Interview

Unless you are fascinated by the rich variation in human experience, qualitative interviewing will become drudgery” “If participant observation means ‘walk a mile in my shoes’, then in-depth interviewing means ‘walk a mile in my head” Interviews as conversations with a purpose conversational style but interviews are not naturally occurring conversations he interaction is one-sided the interviewer has an agenda interviewing requires skills the interaction is recorded Types of interviews There are at least 3 major types of interviews:

• The standardized (formal or structured) interview
• The unsubstantiated (informal or nondestructive) Interview
• The compartmentalized (guidedsemistructured or focused) interview

1. Standardized interview. The standardized interview uses a formally structured schedule of interview questions.  The interviewers are required to ask subjects to respond to each question. That all the questions have been worded in a manner that allows subjects to understand clearly what they are being asked
2. The Unsubstantiated Interview In contrast to the rigidity of standardized interviews, unsubstantiated interviews do not utilize schedules of questions. Interviewers must develop, adapt, and generate questions and follow-up probes appropriate to the given situation and the central purpose of the investigation
3. Complementarities interview This type of interview involves the implementation of a number of predetermined questions and/or special topics. These questions are typically asked of each interviewee in a systematic and consistent order, but he interviewers are allowed freedom to digress.

• Essential Questions. Essential questions exclusively concern the central focus of the study.They may be placed together or scattered throughout the survey, but they are geared toward eliciting specific desired information
• Extra Questions. Extra questions are those questions roughly equivalent to certain essential ones but worded slightly differently. These are included in order to check on the reliability of responses (through examination f consistency in response sets) or to measure the possible influence a change of wording might have .

In order to acquire more precise information and direct consequences, the research was conducted by two chief methodological analysiss, which are interview, and concentrate group. Interview is one of the most effectual and direct manner to analyze the premise made antecedently and compares the consequences with expected 1s. It is besides a manner for participant to acquire involved and speak about their positions and the interviewees are able to discourse their perceptual experience and reading in relation to a given state of affairs. Some argued the interview is non merely concentrated on roll uping informations about life: it is portion of life itself ; its human embeddedness is ineluctable ( Cohen, et al. , 2000 ) . As my research is focused on certain groups of people ‘s life behaviour, therefore interview would be the primary method to be used.

Structured interview was considered at first as I thought it would hold more control of the interview and it could be easier to compare all the consequences. However, as the inquiries are instead unfastened, replies are really different from each and during the interview, interviewee would give some reply that may raise another valuable inquiry. The information interviewee are able provide is really more than I thought earlier and it may be better to merely utilize semi structured interview and allow it be more free and that manner I could besides acquire more meritable consequences. Although different inquiries might be used during questioning different pupils, all the inquiries are relevant to the chief research intent. Furthermore, the flexibleness of semi structured interview could overpower the restrictions on statistical analysis that would ensue. And flexibleness in planing and polishing the interview ushers and in put to deathing interviews is perchance the most important key to success in utilizing this method ( Horton, et Al, 2004 ) . Corbetta ( 2003 ) illustrate points like for semi structured interview, within each subject, the interviewer is free to do the conversation as he thinks tantrum, to inquire the inquiries he finds appropriated in the words he considers best, to explicate the inquiries and inquire for elucidation if the reply is non clear and to make his ain manner of conversation. In semi structured interview, a specific hypothesis does non necessitate to be tested needfully by the interviewer ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004 ) . Because the research is seeking to happen out a consequence instead than to turn out a hypothesis, it may be better to follow this type of interview.

