Infrastructure

As the popularity of internet continues to grow at an exponential rate, easy and affordable access is quickly becoming a necessity of life. Public wants access to the methods of communication and volumes of information now available on the internet, and access at a cost they can afford and in such a way that they are not socially, economically, and politically isolated. Computer shop business is one of the most in demand businesses here in Rizal. Nowadays, internet cafes are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embraced, just like here in the Philippines.

Most of students and professionals and students depend on the internet for research and projects, social networking sites and others. Some have their own laptops and bring it to coffee shops so that they could relax and at the same time prepare their assignments and paper works, and also, the number one reasons for computer shop for being in demand nowadays is the network and on-line games where many people specially students were inclined. And for that, there is a stiff competition in the said business. For you to have edge over the other shops there are some key factors you need to consider; first is the stability and reliability of your connections/network and innovativeness of your shop.

These studies discuss necessary things you need; standards you need to follow to attain that connection/network reliability and stability. And also these studies discuss common problems and solutions encountered by shop owners, problems that happen because of the ignorance for networking standards and malpractice in structured cabling.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

JDB Computer Shop encountered different problems on their daily operations, problems from their connections, hardware and software issues and the convenience of their customers. Listed below are the following problems that need to be resolved.

1. How will JDB Computer Shop attains reliability and stability of their network and internet connections?
2. How will the establishment resolve those connection lag that leads to disconnection?
3. How will the establishment resolve hardware and software issues?
4. How will JDB Computer Shop maximize their space without compromising the convenience of their customers?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Investing in a computer shop business is a risk but analyzing and studying your business will lead you nowhere but to success, and this study will show the economical, technological and educational significance of that.

ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Initial investment for a computer shop is very expensive; you need huge amount of capital depending on the size of your shop. Computers and software took most of the capital, followed by network infrastructure. Using the proper equipment’s, cables, network devices, computer hardware and software, and following the standards in structured cabling will give additional costs.

Initially it will cost you more –compare to not following those things; but in the long run you will benefit from it; economically speaking; because following standards will never go wrong. Example; according to network standards; network infrastructure life-p is upwards of 16 years; using generic type cables, low-end computer units and software tends to break every now and then; but using proper materials and devices will save you a lot from those repairs and maintenance.

EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

This study will be very beneficial educationally because it discuss common computer shop problems, discuss solutions to those problems and discuss specific standards regarding computer networking which will benefit those people who wants to establish this kind of business ventures. And also this study will serve as a guide for students that will conduct the same study like this.

TECHNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

In technical side of this study; the study show different approach on how to give solutions for some technical problems regarding computer networking and structured cabling. It also features some latest technological innovation when it comes to information technology which will be significant for JDB computer shop owner and also the users.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

SCOPE

The scope of this study is listed below:

1. Structured cabling of the existing network setup.
2. Hardware and Software upgrade for workstations and server.
3. Physical arrangement of workstations.

DELIMITATION

The study does not the cover following:

1. Reconstructions of the existing location.
2. Additional Units.

The ICC countries are known worldwide for their infrastructural achievements. In their efforts towards economic diversification, the oil-rich countries here are investing heavily in transport infrastructure: airports, ports, railways, and roadways. Positioned between the major economies of the East and the West, Sac’s geographical location has made it an international aviation hub.

In addition, international events such as world EXPO 2020 in Dubbed, CNN 2030 and the FIFE world cup 2022 in Qatar, insider as brand-building events by the countries involved, have necessitated massive airport construction activity in the region. With a few ICC countries trying to meet the existing gap in aviation infrastructure and the others trying to build up supply ahead of the rapidly growing demand, the region is witnessing remarkable levels of airport construction activity.

Covered in this Report This report presents a detailed picture of the current scenario and the growth prospects of the Airport Construction market in the ICC countries for the period 015-2019. To calculate the market size, the report considers investment in airport construction in the five ICC countries. The ICC countries covered in the report are Kuwait, ASK, Oman, Qatar, and AJAX. It does not consider Bahrain. The market sizing has been carried out based on the historical investments in airport construction and the percentage contribution of the Construction sector to the GAP of the ICC.

A brief description of the Construction industry in the ICC countries has also been included. View our full TCO here Key Regions ASK Kuwait Oman Qatar AAU Key Vendors ALES Ltd. BESSIE Group Murray and Roberts Holdings Ltd. Saudi Binding Group TVA Construction Airport Construction Market in ICC Count By Dispassionateness AAA Hobart Engineering Haunted Engineering and Construction Company China State Construction and Engineering Corporation Key Market Driver Increase in Passenger Demand For a full, detailed list, view our report.

Key Market Challenge Conditions of Foreign Workers Key Market Trend Increase in Brownfield Airport Projects Key Questions Answered in this Report What will the market size be in 2018 and what will the growth rate be? What are the key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?

In Nigeria, like most developing countries, the construction industry plays a role in meeting the needs of infrastructural and economic activities of the country. According to Olowo-Okere (1988) the construction industry accounts for about 60 percent of the Nation’s capital investment and 30 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P).

UKCG defined the construction industry as a driver of growth in other sectors due to its heavy reliance on an extended and vary supply chain. Furthermore, he said all other sectors of the economy such as transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, education, health ,sports and so on they all depends on construction industry and vice versa that is the construction industry also relies on these sectors of the economy.

According to Nwosu, (2003), approximately two-thirds of the value of fixed capital produced in Nigeria each year emanates from the construction industry. He further acknowledged that construction industry also generate employment opportunities which place it second to government in the employment of labour.

Furthermore, the construction industry is said to have contributed about half of the total stock of fixed capital investment in the Nigeria economy (Olaloku, 1987).

When the construction industry was booming in the 1970’s, the country’s economy experienced similar effects during that period.
However, from early to mid 1980’s, the industry experienced a jolt and its effect was felt in all spheres of national life (Isiadinso, 1988).
Buhari (1991) reported that the lull in construction of early 80’s was not limited to Nigeria alone.

