Irrigation

Introduction

Green wall and its necessity

The life, organic systems characterized by green walls, are integrated with the inorganic and exanimate constructions are ruling modern architecture and holds the promise of a new type of ‘living ‘ architecture. Green walls are by and large walls that are portion of the Building covered with flora. They are similar perpendicular garden largely formed with creeper system on the exterior wall with the roots on the land or with free standing vertically framed wall with different native workss grown on the surface. They are besides termed as bio walls or populating walls since they act as natural air-conditioner as they purifies and cools the ambient air to a big extent making a healthy environment.

The deepest menace of planetary heating is the rapid urbanisation and deforestation. There is a considerable addition of co2 emanation and heat transportation. This impact is utmost in the urban status where the vegetation/ verdure are sparse. Besides in the urban conditions largely all the edifices are glazed and air-conditioned with out any ways of neither thermic insularity, nor are they shaded with thick environing landscape. This is fundamentally due to the infinite restraints and optimisation. In such ambitious instances Green wall is the best option which acts as a good shading device against heat addition and energy losingss, pollution etc. Hence, Green walls are must in urban conditions.

Economic and Environmental benefits of Green walls

The economic and environmental benefits are many. They result in significant energy nest eggs, extension of constructing life, CO2 gaining control, acoustics and Aestheticss.

• Energy Conservation: Vegetation on walls can help in chilling edifices in summer and insulating them in winter. Decrease of thermic lading to edifices consequences lower warming and chilling costs which in bend lowers carbon emanations. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 )
• Health: These mounting workss on green walls filter out dust and other pollutants. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 )
• Decrease of heat island consequence consequences in less reflected heat.
• Air purification: workss filter pollution particularly when used inside edifices.
• Noise fading: It acts as sound barrier ensuing in quieter edifices and streets.
• Green walls can roll up over 30kgs per M2 of rainwater.
• Increased urban biomass.

Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) clears the fact that ‘There is a widespread belief that workss are unfriendly to construct constructions, rending out howitzer and prying isolated articulations with their roots. The grounds suggests that these jobs have been greatly overdone, except where decay has already set in and so workss can so speed up the procedure of impairment. ‘ There is small grounds that workss damage walls. In fact in most of the instances the exact opposite is true, with workss covering the wall helps in protecting the wall from harmful elements, solar radiation which in bend reduces the thermal tensenesss within the construction.

Autochthonal sustainable elements and their benefits

Autochthonal sustainable elements are the simple elements which are locally available and considered as waste or least prioritized. For illustration, the coconut shells in the state like India which are available in copiousness are merely disposed or burnt to ashes even though they have high thermic coefficient and suitableness for insulation/ acoustics. Similarly, stuffs like Clay, Bamboo, Jungle/ Pine/Rubber wood, Cork etc carry untarnishing consequence in the field of sustainable Architecture when used suitably. Apart from their interesting feature they are besides economic.

RESEARCH QUESTION/OBJECTIVE:

Department of energies green palisade demand to be green?

The realistic aim of this research is to make more gratifying greener metropoliss which in bend bring legion benefits to the environing environment. In the about all the Urban locations of the universe where the CO2 emanation is highly high due to assorted factors have barely any good flora to command environmental pollution. Unfortunately, in such locations the construct of sustainability like ‘Green wall ‘ gets relegated to the 2nd topographic point due to building and care cost. The thought is to turn to to these countries and besides to heighten the benefits of “ Green walls ‘ with some medicative value. This needs to be achieved by placing native herbal workss and besides, to analyze and introduce in the country of low cost autochthonal elements like coconut shells, bamboo, cane, Jute, cork, ect as building stuffs to supplement to sustainable design.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Green walls are easy deriving value and are considered valuable for chilling the Urban infinite than green roofs in states like Japan. But the green wall is still new to states like India and China. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) states that ‘This is a great commiseration, because even in those metropoliss comparatively good endowed with greenspace many countries can justifiably be regarded as comeuppances in biological footings. ‘ Nigel Dunnett and Noel Kingsbury ( 2004 ) Green wall is widely practiced in Europe and it is rather common in France and Germany to see house covered in Virginia creeper or vines which are influenced by Mediterranean clime. Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) states that ‘We necessitate appropriate development which incorporates an ecological attack to edifice and landscape. ‘ This means that the land lost in the building of edifices and roads should be replaced with a bed of workss on the difficult surfaces. By this manner green tegument can be strategically added to make a new web of flora associating roofs, courtyards, walls and unfastened infinites.

