Industries

01. 04 Assignment Instructions You will choose synonyms to replace the bold word in the sentences provided below. You will then write an explanation to explain why you chose these particular synonyms. Example: However, in a year that saw the social networking Juggernaut Backbone turn a profit for only the first time, it was not clear whether Twitter could achieve financial independence from its venture capital investors.

Synonym = powerhouse Explanation: I chose the word powerhouse, because the original word, “Juggernaut” indicates that that Backbone forcefully took over the social networking industry. I wanted to use a word to indicate powerful success. Synonyms 1 . Having demonstrated its versatility as a high-tech newswire, Twitter drew the attention of those who would prefer to see certain information suppressed. I would choose the word skillfulness, because versatility means you are skilled to do many things at once and are good at it. 2.

Millions of users attempted to log into Twitter only to be greeted by the service’s conic “fail whale,” the image of a cartoon whale being hoisted into the air by a flock of birds, signaling a site outage. Ideal; because it is an image from the service. When you are not a member. 3. Following the earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010

Political Not only does South African politics influence the real estate market but neighboring countries’ political situation can easily spill over into AS. In recent history stats have shown that the number of sellers selling due to emigration has doubled and this is mostly due to political instability. Zanzibar has for long had political problems and this directly influences any potential investments both locally and internationally, says Craig Hutchison chief executive officer of Engel & V¶lakes Southern Africa.

Hutchison says South Africa has never lagged behind any country when it comes to political turmoil. This political situation has influenced everyone and almost everything in the country, so how has it and will it influence the real estate market. In recent history stats have shown that the number of sellers selling due to emigration has doubled and this is mostly due to political instability. Factors that are also indirectly influenced by politics are things like rising inflation due to global food and oil prices which diminishes monthly disposable income.

This all dads to a rising household debt-to-disposable-income ratio, he says. Even though we have seen some ups and downs in the real estate market during the years since the first democratic elections, the future still looks bright. ECONOMIC Not all is bad in the economic sector and many opportunities have opened up. Firstly the prime interest rate has been reduced by 5. 5% since the property boom. This has been very positive for both existing homeowners and those wanting to get into the market for the first time.

Although financial institutions no longer offer interest rates n residential property below the prime rate, the vast reduction has ultimately still led to the general monthly bond repayment being lower than those seen during the boom. Homeowners who bought a home for RI million during the boom at an interest rate of 14% over a 20 loan period, were paying around ROR 435. 21 per month on their bond. With the reduction in the interest rate, those same homeowners are currently paying around RE 678. 23, which translated to a saving of RE 756. 98 per month, ROR 083. 76 per year and a massive RARE 675. 0 over the term of the loan – a total saving that is over 90% of the initial purchase price of their property. With the majority of South Africans loan dependent when it comes to purchasing property, any fluctuation in the interest rate will have an impact on the housing market and buyers levels of affordability. Most potential buyers will require finance from the bank if they want to purchase a house this means that they will be affected by the interest rate in someway. SOCIAL The Department of Human Settlements determines finances, promotes, communicates and monitors the implementation of housing and sanitation aerogramme in South Africa.

Government has set itself the target of making a positive impact on the quality of life of 500 000 households by 2014, by upgrading informal settlements. The upgrade will provide households Witt security to tenure and access to essential services in sites that are close to economic and other social amenities. To meet its objective of sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life, the Department of Human Settlements has identified the following areas of priority: Accelerated delivery of housing opportunities Access to basic services More efficient land use An improved property market.

Between 1994 and June 2011, government built over three million homes for South Africans, giving shelter to over 13 million people. TECHNOLOGY If only 18% of South Africans own a computer then how come one in three has access to the Internet? This is because many people can now activate the internet through their mobile phones allowing people to search for properties anywhere in the world of these Internet-savvy South Africans, three-quarters are signed up to at least one social media network – like Backbone, Twitter, Maxi and Linked – making these outworks significantly more popular than email, which comes in at 66%.

And the role our online social life is playing in our daily life is growing space, particularly in South Africans favorite places – our shopping malls – which are the most frequently visited public spaces in the country. Legislative Struggling South African consumers, especially homeowners have been urged by major AS banks to take advantage of low interest rates to accelerate their debt repayment. Reserve Bank Governor, Gill Marcus said that the prime lending rate would remain unchanged at 8. %, a decision met with very little surprise by those within the real estate sector.

The governor said the committee continued to assess the monetary policy stance to be appropriately accommodative, given the persistence of the negative output gap. On inflation, the banks forecast showed a slight deterioration in the inflation outlook for 2013 compared to the previous forecast. The forecasts incorporate, among others, the lower electricity price increase of 8% that the National Energy Regulator of AS granted power utility Eskimo. Eskimo had sought a total 16% tariff increase. Inflation is now expected to average 5. 9% in 2013 and 5. % in 2014, compared to the previous forecasts of 5. 8% and 5. 2%. However, inflation is expected to temporarily breach the upper end of the banks target range (of between 3% and 6%) in the third quarter of 2013 when it is expected to average 6. 3% and then moderate to 5. 2% in the fourth quarter. Marcus said the deterioration was largely due to the depreciation of the rand and higher petrol prices, which more than offset the impact of lower electricity prices. Core inflation is expected to peak at 5. 1% in the second quarter of 2014.

