (21), reveling in her misery and distancing herself from her surroundings. Bela is miserable, longing desperately for the familiarity of her former home, and expressed her unhappiness without abandon. She would not, however, act on her emotions, silently allowing herself to remain in captivity. She would sit in silence, not offering a word of protest and not making any attempts to escape.

Pechorin would try to elicit responses from her, entering the room that had been set aside for her and attempting to assuage her defensiveness by assuring her he meant no harm. Bela “nods her head in a sign of agreement” (22) as he demands she be more cheerful, obediently capitulating to his will and “smiling affectionately” (22), offering a fabricated smile to please him. Pechorin takes her hand and advances towards her, attempting to kiss her, and despite her “trembling” (22), she does not offer any substantial resistence, saying “’I am your captive, your slave.

Of course you can force me’” (22). Despite the great emotional trauma that Pechorin inflicted on her by kidnapping her, Bela makes no true endeavor to escape or defy him; she instead submissively and obediently offers herself to him, allowing him to do as he pleased without regard to the suffering it brought her. Bela’s willingness to remain in captivity and tolerate her suffering reveals that, even in relationships today, women will be able to romanticize pain and abuse when they are afflicted by these things through an oppressive or vampiric relationship.

Through Pechorin’s indifference to Bela’s suffering, Lermontov reveals to us the ultimate selfishness that men are capable of and their ability to wholly ignore the suffering of others for the sake of achieving their own means. Pechorin had a talent for manipulating women, feeding off their infatuation until he became unpleased with the relationship. Bela, however, “pines” (21) for her old life and does not succumb to his various charms initially, and so Pechorin makes a sport of winning her affection.

Pechorin had noticed that, after giving her many gifts, Bela began to grow less emotionally resistant and more familiar with him, and Pechorin had begun to tell Maxim Maximych, his partner in travel, that he would without doubt win Bela’s affection. He speaks of her as if she was game, saying that she was “’not a woman’” (22), separating her from the classifications of human beings, as if she were rather an animal to be hunted. He says to Maxim that on his “’honest word, she will be [his]” (22), and when Maxim shakes his head in doubt, Pechorin proposes to “’bet on it’” (22) and that “’in a week’s time’” (22) she would give in.

Pechorin made her out to be as an animal to be coaxed out of its protective shell so that it might be captured; rather than pitying Bela and taking note of her intense suffering and sadness, he made a game of the situation, and even offered to gamble with Maxim as to what the outcome of the game would be. Hitler does eventually warm her heart, winning her love short deep into a pathetic list of procedures carefully executed through plans engineered to manipulate Bela and distract her from her suffering. Pechorin himself, however, would become distracted himself, immersing himself in his love for the hunt.

He “loved hunting with a passion” (30). As he came to enjoy hunting more and more, he was seen less and less at home, and Bela was left alone, “the poor pale thing so sad” (31). She would often “cry” (31), brought to deep despair by the notion that “he does not love [her]” (31). However, if Bela continued to “pine” (31), Pechorin “would grow tired of it” (31) and leave her. Pechorin was not interested in her feelings or how awfully they were damaged as a result of his indifference; he cared only that she acted in the manner that he pleased.

If she would not do that, the relationship would no longer be something worthy of his investment. Out of Pechorin’s sight, however, Bela would continue to wollow in her anguish, “falling down on [her] bed and covering her face with her hands” (31) as she wept in despair. Despite the emotional suffering that Bela had been Morales 4 subject to, Pechorin would offer no comforting, as what mattered to him was his own pleasure. Through Bela’s death and Pechorin’s ability to easily cope, Lermontov reveals the ultimate complacency humans find in their suffering.

Kazbich attempts to steal Bela away from Pechorin and Maxim, binding her and riding away with her on his horse. Pechorin and Maxim chase him fervently, and in an attempt to stop Kazbich and save Bela’s life, a horrible irony occurs – the bullet with which Maxim intended to target Kazbich and save Bela actually proves to have pierced through Bela herself. Bela grows fatally ill after taking this shot, and she now suffers physical trauma in addition to her emotional instability. She suffers from “delirium” (39), and often “lies motionless and pale” (39). It was barely possible to see her breathing” (39), and she is “dying” (39). She begins “lamenting” (39) all the sadnesses of her past, moved to utter and complete despair by the intense physical pain and the knowledge that her life was now virtually over. Bela now suffers in both physically and emotionally shattering ways, and yet does not curse Pechorin or Maxim for the great physical and emotional traumas they had brought her. Pechorin expresses very mild forms of concern, but ultimately would easily be able to allow her passing, Maxim “never once [having] noticed a tear on his lashes” (39).

Bela would be kidnapped and murdered by two men whom she had never known, and would not express any operative resentment; , Pechorin’s actions would ultimately lead to Bela’s death, and yet he would offer no signs of remorse. Through the theme of suffering, and the passive ending of Bela and Pechorin’s relationship, Lermontov reveals the ultimate tolerance for the infliction and reception of pain that humans have allowed to form within their natures. (Word Count: 1,491)

The author of this paper will endeavor to compare and contrast the human condition as it relates to Muslims and Christians. The author will examine the teachings of these religions as it relates to the improvement of the human condition and will look at the public stance of both of these great religions.