Ten International pupils from different states were interviewed meanwhile five Chinese pupil were interviewed every bit good. The 15 interviewees claimed they all drink before the interviews officially start. In order to make a relaxed and private ambiance, all the interviews took topographic point in interviewees ‘ room and all of interviewees have their single room in No.11th edifice ( international pupils ‘ abode, No. 12th Building ( postgraduate pupils ‘ abode ) and No. 16th edifice ( Male pupils abode ) . Due to the turning away of mistranslation between Chinese and English, the interviews were conducted wholly in English and the replies were recorded by handwriting drumhead in English every bit good. Some inquiries were added after a few interview were done as comparing the replies between some Chinese pupil interviewees gave and some international pupil interviewees, there will be valuable inquiries emerged. And that could be seen as countries I did non expect. Semi structured interview gives me chances to examine for thoughts and sentiments of the interviewee. Probing is understood as a manner for the interview to research new waies which were non ab initio thought ( Gray, 2004, p.217 ) . Besides cardinal subjects and sub-questions from interviewee give research worker a sense of order to make inquiries from unplanned brushs ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004, p.87 ) . For illustration, one inquiry was which manner of imbibing do you prefer: the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. purchase a bottle and blend it with soft drinks and portion it ) or typical Western pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. everyone purchase their ain drink ) and why. Most of Chinese pupil and international pupil interviewee answered sooner typical Chinese pupil manner ; nevertheless Chinese pupil interviewee besides claimed they think international pupil by and large would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing. Consequently a inquiry for international pupil interviewee “ why do you believe some Chinese pupil claim they think international pupil would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing ” is add up.

Furthermore, with the purpose of acquiring more in depth consequences, the model of focal point group were used as 2nd method. A focal point group is a structured group interview. It is an exploratory technique that sets out to happen a scope of sentiments about a peculiar subject ( Hawe et.al. , 1990 ) . Focus groups are particularly effectual for capturing information about societal norms and assortment of sentiment or positions within a population. The population of this research would be two peculiar group- international and Chinese pupils in UNNC. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term “ concentrate group ” could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed.

Because non everyone will hold the same positions and experiences and due to different in age, gender, entree to resources, and other factors-many different point of view will probably be expressed by participants. Within a survey, focal point groups are typically one method among many that are used to make a complete image of how given issue affects a community of people. Focus groups contributes to this wide apprehension by supplying reasoned informations on societal and cultural norms, the pervasiveness of these norms within the community, and people ‘s sentiment about their ain values. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term “ concentrate group ” could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed. Because semi-structured interview had already been done at earlier phase and I want to happen out wider and more in deepness consequence, two focal point groups was formed, and participant were indiscriminately selected, and participants are wholly different from those who took portion in the interview. Harmonizing to Merton et Al, the size of the group should seemingly be determined by tow considerations: it should non be excessively big to manage and non to be excessively little it fails to supply better coverage that an interview with one person. Nevertheless, the figure of participants besides depends on the aims of the research ( Stewart & A ; Shamdasani, 1990 ) . Smaller groups including four to six people can be preferred when the participants have a great trade to portion the subject or hold had adequate experience with the subject that is traveling to be discussed ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 94 ) . Because of deficient clip and I am seeking to cut down cost, besides international pupils and Chinese pupils are both familiar with the research subject and they have their enthusiasm replying the inquiries, each group consists of five members, of whom the first group with international pupils discusses four inquiries, the 2nd group with all Chinese pupils discoursing the same inquiries. Furthermore, a focal point group should be carefully planned treatment designed to ask perceptual experiences in a defined country of involvement in a permissive, non-threatening environment ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 18 ) . All the inquiries were pre planed and under the way of non being insistent as interview inquiries and the first group treatment took topographic point in a kitchen of international pupils abode, where is regarded like a common room for international pupils and the topographic point they have drinks and socialise. This manner all the participants may experience less intense and more permissive. To do certain the 2nd group participants have a relaxed atmosphere every bit good, the treatment occurred in the juice saloon, a topographic point where Chinese pupils ever like to socialise, loosen up and holding treatment at that place. The process of the treatments were recorded by tape recording equipment and summarized in word paperss.

