Village Life Essay

Table of contents

Village life is known to be calm and pure as people are closer to the nature in villages; however, it also has its own set of challenges. Though, the people living in village areas lead a peaceful life they are devoid of many modern amenities that make life comfortable. Traditional village life is devoid of the comforts that a city life offers.

Though, today almost every village is well connected with roads; transportation is still scarce and if present, is of poor quality. Light and water might not be an issue for modern village, but they lack behind the cities on availability of other civic amenities. Villages have poor drainage system and no waste disposal mechanism at all, making the residents more prone to diseases and infections. On top of that, poor health care facilities add to the villager’s woes.

Long and Short Essay on Village Life in English

Villages are beautiful. Life in villages is serene and peaceful. Though the facilities in villages may be lesser than that in the cities however most of the people living there are far more content and happy.

Here we have provided essay on village life of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam or in school assignments.

These Village Life Essay have been written in simple and easy language, elaborating all the details of a village life and its pros and cons.

Short Essay on Village Life – Essay 1 (200 words)

People living in the villages mostly indulge in agricultural activities and stay away from the hustle and bustle of the chaotic city life. They lead a simple life. A day in the life of a villager starts early morning. People usually wake up around 5 am and start with their daily chores. Since most of the people in the villages sleep on their roofs they are woken up as the day light breaks. They may even be woken up by the crowing of rooster.

In most of the villages, it is the male members who go out to work while the females sit at home and complete the household tasks such as cleaning and cooking. Children get ready and head to the schools located nearby. The male members are mostly involved in farming and other agricultural activities. They either have their own farms or work for the landlords who hire them. Cycles are the most common means to travel from home to work. This is the reason why the pollution level in the villages is far low compared to the cities.

Farmers toil hard in the farms. Many of them go home for lunch others have their lunch in the shade of a tree. All in all, life in a village is slow yet peaceful.


Essay on Village Life: Pros and Cons – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

Villages are known for their beautiful natural surroundings. They remain unperturbed even today when there is so much of chaos and competition around. People in villages lead a simple life and are content with whatever little they have. However, while life offers numerous advantages, it also has its set of disadvantages.

Pros of Village Life

Here is a look at the pros of village life:

  • Peaceful Surroundings

Villages offer a peaceful environment. Unlike the cities, people in villages don’t seem to be participating in the mad race to reach the top. They are satisfied with what they have and lead a peaceful life.

  • Less Pollution

People in the villages prefer walking down to the market, schools and other places or commute via cycle. There is hardly any car or motorcycle in the villages. Besides, there is no industrial pollution in the villages as farming is the main occupation there. This is the reason why these are less polluted.

  • Socializing

People in villages are very social. They value and respect each other. They visit one another quite often and celebrate all the occasions together. This is good for the growth and development of the children as well as a plus for the elderly people who are often isolated in the cities.

Cons of Village Life

Here are the cons of village life:

  • Lack of Amenities

The infrastructure of villages is quite poor. Many villages lack even the basic amenities such as electricity, sanitation facility, medical facilities and means of transport.

  • Lack of Education

Many villages do not have any schools or encompass only primary schools. People hesitate sending their children to towns and cities to seek education and hence most people in villages remain uneducated.

  • Gender Inequality

There is a lot of gender inequality in the villages. Women are mostly confined to the household chores and are not allowed to express their opinion on any matter.

Conclusion

Thus, village life has both pros and cons. The government must take initiative to develop the villages a bit so that life there can become more comfortable.

Essay on Village Life and City life – Essay 3 (400 words)

Introduction

Village life is calm and peaceful while city life is fast paced. There are many other differences between village life and city life. There are pros and cons attached to both village life and city life. Here is a closer look at what each of these has to offer.

Village Life

Village life is quite slow but peaceful. Villagers lead a simple life. They live in harmony with each other. They value relationships and make efforts to maintain the same. They are well aware about the people living in their neighborhood and stand by them in their hour of need.

Villagers also give special importance to their customs and traditions and follow them religiously. The festivals in villages are celebrated collectively and thus the joy and happiness during that time doubles up.

People in villages are mostly involved in agricultural activities. Some of them are artisans and are involved in preparing various kinds of beautiful handicraft items.

Villagers may not be equipped with modern day technologies and gadgets but they have their own ways of enjoying life.

Many of the villages around the world are devoid of the basic amenities such as electricity, sanitation facilities, hospitals, schools, etc. Villagers face numerous challenges owing to the lack of these amenities. Most of the villagers do not give much importance to education. They are content with the basic education they acquire in the village schools.

City Life

City life is quite fast and competitive. People living in the cities get all the modern day facilities that are required to lead a comfortable life. However, they need to toil hard to earn a good living.

People in the cities are involved in various kinds of jobs. There are different kinds of businesses and jobs available for people with different educational qualifications and skills. The work opportunities in cities are far greater compared to villages.

The infrastructure of cities is good. Cities encompass good schools, colleges and medical facilities. People living in the cities give much importance to education and ensure their children seek higher education.

However, people in the city are not as cordial as those living in the villages. People here are so busy with their own life that they do not matter much about those around them. This is the reason why many people living here enjoy high stand of living but do not lead a satisfying life. The stress level of people in the cities is high.

Conclusion

While the village life is considered stress-free compared to the city life, it has its set of disadvantages. Many villagers these days are shifting to cities to seek better jobs and raise their standard of living.


Essay on Village Life in India – Essay 4 (500 words)

Introduction

Indian villages are beautiful and serene. Majority of the Indian population resides in villages. The villagers lead a peaceful life amid greenery away from the mad rush of the cities. The needs of the villagers are less so they are satisfied with whatever little they have. While the villagers in India enjoy a pollution free environment and are closer to nature however they do face certain challenges.

Simple Living

There are thousands of villages in India. Every state in India encompasses hundreds of villages. The culture and traditions followed in Indian villages differs from state to state. The way the villagers dress up and the kind of things they eat is different in different regions. However, their way of living is largely the same. The villagers in India lead a simple life. They are hard working and enjoy the simplicities of life.