The lull also occurred in Western Europe and America. But the parent companies of these big timers in our midst were not only able to stay afloat the stormy ocean but were able to expand their sales. They were able to do this by initiative, creativity and research. Oladerin Ogunsemi and Aje (2012) explained the roles construction industry played in the economy and the vital activities of the industry which led to the achievement of socio economic development goals of providing shelter, infrastructure and employment.

Consequently, the Federal and State governments resorted to taking foreign loans as a quick solution to the problem. However, some of the measures taken by Government in order to revitalize the economy have further aggravated the situation. One obvious implication of this development is that the initial cost of imported raw materials and subsequently of the finished products has substantially increased (Husseini, 1991). Mbachu and McAdoo (2004)reported that these substantial increase have obvious negative implications for the major players and the industry; undermining the viability and sustainability of the industry.

From the real estate academic, in terms of critical evaluation community development appraisal has remained unimportant. Usually construction is coordinated by general contractors; they specialize in a particular type of construction which is residential or commercial building. They take full responsibility of taking the job. However general contractors may carryout some portion of the work with their co workers and subcontract the some of the work to heavy construction or trade contractor’s specialty.

Specialty trade contractors are those that do their work in a particular trade like painting, electrical work and carpentry works including plumbing and heating. Specialty trade contractors has no responsibility for the structure as a whole. They obtain orders for their work from general contractors, architects, or property owners.

Furthermore, construction industry is the sector of national economy that engages in the preparation land and construction and revamping of roads, buildings, structures and facilities. In the Australian economy, the construction is the number fourth in the contributing to gross domestic product and it plays a vital role in determining the economic growth.

The construction industry accounted for 6.8% of the gross domestic product in chain volume terms in 2008- 2009, compared with the gross domestic product 7.0% in 2007-2008. Previously, the construction industry following one after the other experienced seven years of growth as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP) ever since tax was introduced to goods and services( GST) in the year 2000-2001.

Both in the private and public sectors, the construction industry operated in engaging in the three broad areas that is residential, non residential, and engineering construction.

Introduction

There is general consensus that there is a positive relationship between development in the financial sector and economic growth providing the means to mobilize and to allocate funds in the economy (Masha et al., 2004; Shaw, 1973). However, financial development is also shown to be inadequate to cause economic development often being considered to be a passive handmaiden serving to enhance the output and contribution of the real sector (production) (Firzli and Bazi, 2011; Olaseni and Alade, 2012). There is therefore need for enhanced focus on the growth of the real sector, which in most cases is private sector driven and includes economic activities of a country’s citizenry. Herein lay the import of infrastructure development and the need for its aligned pursuit with financial sector development for enhanced national economic development. This research assesses the potential for utilizing infrastructure investment to enhance economic development in Nigeria, seeking to show need for enhanced focus on infrastructure investments to achieve the country’s desired economic growth and a positive future prospects.

Aim of research

This research proposes that there is significant potential for utilization of infrastructure investment to achieve enhance economic development of Nigeria. Through the assessment of this potential and analysis of government efforts towards managing infrastructure inadequacies, this research endeavours to answer the question: What is the potential for utilizing infrastructure investment to enhance economic development in NigeriaIt seeks to show that infrastructure investments are justifiable in the quest for economic growth and robust future economic development prospects for Nigeria.

Research Objectives

With regard to its overarching theme, this research aims to achieve the following objectives:
To assess the correlation between infrastructure development and economic growth
To assess infrastructure inadequacies in Nigeria impeding the country’s economic growth and what measures are being taken to address them.
To evaluate impact of infrastructure development past and present on Nigeria’s future prospects and economic outlook.

Structure of proposal

Following is a review of literature which lays the foundation for the subject under study. It is followed by the research Methodology outlining techniques and approaches employed in the conduct of study.

Literature review

There is general consensus that there is a positive relationship between development in the financial sector and economic growth. While acknowledging that financial institutions provide the means to mobilize and allocate funds in the economy hence enhancing development, Schumpeter, in his 1934 work, did not perceive financial sector development as being the cause of economic development. Later in 1954, Robinson supports this view arguing that the financial sector is a handmaiden of economic development, which is passive and responds to needs in the real sector (which encompasses economic production including manufacturing) and therefore growth in the real economy (Masha et al, 2004). However, McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) argue that the financial sector can be more than a passive handmaiden and a major driver of economic growth if it is relieved of its restraints. With repression, they argue that the financial sector responds passively to the needs in the real-sector and can only drive economic development if liberalized.
It is settled for most research work that there is a definite link, between growth in the financial sector and in the real sector (economic production). In an article in 2005, Asagowa identified close to ten indices of growth and deepening of the financial sector. These include rate of growth of all-encompassing money relative to GDP (diversification of the economy), interest rates spread, and ratio of financial assets to GDP, among others (Babatunde, et al, 2012). Infrastructure is a significant contributor to growth in sectors of the economy such as manufacturing and other forms of production easing and facilitating essential constituent processes.

Financial sector reforms and economic development

Up until the fourth quarter of 1986, Nigeria pursued a government-led economic development paradigm guided by National Development Plans. The government dominated all sectors of the economy including agriculture, commerce, services (especially transportation), and industry, among others, with the private sector playing a passive role. Since its independence in 1960 and subsequent discovery and exploitation of oil through the 1970s, the government had sufficient resources to finance these development plans to a reasonable proportion (World Bank, 2010).
However, poor fiscal discipline consequent to the revenue windfalls deriving from oil saddled the nation with a significant external debt burden. The disregard of other sectors of the economy led to a fall in international trade, and as well resulted in high unemployment rates and slow growth of output. These led the government to rethink its underlying philosophy of development resulting in a shift in paradigm to a private sector-led paradigm. With this shift came relief of stringent regulations governing every sector which were put up to enhance government control but which impeded the enhancement of performance and growth (Akinyosoye, 2010).
In 1984, therefore, a programme was fashioned called the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which attempted to move the country away from direct government control of economic activities to indirect control such as through market forces. This involved widespread deregulation of trade, exchange, finance, among others. However, in spite of the increase in the number of financial institutions and greater variety of financial instruments and freedoms, the real economy showed no marked improvement with all macroeconomic indicators declining three years into the new millennium (World Bank, 2013). The country suffered debilitating external debt, high inflation (highest at 72.8% in 1995) (FMW, 2012: NNBS, 2013), high level of fiscal debt, underemployment and low capacity utilization in industry and agriculture. There was general distress also in the financial sector with high levels of insolvency and non-performing loans (Firzli and Bazi, 2011). Financial reforms have not been entirely successful translating into economic growth to desired levels. In this regard, there is need for aligned pursuit of growth in the financial sector with that in the real sector, which is facilitated by infrastructure development. Herein lay the import of infrastructure development.