Ethical motives:

Ethical jobs and concerns are portion of mundane pattern of making all sorts of research, particularly in qualitative research. It is argued there are at least two major dimensions of moralss in qualitative research ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . The first 1 is “ procedural moralss ” that usually involves seeking blessing from a relevant moralss commission to set about research affecting worlds. The 2nd one is “ moralss in pattern ” that ethical issues originate in making the research. About the utility in turn toing ethical issues that originate in pattern, professional ethic codifications may be non practical and applicable but merely serve as general guidelines ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . Procedural moralss of my research would be evaluated. There are some countries in which ethical jobs face the judge such as keep backing the nature of the rating research from the participant, exposing participants to Acts of the Apostless that would harm them ; invasion of participant ‘s privateness and keep backing benefits from participant and so on ( House, 1993 ) . As for my research, ethic would be examined from the facets of informed consent, confidentiality and privateness.

Informed consent in qualitative research is frequently consider unsafe as it indicate that the research worker knows before the event that what it will be in the terminal and its possible effects, nevertheless this is non the instance in qualitative research ( Eisner, 1991 ) . Although as my research is qualitative, I am non able to state the participants what the consequences would be and what effects it would convey, I did informed and explained all the participants the nature of the probe before the interview and concentrate group was initiated. Piccolo & A ; Thomas ( 2008 ) illustrated that the topic should show his/her credence of digesting fraudulence and incommodiousness and the research worker must vouch the safe calabash of confidentiality and the public assistance of the participant. Capable must be made feel that they could discontinue the survey at any clip without any penalty and reverberation. In my instance, all the participants were asked whether if they are willing to reply the inquiries of their imbibing behaviour and besides give information about their parents ‘ imbibing behaviour as there are inquiries related in the interview. Additionally, they were informed if they feel uncomfortable replying some inquiries they could merely decline to reply it or discontinue the interview or treatment at any minute.

Qualitative judges could ever cover with confidentiality by trying procedure and through proficient precautions when the information is analyzed ( Shaw, 2003 ) . The United States National Institution of Heath grants certifications of confidentiality for some probe incorporate private information that may take to stigmatisation or favoritism, information related to utilize of intoxicant, drugs or other habit-forming substances is one of them. Because my research is linked with the use of intoxicant, confidentiality is needed without any uncertainty. In order to do informations drumhead easier, I had asked all of the participants ‘ full name, age and nationality. Their information along with interview responds transcript is traveling to be destroyed after informations analysis is done. The record tape and the paperss that have all the information in would be destroyed and deleted. Interviewees and participants were told their information would be vanished after the research is done and they gave their information voluntarily. Furthermore, I chose to hold the interviews and concentrate group in participants ain room protected participants ‘ privateness as they were speaking their ain behaviour.

Restrictions

The restrictions of this survey Begin with me, as a research worker. I am restricted with timing, deficiency of certain cognition and entree. Basically, being an undergraduate pupil, non-professional and missing in assurance due to this being the first research survey could impact what I have to show.

One restriction of my research could be related to reflexiveness as semi structured interview is one of the method I used in the research. The interview has been important for deconstructing the production of cognition within research, taking to concerns over how we understand another individual ‘s “ universe position ” , however, when it comes to concerns over method or analysis within the academy, reflexiveness is frequently limited to either an analysis of the kineticss between the interviewer and the interviewee or warning of biased caused by temperament of the research worker ( Briggs, 2002 ) . As mentioned earlier, there were some inquiry of the interview were added and modified after a few interview as done, responds of some early interviewee have effects on the coevals of the inquiry. Their replies changed my perceptual experience of some certain country before planing the inquiries and I have to alter and add inquiries in the terminal to acquire more accurate and specific informations. Furthermore, being a Chinese pupil making interview that contains inquiries about other people ‘s position of Chinese pupils ‘ imbibing behaviour, interviewee sometimes may believe twice before replying some inquiries and being conservative non give all the responds they want because my nationality is impacting them. Besides there might be some grade of demand features existed during the interview. A demand characteristicA refers to an experimental artefact where participants form an reading of the experiment ‘s intent and unconsciously change their behaviour consequently. There are some of the inquiry of the interview could be misdirecting the interviewee give replies they anticipant the interviewer would desire. For illustration inquiry No. 17 assumed Chinese pupil would travel to the ideal pupil saloon on a regular basis, this may give them the incorrect thought I want the reply that there would be more interaction between Chinese and international pupils if there was of all time a ideal pupil saloon.