The roles of men and women in the Indian villages are well defined. The women in the villages stay at home and take care of the household chores. They cook, clean and may even be involved in sewing and knitting. The male members of the house go out to earn their livelihood. They are mostly involved in agricultural activities. Some of them also indulge in creating handicraft items. The day in the life of a villager begins early and ends early too. They wind up their tasks by evening and go to bed early.

Lack of Basic Amenities

Though the life of villagers in India is largely good however it can be challenging as many villages in the country lack basic amenities. Many villages in India do not have electricity. Even those that have power supply experience long power cuts leading to a lot of inconvenience. The villagers in India also face sanitation problem. Houses in many villages in India do not have washrooms thus it gets extremely difficult especially for the women.

Many villages do not have hospitals and nursing homes. Even those that have hospitals do not have good nursing staff.

Our villages would become more beautiful if such basic amenities are made available here.

Lack of Education

Not much importance is given to education in the villages. Though slowly and steadily schools are being opened in villages, many villagers do not send their children to study. They particularly do not feel the need to educate the girl child as they believe she needs to do the household chores as she grows up and thus there is no need for her to go to the school. This is a sad situation and this mindset must be changed.

Even most of those who get the right to education only acquire primary or secondary education as most of the villages do not have higher secondary schools. In order to seek a graduation or post graduation degree, the children need to relocate to a big city. Most of the villagers hesitate sending their children to the cities for the fear of losing or distancing them.

Conclusion

Life in Indian villages is largely good. People lead a simple life and are there for each other in sickness and health. However, our villages lack basic amenities and living without these can be quite challenging.


Long Essay on Village Life: Problems and Solutions – Essay 5 (600 words)

Introduction

Villages may appear green, serene and pollution free however life in these places can be quite challenging. There has been a lot of technological advancement in the last few decades. We are enjoying a comfortable life in the cities and have access to everything that makes our life convenient. However, the villagers don’t enjoy such comfort and convenience due to lack of the modern facilities.

Problems of Villages

Here is a look at the problems of villages:

  • Poor Infrastructure

The infrastructure in villages is not good. The roads and bridges are not built properly and this hampers their connectivity with towns and cities which is a hindrance in establishing good business. Schools and hospitals in the villages lack good staff as well as facilities. Many villages do not have power supply or face a lot of power cuts. Communicating with people living in other areas can also get quite difficult for the villagers due to poor telecom infrastructure in these areas.

Sanitation is another grave problem in villages.

  • No Importance to Education

Many villages do not have schools. Thus, people in villages do not get a chance to seek education. Even those villages that do have schools do not see much attendance as people in villages do not understand the importance of education. They engage their children in household activities or farming just to have helping hands.

  • Patriarchal Structure

In villages, men are considered to be the head of the family and the women in the house must follow their instructions. All the decisions are taken by the male members of the family. Women are mostly confined only to the kitchen and other household chores. They are not allowed to go out and work. They cannot even express their feelings or opinions about anything. The cases of female foeticide in the Indian villages are also quite high.

  • Solutions to the Problems

Here are the solutions to the problems faced by the people living in villages:

  • Education should be Made Compulsory

The government must make education compulsory for everyone. Good schools should be opened in villages and the government should ensure that no child in any village remains uneducated.

  • Adult Education

Adult education should also be promoted. Night schools must be opened for this purpose and adults must be encouraged to seek education. This is of utmost importance as only when the adults are educated they would understand the importance of education and educate their children.

  • Roads must be Built

Roads and bridges should be built so that there is proper connectivity between the villages and cities. This will encourage the farmers and artisans to expand their business and make healthcare facilities easily approachable to villagers.

  • Power Supply a Must

In today’s times, it is impossible to grow and develop a region if there is no power supply or constant power cuts. This is one of the most basic things needed to progress in any field. Thus, government must ensure that people in villages are not devoid of it.

  • Sanitation Facility

In order to maintain proper hygiene and good health, it is essential to have good sanitation facility. The government must promote the need to have good sanitation facility and must also ensure each village has it.

  • Better Healthcare Facilities

There is a dire need to provide good healthcare facilities in every region. The government must ensure that every village is equipped with good hospitals and well educated and experienced healthcare staff.

Conclusion

There are a number of serious problems being faced by the villagers. People in the villages are devoid of various facilities which are a hindrance in their development. The government must make efforts to facilitate the villages with modern facilities so that the people living in those areas can also enjoy a clean and comfortable life.

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Essay on Agriculture and Rural Development

Table of contents

Today, urbanization has made people from rural areas to shift to cities and towns, for better opportunities and facilities. This trend isn’t specific to a particular region of the globe, but is witnessed almost in every country. Despite this huge population shift from rural to urban centers, agriculture has remained a significant source of income and livelihood for one-third of the world population. Agriculture, at the grass root level functions as a family run business, by the farmers. Nearly 70-80% of total world’s poor people rely on agriculture for livelihood, including the farmers. Hence, the role that agriculture plays in Rural Development is significant.

Long and Short Essay on Agriculture and Rural Development in English

We have given below Short and Long Essay on Agriculture and Rural Development in English under varying word lengths.

After reading these short and long agriculture and rural development essay, you will know what role does agriculture plays in rural development, the world statistics on agriculture; facts and figures around the world; what role does agriculture plays in economy; importance/significance of agriculture; components of rural development; Indian statistics on agriculture and rural development; steps taken by the government of India for rural development etc.

These Agriculture and Rural Development essays are especially beneficial for the students of senior secondary level and help them in essay writing, debate or other competitions.

Agriculture and Rural Development Essay – 1 (200 Words)

Nearly 45% of the total world population resides in villages, that is roughly 339 Crores. By and large, nearly 60% of the global population depends on agriculture and allied businesses. Villages primarily are agriculture based economies, not only in developing but also in developed nations around the world.

Development in rural areas, up to a large extent depends on Agriculture, as it constitutes the prime source of livelihood and food for farmers and other villagers. But, the statement also hold true, the other way round, that is agricultural in a village also depends hugely on the infrastructure developments and scientific advancements in farming.