Different types of green walls

There are two different types: Green frontages and Living walls

Green facades: are wall systems where workss cover back uping constructions rooted at the base of the construction. Supporting construction can either be a bing wall or built as freestanding constructions.

Populating walls: ( besides called bio walls or perpendicular gardens ) composed of pre-vegetated modular panels that are fixed to a structural wall or freestanding frame. Modular panels comprises of polypropene plastic containers, geotextiles, irrigation system, turning medium and flora. Populating walls can be installed on the outside of a edifice in full Sun, shadiness, and inside of a edifice. They grow good in both tropical and temperate clime. Due to immense assortment of workss used, populating walls require more intensive care than green frontages like regular lacrimation, adding foods and fertilisers.

Different types of green facade support constructions

The two primary types are

• Modular treillage systems: Panels which are stiff and lightweight are installed vertically as wall-mounted or freestanding. They can besides be used on tall edifices along side with intermediate plantation owners. Modular treillage systems are indispensable where the physical growing of mounting workss is restricted.
• Freestanding constructions: are stiff panels such as green columns or canopy signifiers that can be placed on either on edifice walls where either the infinite is limited or burden is restricted. The panels can besides be used as shading devices for a unfastened parking country.
• Cable and rope wire systems: this system consist high-tensile steel overseas telegrams, wire treillages, spacers, and extra equipment. Vertical and horizontal wires are connected through cross clinchs to organize a treillage system of coveted sizes and forms. Stainless steel wire-rope cyberspace is supported on flexible or stiff frames to cover big countries.

Best works types to utilize for green walls

Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) Sing the relationship between the types of works used and the facet of the walls where they will turn is besides a really of import facet.

Deciduous workss are the most suited on the south side of a edifice. In the summer their dense leaf shields the edifice from sunshine and creates chilling consequence. In winter foliages are shed, leting sunshine to make the surface of the wall so assisting to warm the inside of the edifice. Similarly on a west-facing wall it is reasonable to utilize evergreens to protect the edifice from rain and supply a shock absorber of air to assist insularity. North confronting walls are best for back uping native herbs and wider scopes of workss. East walls may fall into either class.

Plants used on exterior edifice walls are exposed to harsher climactic milieus than those of indoors. Hence for edifice that intend to make great highs, more stalwart species of workss should be selected. Similarly, for less works friendly climes, climbers that are tolerant for air current and heat should be selected. Nigel Dunnett and Noel Kingsbury ( 2004 ) On wooden walls and other constructions, species with really heavy growing or a thick ramification wont should be avoided, as the construction may non be able to back up the weight.

Plant choice will hold major impact on the design of the back uping system. For case, a denser and faster turning works will necessitate a larger infinite between supports than less aggressive works species. The denseness of works life further impacts the implicit in construction. Greater the leaf surface country, the more impact rain will hold on the weight of the system.