Other restrictions could non be neglected every bit good. Due to the ground this is my first research, I am a comparatively inexperient interviewer, which may ensue non able to inquire prompt inquiries and some relevant informations might non be gathered. With the method of semi structured interview itself, non merely the informations could be inaccurate, but besides it could hold undependable informations as it is non-standardized and different inquiries were asked for the interview. And the cogency could be questionable as I am non able to happen out if the respondents were lying. Furthermore, sample of my research could be excessively little as I merely interviewed 15 interviewees and the figure of Chinese pupil participants and international pupils participants were non the same, this could make colored consequences. Meanwhile, the usage of focal point group may hold similar defects. Datas could be undependable and cogency should be argued every bit good as the little figure of respondents bounds generalisation to the wider population. Besides during the procedure of making focal point group interview, there was a group member of international pupils ‘ group being over strong and dominant of the treatment which could do colored consequences.

Methodology

Participant observation

Interview

Ethical motives

Reflexivity ( include demand features )

Research mainly depends on the sample chosen for the questionnaire. Quality of sample must be representative of the entire population. Our method of research was the face-to-face interview and direct observations. Each research has some limitations which are not in the hands of the researcher to control.

Our analysis may not be comprehensive as sample population size involved few families of Kampel village. Quantitative data may not be present in this research as our focus was on quality. Data collected during the interview were entered manually by one of the group members so they may have made some mistake.

Different age-group people have a different thought and each also has different thoughts. Old people may be intellectual. In the sample data, each age-group is represented by a single member so it may not be a good generalization for entire age-group. Each interviewee did not have an excellent educational background which in turn may have affected the data collected by us.

Women of the village were very reluctant to interact so the data were collected from male members of the family. Thus, the data collected mostly represents male point of view on the questions asked while interviewing. This shows that the village had a patriarchal society.

Families interviewed by us mostly lived in outskirts of the village so their knowledge about current facilities offered by the government may not be up to date. Interviewees belonged to different strata of society. People belonging to higher strata of the society may not have answered the government scheme correctly because they have money to fulfill their requirements. Poverty-stricken people may differ in their view or even be biased because they may not be able to avail to some facilities.

Questions involving a family’s reputation may not have been answered correctly. One question may be ‘whether polygamy was practiced any of their ancestral or family member?’. The main occupation of Kampel was agriculture. Agriculture requires laboring and spending time in the fields. The hectic schedule of the villagers may have affected the data collection implicitly. People of the village are careful about reporting anything against the fame of their village.

They would not speak anything against the fame of village to an outsider. So they may not have presented a clear idea of the village. For example, the data collected by us reports fewer crimes in the village but the police station in the village did have a crowd presence. So the biases of the respondent may have affected the data.

Face-to-face interview involves questioning some irrelevant questions so that interviewee may feel familiar and comfortable. This leads to wastage of time. Group members included non-Hindi speakers so this may have become hurdles for them in asking quality questions. Therefore research may be missing data. Having some previous knowledge about the village would help the researcher to choose and communicate to the better sample population. Lack of knowledge of the village may also affect the data collected.

No professional curriculum is considered complete without work experience. It is well evident that work experience is an indispensable part of every professional course. In the same manner practical work in any organization is must for each an every individual, who is undergoing management course.

Without the practical exposure one cannot consider himself as a qualified capable manager. Entering in the organization is like stepping into altogether a new world. At first, everything seems strange and unheard but as the time passes one can understands the concept and working of the organization and thereby develop professional relationship. Initially it is felt that as if classroom study was irrelevant and it is useless in any concern working. But gradually it is realize that all fundamental basic concepts studied are linked in one or other ways to the organization.

But how and what can be done with fundamentals depends upon the intellectual and applicability of an individual. Executive summary Investing in equities in a market like India is speculative and involves risk that may be greater than other types of investment strategies. Before investing an Investor should be careful enough about him investment decision to avoid erosion of wealth. As seen in the recent times the volatility of market is more detrimental to the retail iinvestors as it seems to be lucrative for speculative gains of short duration of time.