Unemployment also affects insurance industry, because the unemployment people will not have earning, so saving also affect to life insurance sector. Life insurance industry will directly affected by Earthquake, Monsoon, and Natural calamity. Because of these events turns into lots of death, so the life insurance companies have to pay claim against policy. Infant mortality rate and maternity mortality rate are also affecting to insurance. Typical consumer want luxurious product against low income, so that they prefer installment or annuity (MI), so eyeteeth may not have extra saving to invest in life insurance.

Social factor The population in the age group 15-55 is usually regarded as the insurable population, since this can be considered as the main “active” age group ( in the sense of working, earning and supporting others), and beyond this range life risk may be considered to be not worth insuring. On the other hand, people over the age of 50 rarely apply for fresh life insurance, mainly because in Malaysia the normal retirement age is around 55- 60 years. Also, a high percentage of the population in he lower income group does not remain “insurable” after the age of 50.

A single respondent is less likely to purchase life insurance than a married respondent. Given that a married respondent is likely to have family members or dependents to care for, it is reasonable to expect that a married respondent is more likely to think and plan for his/her family members should an unfortunate circumstances fall upon him or her. Higher education is not a driver in the demand for life insurance. Although the higher educated individuals may understand and appreciate insurance more Han the lower educated individuals, they may be more interested in wealth management and wealth creation products than insurance.

The higher educated individuals may view the new wealth management products as a more appealing way of managing their finances than insurance. Technology factor Internet as an intermediary , customer is not aware about the intrinsic value of insurance. Internet can be an effective medium for educating the consumers about insurance. It serves as a single window for disseminating product, process and procedural information to the consumers.

Product development and target marketing through the Internet: with increase in the number of insurance companies there will be a need for market segmentation and subsequently product designed for each of them. In such a scenario Internet can be a effective channel for pushing product specific information to a particular market segment. Consumer feedback about a Pest: Investment and Insurance Industry By walleye particular product as well as suggestions tort deterrent types or covers can also be generated through the Internet. For example, maintaining the database.

The most important fact that is affecting the insurance industry is the marinating the database of the customers. The insurance industry having a huge list of the customers. In order to maintain it in manual format it is really the work of stupidity. With the change in time the computers has taken the work of this things. Thus with the development of the technology it has becoming possible to maintain such huge database very easily. A person can switch over to the computer and get the details of the customer very easily. Thus maintaining the database has really become easy due to the development in technology.

The Meiji government during the 1880’s created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth.

The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, atriotism, and obedience. Japan’s education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual’s exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls “a kind of civil religion” with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state.

In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the tate and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries.

The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think nd not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, “Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques. Japan’s education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as “technically efficient clogs” in the new industries and administration that an The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the ummer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan.

The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in heory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor.

But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers trong.

In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880’s and 1890’s was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.

The literature reappraisal summarized the research done on the job that planetary oil militias are consuming twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours and there is a desperate demand to happen out and utilised surrogate energy options particularly for a underdeveloped state. The depletion of planetary oil militias has led to struggles between the states and surging of monetary values. Oil is the chief beginning of energy and developing states are confronting batch of jobs due to shortage of oil in supplying their populations better life criterions.

The literature besides covered state of affairs of deficit of oil militias and energy crises consequent to it. It identifies chief consumers of oil in a state and jump energy resources that could perchance be worked on to run into the energy demand through beginnings other than oil.

Depletion OF GLOBAL OIL RESERVES

The API estimated in 1999 the universe ‘s oil supply would be depleted between 2062 and 2094, presuming entire universe oil militias between 1.4 and 2 trillion barrels and ingestion at 80 million barrels per twenty-four hours. In 2004, entire universe militias were estimated to be 1.25 trillion barrels and day-to-day ingestion was about 85 million barrels, switching the estimated oil depletion twelvemonth to 2057.

The US EIA predicted that universe ingestion of oil will increase to 98.3 million barrels per twenty-four hours in 2015 and 118 in 2030. With 2009 universe oil ingestion at 84.4, making the jutting 2015 degree of ingestion would stand for an mean one-year addition between 2009 and 2015 of 2.7 % per twelvemonth while EIA ‘s ain figures show worsening ingestion and worsening supplies during the 2005-2010 period.

The universe ‘s oil supply is fixed because crude oil is of course formed far excessively easy to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many 1000000s of old ages, plankton, bacteriums, and other works and carnal affair become buried in deposits on the ocean floor. When conditions are right – a deficiency of O for decomposition, and sufficient deepness and temperature of burial – these organic remains are converted into crude oil compounds, while the deposit attach toing them is converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary stone. When capped by impermeable stones such as shale, salt, or pyrogenic invasions, they form the crude oil reservoirs which are exploited today.