Green wall installing and care

Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) Small herbaceous species are able to turn on walls by taking root in the substance of the wall itself. But other species are of course adapted to mounting up and over obstructions such as stone faces, trees and bush. Some sort of support construction is indispensable for these workss to turn successfully. For illustration, climbers such as hops support themselves by gyrating upwards around an object. They will necessitate lumber battings, trellis work, steel overseas telegrams or plastic ropes. Although some creeper can cleave straight onto walls by their roots, they require a unsmooth surface to enable them to make so. Ramble oning workss such as bramble and mounting rose need wide-meshed grid constructions to which they can be attached. A 50x50cm fretwork of treated lumber mounted on wooden stations ( or an tantamount construction utilizing overseas telegrams, rope or sacking ) will supply an equal support for a scope of species. Whenever possible it is reasonable to go forth small spread between the facade of the edifice and the supporting construction to maximize the effects of summer chilling and winter insularity.

The constructions help in administering the weight of the workss across the supporting construction and wall. In overseas telegram and rope wire systems, ground tackles and turnbuckles have to be installed at the terminal of each overseas telegram for fastening and accommodations as and when required.

Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) Polypropylene cladding tiles incorporates rainproof membranes and their ain irrigation system. Plants could be established on these and so hung on the exterior of a edifice.

Depending on species, mounting workss by and large require a good supply of H2O and occasional pruning. Supporting constructions require less care, with lone occasional monitoring of the supporting construction.

Jacklyn Johnston and John Newton ( 2004 ) For mounting workss the land should be prepared merely like for any tree or bush by making a cavity and adding in some compost to the top 30cm.Pre-grown panels for populating walls needs 6-12 months for workss to turn prior to bringing and installing. The panels are grown horizontally until it is shipped to the site after which it can be mounted vertically.

Climbing workss should be selected that do non supply a nutrient beginning for unwanted plagues and insects. Excessive growing or dead wood should be removed sporadically and standing H2O should be avoided.

LEED points for utilizing green walls

LEED has several credits for green walls when used in edifices.

• Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Landscape Design that Reduces Urban Heat Islands ( 1 point ) . Solar coefficient of reflection of a edifice is greatly reduced by exterior green walls, therefore cut downing the urban heat island consequence.
• Water Efficiency Credits 1.1, 1.2: Water Efficient Landscaping ( 1 to 2 points ) . Harvested stormwater can be used for irrigating the workss of the green walls. Use merely collected, recycled, or nonpotable H2O may besides add on to this recognition.
• Water Efficiency Credit 2: Advanced Wastewater Technologies ( 1 point ) . Green walls can move as a medium for utilizing effluent intervention.
• Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance ( 1 to 10 points ) . Building ‘s mechanical systems use can be reduced greatly by green walls which acts as extra insularity for the construction and besides provides natural chilling.
• Invention in Design Credits 1-4: Invention in Design ( 1 to 4 points ) . Green walls can lend to innovative effluent direction or airing systems.

KNOWLEDGES AND GAPS

What is the consciousness on Green walls in the states like India?

Green Building Movement in India – Catalysts and Course India is witnessing unbelievable growing in substructure and building sector. The building industry in India happens to be one of the largest economic activities. As this sector is turning quickly, continuing the environment poses batch of challenges and at the same clip nowadayss chances. The building sector hence needs to lend towards environmental duty. Green wall constructs are at emerging phase in India chiefly due to high initial cost and deficiency of a native merchandise to turn to the same. But still it offers great potency which asks for greater apprehension and germinating an autochthonal merchandise by Indian Architects/ Landscape interior decorators.

How cost witting developed states are and how it is of import?

Most of the developed states are focused on the engineering of future and the art of modern architecture plays critical function where the value of simple autochthonal elements gets neglected. In that instance, even in the name of modernisation most of the development states are besides acquiring inspired by the developed states. Cost effectual design ever carries value at the clip of crisis and recession. It besides speaks its untasted appeal as they are formed largely with natural elements.