Hence an investor has to evaluate his options carefully for a prudent investment, keeping long-term horizon in mind. The report has tried to bring out the parameters those are of paramount importance to general public dealing in an equity trading on day-to day and delivery base trading. The working methodology has been discussed i. e. the data collection methods, sampling methods and the survey questionnaire methods. The questionnaire prepared is designed so as to cover a wide range of customer “touch points” The report given a view about the iinvestors perception that what thy think while making investments in shares.

The questionnaire has been designed for the target group to get the best amount of data possible keeping in view the importance and authenticity of the information and convenience of the respondent. The selection of investor was predetermined in nature Personal contacts were established to conduct a face-to-face interview. Interview was conducted under strict supervision to maintain the standards of the data collected. Research Design Research design is a spacification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information we need to solve the problems.

Research design was adopted for the purpose of collection and analysis of data in a manner aimed at getting relevant information. It was conceptual structure within which research was conducted, collected, measured and analyzed. Research Idea To know the market scene of trading and Investment in equities through Indiabulls securities Ltd. Research Question What is the market trend regarding investment? What difficulties and challenges iinvestors are facing while making investments? Research Statement ? “To get an insight into the mind of iinvestors regarding trading and investment in Equities” “To get an insight into the mindset of iinvestors regarding the importance assigned to different attributes such as risk, return, liquidity etc. of various investment channels such as equities. In the report this tries to understand the investor’s behavior while trading. ” ? “To study the preferences and perceptions of iinvestors regarding various financial products from the stable of Indiabulls Securities Ltd. so that the firm can benefit from the findings of the report in launching any new investment product in future.

Welcome to Flight Attendant Central! This special 25 Questions and Answers report is a powerful tool when preparing for your interview. I compiled this list based on the most commonly asked cabin crew final Interview questions. You will find the questions, the guidelines on what your answer should or should not be and a sample answer. Have also Included a blank area at each question where o have the space to fill in your answer as it applies to your experience.

I am giving this away to help as many people as I can. I believe that the more you give, the more you receive. The key to success in your cabin crew assessment day is preparation. Knowing what to expect and showing the best you can be are crucial factors in the process. I hope this guide gives you a view into some of the important things you need to think about as you prepare for your final interview. I am also looking forward to sharing a lot more powerful training and information with you! See you up there, Kara Grand Creator, FllghtAttendantCentral

Tell me about yourself. Remember to stay professional during your final interview.

This question is meant to ask you about your career and detailed work history. It is not about your childhood, home or hobbies. Remember that you are being interviewed for a cabin crew Job, so your response should be focused on the relevant customer service Job experience. Try to keep it short, this question is Just a conversation starter. Do not reveal information that you don’t want your future employer to know.

Sample answer:

‘l have been working for the past 4 years for Company A. I started out as part-time junior sales associate and have been promoted to senior sales associate and most recent to store assistant manager. Meanwhile I graduated from College B with a major in Economical Studies. ‘

Why do you want to work for our airline? Do not go to your interview without doing some research about the company you would like to work for. Browse their website and read the ‘About us’ or ‘History sections. The first part of the assessment day consists of a series of informative videos about he airline, how it was created, plans of expansion, financial results, life in their city, career prospects and other relevant information.

Take some notes and review them before your final interview. You don’t know much about, be honest and tell them so. ‘I know that your company has been one of the fastest growing airlines in the world, with numerous awards won (give some examples here) and openness towards cultural diversity. I would be honored to be part of such an ambitious team. ‘

Tell me about your dream Job. Stay away from a specific Job. If you say another Job, you will give an impression that you might be dissatisfied with he cabin crew Job. If you say cabin crew, then your credibility might be questioned.