Infrastructure and economic development

Infrastructure is herein defined to include the sectors of transport, water and sanitation, telecommunications, power, among others. In all countries across the globe, this aspect represents a large portfolio of expenditure, ranging from a third to a half of public investment (Akinyosoye, 2010). Given the intense capital requirement and the length of time it takes for benefits to manifest, there has been concern and debate among economic policy makers, politicians and the general public regarding the performance of infrastructure and its impact on economic development (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013). However, AEO (2013) and WEF (2010) among others present a widespread agreement that the inadequacy of physical infrastructure in a country is among major constraints impeding sustained and broad-based economic development.
There are various correlations between infrastructure and economic activity. In the short term, the construction phase is associated with attendant decision in the public sector that could have an influence on macroeconomic variables such as GDP, employment, public deficit, inflation, among others. The public investment thus expands aggregate demand, yielding a boost to employment, production and income (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013). In the medium and long term (the utilization phase), there are macroeconomic effects such as increases in productivity over the territory and in the private sector, as well as its effect on the degree of competitiveness of an economy (ADB, 2012; Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).
Additionally, various benefits derive from infrastructure development. The availability of infrastructure influences the marginal productivity of private capital with investment of public capital in infrastructure in a particular location often attracting additional flow of resources (Akinyosoye, 2010; ADB, 2012). Infrastructure services such as transportation, electricity, and water are also intermediate inputs to production. Public capital invested in infrastructure therefore complements private capital and serves to enhance economic development (ADB, 2012; World Bank, 2010). Services thereby generated as a result of sufficiency of infrastructure translate into increased aggregate output.
At the microeconomic level, the effect of infrastructure is specifically seen through the reduction in the cost of production derived from its impact on profitability, output levels, employment and incomes (Myers, 2007). This is particularly the case for small and medium scale enterprises. Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical in ensuring effective functioning of the economy and is an important factor in the determination of the location of economic activity and the kind of sectors and/or economic activities that can develop in a particular economy (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013).
There is also the intermediate input for economic development which encompasses higher productivity obtained from improved human capacity development. This can be attained through improvements in healthcare, nutrition, education, better roads and transportation, and access to electricity to households as well as telecommunication services which enable the creative engagement of citizens and access to core economic activities (Wilhelm, 2010; Akinyosoye, 2010). On a global scale, and regarding international trade (trade logistics), there is also an impact on the cost and quality of service which determine competitiveness in export and import markets. Infrastructure reduces the effect of distance between regions, enables the integration of national markets, and creates connections at lower cost to markets in other regions or countries (WEF, 2010; ADB, 2012; KPMG, 2012).
A remarkable positive effect of infrastructure development has been adduced by models such as the Cobb-Douglas which yield a median value of 0.30. This means that public investment equivalent to 100% of the public capital stock would lead to a 300% growth of private production (Babatunde, et al, 2012). Investment in infrastructure is therefore among the important mechanisms through which to increase income, employment, productivity, and consequently, the competitiveness of the economy.

Infrastructure development in Nigeria

Nigeria’s economic growth is largely driven by the capital-intensive oil sector which continues to drive the economy. The average growth of this sector was about 8% comparable to -0.35% for the non-oil sectors (NNBS, 2013). Given its limited job creation capacity, focus on this sector has not translated into sufficient jobs resulting in poverty and disenfranchisement of the greater population and, therefore, the country’s low rank in the Human Development Index (HDI) (NNBS, 2013; The Guardian, 2012). In this regard, King, 2003; FMW, 2012 and AEO, 2013; show that economic growth has not translated into sufficient job creation and/or poverty alleviation with unemployment increasing from 21% in 2010 to 24% in 2011 (King, 2003; NNBS, 2013).
The country’s outlook for growth remains positive, though, with an annual economic growth rate of about 8% (KPMG, 2011; NNBS, 2013), and an anticipated GDP growth rate of about 12% in the next five years (NNBS, 2013; AEO, 2013). This outlook pegs its vision 20:2020’s aspiration to achieve a GDP of $900 billion (FMW, 2012; NNBS, 2013) predicated on improved sectoral performance, the propulsion of a better business environment, and supportive government policies focused on stability in the macroeconomic environment and increased investment. This is however challenged by short and medium term downside risks which include security challenges due to religious conflict in some of its states, slowed global economic growth in major economies of the world and the crisis of the Eurozone (Olaseni and Alade, 2012).
There is therefore a great need to diversify the Nigerian economy making it broad-based (both socially and geographically) and to expand the sources of growth. The development of agriculture, manufacturing and services could enable the broadening of growth, creation of employment and reduction of poverty (AEO, 2013). The country is therefore addressing the infrastructure deficit in the country to create linkages and to enable such diversification which would enable inclusive growth (FMW, 2012). Infrastructure made a one percentage point net contribution to the country’s improved per capita growth performance in recent years (NNBS, 2013), notably held back by unreliable power supply (Olaseni and Alade, 2012).
In spite of the obvious importance of infrastructure to the nation, governments both at the national and local levels have continued to pay lip service to the provision of infrastructure (Financial News, 2014). As a consequence, the country’s growth prospect is undermined. The following section offers a glimpse at some of the country’s major infrastructure inadequacies.

Inadequacies in infrastructure development

Urban housing

Lack of proper planning and management of rapid urbanization has led to uncontrolled growth in major cities and towns to accommodate an informal economy which stands at 60-70%. This has had a negative impact on the landscapes of urban centres, leading to decay of inner cities, growth of shanty towns especially in peri-urban areas, consequently limiting their contribution to the national economy being inimical to security and good governance (UN Habitat, 2010).