Invention:

• An Indian based Agriculturist who tried organic agriculture ‘elunkathir pannai ‘ with the protection of bio fencing created with the native herb teas and workss. The consequence proved to be amazing and achieved good output. The interesting secrete behind it is, all the air born plagues are filtered and killed by of course available herbal marauders. This inspires and even strengthens the construct of Green walls for the urban infinites besides. And that is one of my enterprise and portion of the research utilizing native herb teas to accomplish medicative benefits.
• Sustainability is mostly being practised in assorted Fieldss. But in most of the instances they are non cost effectual. The other portion of my invention is to accommodate low cost sustainable design with simple autochthonal elements like Coconut shell, Clay plaster, Cork, Bamboo, Jungle/pine wood etc. at appropriate countries.

DATA AND INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED:

1. Detailss of Green wall construction/installation
2. Supports and frames
3. Plants species for indoor and out door
4. Irrigation system inside informations
5. Lighting inside informations
6. Care
7. Samples

How to roll up informations and How to analyze it?

• Already garnering information from the service suppliers of assorted topographic points on green wall building and care facets.
• In the procedure of acquiring associated with a Horticulturalist/ Agriculturalist to acquire inside informations on the workss species and their behavior.

Apart from the above, I have collected sufficient literature to travel frontward. Besides, analysis of each component will be carried out through theoretical accounts and tools by roll uping all the needed samples from the mentioned resources.

Planning

The construct of green wall has to be incorporated in design and the same will be detailed and fine-tuned towards the research subject as a survey theoretical account. As portion of advanced design the use of autochthonal sustainable elements will besides be adopted.

Features of the autochthonal elements available in the underdeveloped states like India are tremendous. Will be after them suitably in design specification based on their features and besides, following with ergonomic criterions.

POSSIBLE Result

Sing all the urban infinites which are wholly responsible for the expletive ‘Global warming ‘ on this female parent Earth, as a responsible Architect would work towards through my thesis to attest and turn out Green walls and other simple autochthonal stuffs as low-cost solution for all the Urban conditions and warrant the use of green wall for a infinite which is non-Air-conditioned. The other issue which is endangering the universe is the recession which besides calls for advanced cost effectual practise in the building and specification. Initiative to accomplish the same with cost effectual autochthonal stuffs is a challenge yet it will be proven possible.

“ It is ever better to be after and protect, instead than repent and fix ”

Bibliography:

1. Property World- August 2009
2. The Hindu-Elunkathirpannai- Arunachlam-Thursday,2008
3. The Architects Journal, Building Library
4. Get downing with Plants-Dougherty, David
5. Green walls Austrialia Pvt ltd.
6. www.greenscreen.com
7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greenscreen.com/home.html
8. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bdcnetwork.com/article/379033-6_Things_You_Need_to_Know_About_Green_Walls.php
9. Green Building Movement in India – Catalysts and Course

Accessibility to good roads, transportation facilities, and market A good farm-to-market road is practically essential. Bad roads limit the size of loads, increase wear and tear, and cause crops to be bruise. 2. ) Well-drained areas A gently sloping land is a good site because it allows for efficient water drainage. The site should not have any depression where water may accumulate. 3.

) Soil fertility Spice crops can be grown in almost all types of soil. However, they thrive best in loose, friable, sandy loam soil rich in organic matter. 4. ) Climatic conditionsMost spice crops grow best under warm humid climates but some grow in dry environments. Determining what kind of spice crop to grow in a particular area should be done beforehand. 5. ) Rainfall The amount of rainfall is important because spice crops do not grow well in areas with excessive rainfall.

Instead, they grow faster in places with direct exposure to sunlight. Preparing the Onions There are several varieties of onion grow here in the Philippines. Among them are Red Globe, Excel, Granex, Red Creoles, Crystal Wax, Japanese Bunching, Baguio green,and Beltsville Bunching. The onion plot should be plowed, harrowed, and left in good tilth.The surface should be well worked and smooth. For every kilogram, prepare a 1×10 meter plot. Prepare five plots and five kilograms of seeds for every hectare of planting area.