That is, better roads, 24/7 dedicated electricity supply for farms, irrigation canals, introduction of modern farming technologies are some of the areas of rural development which in turn will mutually benefit the agriculture industry.

Agriculture and Rural Development are directly proportional to each other and a development in any one will consequently lead to the improvement of other. On the other hand a poor state of any one of them will adversely affect the other.

Agricultural economy of a village will suffer in absence of good roads and electricity, hence, stalling the overall economical as well as social development of a village.


Agriculture and Rural Development Essay – 2 (300 Words)

Introduction

Agriculture plays a significant role in rural development by way of employment creation, food production and livelihood. Almost 60% of world’s population i.e. 450 Crores (roughly) depends directly on agriculture and its allied sectors for their living. Agriculture plays a significant role in rural development by making the villages self sustainable. With better agriculture yield and growth prospects in a village, development is evidently the next natural thing to happen.

World Statistics of Agriculture

Agriculture is an industry which has the potential to end poverty and misery around the world. A little more than half of the world’s population i.e. 450 Crores depends on agriculture for livelihood. Studies reveal that agriculture is the prime source of income for 65% of the world’s poor adult population. Also, agriculture contributes to 6.4% of world’s total economic production, which roughly sums up to $5,084,800 million.

On the contrary, despite such huge potential of agriculture in improving economy and eliminating poverty, rural population in most parts of the world faces slow social and economic development. The farmers, who provide food for almost the entire world population has very low or no access to modern amenities as in urban centers. They considerably lag behind in education, health and other sectors.

Nearly 80% of population in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa that also supports the livelihood of 2.5 billion people, face economic and social marginalization.

Conclusion

Agriculture and Rural Development are two different aspects, yet they are also co-related. While agriculture hugely contributes in sustaining rural economy and strengthening its social structure, reducing poverty etc; rural development on the other hand, includes the developments in agriculture sector as well as other sectors like, health, education, roads, industrialization and others. Agriculture sector is obviously benefited by infrastructure development, because of better accessibility to markets and urban trade centers.


Agriculture and Rural Development Essay – 3 (400 Words)

Introduction

Agriculture sector has a huge potential for transforming rural economy by making it, self sustainable. Growth in agriculture produces consequently leads to economical development and poverty eradication. It makes the village economy self sustainable; however, the overall development of a rural area depends on wide number of factors other than agriculture. The two however are closely co-related in some aspects as we will know in the following essay.

Facts and Figures

Approximately 45% of World’s population lives in rural areas, that is in terms of numbers 3.4 billion people. Also, nearly 2 billion people have agriculture as their primary source of income. Agriculture sector also employs nearly 866 million people across the globe. Out of which, approx 75% (656 million) are in south-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Around 80% of world food is produced by over 500 million farms run by a family.

Agriculture and Rural Economy

Agriculture is an integral part of many world economies, especially the developing ones, and hence plays a significant role in rural development. It helps the villages to be self reliant by creating new job opportunities, eradicating poverty and improving rural society.

Economic development of a rural area primarily depends on the state of agriculture in that particular area. A decline in agriculture produce will adversely affect the economy. However, over dependency of rural areas on agriculture and allied sectors for employment generation is also a challenge for rural economy.

Though, agriculture is self reliable, it is also vulnerable to natural calamities like drought, flood, storms and pollution. A year of unexpected less rain or drought could put the whole village economy on back foot in terms of economy.

The challenge is therefore to make rural economy more independent of agriculture, by introducing sectors like fish farming, honey bee farming etc.

Conclusion

Agriculture plays a great role in overall development of rural areas; though, it is not the only factor on which rural development depends. Overall rural development includes development in agriculture along with other sectors, like development in education, health facilities, transportation, basic amenities like water and electricity, proper infrastructure etc. There is no doubt that the development in terms of infrastructure, water and electricity will support agriculture sector and hence the village economy.


Agriculture and Rural Development Essay – 4 (500 Words)

Introduction

Agriculture sector around the world is a major player in sustaining rural economy and development. It is the largest employer in rural areas and hugely contributes in its overall development. Nearly 80% of world population depends on agriculture for its livelihood by supplying food to the rest of the world. Rural development and agriculture are also co-related in more than one way, as we will find out in the following essay.

Significance of Agriculture

The contribution of agriculture in improving rural economy is immense. It sustains village economy by generating food, employment and other related means of livelihood. Agriculture sector is the huge employment provider in rural areas. It provides employment to daily wage labours as well as skilled work force in fields as well as other agriculture related activities.

Agriculture sector is also a mass producer of food, necessary for sustaining human nutritional needs. With low yield or declining agricultural activities, signs of hunger and malnutrition start showing up within no time.

Components of Rural Development

Social, economic and overall development of a rural area depends on a wide number of factors like agriculture, better planning, employment generation etc. We will discuss in brief some of the chief components of rural development below-

1) Employment Generation

Employment Creation is the main component of rural development. Though, in rural areas, agriculture sector is the largest employer. Therefore, to generate employment opportunities in villages, there is a need to strengthen agriculture sector and also setup other industries.

2) Better Planning

Better planning must be done by the government, to boost up local economy of a village by employing development model conducive to its growth. A village economy largely depends on agriculture and hence any positive changes made in the latter will automatically improve the state of former.

3) Better Roads

Better road connectivity is a major sign of rural development which also improves the agriculture sector. Better roads and connectivity to urban trade centers mean that the farm produces reach the market early and fetch good price, hence, aiding in agricultural economy as well.

4) Modern Techniques

Introducing modern techniques in agriculture and allied industries will automatically improve the overall development of villages. Using genetically modified seeds and organic fertilizers for better yield will consequently lead to overall development of rural areas.

5) Basic Amenities

Availability of basic amenities like water and electricity is also a major component of rural development. It also improves crop yield by ensuring that the field never run dry even when the natural rain is scarce. Similarly, continuous electricity supply is also beneficial for agriculture.