3.2 ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN

Energy is considered as one of the most of import inputs to economic growing and development. Its ingestion is besides one of the important indexs of the degree of development of any state. It is now good recognized that energy services play a important function in heightening societal and economic development. Energy has become an engine of economic growing at local and planetary degree. It is needed worldwide for furthering and prolonging development procedure position of developing or developed provinces of the economic system. Keeping in position the planetary economic growing coupled with an addition in population, the demand for energy is bound to increase and run intoing this demand poses serious challenges at the planetary degree. In coming decennaries, the demand for energy is expected to turn more quickly in developing states.

Since independency, the cardinal push of Pakistan ‘s energy policy has been on augmenting the state ‘s energy system. As a consequence of important planning and public investing, there has been significant enlargement of energy sector. Despite the important development in the energy sector, Pakistan yet suffers from energy deficit. This state of affairs has been progressively viewed as a constriction to industrial and agricultural sectors that in bend are seen critical in exciting the economic and societal development. Bing a developing state, Pakistan has faced the challenge of fueling industry and agribusiness sectors adequately for run intoing growing marks and supplying energy at low-cost monetary values to hapless particularly those populating in the rural countries. The handiness of energy at low-cost monetary values can be a major factor that determines a whole array of other productive activities taking to economic growing.

NATIONAL ENERGY MIX

Energy sector in Pakistan comprises electricity, gas, crude oil, coal and atomic power. The portion of natural gas in primary energy supplies during 2010 reached 45 per centum followed by oil ( 28 per centum ) , hydro electricity ( 15 per centum ) , coal ( 10 per centum ) and atomic electricity

( 2 per centum ) . As can be seen Pakistan is dependent on oil and Gas, which together contribute about 73 % of the entire primary energy supplied.

3.4 POWER GENERATION, SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION

The sum installed capacity coevals during 2006-07, was 19,440 MW. WAPDA generated 11,363 MW of which, hydle histories for 56.9 per centum or 6,463 MW, thermic histories for 43.1 per centum or 4,900 MW. IPPs coevals was 5858 ( MW ) which constituted 30 % of entire installed capacity. KESC with 1756 ( MW ) contributed 9.1 % portion and atomic added 2.4 % .Number of WAPDA consumers stood at 17 million out of which family accounted for 84 % , commercial 13 % and industrial and agricultural1.4 % each. As on 30th June, 2007 industrial sector consumed 26 % , agriculture 12 % and households 43 % besides commercial and others. The one-year per capita electricity ingestion in Pakistan is about 320kwh, and this lone caters for 60 per centum of the population. Forty per centum of Pakistanis still have no entree to electricity. There is presently load sloughing of up to 700 MW a twenty-four hours because of deficit & A ; hapless transmittal capablenesss. Electricity demand is expected to turn by eight per cent a twelvemonth during the period 2005 – 2015, necessitating an one-year installing capacity of about 2000 MW for the following 10 old ages.

Presently about 45 % of Pakistan ‘s power supply is based on natural gas, 28 % on oil, 15 % on hydro and staying on coal, atomic and renewable electricity. Keeping in position the current power mix, it is indispensable to concentrate on autochthonal and cost effectual beginnings for power coevals.

3.5 CURRENT ENERGY GAP IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is presently confronting electricity deficit of around 4000-9000 MW. Everyone agrees that an indispensable stipulation for industrial development is an uninterrupted supply of power.The installed capacity for coevals of electricity in the state is 11,500 MW of which 82.7 per cent was thermic ; 15.3 per centum was hydroelectric and 2 per centum was atomic.

Pakistan needs to prolong an one-year economic growing rate of at least 6 to 7 per centum to relieve poorness and recognize desirable socio-economic and human development. To accomplish the growing mark of GDP, it is perfectly indispensable that the minimal electricity growing rate is maintained. The proviso of adequate and dependable supply of electricity at a sensible cost is a requirement to achieve this end. Power is the premier mover. Any large push of the economic system would necessitate accelerated power development. But there is a likeliness that Pakistan ‘s current economic growing might non prolong in the absence of consistent and uninterrupted devolution of new power undertakings.

3.6 REVIEW OF PAKISTAN ‘S ENERGY PORTFOLIO

Looking at the power portfolio of Pakistan it looks as if we are populating in an oil rich state. Soon, Pakistan has batch of oil fired power workss. Continuous hiking in furnace oil monetary values can do them unviable in close hereafter. But even if fortunes are non utmost, even if there are no turbulences in bring forthing states, no terrorist onslaughts and supply breaks, the monetary values will maintain traveling up. Why? Because there is a cardinal instability for oil in the universe economic system. Production is merely plenty to run into demand. There is no trim capacity to take attention of unanticipated closures, supply break or a farther rise in demand.

Such an unbalance power profile carries serious reverberations. An evenhanded power portfolio would necessitate a just balance among assorted beginnings of power with no inordinate trust on any. One of the few affairs which must be considered in set uping the power portfolio is that inordinate trust on any individual beginning particularly foreign beginning on which we have no control over supply and monetary value can do things suffering any clip. Oil import measure of more than $ 7 billion or about 50 % of foreign exchange militias of a developing economic system with no hopes of making exportable excess in the close hereafter is doubtless really dismaying. As 28 % of the power coevals is based on oil therefore any hinderance in the transit of oil can do terrible harm to the economic system. In short, clip has proved that the best solution for all such jobs is encouragement and development of autochthonal resource. Many states, including the developed and emerging economic systems, have adopted extended plans for increasing hydle and coal based power into their energy portfolios.