One of the five basic pillars of Islam is the Zakaat or spiritual tithing or almsgiving. In its simplest terms it is a command by Muslims to give 2.5% of their accumulated wealth on an annual basis to other Muslims. According to www.islam.tc there is much more to the Zakaat than the simple annual giving. According to this website the Zakaat is “the most important act of worship which has to be performed monetarily.” The website further lists the many benefits of giving Zakaat as follows:

“It reminds Muslims of the fact that whatever wealth they may possess is due to the and as such is to be spent according to His commands.”

“Zakaat functions as a social security for all. Those who have enough money today pay for what they have. If they need money tomorrow they will get what is necessary to help them live decently.”

“Zakaat payer pays his dues to Allah as an act of worship, a token of submission and an acknowledgement of gratitude. The receiver of Zakaat receives it as a grant from Allah out of His bounty, a favor for which he is thankful to Allah.”

Thus the Muslim by accepting the 5 pillars agrees that he is to help support the less well off from him. As this is a command from Allah, the benefits of the Zakaat are then seen as blessings directly from Allah. Allah says in the Qur’an “The parable of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is that of a grain of corn. It grows seven ears and each ear has hundred grains. Allah increases manifold to whom he pleases.” (Qur’an 2:261)

Further research indicates that the Hadith indicates the following benefits are derived from the Zakaat as follows:

1. Gain the pleasure of Allah

2. Increase in wealth and protection from losses

3. Allah’s forgiveness and blessings

4. Protection from the wrath of Allah and from a bad death

5. A shelter on the Day of Judgment

6. Security from seventy misfortunes

Benefit is sometimes looked upon as the avoidance of pain, and the Hadith certainly points out not only some benefits such as forgiveness and blessings, but additionally the avoidance of pain such as shelter on Judgment day and the security from seventy misfortunes. Allah also indicates punishment for not giving Zakaat as follows: “And there are those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the way of Allah, announce to them a most grievous penalty (when) on the Day of Judgment heat will be produced out of that wealth in the fire of Hell. Then with it they will be branded on their forehead and their flanks and backs. (It will be said to them) This is the treasure which you hoarded for yourselves, taste then the treasure that you have been hoarding.” (Qur’an 9:34-35)

Christians on the other hand are certainly not as public and seem to be by the author’s experience somewhat bashful or ashamed to speak about money, tithing and almsgiving. From the author’s own experience as a member of the Stewardship committee of his Church, we only speak of money three Sundays per year and only in the context that it is a member of the trilogy of time, talents, and treasures to be given for the glory of God.

Further, Christians are of two minds as to the amount of money they should give. The old testament of the Bible in Leviticus 27:31 states the following: A tithe of everything from the land, whether grain from the soil or fruit from the trees, belongs to the Lord; it is holy to the Lord. The word “tithe” means one tenth. In the new testament of the Bible, Jesus teaches us in Luke 6:38 “Give, it will be given to you. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap.” Also in Luke, Jesus says in Luke 11:41 “But give what is inside the dish to the poor, and everything will be clean for you.” The passages from the old and new testaments seem to be mutually exclusive, but do indicate that giving must be done, but not how much. Muslims, it seems are definitely more clear on the amount of giving.

Also different between the Christian and the Muslim is who are we giving to? The Zakaat clearly indicates that Muslims are giving to other Muslims as a command from Allah which then gives benefit to both the giver and the receiver. Christians on the other hand clearly give to the Church. The Christian Church according to their doctrines then gives to help support the Church and also humankind as a whole. Christians routinely support other belief systems through their outreach and missions. Look as an example of the enormous support for Muslims by Christians after the Tsunami. The author is a member of an ELCA Lutheran Church and as part of the mission of this Church; the congregation took a mission trip in part to support a Catholic Orphanage in Peru.

Muslims routinely praise or do not disparage the terrorist Osama Bin Laden. Why is this so? The reason is that Osama routinely supports other Muslims through generous giving to Muslims. Since there has been no outward vocal opposition to this generosity by Muslims it must therefore be an accepted practice. The author cannot recall or through research find any Christian terrorist let alone one who is exalted because of his giving.

Both great religions certainly promote giving. The Muslim Zakaat clearly supports other Muslims which may just be the single biggest reason for the explosive growth of the Islam faithful in the world. Muslims believe the Zakaat should support all things Muslim such as education and cite Muhammad’s exhortations regarding education as follows: “If you educate a man, you educate an individual. If you educate a woman, you educate a nation.” Certainly the Zakaat helps support education amongst the Muslims which further adds to their burgeoning populations.

Christianity on the other hand is more quiet and somewhat bashful in their attempts at Christian education amongst the world’s non-Christian people which may account for the slower growth of Christianity. Certainly both religions are painfully aware of the decline in the overall human condition, but Muslims, because of their adherence to the Five Pillars are doing a better and more public job of showing humankind (not necessarily in the United States) the kind, peace-loving, nurturing side of their faith.

Transmute Megalomania Transmutation Deflation: The belief or theory that the human race can evolve beyond Its current physical and mental Limitations, especially by means of science and technology. Megalomania Definition: A psychopathology condition characterized by delusional fantasies of wealth, power, or omnipotence; an obsession with grandiose or extravagant things or actions. Causes the afflicted to believe that they have great or unlimited power or importance. Definition: Not a new mental illness. Refers to victims of megalomania whose edified abilities Justify the subject’s sense of Importance.

