Human

Abstract Human genetic engineering is the manipulation of an individual’s genotype with the goal of choosing the phenotype (Singers 1). This has already been a very controversial issue when it has been done on animals, but tampering with humans takes this issue to a whole different level. It holds the promise of curing genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and improving the immunity of people to viruses (Conner 4). However, it also opens up a whole new world where the laws of nature can be broken.

Parents can choose to change the gender of their baby; they can choose to change their appearance, and they can even choose to change the mental faculties of their baby like memory and intelligence (Sanded 1). This seems like something out of a science fiction movie but with our rapidly increasing technology, it is definitely more than a possibility. The genetic engineering of humans can be the greatest thing to ever happen to us, however, such power can lead to corruption and cause us to regress as beings. Are we trying to make the world a better place for each other or are we Just making the world more superficial or should I say artificial?

That’s the main question that is asked as the intriguing issue of human genetic engineering is further evaluated. Human Genetic Engineering: Where to Draw the Line Perfection is something that human beings really haven’t been able to relate to very well, but thanks to our rapidly advancing technology, that could all change. Human genetic engineering may be the breakthrough we need to tear down the walls that keep us from being perfect. However, there are many questions that need to be answered and things that need to be considered before we attempt to break through the walls.

For instance, what if those walls are there for a reason? What if those walls aren’t supposed to be torn down? Maybe they are there to protect us from perfection or perhaps protect perfection from us. A disease-free world sounds good to everyone but what about a world where parents can actually design their own child? What if not only the sex of the baby could be chosen by parents but also the hair color, eye color, intelligence, and even their talents (Sanded 1)? This is the path that human genetic engineering is leading us to; however, our main concern should be where that path will end.

Human genetic engineering should be used only to cure diseases or other disabilities and not to the extent where we start treating human life like a computer game. We all should strive to be perfect but we should also have a certain level of respect for life and the lessons it teaches us. Otherwise our quest for perfection will only lead us into destruction. Jacqueline Vaughn Sister’s article Assistance and Treatment is about the struggle disabled people go through to fit into society. They are stereotyped as pitiful and pathetic and they are often discriminated against (Sweeter 3).

There seems to be a prevailing belief in our society where people who are “in need of charity are thought to be incapable of living the same life as others” (Sweeter 3). Because of these beliefs and stereotypes, the progress to fully include the handicapped in American life made even more difficult (Sweeter 3). The disabled are a minority group and they have fought hard to be recognized as one, however, there’s no doubt that if every handicap had a choice they would choose not to be handicapped whether they were being treated equally or not.

No one would miss being blind or being deaf. That’s why Sweeter, who is raising awareness for the discrimination of handicapped, would agree with the argument that the use of genetic engineering should be limited to curing diseases and disabilities. The cruelty shown towards the handicapped is the exact reason why we shouldn’t allow parents to design their children. It will Just leave us with more inequality because our human nature tends not to show humility and respect for those who are less advantaged than us.

Jack Donnelley article The Concept of Human Rights explains how humans can have rights naturally. Human rights are supposed to be equal rights (Donnelly 2). Therefore every human being has the same rights (Donnelly 2), but how does this work when relating to children. On one episode of the Steve Wilkes show, there was a transgender man who was upset about being born a woman because his parents decided to go through with a gender selection operation despite being told that he would have more male hormones than female hormones.

So this man felt that his rights were violated even though he was still unborn and he’s right. You can’t force any human to go through a completely unnecessary procedure, so why would the rules change if they’re your own kid? Are kids not human too? Parents are supposed to make decisions for the better of their children but this was Just an act of selfishness. Donnelly would agree with the argument that genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed to the extent that parents can design their own kids for that very reason. It’s unethical, irresponsible, and potentially harmful to the child.

Melvin Sooner’s article Genetic Enhancement Should Be Left to Personal Choice is about why human genetic engineering should be a personal choice like getting breast implants or taking steroids (Conner 3). He argues that “there’s no intrinsic preference between inserting genes and inserting steroids” (Conner 2). People are always finding ways to enhance life and this is Just another way to do it. He does agree, however, that “the weightiest moral problem in the quest for perfection is that, it increases inequality’ but that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t complete the quest (Conner 7).

Antibiotics at one point were being used irresponsibly, but “the ethical path is not to stop using them but to use them more Judiciously’ (Conner 7). Conner would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed to the extent that parents can design their babies because he takes a very liberal approach on this issue. The problem with his argument is that he fails to understand that the quest for perfection involves eliminating inequality, not increasing it.

If we are increasing inequality, all we’re doing is backtracking on the progress we’ve made as human beings and that’s not what we want. Michael Sandal’s article Genetically Designing Babies is Unethical explains why human genetic engineering shouldn’t be allowed at all. He argues that “changing our nature to fit the world rather than the other way around is an ethical defeat” and an attack on our freedom (Sanded 6). He looks back at the dark history of eugenics and how it was the driving force behind the Nazi holocaust (Sanded 1).