It would non be incorrect if we say that uninterrupted carelessness of autochthonal resource has made Pakistan ‘s power policy directionless. This carelessness, absence of precedences and concentrating on expensive foreign fuel has made inexpensive electricity and ego trust a twenty-four hours dream.

Pakistan is fortunate plenty to hold two inexpensive autochthonal resources for power coevals i.e. H2O and coal. But it is absolute bad fortune that we have non been able to utilize both of these resources efficaciously. Estimated coal militias of Pakistan are around 185,175 million dozenss which is one of the largest coal militias of the universe whereas their use for electricity coevals is hardly 10 per centum. Basically autochthonal coal-based power will convey assorted benefits for Pakistan ; foremost and first benefit would be huge nest eggs in foreign exchange on import of expensive oil. Coal based power workss are labour intensive and will make 1000s of new occupations and assorted other new concern chances at works site in peculiar and in Pakistan in general.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PAKISTAN

Like any other state, energy is critical for the economic development of Pakistan. Energy should non merely be available but it must be ensured that it is available at a sensible and low-cost monetary value and with out any break. For a underdeveloped state, like Pakistan where the chief emphasis is on the poorness relief, energy dramas a positive function. It is imperative that energy production should be environment friendly. More over a mix of energy beginnings will be helpful in variegation of the sector and would guarantee the proviso of this critical resource where it is required. The phase of economic development and the criterion of life of persons in a given part strongly act upon the nexus between economic growing and energy demand.

An increased usage of energy, either through natural gas or electricity, impacts favorably on the life criterions of the hapless as they so spend less clip looking for alternate signifiers of fuel such as firewood. Similarly, the proviso of electricity to the rural countries can assist in raising productiveness degrees of small-scale industry thereby indirectly raising income degrees and in the longer term bettering the quality of life for the rural hapless.

Rural electrification is of import because it brings to the rural countries the benefits that urban consumers take for granted -an betterment in the criterion of life with the associated socio-economic benefits. Provision of electric power besides has a strictly economic result that of increasing the productive capacity of the rural countries with additions in agricultural end product.

3.7 PAKISTAN ENERGY SECURITY PLAN AND ENERGY MIX

Pakistan historically has been subjected to energy demand suppression due to limited supplies and deficiency of substructure development for proviso of energy to the industrial sector. The non handiness of sustained and low-cost energy to industry has suppressed economic growing and created worsening inclination for industrial investing in the state. It is now more of import so of all time that an equal supply be made available to industry to drive economic growing, and make employment chances. Energy has besides to be made available to the domestic sector and the life line sections of society to supply economic support and the convenience of clean fuel for cookery and warming and forestall the go oning environmental debasement and deforestation by monolithic usage of wood for domestic fuel. The commercial handiness to assorted sector of the economic system will assist in increasing occupation chances, heightening agribusiness productiveness, bettering criterion of life and preserving environment through cut downing deforestation.

A long term integrated National Energy Security Plan, covering the period up to 2030 has late been approved by the Government vide Mid Term Development Framework ( MTDF ) . The energy sector development is aimed at ( I ) sweetening in the development of hydropower, and geographic expedition and production activities of oil, gas and coal resources, and to increase the portion of coal and alternate energy in the overall energy mix, ( two ) optimal use of the state ‘s resources base to cut down dependance on imported oil through an institutionalised scheme, ( three ) making an environment conducive to the engagement of the private sector, and ( four ) developing the local energy scenario in the context of regional position. The current energy mix includes 28 per centum oil, 45 per centum natural gas, 10 per centum coal, 15 per centum hydro and 2 per centum atomic. By 2015, the portion of oil and gas is targeted to be reduced to 25 per centum and 42 per centum severally with matching additions in the portion of coal to 12 per centum, hydro to 17.6 per centum, renewable to 1 per centum and atomic to 3 per centum. Over the long term, the addition in other beginnings of energy, has been targeted with significant decrease in the portion of oil.

EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN THE CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES

3.8 HYDROPOWER

The identified hydro power potency of Pakistan is 46,000 MW, out of which merely 14 per cent ( 6,500 MW ) has been exploited so far. Despite this large potency, no hydro power undertaking has been established by WAPDA since Tarbela Dam. The most executable and economical undertaking Kala Bagh Dam has become so controversial that it could non take off though consecutive authoritiess wished so. There are programs to develop the hydro resources on a big graduated table through storage and run -of-the-river undertakings. Feasibility surveies of several undertakings have already been prepared, while surveies of several extra undertakings are in advancement or planned. Hydro is one of the major economic energy supply options in Pakistan for increasing the energy security of the state. The experts caution that for the clip skylines of around 100 old ages, hydro storage undertakings are ‘non -renewable ‘ due to the silting of these reservoirs. For illustration, over the last 30 old ages, the storage capacity of Tarbela dike has been reduced by 27 per cent due to silting. Similarly, there is a universe broad concern over the disruption of population and the environmental jeopardies associated with big dikes. Another issue related to the hydro power is that a big figure of extra sites with major possible exist in the cragged North, but the trouble of entree and the high cost of transmittal to the thickly settled South make the thought into a completed undertaking a distant chance. Not merely, it means extra cost to construct the transmittal substructure but at the same clip a immense loss occurs during the transmittal ( it is estimated to be between 28 to 30 per centum ) . Another job is the seasonal fluctuation, where in winter the coevals is reduced due to shortage of H2O in the storages. However, hydro is still the most economical energy resource in Pakistan.