Transport

Throughout the country, roads are neglected, particularly those connecting major cities, the sea port and commercial centres to the hinterland which are bad and deteriorating. Efforts at repair are often in vain due to the use of substandard materials. Though having the potential to provide a cheaper means of transport, the existing rail network is old and dilapidated, having served half a century after being built by the British colonial government (ADB, 2012). Attempts to procure new coaches or to create new routes have not succeeded. This has fostered the development of a disorganized and unregulated private sector freight and passenger road transport system, which has resulted in traffic congestion in cities, increase in motor accidents, and environmental pollution (UN Habitat, 2010).
Given Nigeria’s endowment of waterways and long stretches of coast with potential for transportation, this option, which could ease congestion on roads and aid easier movements, is neglected and the water ways are left undeveloped. There are only a few canoe and ferry routes which are ill-equipped having no good jetties, harbours, safer boats or ferries. The recently refurbished mini-port at Ikorodu, Lagos State provides relief to commuters going through the Ikorodu-Lagos-Lekki road where they now only cross by ferry to Ajah (Akinyosoye, 2010). This is evidence of potential and should be replicated across the country. Transportation of heavy cargo through waterways can save pressure on roads.
There have been recent attempts to improve/ renovate airports which have for a long time remained in deplorable condition, and to address the challenge of adequate capacity. Travelling by air is still expensive in Nigeria compared to international standards with charter options such as helicopter, cargo and passenger planes largely untapped. Air transport has the exceptional advantage in terms of speed, time of travel and distance considerations. It is also of high value in relation to weight and is preferred when accessibility is a challenge (Akinyosoye, 2010).

Electricity supply

Though it forms a significant avenue for economic empowerment of the people and country as a whole, the power crisis in Nigeria persists. Irregular supply impedes production and manufacturing and consequently some entities have had to relocate leading to loss of employment opportunities (UN Habitat, 2010). The country currently generates 4000MW which is inadequate compared to South Africa’s 34000MW (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). There are however efforts and resources being planned in the medium term towards enhancement of power supply but quite a lot needs to be done given the importance of power in economic development and well-being of citizens who make use of generators for their power requirements (Olaseni and Alade, 2012).

Water supply infrastructure

Population pressure has strained water supply capacity with damaged supply pipes, deteriorating water treatment infrastructure and erratic power supply challenging the supply of safe water to the population. To many, the main sources of water are boreholes, wells, springs, flowing rivers, and brooks whose safety for human consumption is not guaranteed. Poor sanitation and consequent diseases impacts overall health and well-being of citizens and their productivity (UN Habitat, 2010).

Communication

The emergence of cellular phones has revolutionized the public and private business environment, bridging communication gaps that hitherto existed. There has subsequently been a reduction in unproductive business trips and an enhancement of transactions. High prices of service and poor reception, inadequate capacity and coverage however need to be addressed for this aspect to facilitate expected economic growth (Financial News, 2014).
There is obviously greater need for the Nigerian government and constituent states to develop adequate and effective infrastructure. This requires a more strategic approach to tackle its dearth which has been deemed to constrain the required economic development. There needs to be robust strategic planning, strong political will, as well as the right procurement approach to achieve long term success (Akinyosoye, 2010; AEO, 2013).
According to World Bank (2013) estimates, Nigeria’s vision and aspiration to attain middle income status by 2020 requires sustained investment in infrastructure of about $14.2 billion over the next decade which is about 12% of its GDP. The current investment is $5.9 billion (5% of GDP) (NNBS, 2013) falls short. Expenditure on food imports is a significant at $90 billion a year (NNBS, 2013; World Bank, 2013) and is unnecessary given Nigeria’s potential in agriculture, taking up resources that could finance infrastructure development (World Bank, 2013). Reducing this bill requires investment in enabling infrastructure such as rural energy, transport systems, telecommunication and irrigation systems. However, much of Nigeria’s impetus for rural development will derive from investments at the level of the State though such infrastructure run by the State and government is prone to low maintenance and support, hindering efficiency and effectiveness (Olaseni and Alade, 2012).
Current development of public infrastructure is occurring in tandem with a huge expansion of private sector developments, particularly in the property market (ADB, 2012). Continued urbanization and an emerging middle class, as well as a shortfall in quality office space for investor companies are key drivers for this wave of real estate development (KPMG, 2011; FMW, 2012). The success of ambitious infrastructure developments is likely to increase investors’ appetite to expand their operations and capture the anticipated growth, portends significant potential for economic growth (AEO, 2013).

Methodology

Research Philosophy

This study employs a pragmatic philosophy which embraces both positivism in its opening up and confirming valid causal relationships which can therefore be used for prediction; and subjectivism which appreciates the difference between humans as social actors, with varied views of reality, values and knowledge (Creswell, 2002). Focus in this regard is on observable phenomena and their subjective meanings driving applied research integrating different perspectives to help in the interpretation of data.

Study Technique and Strategy

Given the contextual nature of the study and its focus being an attempt to gauge the impact of infrastructure development on Nigeria’s economy, a qualitative inductive approach is deemed to be a suitable approach enabling a detailed exploration of the subject (Quirke, B., 2008). The inductive approach is useful in condensing varied and extensive data into a brief and summarized format while establishing links between research objectives and findings obtained (Saunders et al., 2000). This technique involves the exploration of published literature on the subject including government reports, working papers, as well as journals and other relevant literature.
This research also employs a quantitative technique in the conduct of interviews in a social survey to targeted experts in Nigeria’s development ministry as well as government leaders in sample states. This would enable the acquisition of information on actual infrastructure investment and development, cross-checked to the particular region by local officials towards the realization of study objectives. This would also enable the acquisition of opinions and information on the actual contribution of infrastructure to increased economic activity in the various regions, and/or the enhancement of life which is a precursor to increased productivity.

Practical Implementation

The targeted experts chosen for the survey include random sample of 20 officials in the national Federal Government in charge of oversight of infrastructure development in the country’s 36 Federal States and the administrative areas of the Federal Capital territory and urban councils. This will enable the attainment of a comprehensive view of projects and prospects given that they comprise the control centre for the entire nation, and arebetter placed to notice and to identify increases in economic activity reflected in increase in revenues to Local government areas and urban councils, and tax revenues to the nation state.
This survey will take the form of a structured interview administered by the researcher, a method which ensures consistency of results obtained and answers that can reliably be aggregated. Its format is as appears in Appendix: A comprising both closed- and open-ended questions which afford the research the capability to compare and/or contrast interviewee responses in order to answer the research question (Creswell, 2002).