It was done to eliminate all of whom the Nazis considered as undesirables. Sanded argues that in the same way, “the successful would be even more likely than they are now to see themselves as self-made and self-sufficient, and those at the bottom of society would be seen not as disadvantaged, but simply as unfit” (Sanded 6). Sanded would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering should be allowed to a certain extent because he is against the whole idea of genetic engineering. What he fails to realize in his argument is that as human beings, we have an obligation to improve our lives.

If we can have a cure for the flu or for bronchitis, why not have a cure for blindness, ATA Cash disease, or any other sickness or disability that doctors can do nothing about? Human genetic engineering should only be allowed for use in the medical field to cure diseases and disabilities and not to the point where human life becomes a game. Genetic engineering is a scientific concern, but without boundaries t becomes a moral concern. Life is the most sacred thing anyone can have and it needs to be approached with caution and respect.

It is also a great teacher and one of the main lessons it tries to teach us is humility. Humility involves accepting others for who they are and plays a key role when it comes to our relationships. When you think about what really matters in life, family and relationships with others tend to come up first which is really no coincidence. The purpose of life seems to be to lift up those around us and genetically designing babies will do the exact opposite of that. Parents who would choose to do this are doing it for cynical and selfish purposes.

They are taking the child’s freedom away so they can satisfy their own desires and out of those desires will come corruption. That’s why a line needs to be drawn about to what extent human genetic engineering can be used. With great power comes great responsibility, so this is something we really can’t afford to play around with. If genetic engineering to cure diseases becomes almost accessible as the flu shot, we will be that much closer on our quest to perfection. One day we will get through that all, but it’s going to take one brick at a time.

Having been hired as a consultant to investigate the dilemma that is present at Eli Lilly and Company, I have been given the task to investigate the matter and hand in a comprehensive report to the management who are being represented by Mr. Watanbe. Eli Lilly and Company as a drug firm aims to have major developments that will aid in the maximization of profits thus growth of the firm to even greater heights. The report is going to advice the management on the best way to decide on the issue at hand which is human resource issues, and the best course of action to take in this case.

The other issue that needs to be addressed within the report is the issue of adopting heavyweight teams for both development and commercialization, while at the same time striving to achieve a balance, and find where the necessary resource are supposed to come from in order to adequately support both the projects while achieving and maintaining the viability of other projects even if they do not have the benefit of being heavyweight projects.

The key points that this report is going to address is the analysis of the situation at Eli Lily, where the report will analyze the situation with recommendations being provided for the company and finally a conclusion that provide a sound explanation to the issue at hand. The report is supposed to be addressee to the General Manager and the report will mainly be based on the analysis that I will have made as a consultant hired by the company.

Before beginning the analysis of the company, it is important to give a brief company profile of the company at hand in order to understand the industry in which it operates in and the market forces that it is bound to be subjected to. The short company profile is also important as it enables the reader to be able to understand why certain recommendations are best for this company, but would not work for any other company that is involved in a different industrial sector. This company Eli Lilly and Company is a pharmaceutical company that is global.

The global headquarters to the company are located in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana (Price, 1997). The company was founded by Eli Lilly in the year 1876, who was a pharmaceutical chemist, and thus the company was named after him (Price, 1997). One of the major achievements that the company has made is to be able to be the first company to manage to produce penicillin in mass quantities, and also currently the largest producer and distributor of medications associated with psychiatric health in the world.

Being a Fortune 500 corporation, the company has had revenues that have totaled to 20 billion dollars in the year 2008, thus making it the 148th largest firm in the United States of America and number 10 in all corporations in terms of pharmaceutical sales worldwide (Podczeck, 2004). The company is listed in the New York Stock Exchange and is publicly traded, as well as being a member of the S&P 500 stock index. It is also worthwhile mentioning that Eli Lily is one of the members of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (Price, 1997). Problem Statement

Eli Lilly as a corporation is composed of many entities that form its core and they are charged with the implementation of its objectives. Strategic planning is one of the key areas that the organization has to address well to ensure they are headed towards their vision. An Eli Lilly’s vision conveys a lot about the firm as it shows its culture, values, aims and mission. Therefore, to ensure success the planning and implementation of strategies aimed at the development of the organization must be in line with its plan, be all inclusive and have a good implementation and control mechanism if any success is to be achieved. Read about paradigm shift in human resource management

Failure in addressing any of the above will lead to poor implementation no matter how good the plan is. For a company to succeed and run efficiently, planning of human resources is a must. This planning involves predicting a company’s future demand and supply of personnel. The forecasting process should focus on determining the right number and the right type of personnel. Sometimes due to circumstances and unforeseen factors, a company may find itself with a top management that is poorly managed and human resources departments that are not functioning as they should be.

This results in poor human resource planning and the effects are usually felt immediately and sometimes in the long-term. These effects are usually felt in the areas of employee recruitment, corporate profitability, organizational functioning, and management policies. In this case study, Eli Lilly and Company has been experiencing poor human resource planning. This has resulted in severe consequences. The human resource management department in this company has been using the same plan to determine the number and qualities of the management trainees that they need for the last ten years.

As a result of failure to review this plan, they had not anticipated a drop in sales over the past couple of years. As a consequence, Eli Lilly and Company got stuck with employees who had nothing to do in the company by virtue of employee supply being higher than the demand. This was barely six months after their training. This meant that the company had not gotten value for the money it had spent in training these management trainees. This led the company to undergo financial loses by training staff that were clearly more than what they needed.