3.9 OIL AND GAS

There are considerable oil and gas militias in Pakistan. The rough oil militias are estimated at 27 billion barrels including 300 million barrels proved militias. The degree of production is soon 22.6 million barrels compared with the degree of ingestion of 100 million barrels. The natural gas militias are 8 trillion three-dimensional metres including the proved militias of 0.8 trillion three-dimensional metres. The degree of production is soon 93 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours compared with the degree of ingestion of 82 million three-dimensional metres per twenty-four hours. The oil sector has all along been to a great extent dependent on imports of approximately 85 per centum of the national demand. Annually about 7.8 million metric tons of petroleum oil, 5.2 million metric tons of oil merchandises and 2.8 million metric tons of coal are being imported. The local production of oil and gas would get down worsening due to depletion of resources. There would besides be a shortage of gas unless considerable part is made from new finds. In instance the spread is non met through autochthonal supply, there will be need to import gas, and the needed substructure would hold to be placed in a timely mode.

3.10 Coal

Pakistan ‘s coal resources are estimated at 185 billion metric tons ( 82,700 MTOE, or 2 per cent of the universe coal resources ) , out of which 95 per cent are in the Thar coal field in Sindh. This coal is of lignite rank holding high wet content and low warming value. So far merely 3.3 billion metric tons of coal resources are in the ‘measured ‘ class, and sing a recovery factor of 60 per cent, these correspond to some 2.0 billion metric tons of recoverable coal militias. However, this coal is tantamount to the combined oil militias of Saudi Arabia and Iran. As portion of the scheme of increasing local energy content, a major accent is being placed on working coal resources for large-scale usage in power coevals, and perchance for the production of coal bed methane.

3.11 NUCLEAR ENERGY

Pakistan has two atomic power workss, Chashma-1 and Kanupp, with 300 MW and 125 MW severally, of installed capacity. The PAEC operates both atomic workss. Pakistan is presently working on a 3rd atomic power works ( Chashma-2 ) , with the aid of China National Nuclear Corporation. The works will hold 325 MW of installed capacity expected to be completed by 2012.

INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATE ENERGY

Energy is one of the most of import issues for all authoritiess universe over. Developed provinces need energy to prolong their advanced manner of life and to provide to the every-changing demands of life dictated by engineering. Developing states need energy for it is the sine qua non for development. Alternative energy has been the most recent add-on to the academic and practical facets of the energy universe. The construct is relevant but its importance is absolute. Developed provinces have begun to pull off their energy sector in an progressively alternate energy based position and, this has a great lessons for a state like Pakistan which is draw a bead oning to develop into a healthy economic system with an improved quality of life for its citizens. The theory and usage of alternate energy is at the most introductory phase in Pakistan. However, in footings of resources and usage of surrogate energy, Pakistan stands good placed to use this fresh construct in the national policy model

Alternate or renewable energy, beginnings show important promise in assisting to cut down the sum of toxins that are byproducts of energy usage. Not merely do they protect against harmful byproducts, but utilizing alternate energy helps to continue many of the natural resources that we presently use as beginnings of energy.

The Alternate Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) has been established to ease development of renewable energy undertakings. At least 5 per cent of the entire electricity bring forthing capacity of the state is targeted to be based on these beginnings by the twelvemonth 2030.

To understand how alternate energy usage can assist continue the delicate ecological balance of the planet, and assist us conserve the non-renewable energy beginnings like fossil fuels, it is of import to cognize what types of alternate energy can be brought into world in Pakistan. Renewable beginnings of energy like air current power, solar, geothermic energy, moving ridge and tidal power, biomass energy, H and fuel cells, every bit good as hydropower are options to fossil fuel and regarded as alternate beginnings of energy.

3.12 WIND POWER

Wind power is one of the earliest signifiers of energy used by world. Windmills were used on farms in the early portion of the 20th century to pump H2O and generate electricity. Now considered an alternate energy beginning, air current power is being harnessed by modern windmills with lighter, stronger blades. In US provinces such as California, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Montana, up to several hundred windmills may run together in unfastened countries with steady air currents. Single elephantine windmills capable of supplying electricity to several thousand places are besides runing in the United States. With new engineerings being developed to better windmill public presentation and efficiency, air current power is a promising, clean, inexpensive, and abundant beginning of energy for the hereafter.