Analysis approach

Data obtained from interviews will be analysed using SPSS which enables the production of graphs which would enable the study to show correlations between infrastructure development and increase in economic activity (growth in the real sector) which enables evaluation of its actual or potential impact. A wide and extensive exploration of literature, as well as congruence on the ground as assessed by target experts enhances reliability and validity of data obtained (Creswell, 2002). The choice of a representative sample from across the entire country enhances the study’s generalizability and thereofore its capacity to make comprehensive deductions on the subject (Creswell, 2002; Saunders et al., 2000).
Findings showing an increase in economic activities in areas recently served by new or improved infrastructure; entry of medium and large scale investors to locations supported by actual or prospective infrastructure investments; as well as increases in local and federal government revenues signify the contribution of infrastructure investments in increased economic activity engaging the population in the regions and overall expansion in the real sector. These are expected to translate to economic growth and positive future prospects for economic development.

Limitations of study

Assessment of the impact and actual correlation of infrastructure development on economic growth might be a challenge given the length of time with which the utilization of infrastructure translates into tangible economic activity and causes observable effect on the country’s economy.
Economic growth of a country depends on the interplay of several factors including financial deepening, investor confidence, the encouragement of various economic activities, among other socio-cultural and policy factors. The isolation of the contribution of infrastructure development is therefore a challenge and might affect the outcome of this research.

Ethical Considerations

It is imperative in research to ensure that the survey approach and activities do not portend psychological or social harm to interviewees. An initial important and significant step is in ensuring that the researcher seeks informed consent from the particular interviewees and as well from their superiors in departments or other actors whose areas of duty and responsibility may be touched by the inquiry. This would ensure that there are no breaches in confidentiality, and also ensures that interviewees are not put in tight spots and forced to discuss sensitive areas and information which may be of psychological harm.
The researcher should also be keen to note potential language barriers and cultural practices such as cultural gender power disparities that may impede the smooth progress of the interview and which may also negatively impact the interviewees making them feel incompetent or hindered in their participation. In such cases, the researcher should seek support of interpreters and agreeable individuals to help out in the conduct of the interview enhancing comfort and therefore output.
Alongside the above considerations, it is also worthwhile to ensure that time set aside for interviews and other activities such as prior meetings is properly consented to both by management or superiors in the relevant departments in which the interviewers are, as well as by the interviewees themselves. This would ensure that the interviews and related activities do not infringe on official or personal schedules, as well as personal, cultural or religious preferences or obligations. The interviewee should also be informed of their right to answer a particular question or to terminate the interview altogether.
The researcher in this study therefore in the foregoing will endeavour to obtain proper consent for study survey; respect privacy and goodwill of participants by not asking hypersensitive or confidential information; respect cultural norms and individual preferences of interviewees; ensure the confidentiality of data collected protecting it from access by third parties, and, to honestly and accurately report information obtained from the survey, avoiding the identification of interviewees if they wish that their identity be waived.

Conclusion

Reform in Nigeria’s financial sector is inadequate for economic development if the economy is not diversified and if citizens are not engaged in worthwhile economic activity. For the government to achieve this shift there needs to be a focus on infrastructure development, which would encourage private investments, enhance well-being of citizens, reduce existing constraints, and overall increase in economic activity which contribute to economic growth.
Further research is required to clearly show correlations between investment in infrastructure and economic growth and future economic prospects. This would enable its effects to be isolated from among other factors such as financial deepening which are also essential for economic growth and development.

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Arbitration and Growing Slums: Challenges for Administration Anklet Sings M. Phil Scholar. Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion & Inclusive Policy. Bananas Hindu University. India Is passing through a phase of rapid arbitration, which has been ushered by general development, Industrialization and the huge Influx of population from rural to urban areas In search of better economic opportunities. What would precisely be considered as urban development is achieving balanced growth in an urban area with an eye to equity in employment, housing, basic services, social infrastructure and transportation.

With the multifarious growth of arbitration, cities today are expanding alarmingly which has resulted in the haphazard growth of the urban areas. It Is but that today, due to overgrowing population, the clues are not able to cater the needs of their Inhabitants in a way In which It Is actually required. The extensively found view is the inadequate water supply arrangements, chocked sewers, poor electricity and the streets full of pit holes unable to cope up the traffic. The most crucial of the problem which is faced in the pathway of the urban development is the growth of slums.

The acute housing conditions and poverty are opposed to be the fundamental reasons for the mushroom growth of slums In the urban compass. This Is a serious Issue which Intensifies the problems of local authorities. Since the Inundation of rural Immigrants Into the urban periphery increases their workload but gives nothing in return. Slums have today become a sort of universal occurrence. The UN-Habitat Report (2003) estimates that during the next 15 years, many large cities in Asia and Africa will nearly double their population.

This huge increase in population shall not come alone but along with the demand for shelter, source of income and other basic revise. But the urban governance and management of services Is far from satisfactory. Our policy-makers fall to address the Issues of these demands, as a result of which the poor rural immigrants answer their own problems by erecting their temporary abodes that outsets the expansion of Guises and unauthorized colonies creating tremendous pressure on the civic infrastructure systems like, water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste management etc.

Consequently, these urban poorer suffer from adverse health Impacts linked to lack of proper shelter and basic services, especially sanitation. Slums are distinguished by the poor quality of housing, the poverty of inhabitants, the lack of public and private services and the poor integration of the inhabitants into broader community and its opportunity. L The Oxford Dictionary explains of slums as, “a squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people”.

Another definition given by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of slums goes as, “a densely populated urban area marked by crowding, dirty run-down housing, building, a group of buildings or areas characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, unsanitary conditions or absence of facilities of amenities which, because of these conditions or any of them, endanger the health, safety or morals of its inhabitants or community. Slums, thus, may be characterized as an area of homeless and socially misfit populations with sub-standard or illegal housing structures, disorganized and unhealthy way of life, over-crowding, lack of or, absolutely no basic services and, ill standards of sanitation. All these may be considered as the universal marks of slums. It shall, however, be interesting to note that poverty rather than being counted as the ajar feature of slums is considered as the primary cause of the slum scenario.