Due to the ubiquitous nature of moods, cybernetic, nanotechnology, bioengineering, picnic, or transubstantiation, It Is Inevitable that certain megalomaniacs are also high-powered madders. Ascertaining whether the Illness Induced the subject’s extensive modification or if nodding cements the illness has generally been dismissed as a chicken-or-the-egg conundrum. There is little to be done for treatment of hyper- megalomaniacs, other than necessary acts of subdued and detainment. Treatment an begin after the subject is forcibly deprived of moods and demoted to a baseline megalomania status.

Definition: The belief or theory that the human race can evolve beyond its current physical and mental limitations, especially by means of science and technology. Wealth, power, or omnipotence: an obsession with grandiose or extravagant things or modified abilities Justify the subject’s sense of importance. Due to the ubiquitous nature of moods, cybernetic, nanotechnology, bioengineering, picnic, or modification or If nodding cements the Illness has generally been dismissed as a reinvestigation, it is inevitable that certain megalomaniacs are also high-powered madders.

Ascertaining whether the illness induced the subject’s extensive Natural Computing Natural Computing is an interdisciplinary field of research that investigates human- designed computing inspired by nature as well as computation taking place in nature, I. E. , it investigates models, computational techniques, and computational technologies inspired by nature as well as it investigates phenomena/processes taking place in nature in terms of information processing. One of the research areas room the second strand of research is the computational nature of biochemical reactions.

It is hoped that this line of research may contribute to a computational understanding of the functioning of the living cell, which is based on interactions between (a huge number of) individual reactions. These reactions are regulated, and the main regulation mechanisms are facilitation/acceleration and inhibition/ retardation. The interactions between individual reactions take place through their influence on each other, and this influence happens through these two mechanisms.

IHRM Session 18 Ethics & IHRM Ethics Ethics may be defined as an individual’s or society’s beliefs regarding what is right and wrong, or good and bad. Ethics is about how our decisions affect other people. It is also about the rights and duties of people, the moral rules that people apply in decision making and the nature of relationships in a society. Managerial Ethics Managerial Ethics refer to the standards of behavior of individual managers in their work. Four Levels of Ethical Questions in Business

Societal – At the societal level, we ask questions about basic institutions, practices and behaviors in a society. For example, is racial discrimination right? Is capitalism the just system to allocate resources in a society? Stakeholder – At the level of the stakeholders of a business, such as customers, shareholders, suppliers, etc. , the ethical issues concern, disclosing correct information to customers, insider trading, relationship and trust with suppliers, etc. Internal Policy – Ethical issues relating to internal policy concern nature f employment policies, fairness of job contracts, work rules, motivation, layoffs, etc. Personal – At the personal level ethics refers to individual behavior in an organization and covers issues of honesty, professional integrity, etc. Tools of Ethics Values – are beliefs that are Relatively few in numbers Serve as a guide for culturally appropriate behavior Enduring or difficult to change Not tied to specific objects or situations Widely accepted by members of a society Values are the answers to the “why” questions. Rights – Claims that entitle a person to take a particular action

Duties – obligations to take specific steps or obey the law Moral rules – Rules for behavior that often become internalized as moral values Relationships – People are related directly or indirectly in a society, which makes ethical behavior necessary Common Morality Common morality refers to the body of moral rules governing ordinary ethical problems. Some basic principles of common morality Promise keeping Non-malevolence Mutual Aid Respect for Persons Respect for Property Approaches to Ethics In the international context, there are three approaches to Ethics

Ethical Relativism – The belief that there are no universal or international rights and wrongs. So, an MNC may adopt the practices that are accepted as right in each country, regardless of whether such practices are accepted as right in the home country Ethical Absolutism – The belief that an MNC should only follow what is accepted as ethical in its home country, regardless of which country it operates in. Ethical Universalism – The belief that there are certain fundamental principles of right and wrong that are universal in nature and accepted by every culture.

MNCs while operating in different countries must adhere to these universally accepted principles of right and wrong. Ethics & IHRM The existence of universal principles of right and wrong is to an extent proved by the adoption by many countries of the world of certain universal codes of conduct. For examples: The UN Declaration of Human Rights Guidelines for MNEs adopted by OECD countries Caux Round Table Principles of Business The Caux Principles The Caux Round Table believes that the world business community should play an important role in improving economic and social conditions.

As a statement of aspirations, this document aims to express a world standard against which business behavior can be measured. We seek to begin a process that identifies shared values, reconciles differing values, and thereby develops a shared perspective on business behavior acceptable to and honored by all. The Caux Principles are based on two basic ethical ideals: The Japanese Principle of Kyosei – which means living and working together for a common good Human Dignity – Respecting the sacredness and value of each person as an end in itself. The Caux Principles

Principle 1. The Responsibilities Of Businesses: Beyond Shareholders toward Stakeholders The value of a business to society is the wealth and employment it creates and the marketable products and services it provides to consumers at a reasonable price commensurate with quality. To create such value, a business must maintain its own economic health and viability, but survival is not a sufficient goal. Businesses have a role to play in improving the lives of all their customers, employees, and shareholders by sharing with them the wealth they have created.