The air current power captured by turbines at is a beginning of energy that does non harm the environment. Wind energy harnesses the power of the air current to impel the blades of air current turbines. The rotary motion of turbine blades is converted into electrical current by agencies of an electrical generator. In the older windmills, wind energy was used to turn mechanical machinery to make physical work, like oppressing grain or pumping H2O. Wind towers are normally built together on air current farms. Now, electrical currents are harnessed by big graduated table air current farms that are used by national electrical grids every bit good as little single turbines used for supplying electricity to stray locations or single places.

Wind power produces no pollution that can pollute the environment. Since no chemical procedures take topographic point, like in the combustion of fossil fuels, in air current power coevals, there are no harmful byproducts left over. Since air current coevals is a renewable beginning of energy, Pakistan will ne’er run out of it. Farming and graze can still take topographic point on land occupied by air current turbines which can assist in the production of bio-fuels. Wind farms can be built off-shore.

Since 2001, planetary air current capacity has about doubled to 47,760 megawatts and is cheaper than natural gas even without subsidies ; on good sites, air current is even shuting in on coal. Pakistan has potencies of air current energy runing from 10000MW, yet power coevals through air current is in intiaial phases in Pakistnan and presently 06 MW has been installed in first stage in Jhampir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power workss will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi.

3.13 SOLAR POWER

Energy from the Sun is a free, abundant, and nonpolluting beginning of energy. Solar power involves utilizing solar cells to change over sunshine into electricity, utilizing sunlight hitting solar thermic panels to change over sunshine to heat H2O or air. Pakistan has potency of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Buildinn of solar power workss is afoot in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private sellers are importing panels/solar H2O warmers for ingestion in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) is working for 20,000 solar H2O warmers in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by theh authorities to switch supply of energy to their transmittal towers from crude oil to solar energy panels.

3.14 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Hot stones under the land heat H2O to bring forth steam. When holes are drilled in the part, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. If done right, geothermic energy produces no harmful byproducts. Once a geothermic works is build, it is by and large self-sufficing energy wise. Geothermal power workss are by and large little and have small consequence on the natural landscape.

Geothermal energy is the natural heat generated in the inside of Earth and released from vents and hot springs or from geysers that shoot out het H2O and steam. Reservoirs of hot H2O and steam under Earth ‘s surface can be accessed by boring through the stone bed. The of course het H2O can be used to heat edifices, while the steam can be used to bring forth electricity. Steam can besides be produced by pumping cold H2O into stone that is heated by geothermic energy ; such steam is so used to bring forth electric power.

Geothermal energy is an of import alternate energy beginning in countries of geothermic activity, including parts of the United States, Iceland, and Italy. Homes in Boise, Idaho, are heated utilizing geothermic energy, as are most edifices in Iceland. The Geysers in California is the largest steam field in the universe and has been used to bring forth electricity since 1960. Unlike solar energy and air current power, nevertheless, the usage of geothermic energy has an environmental impact. Chemicals in the steam contribute to air pollution, and H2O assorted with the steam contains dissolved salts that can eat pipes and injury aquatic ecosystems.

3.15 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

The rise and autumn of ocean tides contain tremendous sums of energy that can be captured to bring forth electricity. Tidal power cab be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by turn uping a H2O turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can so hive away energy until needed. Coastal tides are a beginning of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy. Plans are underway in Pakistan to tackle tidal energy, nevertheless, no execution has been made so far.

3.16 AGRICULTURE BIOMASS/BIODIESEL

Biomass production involves utilizing refuse or other renewable resources such as sugar cane, maize or other flora to bring forth electricity. When refuse decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and subsequently burned to bring forth electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned straight to bring forth energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to organize intoxicants. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy plans from biomass/biodiesel in the universe, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board ( AEDB ) of Pakistann has planned to bring forth 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar undertakings in 20 metropoliss of state.

Introduction

The global phenomenon of population aging is having and will have, major impactions on all aspects of human life in every society. This process is irreversible and, enduring as observed from differing patterns and distinct paces in various regions and countries worldwide. The economies and demographic composition of Latin America and the Caribbean (LACE) countries before the mid-nineteen hundreds, tended towards one of high fertility and low productivity respectively. During this period, marked increases in average income were accompanied by proportionate increases in population growth.

This trend generally remained constant for the remainder of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Today in the early twenty-first century, substantial structural changes in the demographic composition of LACE countries, have resulted in a transition from high to low levels of mortality and fertility. This phenomenon was aptly described by DRP Grog Harlem Borderland, Director-General World Health Organization at the Second World Assembly on Ageing Madrid 9 April 2002, when she stated, “While developed countries grew affluent before they became old, developing countries are growing old before they get affluent.

This paper analyses the effects of the demographic transition of low fertility, mortality rates, and net migration on population aging in the Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago, using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. It also seeks to review this Caribbean nation’s strategies to combat the negative effects of population aging by applying Erik Erosion’s theory of the stages of psychosocial development.

Discussion

Since the sass’s, the world’s elderly population has been steadily increasing according to United Nations figures.