Talk about the positive aspects that the Job will bring to your life rather than naming a position. ‘My dream Job will give me the opportunity to travel and discover new cultures and interesting people. It is the Job that gets me excited to wake up every day, go to work and constantly learn something new. ‘

Do you work better in a team or alone? This is not an easy question to answer, however it is frequently asked during final interviews. You are interviewing for a cabin crew position. A key requirement for this Job is team- ark. Do not answer ‘It depends on the situation’. L prefer to work in a group, but I also enjoy having a part of the work that is my personal responsibility. ‘

How would your friends or coworkers describe you? Prepare some quotes from your coworkers or friends. Stay focused on the skills and traits that are relevant for the cabin crew Job. Do not get into lengthy stories about your friends or coworkers. ‘Both my friends and coworkers would say that I am a reliable individual. They all know that they can count on me to listen to their problems and try to help them find a solution. Errors he knows because my area was always clean and I never left home before tidying up the days work. ‘

Tell me about a time when you helped someone. Be prepared with some examples of situations when you helped either a customer or a colleague. Stay focused on the required skills for the cabin crew position. Use the names of your colleagues or customers. ‘Mrs.. Smith, a regular guest in our hotel has Just checked in together with her niece and twin babies. We were not informed that the babies will need sleeping cots, so the arrangements have not been done and we only had one cot available.

I talked to our manager and explained the situation. We ordered a new cot that was delivered in the same day, so I made sure that the room was arranged, together with complimentary toys and blankets and the schedule of the baby sitter. Both Mrs.. Smith and her niece were very grateful, and my manager also praised my efforts. ‘

Tell me about a time you made a suggestion to improve business. Talk about the time you gave a suggestion that was further used to benefit the company. Do not tell the interviewers about suggestions that were ignored at the time only to be implemented later.

If this never happened to you, then answer honestly and focus instead on the efficiency of the company you worked for. ‘In the restaurant I worked we used to have sugar packs on each table. We were consuming a lot of those packages every week. I suggested to my supervisor that we introduce sugar cubes on the trays when we serve coffee or tea. He told me that this cut the sugar consumption in the restaurant by 50% and the new set-up looked nice. ‘

Tell me about the most fun you ever experienced on the Job. Discuss a successful project you enjoyed completing, not the workplace cafeteria ranks.

Take this chance to reinforce your team player skills. Keep the answer short and professional. ‘Every December we have a ‘sales person of the year’ competition. Last year, the sales associates divided into 2 teams and we had our own competition to see who sells the most. We had great fun making daily charts and posting them for everyone to see. We sold so much that month, we became the best selling store and we were all praised by our manager. ‘

What are your strengths? The interviewer expects you to give examples of how you have excelled in your previous Jobs.

Prepare 4 or 5 traits that are relevant for the cabin crew position and be prepared to also give examples of when you displayed these strengths. Talk about your strengths in the area of customer service, team work, communication, attention to detail or problem solving. Do not discuss your strengths outside your work area. ‘l am a team player with excellent attention to detail. I provide personalized service to my customers while aiming to go beyond all expectations and ensure that my customers receive the best possible service. I also have the ability to adapt in a fast paced environment. 10. What are your weaknesses? Do not give information which could hurt your professional image or decrease your chances of getting the Job. Disclose a weakness only when you have already taken steps to compensate for it. Describe a challenge a how you overcame it, stating what you learned during the process. Do not say that you have no weakness. ‘l feel that my attention to detail is my weakness. I want everything to be perfect. Sometimes I get so caught up in small details that I forget to see the big picture. Let was pointed out to me and I was able to improve myself.

I am now constantly finding says to balance both the details and the overall situation. ‘

Tell me about a time when you had to deal with a co-worker who wasn’t doing his/ her fair share of the work. What did you do and what was the outcome? Keep your answer professional, short and clear. Focus more on what you did to deal with the situation, rather than how much you positive experience. ‘Sofia was my shift colleague. During lunch service I saw her being slow to take orders and attend to the new customers. I had to step in her area and do part of her work. After the service was over I asked her what was happening.