Since the employees were not useful, the Company had to lay off some of the new management trainees. Laying off these trainees required Eli Lilly and Company to compensate them financially which further constrained their budget. Apart from the financial consequences due to poor planning of human resource, the company has lost the ability to attract the best talent due to a bad reputation after the trainees were made redundant. This is reflected by the reservations of the distinction- plus student with regard to applying for the traineeship at the company. Her case is most likely a representation of all the campus students.

All these consequences would not have occurred if the problems that are affecting the human resource department would have been identified and solved. There are a lot of problems in the current process of human resource planning at Eli Lilly and Company. To begin with, the human resource department conducts recruitment of graduate trainees annually as a tradition. The company does not put into consideration the current situation in the company. This was the reason why they had to make some of the newly trained management staff redundant last year. Needless to say, the same thing will happen this year.

This is because they are planning to recruit more graduate trainees without first fixing the problem. They need to first accurately determine the number of management trainees they will require this year before recruiting. Another problem with the current process of human resource planning at Eli Lilly and Company is that it’s not being conducted by people who are competent enough. Following the happenings over the last couple of years, a competent human resource director would have called a meeting to discuss the issue and come up with strategies to avert future occurrence of such a thing. But in this case, this never happened.

This is evidenced by the fact that the graduate recruitment officer followed the same procedure that had been followed the previous years in determining the trainee needs of the company. If there had been plans to change their procedure, he would have followed it. Another instance that shows the incompetence of the human resource management team is their failure to re-employ the previously trained team if at all they needed more staff. This strategy is known to be less costly and would have saved the company from incurring recruitment expenses. The team would also have been more oriented to the company than new recruits. Read also Eli Lilly in India: Rethinking the Joint Venture Strategy

This is usually an important factor which serves to increase the productivity of employees. The human resource manager’s response is another indication of the incompetence of the human resources staff in the company. Her response to Wally’s question is full of self assuredness. Despite the student having brought to her attention the potential workforce’s view of the human resource management of the company, she does not raise this issue with her boss. The human resource planning process at Eli Lilly and Company is also being affected negatively by the inefficiency of the other departments in the company.

This is shown by the fact that the human resource department has been using the same budget and sales forecasts that had been prepared ten years ago. This is contrary to the forecast requirements for a company that wants to succeed. The financial and sales departments should prepare forecasts annually to provide accurate information for the human resources department to use as it caries out the process of selecting and recruiting graduate trainees. It’s evident that the company had not carried out research regarding potential entry of a competitor into the market.

If they had, they would have been prepared to absorb the effect of decreased market share and consequentially a drop in sales volume. The Need for Organizational Change within Eli Lilly Organizational change refers to those kinds of changes or alterations that are made to affect the whole organization as opposed to smaller changes. Organizational changes in this case include change in the business processes, the physical environment, procedures followed in conducting business operations, changes in the organization’s culture and changes in policies that affect the whole organization.

This kind of change is warranted by the need for the staff in the organization to acquire new skills and gain knowledge of new behaviors that generally affect the operations of the business. Change that affects the whole organization means that all the resources undergo major restructuring in order to improve organizational efficiency and effectiveness as the company seeks to achieve its targets, goals and objectives (Armstrong, 2004). Organizational change management therefore refers to the systematic incorporation of new business processes, models and procedures into a given organization in a bid to transform the organization (Kelly, 2001).

This kind of management provides room for an ordered approach to the transition that the organization will undergo from the state which the organization is operating at the moment to the state in which the organization expects to be operating in future once the change is completely assimilated into the organizations operations. Nature of management consultancy due to the ever changing nature of management consultancy, it is difficult to limit the field to a specific area.

Over the years, different people have come up with different concepts while trying to determine what is involved in the subject. This is because there are different styles and techniques that are applied in the field depending on what is currently happening in the business environment. The application of organizational change management has been seen to operate based on the popularity of the ideas for example the applicability of management by objectives, business process engineering, total quality management and quality circles (Kelly, 2001).

The implementation of these ideas led to the adaptation on new working cultures in different organizations. In order to facilitate change in the organization the management must sensitize the staff members about the necessity of the change and the benefits they will accrue should the implementation of the change succeed. This means that I as the consultant will spend most of my time in the client organization as I seek to convince the people involved that this is the best way to go.

This is mostly done by carrying out workshops, doing presentations and answering queries that are presented to me by the staff. If people do not feel that the change is for the better, they will tend to resist and therefore I have to ensure that they are well informed to avoid that kind of reaction. It is important to note that major organizational management changes do not take place overnight, but need a lot of patience and should be carried out in small scale before the major plan is rolled out.

For example, pilot projects can be conducted in smaller specific departments before it is implemented in others. After the sensitization process is complete and the pilot projects have reported reasonable success, it is time to implement the changes. The management consultants at this stage help the people in the organization to adopt the change. The best place to start the change would be at the top that is with the top managers as this will arouse confidence in the other staff members when they see that their leaders have also taken up the new system.