Conclusion

Agriculture and Rural Development are the backbones of the economy of a nation. This becomes more befitting in case of developing and underdeveloped economies of the world. In an agrarian economy, the more better the state of agriculture is the better will be the development around rural areas. On the other hand, rural development in terms of infrastructure and other sectors creates an environment conducive to the growth of agriculture sector.


Agriculture and Rural Development Long Essay – 5 (600 Words)

Introduction

India is primarily an agriculture based economy and a large portion of its population still resides in villages. Therefore, for developing rural India, it is imperative to develop the agriculture sector by introducing new reforms and policies. In the following essay we will go through the state of agriculture and rural development in India, discussing prospects of their improvement.

Agriculture Statistics – India

Nearly 75% of India’s total population (133 Crores) depends primarily on agriculture sector for its livelihood, which roughly sums up to approximately 100.4 Crores people. Agriculture sector in India contributes around 16% of the total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of India. It is only in third place preceded by service sector and industrial sector at first and third place respectively. Indian economy is the fastest growing economy of the world and is expected to consistently improve.

Role of Agriculture in Economy

Agriculture sector is one of the primary sectors of the Indian economy. Though, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) contribution of agriculture has consistently declined in past six to seven decades, it still employs nearly 53% of Indian population.

Agriculture also plays a significant role in making the village economy self sustainable and independent. Rural India is still far away from industrialization and the prime source of employment for rural people is the agriculture sector.

Agriculture sector therefore is the main player in Indian economy as it sustains not only farmers but also other small businesses and vendors those rely on it. Agricultural produces are transported to markets, in turn providing employment in transport sector.

While the products breach markets, small vegetable vendors, shop keepers purchase the products for direct selling, thereby generating tremendous employment opportunities. Needless to say that agriculture sector employs skilled and unskilled labours at all levels and in all allied sectors.

Initiatives for Rural Development

1) Five Year Plan

Beginning in 1951, the Government of India has been framing and implementing five year plan, after every five year, to improve the overall development of the country, primarily in the rural areas. Under the five year plan dams had been built, irrigation canals constructed, agricultural reforms introduced etc.

2) Increased Budgetary Allocations for Agriculture

Government has in the subsequent years increased spending on agriculture and related sectors in a bid to make them independent and self reliant. The money is spent on improving agriculture sector right from the production stage to marketing stage.

3) Road Connectivity

Good roads are the most significant symbols of rural development and also the most important one. They not only reduce the distance between villages and cities but also boost up the agricultural industry by providing fast and easy transportation.

4) Giving Agricultural Credit

Giving agricultural loans at reasonable rates to small and poor farmers will also aid in rural development. When a poor farmer is given credit to purchase fertilizers, farm equipments etc, it will consequently improve village economy and development.

5) Rural Job Guarantee Schemes

Rural job guarantee schemes like MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) which guarantees job on daily basis to rural population do a commendable job in improving the village economy. It provides job not only in agriculture sector but also in other fields such as road and building construction etc.

Conclusion

Indian economy is largely dependent on agriculture, while the latter depends on rural development. It is also true that economic and social development of Indian villages is primarily dependent on agriculture sector. Therefore, it wouldn’t be wrong to see agriculture and rural developments as two sides of one coin, where one depends on or is affected by changes in other.

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International Marketing

Manner has been a great opportunity for foreign investors who want to invest in Manner due to its availability of resources. Availability of clean water has been one of the sector where it has been neglected over the years where people have been facing huge difficulties in getting clean water especially in dry seasons. This report is analyses the political and legal, economic and financial and social and cultural market of Manner to see the opportunities Manner holds for foreign markets to enter in their market.

Manner faces a political reform in 2011 which has brought an end to the military overspent that exist in Manner for more than 50 years. The new President of Manner, Then Seine has promised to start working for the development of the country and maintain the peace between the multi-ethnic state. Although with challenges within the infrastructure of the country, Manner presents a long run opportunity for investors. Manner has improved economically over the past few years and according to Asian Development Bank (ADS), it is expected for Manner to have a growth of 7 to 8 per cent a year.

While religion has a huge influence on Manner and its culture there have been conflicts between the multicultural and lit-religious states with different ethnicities. However the government has started their work to attain a more peaceful environment where the rights of the people are protected and everyone is treated equally. Manner has been moving towards a more democratic direction and to a more open economy. Even though their reforms are in emerging status, the country has gone through a transformation in both political and strategic direction.

For a company such as Kent, it would hold a great number of opportunities to enter into an emerging market such as Manner. Introduction This report is to analyses the market of Manner whether it has a potential environment for Kent Reverse Osmosis Limited to market their product – Kent Water Purifiers. Manner Manner or Burma is a largely rural country with principal source of Jade, pearls, rubies and sapphires. While Manner is also blessed with highly fertile soil, offshore oil and gas deposits it is not used most efficiently (BBC, 2013).

For nearly two decades, Manner faced human rights violations as a country beset by systematic denial of basic freedom of assembly, association and expression and where media pet stifled while the citizens suffered brutal and a long civil war which incarcerated thousands of political prisoners (Matheson, 2013). Manner still faced challenges which are the effects of 50 years of ruinous military rule. However since the political and economic reform in 2011, it has improved this condition.

The economy of Manner stands as a least developed countries and they are going through years of unproductively, mismanagement, and remoteness (BBC, 2013). Manner has faced problems with underdeveloped infrastructure for years and basic needs such as water have been neglected over the years. Kent Reverse Osmosis (OR) Limited (Kent) Kent Reverse Osmosis (OR) Limited was established in 1999 in Oneida, India bringing out the revolution of Reverse Osmosis technology to India.

In their 1 5 years of operations in India, Kent established the business as a market leader in India by providing innovative products ranging from Water Purifiers, Air Purifies, Vegetable and Fruit Purifiers to Water Softeners. Leading their innovation, Kent is also ISO 9001 :2008 certified and a strong or organization with offices across India and most importantly, millions of satisfied customers to its credit worldwide today (Kent, 2014). According to the founder and chairman of Kent OR Systems, Mr.. Mashes Guppy, Kent has been growing 40 to 50 per cent every year and the company has multiplied 10 times over since 2006 (Sings, 2011).