I learned that her ornamented was gravely ill and she Just received the news that morning. I helped her out for the next days until she felt better. She appreciated my willingness to do something for her and we are now working very well together, taking extra work from each other whenever is necessary. ‘

Tell me about a time you misjudged a person. Use an example where you underestimated somebody, rather than an example when you thought that somebody was trustworthy and in the end they disappointed you. End your answer with a summary of what your learned from the experience. ‘Our office boy was a very shy and reserved person.

One day I started to talk to him and I found out that he was actually an engineer in his country, but came here to provide a better future for his children. He was doing the Job to learn the language better and understand our culture. We became friends and he was even giving me advice with some of the projects I was working on. I told to my manager his story, and after 1 year he was given a chance to interview. Now he is working in the planning department. I learned to never Judge somebody Just by the Job they are doing. ‘

Tell me about a challenge at work you faced and overcame recently.

Talk about the complaints you solved, issues you had to organize, conflicts that you had to resolve. Focus on the problem-solving, not on the problem itself. Do not put anybody else in a bad light. ‘We received a new computer software that would take not only the reservations for the day, but also the customer details, the orders and the home-delivery schedule. It was taking a long time to input all the data while the customers were waiting. I asked the manager to get some training from the IT Company. In only 30 minutes they taught me all the shortcuts and I managed to be efficient when operating it. ‘

There are two main data resources, secondary and primary data. Secondary data is the one that already exists from previous investigations and it can be found in books, journals and films (Saunders at al, 2003). Primary data is the one that is recollected from the research and it can be obtained by using methods such as questionnaires, interviews, focus group, and other (Collis and Hussey, 2003). In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this research, both data collection methods were used.

The secondary data was mostly used to define and examine the concepts of career obstacles and strategies to cope up with them. On the other hand, the primary data was collected from the interviews of Hong Kong women managers in order to obtain their experiences of working with people that have different views about women working at executive posts. Saunders et al. (2003) points out that literature review helps to develop an understanding and insight into relevant previous research.

Collis and Hussey (2003), add to Saunders’s point of view saying that exploring the existing literature will help to have a better overview on previous research that has been conducted and its impact on the studied research problem. In addition, Saunders et al (2003) classify the secondary data into three types: documentary, survey-based and multi-source. For this investigation, it will be useful the documentary secondary data because written documents such as articles taken from the Internet, journals, books among others, could be relevant information to be used.

Consequently, secondary data on its own is insufficient for the investigation and exploration of this study; for this reason the use of primary data helps to add and enrich information to that existent background on career obstacles for Hong Kong women managers. There are several methods for the collection of primary data, as it was mentioned earlier, and the choice of a specific one depends mainly on the purpose of the study and research question, the resources available and the skills of the researcher (Kumar, 1999).

Taking into account the already proposed sample characteristics, interviews are considered to be the most appropriate data collection technique due to the exploratory and analytical research nature of this investigation. It involves more interaction by questioning and discussion between the interviewee and the interviewer that is something it can not be obtained using, for example, questionnaires and observation (Blaxter et al. , 2001). The interviews were conducted in order to explore and discover participants’ attitudes, opinions and experiences toward working in a pro-man working environment.

According to Collis and Hussey (2003), interviews “are a method of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they do, think or feel”. Saunders et al. (2003) propose the idea that this method is an efficient way of collecting reliable and valid information, because the data gathered comes directly from the source in study, which certainly helps to achieve the research question and objectives of this project. Therefore, choosing interviews was based on its suitability in finding what is happening and seeking new sights when exploring career obstacles for Hong Kong women managers.

Interviews are classified based on the degree of flexibility as well as formality and structure that the researcher would like to apply. Therefore, there are three types of interviews, structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews (Kumar, 1999; Saunders et al. , 2000; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002).

In the structured interview “the investigator asks a pre-determined set of questions, using the same wording and order of questions as specified in the interview schedule” (Kumar, 1999, p.109); in semi-structured interview, the questions are also prepared beforehand, but in contrast, they offer more flexibility in facilitating the interviewee to modify the questions to investigate new ideas that might come up during the interview; and the unstructured interviews are based on a general topic of interest, but the questions are spontaneously posed to the respondent (Kumar, 1999; Guillham, 2000; Saunders et al. , 2000; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002).