It is important for the consultants to be active in this stage especially so with the sponsors of the change. As the changes are being implemented the consultants should use their predetermined plans to monitor the outcomes of the changes and determine if the process is running smoothly and if not, what is the problem and how can it be solved or overcome. During the implementation process, the consultants should try and get feedback from those affected by the changes and how the transition can be made smoother for them (Kelly, 2001).

In this stage, the character of the consultant that is mostly brought up is that of the trainer and educator. Stage After the strategies that the consultants developed have been implemented and a bit of time has passed, it is imperative for the consultant to determine the success of the plan by getting feedback from all those who were affected by the changes. Positive feedback would mean that the change went as expected and it is bringing out the expected results.

Management consultants use different approaches to their jobs depending on the ones they find as being necessary to the work they are doing (Armstrong, 2004). Recommendations There is a need for the human resource manager to accurately predict the company’s demand for management trainees before more recruitment is carried out in the campuses. This forecasting is necessary in order to achieve goals and objectives of Eli Lilly and Company. To forecast, management should analyze present and past information about the condition of the company.

This will enable them to identify conditions that will be expected in the future. The information which the management will use to predict may come from analysis of the external environment as well as the internal weaknesses and strengths of the company. Many techniques are available that the management can use in order to forecast this. Since Eli Lilly and Company is relatively a large company, complex techniques that combine quantitative data and subjective judgment may be required.

The most common techniques used to forecast workforce demand includes: best guess, process analysis, direct managerial input, historical ratios, and scenario analysis. These vary in their level of accuracy. To determine the requirements of future trainees, management should use the direct managerial input technique. This approach is usually aimed at determining the specific number of employees required in a company or the specific amount of money the company is willing to spend on workforce. This will ensure that there is no overstaffing. Another technique is best guess method.

Management should request managers in the various departments to forecast the trainee demand in their departments with respect to skills and total number. They should base their forecasting on the business changes they anticipate in their departments. By determining the present number and putting into consideration both the negative and positive changes that they anticipate in future, the trainee demand can be forecasted accurately. Historical ratio is another useful technique that management can employ. The company should correlate number of trainees needed to other business factors.

Management can use the company’s operating budget to predict the number of trainees needed and this will provide a figure that is accurate. Finally, Management can adopt scenario analysis technique to accurately forecast the company’s demand for trainees. This approach involves scanning the environment and using the data obtained to develop an alternative scenario of workforce. To develop these scenarios, sessions of brainstorming should be held. The participants in these sessions should include human resources and line managers.

These individuals will develop a view of how the workforce will be like in the future. They will then work in a reverse manner so as to identify the points that needs to be changed. This will help to determine the total number of trainees that should be recruited this year into the company. An efficient process of human resource planning is necessary if Eli Lilly and Company is to achieve its goals and objectives. Its approach of recruiting graduate trainees into the company is a noble idea but it should be accompanied by strategic plans for it to be useful.

The company should take steps to determine its workforce needs before embarking on an exercise to recruit more trainees.

Bibliography

Armstrong, M, (2006), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th ed, Kogan Page, London.

Kelly D, (2001), Dual Perceptions of HRD: Issues for Policy: SME’s, Other Constituencies, and the Contested Definitions of Human Resource Development, http://ro. uow. edu. au/artspapers/26

Price, Nelson (1997). Indiana Legends. Emmis Books. Podczeck, Fridrun & Jones, Brian E (2004). Pharmaceutical capsules. Pharmaceutical Press.

Patient safety is a basic standard of health care. Every step in health care service contains intrinsic unsafe factors . The combination among newest technologies, health innovations and treatments have introduced a synergistic development in health care industry, and transformed it into more complex field. This rise health safety risks which may result from problems in practice, procedures and medicine etc . This Essay will discuss the relationship between human factors and patient safety. Definitions Patient safety is the reduction of unnecessary harm associated with healthcares to acceptable minimum “(Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Human error in health care can be observed by two different methods: “the person approach and the system approach”, each model has own perspectives . Understanding these differences has a significant practical outcomes in healthcare industry and open sights for management of medical error (Reason, 2000). The person approach stress on the hazardous act and procedural deviations of nurses, physicians, pharmacists.

It analyses these risky acts as resulting mainly from deviant mental functions such as lack of memory & concentration , poor enthusiasm , carelessness, , and recklessness(Reason, 2000) . The associated preventive measures are intended mainly at decreasing risky inconsistency in human performance (Reason, 2000) . Whereas the system approach insight human errors as consequences rather than causes, thus it relays the reasons for error occurrence on failure of organizational system (Reason, 2000).

Countermeasures are established on the theory that although “we cannot change the human condition, we can adjust the circumstances under which humans work” (Reason, 2000). Human error Theory Patients always expect miraculous solutions to each problem. In such expectations people who receive medical services tend to believe that no mistakes can happen. It is actually not so, and it is seen that there are instances where the medical errors can occur at any stage (Moyen, Camrie, Stelfox, 2008).

They can take place if the healthcare provider chooses an inappropriate method of diagnosing the problem. There is another scope for medical error if the execution part goes wrong, even after choosing the correct method. Therefore, such medical errors are only referred to as the human errors in the area of health science (Moyen , Camrie ,Stelfox ,2008 ) . The importance of this issue can be seen according to the report provided by the American Institute of Medicine.