Sow the seeds thinly and evenly then water the plot. Cover them with a thin layer of pulverized soil to avoid exposure to sunlight. Keep the soil moist by watering it every week with ammonium sulfate. Seedlings are grown for 30-40days. As the onion matures, gradually decrease water supply to promote proper bulb ripening. Stop watering when the tops of onion start falling over as they are almost ready for harvesting.Onion’s keeping quality is longer when it is fully ripe when harvested.

PLANTING AND CARING FOR ONIONS: Planting and Transplanting Onions can be planted either by clean culture or mulch culture method. If clean culture is used, the field should be plowed and harrowed to remove the weeds and pulverized the soil. One or double rows are then made, and complete fertilizer and processed fertilizer at the rate of 4-6 kg. per 100sq. m of land are thoroughly mixed and applied. The plots should be sufficiently irrigated to wet the soil. In the mulch method, the field is not plowed.

Instead, the remaining stalks are cut nearest to the ground.Then, the field is allowed to dry while the weeds are removed. The field should be irrigated three days before transplanting. Fertilizer should be applied a week before transplanting. The amount of fertilizer to apply may depend on the native soil fertility, thus soil analysis is necessary. After 30-40 days, irrigate the field to loosen the soil. Uproot the seedlings carefully, and plant them in the plot in columns with a distance of 8-10cm.

Make sure that the soil has enough moisture while the plants are growing. Irrigation In the plot method, the first watering is done after one week from the date of planting.Irrigate the field just enough to water the soil. Apply the fertilizer consisting of five bags of ammonium sulfate and five bags of urea per hectare are then applied. The field is then irrigated every 10days. On the third irrigation, a combination of five bags of urea and five bags of muriate of potash are applied. On the fourth irrigation, 20 bags of complete fertilizer per hectare are then applied In the mulched method, less irrigation is done because the rice straws can retain the moisture of the soil longer.

In both methods of planting, irrigation is no longer done one month before harvesting the crops.Pest and Diseases The common Pest that attack onions are thrips and nocturnal leaf-eating worms. You have learned that thrips are winged insects that eat parts of onion’s leaves, which then become yellow and dried from tip to base. To control these pests, spray the infested plant with Malathion or any appropriate insecticide. Purple blotch and onion pink rot are the common diseases caused by fungi that usually attack onions. Practicing crop rotation, planting of resistant varieties, and applying appropriate pesticides are some of the measures that farmers may use to control these diseases. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OF ONIONSHarvesting and Post-harvesting Operations The bending of the onion leaves is a sign that the onions are ready for harvesting.

The maturity period of the crop differs according to the variety, just make sure that only the fully ripe ones are harvested to enhance their keeping quality. Red Globe, for example, matures in 100 days or more; Excel matures in 90-100 days; Red Creole matures in 110-120 days; and Granex matures in 130-135 days. Onions are harvested by uprooting the plants carefully. The bulbs should be properly sorted from the thick necks (will not store so long); injured or damaged bulbs should be cleaned.The plants are then placed in nylon sacks, bamboo crates or baskets. Onions should be carefully handled and properly cured, so that they will retain their freshness and quality. Onions should be placed in cold storage room with a dry atmosphere and adequate ventilation Marketing of Onions Fresh market onions are distributed through broker-shippers, grower-shippers, and chain store buyers.

Many growers disposed of their crops soon after harvest. Dealers, shoppers, supermarket buyers, and others are usually on hand at harvest time to buy the products on cash basis, some on consignment basis.In some areas, onions are commonly sold under marketing contracts between growers and shippers. Profit Crops Production Cost Gross income Net income (Pesos)(Pesos) (Pesos) Onions P50. 00 P100. 00 P50. 00 The remaining P50.

00 profit will be the total profit for my plant production of onions.FIAT LUX ACADEME Cavite In partial fulfillment of the requirement in T. L. E. II “A Project Plant for my Plant Production” Submitted by: Rotsen R. Manaois II – Germanium Submitted to: Miss Hirlen E. Pico T.

L. E. Teacher