Suppliers and competitors as well should expect businesses to honor their obligations in a spirit of honesty and fairness. As responsible citizens of the local, national, regional and global communities in which they operate, businesses share a part in shaping the future of those communities. Principle 2. The Economic and Social Impact of Business:Toward Innovation, Justice and World Community Businesses established in foreign countries to develop, produce or sell should also contribute to the social advancement of those countries by creating productive employment and helping to raise the purchasing power of their citizens.

Businesses also should contribute to human rights, education, welfare, and vitalization of the countries in which they operate. Businesses should contribute to economic and social development not only in the countries in which they operate, but also in the world community at large, through effective and prudent use of resources, free and fair competition, and emphasis upon innovation in technology, production methods, marketing and communications. Principle 3. Business Behavior: Beyond the Letter of Law Toward a Spirit of Trust

While accepting the legitimacy of trade secrets, businesses should recognize that sincerity, candor, truthfulness, the keeping of promises, and transparency contribute not only to their own credibility and stability but also to the smoothness and efficiency of business transactions, particularly on the international level. Principle 4. Respect for Rules To avoid trade frictions and to promote freer trade, equal conditions for competition, and fair and equitable treatment for all participants, businesses should respect international and domestic rules.

In addition, they should recognize that some behavior, although legal, may still have adverse consequences. Principle 5. Support for Multilateral Trade Businesses should support the multilateral trade systems of the GATT/World Trade Organization and similar international agreements. They should cooperate in efforts to promote the progressive and judicious liberalization of trade and to relax those domestic measures that unreasonably hinder global commerce, while giving due respect to national policy objectives. Principle 6.

Respect for the Environment A business should protect and, where possible, improve the environment, promote sustainable development, and prevent the wasteful use of natural resources. Principle 7. Avoidance of Illicit Operations A business should not participate in or condone bribery, money laundering, or other corrupt practices: indeed, it should seek cooperation with others to eliminate them. It should not trade in arms or other materials used for terrorist activities, drug traffic or other organized crime. Laws Against Bribery

The USA has passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibits any US company from paying bribes in foreign countries The UN Declaration Against Corruption and Bribery in international transactions makes it mandatory for the signatories to this declaration to pass laws prohibiting bribery UN Global Compact Principles PRINCIPLE ONE Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights PRINCIPLE TWO Businesses should make sure they are not complicit in human rights abuses

PRINCIPLE THREE Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining PRINCIPLE FOUR Businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour PRINCIPLE FIVE Businesses should uphold the effective abolition of child labour PRINCIPLE SIX Businesses should uphold the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. PRINCIPLE SEVEN Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges

PRINCIPLE EIGHT Businesses should undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility PRINCIPLE NINE Businesses should encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Principle 10 Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery. HR function & Ethics Studies show that HR department is involved to a great extent in drafting and implementing ethical initiatives within organizations

With expertise in organizational culture, behavioral studies, change management and people related initiatives, HR is in a position to play a key role in initiating ethical conduct within organizations though everyone should be responsible for ethical conduct and behavior Ethics & MNCs For MNCs operating in widely different cultural, racial and social environments, having a self-regulatory code of ethics is even more important. The HR departments do play a key role in monitoring the ethical conduct of its PCNs, TCNs and HCNs

There are many purposes for human trafficking; forced labor, slavery, removal of organs and sex slavery. Sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, which Is the focus of this paper Is the mall type of trafficking in the country of Nepal. Many of these women who become involved in the sex world are compelled by economic circumstances and social inequality. While some enter sex work voluntarily, others become involved in sex work by force or deception, such as through sex trafficking. Human trafficking violates these very rights that are supposed to be granted.

Nepal Is considered a country of origin, meaning It Is the country where women and children are mainly abducted and taken to other countries where they are sold as sex slaves. Nepal is a country with one of the lowest human development indicators, which increases the vulnerability of the young girls to trafficking and sexual abuse. Women and children, the primary victims of sex slavery, continue to be forced into a variety of sexual activities including prostitution, pornography, striping, mall-order brides, and sex tourism, all of which can occur In public or private locations.

The majority of the Naples women and children that are sold as sex slaves are sold by a family member or close friend. They are mostly smuggled into Indian’s and Shanghais red light district, and to brothels in other urban cities. In the Middle East, they are exploited to work at parlor and dance bars. In many cases, older women are known to recruit young girls, promising them a better future where they can break free from the poverty In which they live In (Bales 142). Tuskers is what young Naples girls from the age of 14-16 are called when they are sold to the brothels. Ill many girls are forced or deceived Into prostitution, many willingly go into the sex industry due to their addiction to drugs, while others are in search of a better future, not only for themselves but also for their families that live with impecuniousness conditions. Also, those that do not volunteer to become trafficked are physically forced into labor, most likely sold by parents for the purpose of working off family debts to the government or organized crime groups, which exalts no exercise of choice.

A huge portion of the population lives below the poverty line; 2% of the country lives with less than US$2 per day. Economic circumstance and social inequality are the strongest factors that compel women to become involved in the industry. Another factor that contributes to this industry is the balance supply of victims from sending countries and the demand from receiving countries; these countries are the one creating such unethical demands.