It stated that US Hospitals been have astonishing as there had been deaths which were be ‘avoidable’. Some cases were the medical staff inconvenient, and others were seen that the poor system was actually beyond the failure. The possible flaws in the system are there like the poor communication, between the medical team and between them and the patients; also the reporting system of the hospital suffers from the lack of the coordination in the hospital system (Taxis & Barber, 2003). .

This subject can be better understood with relation to the existing human error theory which consider errors are opportunities for improvement and it interestingly highlight the concept of error, the same issue was adhered by literary thinker and philosopher Francis Bacon(1620), that human mind has always thought of the ‘over-generalisations’ which means that the human mind always have that over-confident element of remembering things. This thought itself gives rise to error, because it all of being thoroughly perfect which is not possible.

The theory stands widely accepted by the British Department of Health, they have moved away from solely blaming the individuals, towards accepting the fact that error is something inevitable ( Runciman ,Hibbert , Thomson , Der Schaaf , Sherman ,Lewalle , 2009) Various literary scholars, scientists and the psychologist have pointed out the fact that there are some cognitive processes and the multiple disturbing factors in the organisational environment and the surroundings that can lead to various accidents in the health care domain.

According to Reason’s interpretation for the concept of error (1990), it is “the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended – without the intervention of some unforeseeable event; or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim. ” This definition was somehow subjected to varied reactions, while some accepted this possibility of the error while others thought it was only a pretext for the mistakes done in a medical scenario.

Though in the contemporary context this Human Error Theory has gained popularity because the same has been highly in relevance to the Norman’s idea of error, and thus these perspectives which have been built are the ‘Human Factors’ (Carayon, 2008) Further many factors have been analysed with relation to the same theory like the slips and the lapses from the memory, the mental performance etc (Carayon, 2008). The same theory is widely accepted because of the precise description for the human factors but still the same remains vulnerable to the criticism.

The same effectively brings out that the nursing is an important factor in healthcare but there can be chances for human fallibility where even the same system can fail to acknowledge those how such errors can be avoided. But the critique of the same has been there on building up the counter-argument that the job of nursing accompanies humanities, therefore the basic human factors which can be controlled like the personal hygiene like the wearing of the uniform, washing the hands, the use of anti-bacterial and the anti-viral techniques while handling the patients can guarantee high infection control (Handler, et al, 2006).

The availability of the trained staff which is willing to attend the patients can effectively led to stop the fostering of the errors. Other human factors which can be worked upon by the nursing staff in the hospital can range from the valid reason for which a drug is being used the collection of the true and the right records therefore the proper documentation of the patient’s disease.

These were the critiques that were made on the various human actors which can lead to serious medical flaws (system) and the consequences can become fatal (Handler, et al, 2006). Swiss cheese Model Also, the assessment of the Swiss Cheese Model is necessary to understand that how the system of the medical errors contains the holes of the errors. Alike the holes that are present in a Swiss cheese there are the inherent holes that are present in the medical system.

This interpretation of the errors is formed on the basis of the Swiss cheese model, it emphasis on the causes present in the system rather than blaming any sort of the individual failures. In a way this model has acted so far as a representative for giving an idea how can the painful events occur in a healthcare system and how should they be prevented. The Swiss Cheese Model effectively brings the significant human factors and the system factors which impact the health care set up and the various quality and the safety perspectives.

The medical errors according to the model have a scope to arise because of the Organisational factors, the unsafe work conditions, the human tendency for the unsafe actions and the unsafe acts. The organisational influences are the lack of the management of the resources that are provided in the healthcare settings like the excessive use of the tools which are torn out, the improperly maintained machines and the lack of coordination among the staff members (Reason, 2000).

The next is the distracting and the fluctuating work environment of the hospital, also referred to as the Organisational climate, like the lazy staff members, the inexpert doctors and the dogmatic nurses who are unwilling to attend to the patient’s queries. The third influential factor is the operational process; this accounts to the methodology that is followed for diagnosis, the nurse or the medical supervisor might indulge either too fast processing or the too slow processes (Karman, L. , 2008).

The extreme behaviour of the clinicians and the health care staff thus can be referred to as the problematic in the operational process. The interpretation of the model defines that the healthcare system should be diligent in dealing with the patients at the right time and with the right networking, for this the recommended system by the Swiss Cheese Model where the holes should be seen as the chances where the on-going plan or the operation can fail and the slices of the cheese are the ‘defensive layers’ thus becoming the safety steps or the shields (Karmen, L. 2008).. Therefore, the different layers only act as the filter, where even if the mistake, the error or the flaw in the operation has occurred in the first step then the same can be trapped in the defensive layer, leaving no scope for the error to be passed on to the next level. This is possible because the next layer would not be having the same positions of the holes as it was in the previous layer.