The global population of persons 60 years of age ND over has risen from 8% in 1950 to in 2009; with the projected figure of 22% by the year 2050 (Rouse, Reemission and Ramrod, 2010, p. 2). Additionally, future projections suggest the by the year 2050, a third of the population of Trinidad and Taboo’s will be comprised of persons over 60 years of age (ECLAT, 2004, p. 7). Currently, in LACE countries, there is a ratio of 10 persons aged 15-64 to every person aged 65 years and older.

This ratio is expected to decrease drastically to an average of 3 persons between the ages of 15-64 years old, to every person aged 65 years by the year 2050 (Rouse, Reemission and Ramrod, 2010, p. 3). Additionally, the ratio of persons age 65 years or older relative to the total population rose from 5. 6% in 1980 to 9. 0% in 2011 (Central Statistical Office 2011, p. 12). Moreover, If all the suggested estimates occur as expected, this would impact negatively this country’s ability to attain sustainable development.

Thus, arising out of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, LACE governments were given the mandate to implement social and economic strategies to mitigate the potentially crippling effects of an aging population on their future economies. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago in the year 2000, proposed a national policy on aging. Its stated goal is “to ensure the facilitating the attainment of their basic human needs, that those in need are assisted, and that older persons are treated as an important resource rather than a burden to society (National Policy on Ageing for Trinidad and Tobago 2007, 12).

SWOT analysts

A SWOT analysis is a methodology of assessment of attributes and state, which identifies the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats of an entity in a logical ND coherent order. Hence, the following is a SWOT analysis of the demographic transition of low fertility, mortality rates, and net migration on population aging in the nation of Trinidad and Tobago.

Summary of SWOT analysis of a demographic transition on population aging:

STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES

• Oil revenues.
• Free education for the entire population.
• Free health care and (CDMA).
• The Ministry of Social Development.
• National Policy on Ageing.
• Signatory to the UN Second World Assembly on Ageing.
• International agencies cooperation (e. G. WHO). National Insurance Scheme (EN’S).
• Senior Citizens’ Grant (Old Age Pension).
• Geriatric Adolescent Partnership Programmer (GAP).
• Relatively low level of indigence and poverty.
• Tobago Association of Retired Persons (TARP).
• Over dependency on Oil.
• The migration of the young and middle-aged.
• Inefficiency in Healthcare System.
• Inefficiency in government agencies.
• Poor cooperation between government agencies.
• Limited cooperation with International agencies.
• Low fertility rates.
• Low mortality rates.
• Increasing Elderly Population.
• Finite time frame to implement mitigating socio-economic policies.
• Increasing numbers of persons suffering from lifestyles diseases.
• Increase loneliness of the elderly.

OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS

• Vigorous Oil Exploration.
• Reduce dependents on Oil, by perusing alternative energy sources.
• Improve government agencies efficiency.
• Improve government Inter-agency cooperation. Improve in Healthcare System efficiency.
• Create a nationwide Healthcare Information system.
• Reduce cases of lifestyles diseases through proper education, better primary and secondary care.
• Expand the GAP program.
• Encourage the young and middle-aged not to migrate by providing viable opportunities locally.
• Reducing Oil Reserves.
• Increase of HIVE/AIDS cases.
• Increasing crime (e. G. Homicide ).
• Drug abuse.
• Vehicular accidents.
• Global economic crisis.
• Fear of technology on the part of the elderly.
• Increasing in the number of persons dying from cancer.
• Inadequate preparedness for major natural disasters can severely damage civil infrastructure.

Application of Erik Erosion’s theory of development In Erosion’s model of psychosocial development, the life course of an individual is divided into eight landmarks, predetermined stages.

Each stage of development is improvised of events that act as turning points in life. In the context of the government of Trinidad and Taboo’s socio-economic strategies to combat the negative effects of population aging, Erosion’s theory of development will be used to map its effectiveness. Trust v Mistrust Regarding Erosion’s first stage of development namely, Trust v Mistrust (Schultz & Schultz, 2008. P. 4), the citizenry of Trinidad and Tobago would count on the government to satisfy his or her basic social needs, for example, healthcare, security and basic utilities such as electricity and a clean and adequate water supply.

In time, as the government generally provides for this need, the citizens build trust in the government. Conversely, if the government consistently fails to provide for his basic needs, he would develop an insecure attitude towards his government and mistrust its desire to care for its citizens. Moreover, It stands to reason that if the government’s ability to provide basic social services is hindered because of falling revenues due to the financial burden associated with an aging population, the entire population suffers, not just the elderly. The government of Trinidad and Tobago can take some measures to improve the quality of service it delivers to its citizens, for example, increasing revenue by pursuing alternative sources of energy. Improving the efficiency of governmental agencies, improving governmental Inter-agency cooperation, improving the efficiency of the national healthcare system, improving cooperation between government and international agencies. Like a toddler experiencing the second stage of Erosion’s theory of development, there are prerequisite conditions that are necessary for a feeling of self-worth and confidence on the part of the elderly in Trinidad and Tobago.