The United Nations defines human trafficking as: means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or achieving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purposes of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. United Nations 2). Forcing or using someone to profit from sexual exploitation for one’s own personal benefits is not condoned by the United Nations; this sort of behavior is considered morally wrong ND offensive to many people in the affected countries . Traffickers generally use the same process when kidnapping or abducting their victims. Many of the people that are kidnapped are drugged and have a very violent removal, that way trafficker has total control of them. After the abduction, the victim is taken out of their native country and taken into a brothel in a faraway country.

The reason for this is for the person to not know their surroundings, the language or laws of the country. In the process of being taken to another country the victim’s identity document are confiscated. When young girls are being transported from one country to another, they are given a complete new identity by which they must go by. Most victims are threatened in order to comply with the instruction the traffickers have given them. If under any circumstance they contravene the conditions they are physically abused.

In the process of obtaining control of the trafficked person, they are drugged and their minds become distorted which does not allow them to think in a proper manner. Many are brainwashed into believing that there is no other better future and that they are of no worth. Human trafficking has a tremendous psychological impact on its victims as a result of the manipulation, abuse, and cultural shock experienced when forced to work a less than desirable Job in a foreign country. Once the trafficker is under control, the victim’s enslavement and exploitation begins.

Regardless of the violence, working and living conditions, people that are in servitude find their own mechanisms to survive. In addition to being forced to have sexual intercourse with unknown men, they are also forced to drink alcoholic beverages and do drugs when asked to. These women and young girls are not allowed to ask their customers to use protection. As a result of this, a Nepal has had at least eight to ten abortions by the age of 30. Many have said that the owners of the brothels have forced back to work two hours after having the abortion.

In some cases if the girl was too young and had sexual intercourse after an abortion, she would pass away do to the intense pain and lack of nutrients. Because they are not able to use protection there are a at least 18 HOW AIDS cases reported in a hour, which means that more than 61% of the Naples women are infected with this disease in the process of having sexual intercourse with a customer (Humans Right Watch). If they refuse to do what is asked from them the customer has the right to torture them as they please.

Many men are now requesting to have sexual intercourse with young girls because there is less of chance of getting a sexually transmitted disease. In addition to this, Nepal and Indian men also believe that if they have sex with a virgin;any SST that they may have, may be removed and she told her story about when she was taken to a brothel. Gina was being forced to have sex with customer, and if she refused she was beat and raped by a group of men. “When I refused they beat me and raped me. I was only seven years old” (The Day My God Died). Many young girls are physically abused, some get burned with cigars, others burned with acid, and most of them are deprived of food and water for days until they stop refusing the requests of the customers. “They used to catch me by the hair, bang my head against the wall and throw me on the ground. They would try anything to make me have sex… They beat me with a stick and sometimes hit me with aluminum rods” (The Day My God Died). During the enslavement period, the victim is physically, emotionally, and mentally abused, and if they happened to be let free, most of them attempt suicide.

After their enslavement period many feel that there is no point in living with such memoirs. Many do not seek for help or go back to their hometowns because they are ashamed of what they have been through. Not only are they illegal, but isolated as well and with no other way of making a living, nearly all return to sex work, a human trafficking survivor said: “The people of my village hold me in contempt. They treat me badly. People don’t understand that I was tricked and that I suffered a lot” (International Justice Mission). There are only very few ways to escape sex trafficking: being accused, released or escaping.

Though there is a very low success rate for victims that try to escape, 11% of females successfully escape sex trafficking. It is very strenuous for a person to escape; they must be physically and mentally prepared to do it, because not only are there guards that keep watch of the brothels 2417, but if they were to get caught in the process of escaping, they must be prepared to receive any punishment that will be given to them. A young girl named Kyoto Pray said she tried escaping at least three times and when she got caught, she got her hair pulled; he was beaten and even broke an arm.

About 7% of females get released by their owners, for one of two reasons either they are no longer attractive or are too old to bring sufficient clients or they have been infected with HIVE . Most end their period of servitude at 18 to 22 years old when they have “repaid their debt. ” During that time, the brothel owner has made a profit four to 20 times the price paid for the trafficked girl. This leaves 80% of girls in those brothels with lost dreams and hope of ever leaving that horrible place, and starting a new life. L would not wish that life on an enemy. It was pure hell. It would be better to hang yourself and die”(The Day My God Died). One of the main reasons why many people contribute to human trafficking is due to lack of money. As mentioned before most of the inhabitants in Nepal live with less than $2 per day. Most of the people that are involved in this business are in it in hopes off better future for their families. Due to lack of education and healthcare the slavery business seems the easiest solution to many.

About 80% of Napalm’s population live in rural areas and depend on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. Nepal has a limited progress in favor of their anti-trafficking laws. In 2007, trafficking in Persons and Transportation (Control) Act (TAP), Nepal law prohibits all forms of trafficking and prescribes penalties ranging from 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment, which are sufficiently rigorous and commensurate with those Organization (MONGO) made plans to fund trafficking shelters in Katmandu, Assassination, and Chapman. These cities are major ports for sex trafficking.

The young girls who are rescued from the brothels are taken to foster institution where they are treated for any psychological problems that they encounter. Many of the people that are rescued from their owners file a report against them, but many of the people that are involved in Napalm’s government are also associated with owners of the brothels. For example, the officials and government often support and encourage trafficking by accepting bribes by brothel owners for turning a blind eye to illegal activity, or by visiting brothels for sexual services.