This brisk pace is instantly evident because in April 2011, 23000 Kent units were sold across their portfolio of nearly 25 products, which also now includes their other innovations leaving their monthly sales 30000- mark resolutely behind (Sings, 2011). Political, Legal and Technological Environment The political and legal risks challenged in foreign markets are significant to a large extent when entering into a market because these risks are a major aspect in determining whether to enter the market as the political and legal factors differ vastly between different countries (Fletcher & Crawford , 2014).

The Manner’s political condition changed surprisingly in 2011, when the Senior General Than She, resigned and handed over power to a civilian government under the leadership of the newly elected President Then Seine (Bunted, 2014). Although President Then was a member of the ruling military council he introduced a lot of political reforms in Manner which included release of many political prisoners and the expansion of he civil rights and liberties in Manner. Moreover, he also launched a new peace initiative and promised political dialogue to the ethnic groups of the multi-ethnic state (Bunted, 2014).

It is believed that the party National League for Democracy (NIL) has good chances of winning in free and fair elections in Manner at the end of 201 5 which seeks to bring peace and reconciliation, deepen the rule of law and initiate constitutional reforms in Manner. In 2012, President Then approved the New Law on Foreign Investment (NULL) and repealed the Foreign Investment Law in Manner. According to the NULL, it clarifies that the foreign investors may own up to 100% of the capital in foreign-invested companies in certain sectors (Loves, 2013).

Moreover, the NULL also provides that enterprises may be granted a 50% tax relief on goods. While it also permits foreign invested companies operating in sectors that require skilled personal to employ up to 75% foreign employees in its first two years of operations. Even though the state of Manner’s infrastructure poses challenges for those wishing to establish their operations for a business with an eye on the long-run, Manner presents an extraordinary Asian opportunity for a company such as Kent.

Manner is moving towards a more peaceful environment with more open opportunities for such investors especially since Manner has been facing shortages of clean water. In order to carry out research and development work for the ‘s industries Manner also established Ministry of Science and Technology in 1996. Departments and Institutions such as Science and Technology Research were transferred under the Ministry to promote the effectiveness and success in the development of science and technology in Manner.

Economic and Financial Environment The global economic and financial environment is unpredictable, as the events since the global financial crisis of 2008 have shown (Fletcher & Crawford , 2014). Manner with an estimated population of 55,746,253 for July 2014 have population growth rate of 1. 03% where with a large proportion of young and a smaller proportion of the elderly as shown in Appendix A. Manner still remains as a poor country and the GAP per capita remains at only around SIS$850 a head as the poorest country in SEAN (Mint, 2013).

However, Manner has improved their GAP per since the last few years as shown in Appendix B. In addition, Asian Development Bank (ADS) estimates that Manner can grow 7 to 8 percent over the next years (Asian Development Bank, 2013). As for Manner’s IN per capita according to Purchasing Power Parity (APP), was SIS$1950 latest in 2010 according to the World Bank. IN per capita in Manner has also increased to a significant level in the past years, as shown in Appendix C which shows improvement of income of residents of Manner.

Inflation in Manner was recorded 5. 53% in December 2013 which has improved over the years from as high as 49. 7% in 2003 which can be seen in Appendix D. Manner government also have started many public work programs after the economic liberalizing such as roads, bridges, ports, communication, commercial and resident real-estates which has been impeding the economic growth (Manner Infrastructure Summit 2014, 2014). It is potentially the next emerging hotshot in Asia that could open for a variety of sectors due to its riches in oil, gas, timber and gems.

The improvement in Manner’s economy is a positive sign for a company like Kent to establish a market since with the improvements in economy; it also increases the purchasing power of consumers leading to an overall increase in the standard of living in Manner. Moreover, Manner enters rankings global competitiveness ranking at 13th among 148 economies after the 2011 elections that brought profound changed to the country.

The Manner government has embarked on an ambitious process of reforms to improve the country economic landscape and prospects, notably by leveraging Manner’s extraordinary assets, which include an abundance of natural resources, very favorable demographics, and a strategic location in Asia. Cultural and Social Environment Culture can be described as a way of living that is accepted by a group of people, and he culture differ each other on various cultural dimensions (Fletcher & Crawford , 2014).

Buddhism is a very important part of Manner’s culture and it reflects the private and public life of the citizens. People spend time learning their religion such as monastic education the monks and nuns hold a respected place in the society such as they should not be touched and they hold privileges such as the freedom of first class travel on public transport or even at times their own reserved places. Manner is a multicultural, multi-religious state which is officially composed to 135 pub-groups in eight major ethnicities as shown in Table 1.

With the eight ethnicities, a high degree of Ethan-religious tension continuous to exist in Manner where there have been a marked escalation of friction between Buddhists and Muslims (Chalk, 2013). The most severe situation remains between the coastal state of Racking, where two consecutive attacks were made against Rehiring (a Muslim ethnic group) in 2012. The issue of anti-Muslim violence has was brought up during the President Theme’s historic visit to the White House in May 2013, when President Obama made it Lear that attacks against the Rainy had to stop.

Moreover, the government is in pressure to commit to political reform and provide equal protection of civil and human rights to the entire population of Manner. With the government insistent and the pressures to end the conflicts between the ethnic groups it is held that Manner would work to attain a more peaceful environment where the rights of people are protected and treated equally. Conclusion After decades of repressive rule and self-imposed isolation, Manner has recently begun improving political, economic and social challenges that they are facing (Chalk, 013).

Since 2011, Manner has moved to a more democratic direction and to a more open economy. Although these changes still are in their emerging steps, the country has embarked on a transformation in both political and strategic track. The government has started its work towards the country growth specially by focusing the poverty and rural underdeveloped areas. Moreover towards securing Manner’s overall ethnic peace process as well. It is believed that through such initiatives it will provide more favorable business climate for attracting outside investors, Jobs and infrastructure to Manner’s future.

Therefore, it can be concluded that opportunities exist for a company such as Kent to enter into the Manner market.