These include adequate sustenance, housing, and healthcare as well as social programmed such as, the Geriatric Adolescent Partnership Programmer (GAP), that promote their well-being. Generatively versus Stagnation Erikson believed that individuals at this stage of maturity need to give back to society. It is at this stage of development that adult children have not only a greater sense of duty to be the caregivers of their aged parents, but also would have the most financial resources to provide such care.

Accordingly, Trinidad and Tobago Parent Support Ratio was 4. 8 in 2009. This figure is expected to increase to 19. 3, for persons aged 85 years and over to every one hundred persons aged 50-64 years by the year 2050 (Rouse, Reemission and Ramrod, 2010, p. 4). The increase in a country’s Parent Support Ratio is a significant development, for it betrays the declining ability of its country’s more resourceful mature working population, aged 50-64 years of age, to provide care to their aged parents.

Thus, the country of Trinidad and Tobago would have to put greater reliance on the reducing numbers of younger less resourceful working adults, aged 15-49 to provide care to its raising geed population. One possible solution to this problem would be for the government of Trinidad and Tobago to explore its ‘opportunity’ of discouraging the migration of its young educated adults by improving local living conditions and Job opportunities.

Ego Integrity versus Despair In Erosion’s final stage of psychosocial development, the elderly individual is faced with the dichotomy of ego Integrity versus Despair. These attitudes are a reflection of how one views his whole life course. The contributing factor as to whether upon reflection of one’s course of life, one tends to ego integrity or despair, to entombment or disappointed, is the presence or lack thereof, a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, believing one has successfully passed life’s many challenges and one has made the most of opportunities presented.

Integral to any sense of accomplishment by the elderly, is the quality of life that is afforded to them by the government of Trinidad and Tobago sponsored programmed. Such as the Senior Citizens’ Grant (Old Age Pension), National Insurance Scheme (EN’S), and Chronic Disease Assistance Programmer (CDMA). These social programmed, however, are in jeopardy of collapsing due to the ever-increasing demands placed upon the sluggish economy, low fertility, mortality rates, and net migration on an increasingly aging population (Rouse, Reemission and Ramrod, 2010).

Conclusion

The negative effects of the increasing elderly population are well documented. This situation is further exasperated in the case of Trinidad and Tobago due to its noted context of increasing population aging. An examination via a SOOT analysis reveals that although there are many inefficiencies in the Trinidad and Tobago government’s application of its resources, this can be corrected, by increasing its strengths, exploring its opportunities, while overcoming its weakness and minimizing TTS threats.

Reduction In the con. [amount of chemicals used thereby reducing their harmful effects. Reduction of waste concentration by recovery and reuse. Reduction of waste concentration by chemical substitution. Reduction of waste concentration by process modification. Segregation of Fenton of each process. Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal, to meet the requirements. To explore the economics related to reuse of treated Fenton.

Reduction In waste water volume Reducing the number of washing and use of hot water in washings use of counter current washing use of standing bath in dyeing Use of low Liquor Ratio systems Good house keeping and prevention of leakages and spillages (A reduction of 20- 40 volume of wastewater generated Is possible) Reduction In con. / amount of chemicals Optimum use is necessary, which is not always possible in textile processing industry Textile processing involves heterogeneous interactions between fiber material – solid and chemicals – liquid, solutions or emulsions.

Essential operations involved in Textile Processing : Maximum penetration of chemicals into fiber material to achieve desired Interactions. Thorough removal of unused/unfixed chemicals and Impurities from the textile material. Because of the heterogeneity of Interaction, only Limited absorption f various types of chemicals and coolants used for chemical processing onto the textile fiber materials is possible. Reduction of waste con. By recovery and reuse of Recovery of synthetic sizing agents from desiring bath and their reuse.

Reactive dyes have very low BODY) Multifunctional reactive dyes for better fixation & less unfixed Use of non-ionic tessellate fatty alcohols and anionic polymerases in place of alkyl phenol tessellates CEO-friendly stabilizers, sequestrates Use of mineral acid in desiring Use of enzymes in various processes Substitution of sodium sulfide for sulfur dyes Disperse- hydrocarbon carriers No or less kerosene in Pigment Printing Partial or complete replacement of printing gums by suitable emulsions Formaldehyde free cationic dye fixing agent, DEEMED, low formaldehyde Low salt dyes

Reduction of waste con. By process modification Use of Foam technology Use of transfer paper printing Combined processes Automatic dispensing Segregation of drain Many a times it is convenient to segregate the waste water of a particular textile wet process for efficient reuse/ recovery of chemicals or dyes. This leads to economy of the process. However it is utmost necessary to have sufficient concentration of the chemical / dye in the waste water that can be economically recovered and put to reuse. If the concentration is too low or if the chemical is cheap, then this technique s ineffective.

Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal Depends on mode of discharge of effluent. Balance between the capital cost and running cost of treatment. If disposal is into public sewers, preliminary treatment (screening, grit removal and equalization) followed only by primary treatment with chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation will be necessary. If disposal is directly to stream then primary and secondary treatment is necessary. If disposal is on the agriculture land, primary treatment followed by gypsum treatment for reduction of sodium will be necessary.