This interpretation thus propagates the main idea that though the natural tendency of a human being to make mistakes cannot be corrected but the correction can be made at the part of the plan that is being executed so that the chances of the fatal consequences are effectively minimised (Karmen, L. , 2008). Conclusion On the basis of the Human Error Theory and the basic Human Factors that are responsible for the failure of the health care system, one can conclude that the critical review of Swiss Cheese Model can come to rescue many patients ho are admitted to the healthcare centres. The question which the analysis has answered is that ‘Can the human errors be effectively reduced in the medical context? ’ and it seems that a positive light spot on the solutions to catch the problematic have been provided by the collaborative efforts of the literary precursors, the medical scholars and the psychologists. The model and the theory which has been studied effectively solves the problem by attacking its root in that health care setting is an indefinite system in which the safety of the patient resides (Wagner, C et. l , 2001). The safety & quality is only achieved while there is possible healthy interaction between the medical providers, the health care standards and the potential errors in the existing health care system. References Carayon, P. (2010). Human factors in patient safety as an innovation. Applied Ergonomics, 41(5): 657-665. Handler,S. , Castle, N. , Studenski, S. , Perera, S. , Fridsma, D. , Nace, D. , & Hanlon, J. (2006). Patient safety culture assessment in the nursing home.

Qual Saf Health Care 15(6), 400-404. Karmen, L. (2008). Pilot, Swiss cheese, and cash machinery: Health of the Health System. Croatian Medical Journal, 49(5), 689. Moyen, E. , Camire, E. , & Stelfox, H. T. (2008). Clinical review: medication errors in critical care. Critical Care Medicine, 12(2), 208. Taxis, K. , & Barber, N. (2003). Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors. British Medical Journal, 11, 326. Reason, J. (2000).

Human error: models and management. British Medical Journal, 320:768-70. Runciman, W. , Hibbert,P. , Thomson, R. , Schaaf, T. V. D. , Sherman, H. , & Lewalle, P. (2009). Towards an international classification for patient safety: key concepts and terms. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 21(1). 18-26. Wagner, C. , Wal, G. , Groenewegen, P. , & Bakker, D. (2001). The effectiveness of quality systems in nursing homes: a review. Qual Health Care 10(4), 211-217. .

Postcolonial Indices: Brachia Index Monterey Peninsula College Keywords: Hummer, skeletal Indices, locomotion, arboreal, fabrication, Biped, Quadruped, Percolator Abstract I measured multiple Hummer and radiuses from multiple mammals Including H. S. Sapiens In order to correlate a hypothesis on how they move using their Individual brachia indexes. Generally speaking fabrication is associated with the major alterations in the arm, thorax and hand. The more powerful the arm movements, more robust and “stronger” the stabilizing musculature must be.

Materials and Methods The materials I used included a lightweight field esoteric board, and a pair of spreading calipers. I measured the length of the radius from the Proximal Epiphysis to the Distal Epiphysis and recorded the length in millimeters. I then did the same for the hummers. I then found the fabrication Index by using the equation (R) Radius length / (H) Hummers length X 100 or R/H(OHIO). I did this for the Sea Otter (Anhydride ultra), Human (H. S.

It Is one of the many Indexes we use to see how the animal moves. For example we can assume that all of the mammals on the list above besides the human and otter, are in some form swinging from trees because of the higher index. We can take the assumptions to another level. If the arms are longer then the legs then we can assume the animal will be a knuckle walking and fist walking. If the legs are longer than the arm then we can assume bipedal. If the legs are longer then the arms then we can assume leaping and arboreal.

Discussion I found that there are several types of fabricators. The gibbons and the signings primarily use arm swinging as a way of getting around and are said to be the best kinds of fabricators. Although the fabricator Indexes Imply that humans and chimpanzees are not the best on the charts they are certainly capable, but they do to practice this as their primary source of locomotion. We as humans are the only ones dedicated to only using bipedal does not mean that the other primates are to upright almost human like. Non-human primates use bipedal locomotion when carrying food.

One hypothesis for human bipedal is that it evolved as a result of successful survival from carrying food to share with group members. The Chimpanzees forearm is relatively long in comparison to the humans. The major differences between chimpanzees and humans limbs are contrasts in relative proportion. Some anthropologists believe that fabrication could be a premeditation o bipedal. It was astonishing to me that humans brachia index is so similar to an otters but the otter was in no way designed to swing from a tree.

It is also baffling to understand that a ring-tailed lemur, highest on the brachia scale, is closer on this index to an otter then too human. But we have the ability to climb and swing if we so desire. So it poses the question as to why the brachia index of the otter says it could swing from trees but the otter has yet to evolve this desire to do so. So what we can conclude from the brachia index is that the environment plays a significant role in evolving the ways in which animals move. Reference Elaine N. Evident, W. C.

This system will allow a user to directly pay for their food with a queue number that is created by the system. We created a system that is easy to be understood by the user and is more practical to use. Ill. We made this assignment with a few stages, as follows: First: The user must choose what language will be used to select the food in our restaurant, we provide two languages are English and Indonesian. After selecting the engage the user can choose a Vegetarian menu or Non Vegetarian menu.

Then if the customer chose the Vegetarian menu Vegetarian menu list will be displayed, as well as for Non Vegetarian menu. Second: Users only need to choose the desired food and beverages. After the costumer have chosen their desired food, the list of names and food prices will be displayed on payout table on the left screen. If the user wants to change the food menu to be ordered then select the name of the food that want canceled then press the symbol on the right price.