Corrupt government and law enforcement officials are one factor that contribute to the growth of human trafficking, therefore most of the sex trafficking victims do not confide in their overspent system, which also makes it harder for sex trafficking to end in Nepal. Brothel owner make a huge profit annually it is currently estimate to $10 billion of revenue per year. “The trafficking industry is one with large profits, due to the low costs of forced human labor.

Because the victims of trafficking are “expendable, reusable, and re-sellable” cheap commodities, particularly because they are withheld adequate food, wages, shelter, and health care, amounting to large profits for traffickers” (Neck 374). Trafficking is the worst human rights violation that one can go through it is abduction, physical and mental abuse. The pain of being ripped away from ones family and loved one, can be such a deep psychological scar, in which even though a person has been without a family for years they will never forget about the family they once had.

This type of pain is something that one cannot comprehend if one has not experienced it. The inequality between women and men in Nepal is reinforced by cultural ideas that the dominance and strength off male, and compliance of the female. The discrimination that the women in Nepal are suffering is not only happening in this country is it also affecting many other countries around the world. The expectation of women around the world are very similar; women are to be passive, obedient , oppressed and forced into relationships with people that are forced to be with.

It is very important for the men to be dominant in the relationship, as it maintains their social and economical dominance; in order to maintain control of their women they feel forced to use violence. Napalm’s government is working on developing a plan do promote women’s human rights. Implementing these rights will take time and cooperation of the whole country in order to for the plan to work. Anural Gorilla, is the founder of Mattie Nepal.

The foundation has rescued 12,000 Nepal girls and young women from sex trafficking, many who were sold across the border to brothels in India, they are also working on reconciling abducted girls with their families. Therefore, women and children are taught sewing, basket weaving, and cooking to help them build the skills necessary to find a Job, and are also given individual counseling by psychologists in order to deal with emotional problems they are experiencing from past trafficking-related trauma.

Many non government organizations like these are staring to take matters into their won hands since the overspent had not yet been successful in stopping this sex trade. “The well-being and the hopes of the peoples of the world can never be served until peace – as well “Due to the force, exploitation, and manipulation involved, this trend fundamentally violates the rights to life, liberty, and security of a person, the prohibition of slavery and slave trade in all forms, as well as that no one shall be treated in an inhumane or degrading manner” (United Nations, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”).

Can one person make a difference in the lives of the two million people that are trafficked annually? Maybe not but if more people Joined organizations that will help the cause there would be a higher success rate of victims that are rescued from human trafficking. More people are becoming aware of human trafficking and are taking a stand to help end this; there are organization like The Project To End Human Trafficking is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2004 as part of the anti-slavery movement. The initial goal of the founders was not to begin an organization, but simply to offer educational lectures about human trafficking.

What were the socioeconomic changes in the 1980’s which contributed to the emerging popularity of Human Resource Management? Does the concept of Human Resource Management present a radical novelty or is it a mere repackaging of personnel management? Introduction During the 1980’s, a new management concept referred to as ‘Human Resource Management’ (HRM) became very fashionable. At that time, many academics questioned whether HMR was simply a renaming of the previously known personnel management (PM) tool, or whether it was, as some claimed, ‘a radically different philosophy and approach to management of people at work’ (1).

Firstly, it seems appropriate to define HRM. However, the definition of HRM this has been widely debated, and so for our purposes, we will use Stephen Bach’s view that it ‘can be viewed as the involvement of particular strategies and approaches towards management of considerable labour’. We must also consider what we mean by “socioeconomic”, which we can state as the relationship between economic activity and social life. In this essay, the similarities and differences between HRM and PM are analysed in an attempt to see whether there is more to HRM than novel rhetoric.

Socioeconomic Changes Towards the end of the 1970’s and the early part of the 1980’s, both the US and UK economies experienced recessions of relative magnitude. Both governments sought new economic solutions, and adopted policies known as “Thatcherism and Reaganomics”, that contained monetarism and free market economics. One of the consequences of this radical period was the reforming and reshaping of what many described as the ‘conventional model of industrial relations’ (2).

These new policies inevitably led to the empowerment of employers, and resulted in substantive destruction of trade union power at that time and eventually became the turning point of the era of trade unionism. There were a number of consequences as a result of this reshaping of the economy; probably the largest of note was that there was a considerable decline in a number of the mature Basic industries, such as Steel and Coal, which was balanced by the increase in the Service sector (this is still apparent today as 70% of UK GDP comes from the service sector (3)).

This period of decline in many Basic industries coincidently ushered in a time for new technologies based on hi-tech products, further assisting the aim of both governments to deregulate and intensify market competition through free market economics. With anti-union legislations and privatisation at the core of the Conservative party philosophy, as Thatcher pushed to remove the power of the “Socialist / Communist” trades unions, the result of which led to the encouragement of ‘firms to introduce new labour practices and re-order their collective bargaining arrangements’ (4).

This gave companies the opportunity to develop direct relationships with employees, and hence reduce further the power of trade unions. These ‘direct relationships’ are what some people to consider as one of the fundamentals of HRM. On a more global scale, this was an important period in the development of globalization that saw competition intensify from overseas. Japan rapidly became one of the major exporters of very competitively priced manufactured goods to the US undercutting many domestic suppliers.