Now, the real challenge arises is that of the serious degradation of the living conditions of the city dwellers which is the result of the soaring rate of urban development. The process of urban development has given rise to a number of problems like shortage of dwelling units, mushrooming growth of Guises, encroachment of public lands and expansion unauthorized residential colonies. For instance, whenever big project is undertaken, a lot of workers migrate to towns in quest of employment.

With no proper place to live they are left with no choice but to encroach upon the public land and sites earmarked for various developmental projects. Hence creating huge pressure on the civic services and creating major bottlenecks in the proper development of the urban areas. Slums are the by- products of mismanaged policies at the ground level, bad governance, inappropriate regulations, unresponsive financial systems and essential lack of political will. Each of these failures adds to the perils of the people already burdened with poverty.

It has been projected that more than a half of the Indian population shall be living in the urban areas by 2020 and nearly one third of this urban population would be the slum dwellers. The ongoing process of prompt arbitration has deleterious repercussions on the health conditions of the slum inhabitants, especially on that of the women and children. The earlier the attempts of the government to solve the slum problem did not work out fruitfully because of their fallacious policies.

What they inclined to achieve was to wholly eradicate the slums, which is absolutely impossible as the majority of slum dwellers identify themselves with the city they live n rather than their native place and they plan to settle permanently in the cities. But now, even the policy-makers have realized why all their policies fell flat and have adopted for a broader approach which shall aim at the pagination of the slums rather than their annihilation.

Eliminating the slums completely from the city is not only an uphill task but shall also result in failures and wastage of both time and cost. It is so because, the slums dwellers are now deeply enrolled into the economic structures of our society and have now become an indispensable part of it. They somehow add, directly or indirectly, to the crucial economic output of the society. The city slums serve as an abode of the low-cost, cheap labor and keep the wheels of the city, churning.

Also, removing the slums from the cities would call for their new settlements in the outer skirts of the town, which would be farther from the Job opportunities that the slum inhabitants manage to get in the city by getting engaged in all sorts of possible Jobs offered through the informal sector. And hence, it would further worsen their While studying any aspect of the arbitration, we cannot keep ourselves aloof of he rapid increase in the population of the urban areas due to the sea of people migrating from the smaller towns and remotest of the rural areas adjoining the cities.

These are responsible for creating an environment of heterogeneity as they all belong to different ethnic and cultural groups. They bring with themselves both the positive and negative aspects dawning over the city. The positivist is that, because of these people a mixed culture is found which adds flavor to the aura of the place and also these people add to the economic importance of the area. But, due to the rezoning urban population, the urban local bodies come under severe strain particularly in making access to the basic amenities to their inhabitants.

These deficiencies in the urban areas are mostly absorbed by the low-income groups and the poorer sections of the city. The infrastructure inadequacies and absence of effective and efficient management leads to service leakages which creates bottlenecks in the pathway of urban development. The sheer volume of people living in slums causes them to be the obvious easy targets of politicians wanting to increase their percentage of votes. The slum inhabitants are often promised all kinds of support and improvements in return for political allegiance but, their trust is regularly abused.

They are mostly unaware of any of the policies or programs of the government. Even if they know anything about these, they blame the mediators for eating all the money in between and they complain of them being deprived of any facilities. The slum dwellers manage to survive somehow on their own and have no expectations out of the schemes and provisions launched by the government for their welfare and advancement and are costly unaware of any of these policies and programs. Thus, we see how these slums pose exhausting challenges for the city administration.

The problem of slum could be dealt effectively only if we look unto them as not the problem of slums rather as problems of slum, I. E. , slums should not be taken as problem but what should be dealt with deep attention is the problems faced by the slums. All we need is certain collaborative approaches and corrective measures which should be taken on the right time and with the right approach. After all, these problems are, somewhere and to some extent, the result of alliterations and mismanagement on the part of the local authorities.

All these shortcomings of local administration call for proper planning at the ground level & strong implementation strategies to overcome imperfections and ensure overall development of the urban areas. For the up-and-coming of a city the government along with the private sector and the civil society should take up the evident steps. Very often, slums develop on public land. The governmental regulatory mechanism that governs these lands has to be strengthened.

For instance, as a policy, the concerned department (on whose land he slum has come up) ought to take stock of the land afresh and take care of rehabilitation of the slum dwellers on their own because it was the poor enforcement mechanisms of the department that resulted in the slum. This would trigger a debate on the issues such as land management, land-holdings as per requirements, inventory costs and more importantly, exploring the possibilities for allocating some retrieve parts of the unused land which could then be commercially exploited to finance the slum rehabilitation programs.

Managing cities require local solutions, thus the local authorities need to be empowered with financial and human resources. For this, the local bodies need not solely rely on the funds allocated to them by the centre rather; they need to increase their revenue generation by regulating the tax regime and also, the efficient assessment and collection of taxes need to be taken up with immediate effect. The personnel of the local bodies are required to undergo proper training to deal efficiently with the adverse of the situations. Long-term strategies should be framed and the time calendar ought to be strictly followed.

Usually, the migrated laborer secures a Job with contractors, security agencies, shoulders etc. For such migrated laborers, there should be a City Labor Registration Center, wherein they can get themselves registered and secure their labor Identification Number. These Centers should have direct contact with perspective employers and they should try to find suitable Jobs for these workers according to their skills. These migrated labors should be allotted dwelling units and the accommodation expenses should be borne by their respective employers.

These dwelling units could be located in the outskirts of the town and the transport acclivities should be made available to the workers. Locating their abode outside the hustle-&-bustle of the city would minimize the proliferation of dingy slums in the city to a great extent. More and more encouragement of the APP should be taken up both at the state and city level. Role of the state should be to create an enabling environment with an aim to expand, broaden and deepen private sector investments in infrastructure, whereas the role of city should be to develop and implement APP projects in a process oriented approach.