It has been suggested that for phenomenological approaches and exploratory researches, a semi-structure interview is the most suitable type since the interviewer can explore in-depth a specific area that might be of interest (Jankowicz, 1999). The interviews carried out for this research were semi-structured. One of the reasons of choosing this type of interview is because they are more conductible and easier to control in order to establish and maintain empathy with respondents, so make the respondents be more comfortable and express their opinions more freely.

It also gives the interviewer the opportunity to discover and understand the respondents’ points of view and beliefs about a specific situation (Zikmund, 2000). Saunders et al. (2000) mention that semi-structured are qualitative research interviews and are classified as non-standardized, where questions might vary from one interview to another since it depends on the course that the conversation takes, hence it would required of additional questions.

In addition, Healey and Rawlinson (1994 cited Saunders et al. , 2000) point out that more than one type can be used within an interview, where one section may ask factual closed questions, such as personal details, and the next sections could explore more qualitative issues. In this case, a combination of styles was adopted within the interviews held. The first section consisted of a set of factual questions in order to find out the interviewee’s work position and background. The following sections were based on qualitative responses where relevant topics were taking under consideration accordingly to the literature review developed in Chapter II as well as aim and objectives of the research.

For instance, in the second section, Hong Kong women managers were asked to shed light on their marriage and family aspects; their nature of job, obstacles in their career pathways; and their plans to grow in their organizations in future. Furthermore, the semi-structured interviews allowed a free-flowing discussion, which in turn produced a better understanding of the way of thinking, opinions, and behavior of women manager in relation to their experiences towards working in an environment that supports male managers and the career obstacles they face.

There are a number of data quality issues to be aware and consider when conducting an interview, otherwise it would put at risk the findings of the investigation. In this case information supplied to the interviewee, confidentiality, listening skills and recording of interviews is going to be considered for this section (Kvale, 1996; Saunders et al. , 2000). An important issue to promote credibility to the investigation is the supply of relevant information to the participants prior the interviews.

In this way, the interviewee considered the information under study and was prepare to discuss their experiences and opinions, which helped to develop the research credibility. This was reached through a letter sent to the participants, which can be seen in Appendix A. It was also mentioned the duration of the interviews, in order to let them organize their time and provide an approximately one hour to one hour and a half to the interview with no interruptions.

How has Big Issue evolved over the years and has It been able to stay true to its Orlando/core values?

Franchise Idea 0 less rigor; social entrepreneurs go around the world Message has gone out self help / working with people In the margin Core values have been consistent throughout the years

How did you come to be involved in Big Issue?

Were you recruited or did you seek it out? Curious to understand the organizational fit. Recruited Brought considerable experience in the commercial area 0 capable of expanding businesses Stephen brought strategy and focus to a very commercial chancy proposition Walk the talk / communicate core values and principles

Does a charity like yours actively think about a AS analysis, like any other corporation?

Running a charity is the same as running a business Charities need an operational framework in order to evolve and deliver objectives However, they are not always In control of all elements of the AS as It Is a lively organization totally reliant on the success of the people

How much of the current structure is a direct result of the AS actions that your management team has taken?

It Is However, some elements are not a direct result of the AS In order to get money from trusts, the environment dictates that you need to evidence what you have done There are requirements of the world that often override an Internal AS framework

Are you happy with the current structure and how would you like to see Big Issue’s AS evolve?

Need some people on the ground as they are currently understaffed

Strategy: What is Big Issue trying to achieve?

Medal brand (education) Brokerage strategy Make a meaningful impact on the lives of people who are socially and financially excluded Solution C] for what is going on in society

Systems / Structure: How you do you support Big Issue vendors?

They have a badge process, which is time limited and requires vendors to check in regularly At every check point, a new badge is issued to the vendor This facilitates performance managing

Shared Values

How would you describe the vendor community Vendor community: code of conduct; see value of the choice they make to change 0 this can unify However, there is no defined agenda; not faith based; prepared to put something in