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How political, legal and social factors are impacting upon the business activities of Tesco in the UK and China

A business will have many factors that will impact upon it. Political, legal and social factors are the three main factors that impact upon a business. Businesses must operate within the framework of the law. If they fail to do so it can lead to fines and even imprisonment of directors. Businesses must therefore give a high priority to ensure they comply with the law. Politicians make many important decisions and businesses must act in accordance with these decisions. These decisions involve making choices that may affect large numbers of people and businesses; this could include a new law. Over various time periods many changes could take place in the society which is relevant for businesses. These social factors could include demographic issues, changes in structure, religion, education and ethics.

For Tesco:-

UK

What are the political influences in the UK which impact on Tesco:-

The government sets a corporation tax rate, and Tesco must comply with this and pay a proportion of their profits to the government. This means that Tesco will have less money which they can reinvest into the business. The government has also set a VAT rate (value added tax) and it was recently increased to 20%. This may reduce the demand for some of Tesco’s products, such as electrical goods, as customers may not find them a necessary item.

Spending on infrastructure is another political factor that can affect a business. The government uses money they receive from taxes to improve the road, rail and communication infrastructure. The government has improved the roads service enabling Tesco to locate in various areas and have their products distributed with ease. With Tesco having the ability to locate anywhere and still being able to supply an extensive range of products, this could increase the business Tesco attracts.

By enhancing the skills of population the government has established and education framework in order to ensure that the population is well trained and the country has the ability to compete internationally. Tesco could benefit from highly trained employees that are well qualified. This could help Tesco to compete against their competitors and make a profit.

What are the legal influences in the UK which impact on Tesco:-

Minimum wage is a legal requirement that all businesses must pay their employees. The minimum wage for employees aged 22+ is £6.08. These minimum wage requirements increase costs for Tesco and may impact upon the number of employees Tesco recruits, which could impact upon the quality of customer services. If Tesco does not comply with the minimum wage bracket their employees have the right to complain and this could lead to heavy fines for Tesco.

The consumer protection legislation protects customers when they purchase products from Tesco. The sales of goods act is just one of many various legislation which Tesco must act in accordance with. Consumers are protected in regards to purchasing goods, product safety and taking out credit agreements. Tesco must abide by this legislation otherwise they could face fines and obtain a poor reputation. Tesco must ensure their staff members are trained to ensure that customer’s rights are upheld.

The government has introduced environmental legislation to protect the environment. These legislations are used to protect the environment from pollution, carbon emissions and waste reduction. Tesco must meet the requirements of these laws although this could cause and increase in their expenses. Tesco could look to reduce packaging in order to reduce waste and to also ensure that their distribution vehicles make larger deliveries less often.

What are the social influences in the UK which impact on Tesco:-

With the population living longer the structure of the UK is changing, because people are living longer they may feel they want to eat healthier and better their lifestyle. People may choose to eat low in fat products and more fruit and vegetables to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Tesco may have to look into employing older members of staff to ensure they comply with the age discrimination legislation.

The internet is becoming more and more accessible for people to purchase their goods online. As online sales are increasing each year, Tesco needs to ensure that they have an attractive website and good delivery facilities to benefit from this shift in the way consumers purchase their goods. Ensuring there are providing up to date purchasing methods and meeting customers’ demands this will help Tesco to increase their sales and profits.

In recent years people have become more interested in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This has seen the growth of fitness centres and gyms. Tesco could benefit from this by increasing their healthy living range of foods to help their customers better their lifestyles. They also have the opportunity to bring, to the Tesco direct department, the option of bicycles and exercise equipment which could help increase their sales and better their profits. If the demand for these products is high then Tesco may find a requirement to recruit in staff.

CHINA

Political Factors:-

China has a communist government; this means that there are no elections. The communist parties view is that control and governance of the country should reside by the state and decision making is centralised. As a result a large number of Chinese industries are nationalised. Although because the government is authoritarian and businesses will find that there is more bureaucracy involves when setting up in China, therefore taking longer to get permission to set up a business. Tesco must be aware of all these issues.

Since moving to a more market economy China has been investing and improving its infrastructure, allowing opportunities for construction firms. Improved infrastructure means that China would be helping businesses like Tesco in terms of their distribution of goods throughout the country. Also better roads will encourage car use boosting business for Tesco and other businesses.

The corporation Tax rate in China is approximately 25% and their VAT rate is 17%, this is similar to the UK. Tesco will have to pay corporation tax on any profits they make within the country.

Legal Factors:-

Due to a high economic growth in China they are experiencing a number of environmental problems; this includes an increase in energy consumption, heavy reliance on coal and an increase in air pollution. The government are cautious when it comes to enforcing legislation in this area as they are concerned about its impact on the country’s economic growth. This will impact upon Tesco although the Chinese government does not have as strict rules on environmental protection as there is within the UK. Tesco does not currently have to be concerned with the overuse of packaging material or recycling waste, which can often increases costs.

China is under pressure to update their employment laws with the increases in growth. Workers have a fair level of job protection although there have been concerns in relation to health and safety in the workplace. Tesco would have to ensure that they abide by the laws and could possibly bring a higher standard of employment protection from their experience operating within the UK.

Social Factors:-

The Chinese population is the largest population in the world, with 1.3 billion people. This means there are plenty of opportunities for Tesco, with a potentially high market to sell their good. The highest percentage age group within China is 15-64 years old at 72.1%, and 65 years and over was the lowest percentage of 8.1%. With such a young population businesses will need to provide goods to meet their needs.

With the standard of living improving within China people are looking to purchase more luxury items leading to a demand for higher quality goods, moving away from own brand cheaper products. This will benefit Tesco and help them to improve their profits.

China is one of the world’s oldest cultures with many traditions, colours being one of the more important ones. Red, yellow and pink are portrayed as happy prosperous colours, white and black are seen as unlucky as they tend to be related to funerals. Businesses, such as Tesco, need to be cautious when marketing their goods in China to ensure they do not offend customers. It may be a good idea to employ a Chinese marketing company to help them in doing so, although this could increase costs. Language differences will affect the marketing of products as they will have to be relabelled into the Chinese language.