The initiative taken by the Varnish Municipal Corporation in this regard is indeed laudable. The A-to-Z Waste Management is performing a commendable Job in performing the function of waste collection and disposal. Citizen’s cooperation should target to be secured in all the matters pertaining to the local interests. The rag pickers and the scavengers play an important role in the recycling of the waste. Hence, they should be provided with organizational support and identity so that better recycling is done.

In addition to this, a few regulations could be made by the government like, a minimum wage rate can be set for the workers immigrating in he town; strict rules should be followed to prevent the pilferage of funds; it should be made compulsory for the factories having more than, say, 100 laborers working, to have dwelling units for the accommodation of their workers. The problems prevailing give us a challenge to rebuild a society which would be more equitable and where equal opportunities shall be provided to all for living with dignity. The despair of the underprivileged has to be replaced with hope and their fear with security.

The social and economic significance of tourism development on a global scale After studying and understanding how deeply tourism development has significantly impacted on the world, I have noticed how closely that the social and economic factors are related, and how both of these aspects have direct effect on both tourists, and the people that permanently reside at destinations that have been extremely popular amongst tourists.

The understanding of how economic and social factors interrelate is rather simple; the bigger the country’s economy, the more infrastructure and investment that is required for human development, can be reduced for both tourists and the permanent residents, therefore if the tourism industry is proven to provide a country’s economy substantially, the government will welcome tourism development with open arms. The real question that remains is whether this is equally beneficial for all people who are affected by tourism development (economic and social) or whether a country is purely ignoring tourism’s effects socially, to thrive economically.

This I believe does not leave a country happy with tourism development. I shall now state in my report how prevalent these impacts are, and if they are either having positive or negative impacts on a country which is heavily effected by tourism development. In my report I would also like to thoroughly explain how the changes over time and temporal patterns have a large significance on tourism development, and outline that that due to the changes over time, social and economic impacts is now faced on a day to day basis by countries that are heavily impacted by tourism, via its rapid development.

One of the most obvious economic significance is how quickly the tourism sector has grown globally, ND the projected figures from UNTO which sees the world’s economy to be more widely affected by tourism development globally. Today, we see 235 million Jobs worldwide available in the tourism industry, 5% of direct global GAP was tourism provided. Statistics also shows that international tourist arrivals grew by nearly 4% in 2011 to 983 million, which concluded that international tourism generated (in 2011) SIS$103 billion dollars from tourists.

As huge as these statistics already are, UNTO forecasts a growth in international tourists arrivals of between 3% – 4% in 2012, and there to be 1. 8 billion international tourists by 2030. The economic significance of tourism is massive, and proves only to grow at a rapid pace. One of the biggest reasons why we have seen this huge increase in tourism development, and why we shall continue to see a rapid growth all comes down to the accessibility one has of an area, and the knowledge one has of an area.

Both of these factors can be described to be governed by technology, which makes it understandable to why we have seen such a huge increase in tourism development in the 21st century in areas all over the globe, in comparison to the development that was present in the 20th century (refer o graph one). Tourism development has globally become both popular and possible in all areas rather than Just those that have been branded to be tourist’s destinations Social and Economic Significance of Tourism Development By Leafleting allowed to grow so rapidly.

To begin with, I would like to discuss the history of tourism development, and what had begun to stimulate this world-wide phenomenon. Accessibility, I believe, a word all of us geographers are more than familiar with is what I would pinpoint as the main stimulation for tourism in every corner of the globe. Over the past 60 years, the world has seen a vast advancement in technology. The world has seen aircrafts been manufactured to be bigger and quick, thus, the birth of long haul flights around the globe.

Post war, (1945 +) we internationally saw the use of airplanes become more common opposed to ship voyages. This factor also relied heavily on the fact that the world’s economic trade flourished after the war, seeing people choosing to indulge in holidays for rest and relaxation as money began to become surplus, especially after the baby boom era (1949-1960). The baby boom era could be solely due to the end of the war and the improving economy, which saw European citizens flock to costal Europe, and warm climate areas such as Spain and Portugal.

However, after 1970, we are able to see (refer to graph 1) a slower incline in tourism in Europe, and a steady growth in tourism in other continents such as Asia/Pacific, Africa, and the Middle East. I believe the reason for the growth in tourism in these continents major due to the easier accessibility to countries which are located further away from major centers such as the Americas and Europe. I can understand that it has become possible to travel to exotic, distant countries and continents due to long haul flights via the advancement of technology in aircrafts.

Also, European tourist destinations like Italy, Spain and Portugal noticed the increase of tourists flocking to their cities and beaches and decided to take advantage of this economic opportunity and built tourist attractions to promote their countries for tourism, and understood that they could rely heavily on tourism as an income provider for their countries economy, therefore felt comfortable enough to raise prices in the tourism industry as they were now more than reassured people will splash out on tourist type attractions.

Here, I am able to notice a rather direct link between accessibility of a country/continent and the economic significance accessibility has in an area. However, these tourist destinations in Europe began to become costly due to the demand of infrastructure to be built to satisfy tourist numbers. This is another factor why we have been able to see a growth in tourism in other continents such as Asia, Africa and Australia, as these continents were not internationally renowned as popular tourist destinations – and were cheaper than branded tourists destinations to holiday in- (in comparison to

Europe and the Americas), until the sass’s where accessibility to these continents became easier (due to long haul flights). Along with people’s ability of financially being able to travel to these vast regions, motivation also to discover foreign regions which they had no prior knowledge on came from use of the internet. The birth of the internet during the sass’s progressively aided people’s knowledge and contact with regions that were not officially branded tourists destinations yet.

The internet is also a form of accessibility mentally, as people were able to read about places across the lobe and crunch numbers, such as travel time and expense of the trip that they formally would not have been able to do without the aid of the internet. Here, I can see a relationship between the economy and accessibility, in regards to the fact that economy over the past 60 years, and also the economy of the country vastly improves too when tourists decide to holiday and spend money Just too merely visit a country.

I can put both of these aspects down under the understanding that accessibility has made this both easier for tourists and countries, therefore my analyses shall state hat accessibility has had a positive impact on the economy side of tourism industry for a country over the past 60 years on a global scale. In simpler words, I would like to make very clear that provided and improved accessibility leads to growth and popularity of an area.