This development, unsurprisingly, forced US companies to consider their cost structure in an attempt to see off this foreign competition. Companies quickly began to investigate the productivity of its workforce. One of the outcomes of this, which is judged to be one of the cornerstones of HRM, was to try to develop harmonious relations between employers and employees. The belief was already there that synergy could be created from the employee/employers relationship.

Furthermore, it became apparent that an environment free of conflict could help unite an organisation so that individual employees could commit themselves to organisational success. This Unitarianism perspective became one of the antecedents of the development of HRM. Toward the end of the 1980’s as more and more academics continued to produce a wealth of literature on the subject of HRM, it became clear that there was a recurring theme for those companies that appeared to perform extremely well in these market conditions.

It became obvious in these increasingly dynamic markets that companies that were proactive to market change were able to do so as a result of motivated workforce. The question that was begging to be asked was ‘how they were able to this so well’? The answer was through involved management styles that were instilling a culture in the workforce that was proactive rather than reactive. This is one of the key differences that will be referred back to later. It was suggested that these had been brought on by the intense competition and pressure, which eant a competent PM was more necessary than ever. There were several other socioeconomic changes that all acted as antecedents to the development and reshaping of PM that became known as HRM. These included increasingly strident demands of shareholders, changing work force (flexibility, part time largely through the employment of women), a changing age structure of the workforce, the young moving in the direction of private and service sectors, hence less prone to unionisation and finally increasingly mechanised manufacturing processes through new technologies.

Differences between HRM and PM The second part of this essay looks at whether HRM was in actual fact a novel idea or whether in reality it was a re-labelling of PM. Looking through a variety of literature on the subject, it immediately becomes clear that it is extremely hard to find a definitive line to draw between HRM and PM. Legge for example mentioned he felt their wasn’t a huge difference between the two and in fact drew on some very clear similarities. However he does manage to point out some diverging aspects.

While Torrington saw the development of HRM as only adding ‘a further dimension to the multi faceted role’ (5) therefore seeing HRM as an ongoing process in the evolution of PM. As a result he finds it hard to label HRM as a revolutionary model. There are those experts that do agree in the novelty of HRM. It’s these authors that remind us not to play down the effects of HRM, mentioning that while many of the techniques in HRM are similar to those in PM, it is the philosophical context of HRM that makes these techniques so much more effective.

The model of HRM unfortunately is not uniform and is made up of several different theoretical approaches therefore it becomes even harder to define clearly. This is perhaps what has muddied water so much in the debate of HRM and PM. Perhaps the easiest was to try and find an answer to this question is to compare the differences versus the similarities. Firstly the differences: Storey puts particular emphasis on the ‘strategic character’ (1) and continuously mentioned how HRM decision and formulations of policies should take place on ‘strategic level within an organisation’.

Meanwhile PM can be condemned for its limited consideration of business objectives during decision making. Another major concept that is fundamental to HRM (particularly in ‘Soft’ HRM) which cannot be identified in PM is the creation culture and values on an organisation level. The intention of this aspect is to drive towards employee commitment towards achieving organisational goals. This ‘commitment’ can be seen as a precursor of motivation and performance (6).

Furthermore we can consider the aspects of communication within HRM, whereby it rejects collective bargaining and attempts to set up direct channels of communication with individuals. By operating in this manor, HRM attempts to meet the individual needs of the employee so that they can then go on to contribute to the organisation. Consideration of the ‘proactive versus reactive’ argument can also identify differences (with HRM viewed as proactive and PM viewed as reactive). Proactive workforces enable organisations to pre-empt changes in markets.

However they can only be implemented if the workforce is sufficiently motivated. The final major difference that can be identified is the emphasis that HRM places on training and development, that PM does not seem to identify with in the same way (5). When we contemplate the similarities of the PM and HRM we can consider Legge’s work (he viewed the clearest change from PM to HRM to be the ‘re-labelling process’). He established three main aspects than run through both forms of management. He stated that ‘both emphasised the importance of integration.

Both sought to deliver the right people to the right jobs’ (he saw this as the principal role of the management of people in an organisation). Both PM and HRM gave people- management to “line” managers. Guest also discusses personnel development and functioning on a strategic level. However the above theses partially contradict what many other authors thought (6). In conclusion, we can accept that while HRM and PM contain significant similarities, we have to acknowledge that they differ in terms of their meaning and emphasis.

Perhaps cultural aspects and strategic considerations would be the most important alteration, when converting from one theory to the other. Perhaps it would be wrong to say that HRM was a completely novel idea, especially when so many of the procedures and techniques overlap. However it is correct to say that HRM took many of the principles of PM and applied them to a different philosophy and way of thinking, and in doing so, inherently took the continuous evolution of PM to what we today call HRM.

There is a saying that the history Is written by the winner. The second one was, somewhat more personal thought. I was relating myself to John Dunbar, and the Sioux. I was too, a foreigner In foreign country. Alien from their culture and customs, I too had to adjust into their society, and become one of them. And that was not easy. Still today, many people from different background live together, but at the same time form their own community. Difference In culture, language, and customs creates confusion In one’s realization of identity.