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A Geographical Study of Sydney

Population growth in Sydney is mostly due to natural increase (more births than deaths). The rest of Sydney’s growth comes from immigration. Sydney has a population of 4.1 million people and is expected to grow by 40,000 people a year for the next 25-30 years.

People & Housing

In Sydney, the average household is becoming smaller. This means more dwellings are needed to house the same number of people. This is becoming a problem and in the future, we will need around 23,500 new homes every year. These dwellings will be flats, units and villas.

Age Profile

The population in Sydney is aging as people are living longer. The number of people aged over 65 will double in the next 25 years.

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I believe that these issues are good reflections of the problems in Sydney. From my experience, urban growth – high demand for growth, housing – a lack of space and smaller dwellings, ageing communities – a lack of facilities that care for the elderly, the protection of Sydney’s natural environments – little park areas in the city, a lack of infrastructure, poor transport systems, and the time needed to travel outer Sydney are all issues that I have noticed.

TASK 4

The Government expresses a desire to be sustainable. Is this a realistic goal given the extent of the key issues facing Sydney? What do you think we should do?

The government expresses a desire to be sustainable, but is this a realistic goal? I believe so, however, a lot of changes have to be made to achieve this ambition of sustainability. Before it can be fully decided whether this statement is realistic and whether anything can be done about it there has to be an analysis of the problems.

Sydney’s natural environment makes it a beautiful and outgoing place to live. However, it won’t stay like this forever. Cars are still a major contributor to poor metropolitan air quality. The city is facing many challenges in sustainably managing its natural and cultural resources to ensure they meet the needs of current and future residents of the region.

It is getting harder and harder for Sydney to fund infrastructure which must be taken into consideration. The population is increasing due to higher birth rates and net migration, this increasing population means households are becoming smaller. Sydney also needs to provide quality jobs as it is a global city that attracts international investments and careers.

We need to manage our use of natural resources more wisely. As a big city we consume large amounts of resources and dispose of large amounts of waste to landfill. The costs of building and maintaining infrastructure to supply water and energy to meet increasing consumption and population growth are extremely high. Apart from these major sustainability problems of natural resources, employment, transport, housing, urban growth, infrastructure and natural environment, there are other issues relating to lack of public space, ethnicity, crime, affordability, demographics and much, much more.

As a team working community, Sydney may be able to change the forecasts and find sustainable ways with which to manage its issues. It needs to value the land that surrounds it so that trade-offs are clear. It could create balance between roads and public transport provision and use. It could build more facilities for walking and cycling. It needs to make the most of public transport, energy, water and waste facilities, school and hospitals before new infrastructure is built.

Well located land for industry, supported by transport and communications infrastructure, is also needed. A special challenge is to increase the number of quality jobs in western Sydney. New land development on Sydney’s fringe will need to more elf-sustaining by providing services locally including a good range of jobs, as well as access to transport, parks and community services, including schools and hospitals. If we link with the regions close by and try these sustainability problems there is a good chance that Sydney could become sustainable in the future. If we look after our environment, support a competitive economy and create better places to live and work Sydney can reach sustainability. It is about improving the quality of life without leaving a burden on future generations.

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Networking Concepts – Summary

The alma of this paper Is to find the easiest and cost-effective method of connecting two separate networks. A relatively simple device called a bridge, which Is implemented through a combination of hardware and software, achieves interconnection between two networks that are the same. Interconnection between networks that are not similar, for example, a Wide Area Network and a Local Area Network can be achieved through as much more complex device called a router.

A router Is a device, which can accept messages that are in a certain format produced by one particular network and reinstates them to another format that is used by another network. In this particular case of Nancy, a director of network infrastructure, it is not likely that a full replacement of networking equipment Is required. Alternative A, which is about Installing a few devices In the headquarters of BOB. The advantages of this alternative are that is that It Is the easiest, the least expensive and the quickest to implement.

The other advantage is that this approach will have a very small impact on the network infrastructure. The disadvantage of this approach is that there will be performance penalties due to lack of integration in the architecture of the network. The second option Is replacing the network components of Bob’s entire network for It to use the same protocols as BE and the two can communicate freely. The advantage of this approach Is that there will be a huge Improvement In performance due to integration in the network architecture.

The major cons of this alternative are that there will be major impacts on the network infrastructure; there also will be ajar costs incurred and a lot of time required to implement this alternative. Their last alternative Is whereby the management of BE bank replaces all the devices of the B WAN and even probably the MANS so that each city or branch can communicate with the network of BE while the Lana in individual divisions remain unchanged. The advantage of this alternative is that there will be better performance gains than in alternative A and takes significantly little time to implement.

The con of this approach is that it does not achieve full integration of the network and the stickiest to support Bobs network over time It might add problems to the My recommendation is that alternative C is the most applicable when it comes to the time taken to implement and the cost that is incurred in order to achieve a significant level of network architecture. However, when it comes to a long-term point of view, the second alternative is the best so long as BE passes through a transition stage like the first alternative in order to meet its immediate needs and take ample time to put into action the full changes of the infrastructure.

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Case Study – Cool King Limited

The window air-conditioner business provides a fabulous business opportunity for us to register high revenue growth and enhanced profitability. However, this new business should be conducted on an entirely new set of rules framed by competition and technology evolution. We need to fundamentally change and reorganise ourselves to effectively compete in this new (product oriented) business. The implications of such a change to our existing portfolio of businesses should be carefully evaluated before we decide to venture on this new business opportunity. It is precisely this trade off required in our approach to business combined with a careful assessment of opportunities and associated risks that would determine our presence or absence in the new business opportunity.

Chairman and CEO, Cool King Limited Product, Industry Characteristics, and Demand Drivers Market Size: The Indian air-conditioner market in 2002 was estimated to be Rs. 3,300 crore growing at 20-25 % annually. Of these, central air-conditioner, including packaged and ducted air-conditioner systems, was around Rs.1,300 crore and the window and split air-conditioners market was around Rs.2,000 crore.