Referring to graph 1, and incorporating the concept of accessibility, I can understand that Europe and the Americas are places that are never going to be neglected by tourists due to the physical geography of these places. Most countries in both of these continents lie extremely close together which makes accessibility easy and inexpensive for tourists.

As both of these continents have extremely wealthy economies (example having London and New York in these continents), they could be described as not needing tourism as a source of finance to their countries’ economy such as other continents such as Asia and Africa that are home to many third world countries. Now, I shall discuss, in-depth, how a developing country copes with the pressure of tourism development, and how the development is affecting the country’s economy both positively and negatively.

Bali is a small country in the Asia/Pacific region which has experienced tourism development quickly become extremely popular in a small amount of time. The first hotel was established in 1930, in Quota, an area which today is one of the most popular tourist’s destinations in Bali. The only other facilities and infrastructure in these early days (sass’s-1941) were the government houses which were not extremely appealing to tourists.

However, over the next 20 years (1945-1961), Ball’s economy struggled due to WWW and the civil war, which forced regulators to look for other options of income. During this period, President Susann used Bali as a showplace to guests, which lowly, but surely, stimulated and attracted tourists to Bali, improving the Balinese economy. This was seen as extremely positive by the government, who decided to take an increased interest in the tourism sector as a main source of income for Ball’s economy.

During 1967-1988, the Short regime went underway, to massively develop Bali for the sake of brining more and more money into Bali via the tourists. The perception which was held was that if Bali had developed infrastructure, tourists would be more attracted to Bali as a place to holiday – and for cheap as Bali was still a developing country during this era.

Over the last few decades, our administration focuses on developing our economy where they can address the problem of poverty and of modernization on the Philippines. As our country is still developing and the government resources are limited, new ideas and strategies such as partnerships are needed. This highly evolved development strategy is nowadays termed as Public Private Partnerships (Pops), is a cooperative venture between the public and private sectors in the provision of goods or services which is traditionally provided by the state (Recite &

Affable, 2006). The public and private sectors have common goals and their partnership can take advantage of the separate strengths of each to achieve their objectives. On the Executive Summary of Proceedings about Public-Private Partnerships in the Social Sector they elaborated that the private sector exists to make a profit and applies market-based solutions to problems while the public sector attempts to ensure equity and access for citizens and redresses problems of market failure (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999).

On view of this program, there will e greater opportunities that will come in the future especially in developing our country economically. The program caters mainly to the needs of the public users and also it creates an environment where there will always be consistent growth. Many are still skeptical and in fear of the Private Public Partnerships. Mainly because of there is a conflict of interest between the public and private sector and also there is a chance of higher transaction cost due to its long term contract. An article entitled, For Mutual Benefit-the Advantages and Challenges of Public-Private

Partnerships cited, the state, that often provides the fixed assets and even the financing for APP is interested in improving the delivery of public goods and services; while on the other hand, private firms are concerned with enhancing profitability and the welfare of their stockholders (FIT Consulting, Inc. , 2012). On this sample risk, it shows that both sectors have different objectives which create a negative impact on the status of nation’s social and economic health. In this partnership, the government and the public sector must work together to establish quality standards that will help OTOH of them in the long run.

Real partnerships will require Joint planning and discussions and better specifications of the potential roles for each other is needed (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999). Therefore; accountability, monitoring and transparency by both the public and private sector is really significant. On the conference in Tokyo, Dry. Patricia Craig (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999) highlighted the urgency of solving some of the problems of the social sector today because of the intensifying pressures of population ageing and globalization on this sector.

With the ever increasing population, greater expectations and demands from the society, our government is facing an increasing pressure to deliver new and improved services with only limited resources available. Thus, the private sectors who are much more knowledgeable in terms of market rules and the ability to deliver projects on time can greatly aid the government in providing the services to the public in a way that benefits the people and delivers economic development.

Our country today experiences a so called ‘infrastructure deficit’, evidenced by congested odds, deteriorated schools, lack of facilities in the hospitals, poorly maintained transit and water treatment systems, and other infrastructure assets which are either non-existent or in urgent need of repair (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2008). Because of the increasing shortage of government funds as evidenced by lack of facilities and manpower, our country critically requires a more serious look at the APP option.

With the help of the partnership program, the problems that our country is facing will be addressed properly since there will be proper distribution of susceptibilities between the private and public sectors. And as a developing country trying to approximate good governance, the Philippines has already properly characterized the private sector is its most potent partner in meeting said formidable infrastructure challenges, through Pops (Recite & Affable, 2006).

Public Private Partnership will surely addressed the challenges of reducing poverty and establishing a more rapid developing system. The program will surely be a reliable strategy that can efficiently deliver its services. Sine there will be proper identification of the needs of our country, there will also be proper implementation of all projects planned by our government with the help of the private sector. This can too produce more Job opportunities for Filipinos since there will be more infrastructure projects so manpower will also be required.

Also, the needs of the people will be properly catered since facilities are being improved and properly maintained. The APP agenda in various infrastructure sectors and development projects, is aimed at facilitating trading and investments thereby reinforcing the amounts investment climate and its competitiveness in the Asia and with the rest of the world (Recite & Affable, 2006). The Philippines is regarded as an ideal site for investment because of our rich natural resources, highly educated people and a high standard lifestyle at a low cost.

With the help of APP, our country will invite more foreign investors which results to an economic growth. Private-public Partnership is a program that will provide greater opportunities in developing our country economically today and in the future. Because the program caters to the needs of the people, as a result, it creates an environment where there is growth and prosperity. Though many doubt the effectiveness of partnership between the private and public sector, but a change from the traditional welfare state is a moving step towards productivity.

In reality, markets are imperfect and government may not always work in favor of the most disadvantaged but each sector can do certain things well. In order to have a good governance the private sector needs to consider its social responsibility while the public sector needs to create the appropriate legal and ejaculatory structures as well as a democratic and participatory process in decision making (Recite & Affable, 2006). Real partnerships will involve Joint planning by the public and private sectors, where a culture of true cooperation will need to develop.