Before moving on to the first question, I would like to discuss about “White Man’s Burden”. White men thought they had a mission to converge all the “savages” to Christian beliefs, and to “civilize” them. As mentioned In another film we watched during the class, Pocahontas, that movie raises question on “who is savage? “. A point would like to focus on before I begin my thoughts on the movie, I would like to view different points of views. The question of “virtuous” comes from what point you look at. Looking at different side, my enemy can become an angel to another person.

The first question, which side is virtuous? Once, a famous comedian, George Carline said in his stand-up comedy show, “we are praying to the god to defeat our enemies, and they are praying to the god to defeat their enemies, so somebody’s goanna get bucked, mint it? “. Most people when they see this movie will think how cruel white men are. They ravaged lands that Indians lived in, butchered their buffalos, and killed Indians without questioning their human nature, or what kind of person they are. In the other hand, Indians, to the white man, are Just obstacles In the way to their plan.

People usually call people in their way to the goal, enemies. The question of “who is righteous? ” can be vague according to which side of point of view you look from. What was impressive of the movie was the scene of the childhood of Rise with Fist. She was born white, and their parents Just wanted to protect her. However, the Native Americans killed their parents, without questioning, In a brutal manner. Who is evil then? Her parents who failed in the task of protecting her family by threatening 1 OFF perhaps what the director wanted to show was the brutality of human being itself.

I see form of art as “expression of human being”. Human being itself is so complex, that there are so many different types of people, characteristics, culture, and modes of behavior. I think what the director wanted to show was, how people think other people are identical to them. If they do not find similarity between them, they turn into hostile behaviors. Sioux did, at the first time with John Dunbar. So as John Dunbar, did not trust in them when they kept on trying to steal his horse. To Sioux, both white man and Pawned tribe are the same.

They are both hazardous people who want them dead. To white Americans at the end of the movie, both Pawned, Sioux, are all the same. They are Just an obstacle to their moving frontier. When taken into more personal name, it makes us realize, disregarding what tribe we are from, we are all same. We laugh when it’s fun; we cry to the death of close one, we feel friendship and comradeship when fighting shoulder to shoulder against creeping death. However, we can never deny what we come from. Perhaps this is why the resonating echo of Wind in his Hair sounded so sad.

Dances With Wolves, I am Wind in His Hair. Do you see that I am your friend? Can you see that you will always be my friend? ” Without answering to his roar, Dance With Wolves, or John Dunbar rides away to the piled snowy mountain. What this implies, no matter where we come from, we can be friends, but at the same time, it is so hard to stray apart from what you really are. The second point which I found interesting relates more to my personal experiences. I moved abroad when I was 10 years old. It is an age hard to tell who really I am.

I was arced into different culture when I was at school, and I was forced to Korean culture when I came home, back from the school. It is hard to deny what we are used to. The concept is so different, starting from living, eating, greeting, to the way of funeral. John Dunbar, when he was caught by his fellow soldiers towards the end of the movie, denied himself of being John Dunbar, declaring himself as “l am Dance With Wolves”. He totally seemed to become part of Sioux tribe. However, what was ironic was that the reason he went back to the camp at the first place was to find his urinal.

Was Journal so important? Especially thinking about Indian culture where they don’t have the concept of individual ownership? Furthermore, if John Dunbar decided to live with their tribe for the rest of his life, what importance of meaning that Journal could possibly hold? I think this part of irony shows how hard it is to forget your own culture. This also relates to the conclusion of the first point of this essay. I spent most of my adolescent overseas. When I had about 17 to 18 years, I too was confused who I was. Am I Korean? Or am I biologically Korean with American Houghton?

I still today, don’t think myself as I am one-hundred percent Korean. John Dunbar probably had the same kind of confusion. After his attempt of killing himself, decision of Journey to find himself. He thought he had become part of the Sioux. He learned their language, became friend with them. He hated how white people acted in the war, and he was tired of it. That’s why he decided to head west. However, indeed, he never became a true Indian, and he did not wanted to be a regular white man neither; the clash of his two identities must have been very hard on him.

It was very interesting in the film how his agony of two clashing identity had effect on John Dunbar. I looked at the film on two different but similar topics: nature of human being and individual’s thought of his identity. I think, every human is same, but different. We all dream, and we all have different identity. Identity can be a key factor what describes oneself. John Dunbar identity is John Dunbar, Lieutenant of The United States’ Union Army. He is an officer and the officer in charge of Fort Sedgwick. His identity is Dance With Wolves.

He is a husband of Rise With Fist, and a part of Sioux member. He fought against Pawned to defend his tribe. He is an excellent marksman. He used his gun to save a Sioux girl’s life from buffalo. He has a Sioux wife. Her name is Rise With Fist, blessed with a name Christine on her birth. Despite the fact that they were brought up in different culture, and different background, they became friends, enemies, husbands and wives. However, they did not truly become one. Which is I thought of as ironic message of the film. The United States is known to be a culture of “Melting Pot”.

However, Native Americans are not part of this melting pot. The United States is also sarcastically said to be a “salad bowl of different ethnicities”. In the melting pot, all ingredients melt into one singular identity. However in a salad bowl, even though they are mixed together, each ingredient remains their identity. This might be the message what the director of the film Dances With Wolves wanted to say. Not sad, not frightening, nor ugly, Just a self-portrait of the world we live in, a world where we are so close but so far away from each other.