Players: The industry consisted of three kinds of companies: MNCs, Indian companies and unit assemblers. The MNCs included Carrier, Hitachi (with Amtrex) and Fedder Llyod. The leading Indian companies were Voltas, Amtrex, Shriram, Godrej, Blue Star and Videocon. While the MNCs sold on brand and premium image, the Indian companies sold on established credibility. The assemblers (usually regional players) competed on price with an acceptable quality. The assemblers accounted for more than 50% market share.

Tax Structure: Air-conditioner (AC) was considered a luxury product, and therefore subjected to high duty structure. The rate of excise duty was (as on 2002) 32% compared to 16% for all other consumer durables and white goods such as televisions, refrigerators, and washing machines. Demand Composition: The domestic demand for ACs was largely met by window ACs. The demand for room ACs mainly came from institutions with corporates accounting for 80% of it.

The government, which accounted for 70% of the institutional purchases, had shown a declining trend in recent times. The higher dependence on the corporate sector implied that the industrial climate exerted a strong influence on the total industry demand. The rest of the demand came from the household sector, which, incidentally, was also the fastest growing segment. Significantly, 20% demand from this segment related to buyers of second units. The demand was generally restricted to major cities and towns. Eight cities, which included the four metropolitan cities, accounted for nearly 65% of the total household demand. Erratic power supply was considered as the single reason for slow growth of rural demand.

Economy: The performance of the economy, in general, had a strong influence on Air-conditioner demand. In a high-growth economy, rising profits would induce the infrastructure and commercial sector to go in for air-conditioner systems. Heavy investments in the information technology and telecom sectors (since 1995) and a renewed governmental initiative on strengthening agricultural infrastructure (cold storage) have contributed to the higher sales growth of air-conditioners. Future growth for central ACs was largely dependent on developments in new user industries like software, telecom, hotels, food processing, multiplexes, etc.

Environment: The deteriorating environmental conditions in the cities and rising awareness of the benefits of working in controlled environment have contributed to a substantial demand increase for Air-conditioners and this trend is expected to continue as of 2002. Low Penetration Level: The penetration level in India for air-conditioners was a minuscule 1-2%. This figure compared unfavourable to countries like the USA (35%) and Singapore (30%). In addition, the penetration level was low as compared to other consumer durables within the country: refrigerators-11%, TVs-35%, radio-45% and cars-6%.

Income level: With the rising disposable income and the attendant change in consumption patterns, air-conditioner had become an object of aspiration, especially for the emerging Indian middle class. The per capita total expenditure on durable goods and the number of households with monthly incomes above Rs.10, 000 in metros and Rs. 5,000 in non-metros was expected to rise. This would mean that firstly, there would be a perceptible shift towards branded products and secondly, the level of aspiration buying would increase.

Price: Demand for room air-conditioners was price sensitive. A study conducted by Indian Marketing Research Bureau (IMRB) points to a potential sale of 0.35 million units when a unit price is fixed at Rs.18,000. Ideally, prices should fall by 20-25% in the next two years (by 2005) bringing a 1.5 TR AC on par with a CTV priced at around Rs.18,000. Substitution: Industry growth was also affected by the presence of cheaper substitutes like air coolers. One reason for the use of air coolers was high maintenance and operational costs associated with owning and using an air-conditioner. With rural households, the problem in using air-conditioners was frequent power cuts and low voltage.

Consumer Finance Schemes: Easy availability of consumer finance from banks and other financial institutions induced purchases during inflationary times. Companies like Carrier Aircon, Voltas, Fedders Llyod and Godrej-GE had introduced zero-interest instalment schemes. Product: Before 1998, air-conditioners (window and split) were marketed as an engineering product suitable mainly for the corporate and the commercial segments.

By 2002, this was slowly changing and air-conditioners were acquiring the status of consumer durables. In India, the room air-conditioner market was dominated by window units. This was in contrast to the world wide scene where mini-splits rule the roost. The dealer’s role in selling and providing after sale service had become critical and significant. The need for rapid product development and launch had increased. Brand-based positioning was fast becoming the norm of the industry. Also, the household sector patronises the unorganised players due to lower price and personalised after sales services.

Cool King Limited Cool King Limited (originally known as Cool King Engineering (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. and founded in 1943) became a public limited company in 1969. The Company was initially engaged in reconditioning of refrigerators and air-conditioners. As of 2002, Cool King was India’s largest central air-conditioning company with an annual turnover of Rs. 510 crores. It had a network of offices in 29 cities and three modern manufacturing facilities.

Cool King manufactured and marketed a wide range of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems and products. These included large central air-conditioning plants, packaged air-conditioning systems, split and window air-conditioners; commercial refrigeration equipment such as water coolers, bottled water dispensers, ice-cube machines, deep freezers, walk-in cold rooms and commercial kitchen; and laundry equipment. Cool King’s other businesses included marketing and maintenance of hi-tech electronic and industrial products such as Testing Machines, Data Communication products, Medical and Analytical Instruments and Special Control Valves (see Appendix 1 for additional details).

Cool King entered into the business of window air-conditioners in 1998. Initially CKL room air-conditioners were sold to government departments along with the other customised projects. Window air-conditioner was a part of the cooling products division in CKL. Its products matched the range and designs of most of the competitors in this segment. The prices started at Rs.18,000 for window and Rs.33,000 for split air-conditioners. It had priced its product in comparison to Carrier and Voltas. LG and Samsung offered the lowest prices (about 7% lower than others). The window air-conditioner business was also perceived to have the potential of creating a public face as room air-conditioners had higher customer visibility and recall value.

Consumer Behaviour: The institutional (commercial and corporate) segments bought the air-conditioner mainly for business requirement. Purchase decision was primarily a top management decision. Most of them considered more than one brand before making a decision. They considered vendors’ past performance and reputation as the prime reasons. Quick response from the company and appropriate price were also important purchase consideration. Residential customers bought the products as a consumer durable. They were influenced by (global) brand, product design and appearance, and price. It was bought as a “desirable” product. They considered two or three brands while deciding. They also sought the advice of friends and colleagues. For most of them it was a major purchase.

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