Third: If the list of foods that ordered the user is correct press the “ORDER”, then select payment by cash or credit card. After completion of the selection of the payment method, the user selects the “K” and the memorandum of the payment will come out automatically. From the stage we give the conclusion that this view has the initial appearance, vegetarian and non-vegetarian menu and a menu of payment and this will make the user or customer order food easily and is equipped with a menu display “HELP” which will help users who are confused using the drive-thru this.

Animal Farm: Comparison of Animal Characters with Human characters Animal Farm by George Orwell is a political story concerning the concept of Leninist Marxism, written from an animal’s perspective. It is a story of dreams; dreams of freedom and equality that are dashed into pieces by greed and avarice for power and comfort. Basically, Orwell has incorporated his own political views in this book regarding Marxism and simultaneously he has spotlighted the major flaws in Marxist philosophy which he illustrates throughout the story.

I first want to emphasize that the events in Animal Farm are comparable to the Russian Revolution of 1917. The book illustrates the ideals of the revolution and how the masses were maltreated by corrupt leaders and the false promises of a Utopian socialistic society. This goal of equality was what the animals sought, and despite their sacrifices and hard work, their leaders betrayed them. Animal Farm is essentially a harsh criticism of totalitarianism. Orwell is portraying the noble goals of Marxism which were corrupted by a dictator’s avarice for power.

As he notes in his study, “The book is not only a parody of Stalin’s Russia but also intends to show that Russia was not a true democratic Socialist country. ”(1) Despite the apparent criticism, Orwell shares the viewpoints of Marxism as far as worldwide revolution was concerned. However, in the book, a utopian future seemed highly unlikely from the start. The idea of Animalism was a theory created by Old Major in his dream. Old Major was a highly respected and venerable boar. He managed to assemble the farm animals where he told all of them his dream of a revolution.

As Major said, “our lives are miserable, laborious and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies and for those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant our usefulness has come to an end, we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. ”(pg 7) This is particularly typical of what the Russian people faced during the Czarist days of Russia. The Bourgeoisie, or the rich, had full control over the Proletariats, who were the poor workers.

The workers were treated poorly and they lived in utter poverty and misery. They were exploited and mistreated by the rich and lived a harsh life where even basic sustenance was impossible to find. It was through their labor that the Czar and the rich existed. Karl Marx noticed this problem and he wrote The Communist Manifesto, where he suggested that the workers of the world should unite and overthrow the tyrannical capitalist countries. Marx wanted the proletariat class to start a revolution and change the social structure and distribute the wealth among the masses. Old Major represented Karl Marx.

They both were visionaries who called upon the tormented masses to rise up against their bourgeoisie masters, in Animal Farm’s case, Man. Yet, unfortunately both Marx and Major would never see their revolution commence. Old Major dies in three days after speaking to the animals and Marx died before the Russian Revolution began. There were only two capable leaders left on the farm who could start the revolution. Snowball was a young, intelligent and a vivacious pig with a brilliant talent for speaking. Whenever he spoke, he placed an incredible amount of emotion into his voice that pulled the animals toward him.

Snowball’s objective was to carry out the last wishes of Old Major and to make life better for the animals. Snowball could be compared to Leon Trotsky who was a devout follower of Marxism and he wanted to improve the lives of the Russian people. Both Snowball and Trotsky were thrown out of power by their supposed comrades. Napoleon, a Berkshire boar, did not possess the skill and acumen of Snowball. However, Napoleon made up for this weak point by being ruthless, cruel, devious, and corrupt. His ambition was to have full control and power over Animal farm. If anyone stopped him, he would destroy the opponent.

Napoleon used his dogs to intimidate the other animals and to kill any animal that opposed him. He also used Squealer, a garrulous pig who could convince any animal with doubts about the greatness of Napoleon and that it was Napoleon who thought up the revolution. Basically, Squealor was a propaganda spokesman. Old Major, before his death, had spoken out a list of seven commandments that all animals had to follow. The commandments were concerned with animal-human relations. Squealor changed and manipulated the seven commandments to suit Napoleon and the pigs.

You may have noticed by now that the character names all have a symbolic meaning to them. The name Napolean refers to the legendary emperor of France. He was ruthless and he killed anyone who opposed him. Squealor, by his contemptuous actions, implied that he was a spy and he informed Napoleon about any activity against him. Napoleon could be compared to Josef Stalin, the madman of Russia. He was not as educated or convincing as Trotsky. Yet Stalin was a brutal man who craved power. He killed millions of people and used the KGB (indoctrinated dogs) to punish dissenters.

Napoleon also used Moses, the tame raven, to control the animals. Moses represented the Church where he constantly babbled about Sugar Land Mountain. This heavenly abode is where all animals go when they died and they forever lived in peace and tranquility with good food and lots of rest. The animals believed in Moses because their lives were already full of misery. Surely there had to be a better place where the animals could go and be content. Moses was a tool for Napoleon. He said all this jargon in order to make the tired animals work hard and not complain and Moses was paid with bread soaked in beer.

On the topic of religion, Marx considered it the, “Opiate of the people. ” (2) Orwell however said that people will always turn to religion for answers and places where they could go for an easier existence. In addition, Orwell refused to approve of a society where leaders like Napoleon or Stalin distorted the true meaning of Socialism and instilled fear and tyranny over their own people. As Orwell said, “To accept Orthodoxy, is always to inherit unresolved contradictions. ”(3) This makes sense because the animals had jumped out of the frying pan (Mr.

Jones’ reign) and into the fire (Napoleon’s dictatorship). Either way you see the result, it is the same. The animals continued to suffer. What did Animalism accomplish? What were the goals, what were the dreams and what were the results? The basic idea was to share power and to stop the tyrant Mr. Jones (who represented the Czar). The goals of the newly established government was to declare all animals equal, that they would get more food, more sleep, respect, rules to protect animals from oppression, and technology-in the form of windmill to make life better for all.

The animals owned the farm. Everything was to be equally shared. Humans were the enemy and no animals should deal with Man and no one could act like Man. As Major said, “.. in fighting Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. ”(pg 12) The seven commandments were made for the protection of the animals and their rights. Leaders and workers will work together and education is available to all. These were the hopes and dreams of all animals so that they may be free from the bonds of slavery and live in happiness and equality.

However, when Napoleon claimed power, the entire basis of the revolution crumbled into dust. The goals of the government were stripped to suit the Pigs. As the rule said, “some animals are more equal than others. ” Rather than motivating animals to work, they are forced to work otherwise they would not receive their ration of food. The Seven commandments were changed to Pig Laws. Pigs became more powerful and thus they controlled every aspect of the farm. What I note, and Orwell also notes, is that how could the proletariats trust the self-proclaimed leaders and their intentions?

As Orwell wrote, “The main weakness of Marxism is the failure of human motives”(4) and “It is impossible to have an intuitive understanding of men’s motives and therefore impossible to predict their actions. ”(5) It’s difficult to fathom why the animals didn’t recognize the pig’s treachery and why they didn’t rebel. Maybe the fierce dogs were too intimidating or maybe the animals were just content with their nationalistic pride of their farm. An example of their pride can be seen when the animals march past their flag and the disinterred skull of Old Major.

They have a feeling of joy and contentment because their farm is run by the animals and not humans. However as Orwell writes, “the proletariat is too easily swayed by its leaders as well as its guiding ideologies. ”(6) For example in Animal Farm, the animals fail to realize that all their rights and the seven commandments are being stripped and changed before their very eyes. The knowledge that all the animals are illiterate is very useful to Napoleon and he freely changes all the laws according to his tastes without worry.

Yet the animals should have said something when the “Beasts of England,” the revolutionary song taught by Old Major, is changed to “Animal Farm. ” Take Boxer the horse for example. He was a devout follower of Napoleon and he gave his life for his brethren. He sacrificed himself day and night in the construction of the windmill so that the dreams of heat and electricity would come true and that all the animals could reap the benefits. Boxer always said, “Napoleon is always right. ” It is all Boxer can do whenever he had doubts. Had Boxer materialized his doubts into action, Napoleon would never have succeeded in gaining total power.

That’s why I believe Boxer is attacked by the three dogs after he develops doubts about Snowball being a traitor. Luckily he is strong enough to stop the dogs. Boxer represented a communist or Animalist supporter. He was a dedicated and hard worker but the crafty Squealer and Napoleon used him where Boxer was eventually betrayed by the leaders he so willingly followed and helped. Orwell understood the significance of Marxism and shared many of its beliefs but Animalism was not an extreme political goal. The basic concept was equality, sharing, and working together for the betterment of all.

Yet the system was so badly twisted by the leaders that the animals were in limbo. The animals became oppressed slaves to the pigs who became no different than the human masters. They were even crueler to the animals than Jones and the Revolution became a cruel joke. What changes had occurred? Absolutely nothing except that instead of humans ruling over animals, animals came to rule over animals. The final line in the book summarizes it all, “The creatures outside looked from pig to man and man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. ”(pg 155)

Facebook will no longer use humans to curate its trending news section, instead relying on algorithms to help its users discover worldwide breaking news.

The social network announced the change in a  today, three months after it  over claims that its trending topics editors routinely suppressed mentions of politically conservative news topics in the U.S.

The advantage of relying on algorithms over human editors, Facebook says, is that it can enable the Trending Topics feature for users worldwide, instead of limiting it to just countries like the U.S.

“Our goal is to enable Trending for as many people as possible, which would be hard to do if we relied solely on summarizing topics by hand,” according to the blog post. “A more algorithmically driven process allows us to scale Trending to cover more topics and make it available to more people globally over time.”

The editors of the trending section are not Facebook employees, but third-party contractors hired by Accenture under a contract with the world’s largest social network. In a May  to Sen. John Thune, chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee, Facebook said it would reduce its reliance on the team by no longer asking it to search RSS feeds from online media outlets.

The change to eliminate human editors completely was always part of the plan, according to today’s blog post, but Facebook accelerated it “given the feedback we got from the Facebook community earlier this year.”

With the human editors’ departure, the trending news section will only display a topic, like “#PhelpsFace” or “NASA,” instead of a headline and a short description. Facebook says there will still be humans who check on the section to ensure that topics like “lunch,” which people talk about every day, will not be flagged as trending.