Manufacturing

The impact of certain items that we use in our everyday lives might be much larger than what we assume. Bottled water is one of these products. The processes used in manufacturing and bottling water have an overwhelming impact on the environment. Majors effects of bottling water include depletion of wetlands, death of ocean life, and the increased use of landfills for disposal. There are options for recycling most plastic bottles, but unfortunately many bottles do not even make it to the recycling bin. The widespread impacts of bottled water work in a sort of domino effect with each other, one causes the next.

Have you ever thought about where the water in plastic bottles comes from? Most of it comes from groundwater sources. As a part of the water cycle, groundwater feeds bodies of water such as wetlands, rivers, and streams. By removing water from these sources, the flow of water is interrupted.

As a result of water interruption, less water makes it into wetlands, making them less plentiful and allowing for undernourishment of surrounding wildlife. Less water means an environment that is less secure, as water is essential for almost all life on earth. The impacts of bottling water are not limited to the manufacturing process, there is also environmental danger after the product has been bottled and consumed.

Lakes, rivers, streams– they all eventually end up running into the ocean. The flow of such bodies of water expands worldwide. Unfortunately, worldwide, there are people throwing trash such as water bottles into these bodies of water. Because they all lead to the ocean, the litter that is in them also flows to the ocean. This type of situation is exceptionally common with the lids to plastic bottles. Most of these lids are incapable of being recycled at all and they are so small that they can slip through almost anything, ending up in the ocean.

When marine life stumbles upon litter in the ocean, they often assume the litter as something that they can consume. Marine animals are not familiar with the chemical makeup of man made plastics, their bodies will not break it down. The intestines and other organs in these animals are often interfered with, causing death. Countless aquatic animals are killed on a daily basis, due to the consumption of foreign toxins.

As for the bottles of water that make it to the trash can and cannot be recycled, they almost all end up in in-ground landfills. Landfills are large holes in the ground where we put garbage that is not reused or recycled. When a landfill is full, layers of dirt are put onto the top in order to barry the garbage. Another landfill is dug after the exhaustion of one, creating even more land that is no longer usable. There is a problem with the amount of space in landfills before you add the water bottles that are put into them. Water bottles only add to the problem, as a contribution that could be controlled.

Bottled water has an extensive impact on the environment. It has an impact not only during the manufacturing process, but also after the fact. The effects of bottled water are far from beneficial. Finding alternatives is what can be done to prevent these harmful effect. Investing in a reusable water bottle that you keep on your person all the time is one way to greatly reduce your contribution to the bottled water problem. If less bottled water is purchased, less will be produced. On a larger scale, movements to limit the use and production of bottled water might be the solution.

The market place in today’s world has undergone revolutionary changes with respect to many factors such as competition, customer preferences, delivery locations, cost of production and lead time for new product development. These changes have affected the industrial manufacturing sector to adopt strategies that attempt to satisfy these changed needs. Lean and Agile are two manufacturing strategies applied in industrial sectors all over the world today in order to achieve this goal.

Though they are distinct in many respects, manufacturing houses today are increasingly combining the various aspects of two strategies to survive profitably. “By combining the strengths of lean and agility with renewal strategy manufacturing firms can achieve fitness and business perpetuation for economic gain” (Pham et al, 2007) Lean is a strategy for achieving the maximum productivity at the lowest possible cost by a process of continuous improvement in manufacturing achieved by systematically removing all waste in pursuit of reducing costs through optimum use of resources.

Agility, on the other hand, aims to achieve competitive performance by flexible manufacturing and quickly and efficiently responding to changing business needs. [Kidd, 1994). The all round dynamism of market place, customer needs and competition are forcing manufacturers to produce their products at the lowest cost with acceptable quality levels while at the same time offering customers more options in terms of product variables to be made available on shorter lead times with more flexible delivery.

This is exactly the case for a combination of lean and agile manufacturing concepts, strategies, techniques and systems to be put into place. As customers are increasingly asserting their control over various aspects of the product and competition is forcing to improve efficiency and reduce cost, companies have to find a way to control their own resources. i. e. , processes, materials and suppliers by adopting lean and agile manufacturing techniques. (Intermec Technologies, 2007) Relationship between Lean & Agile

Lean manufacturing emphasizes on efficiency and cost reduction while in Agile manufacturing, the focus is on flexibility, such as product attributes, configuration and delivery options without increasing the price. This makes Lean and Agile fundamentally different with conflicting ideas on processes and resource management and choosing between the two can be difficult for an organization. But there is plenty of common ground between the two models to enable companies to be lean and agile much at the same time. “Lean methodologies can be a powerful contributor to the creation of agile enterprises” (Aitken, Christopher, Towill, 2002).

Automated data collection combined with advanced communication technologies help manufacturers to become lean and agile simultaneously which is the need of the day to counter the competition and exceed the customer expectations consistently. Information technology and telecommunication developments like Industrial mobile computers and wireless networks help both lean and agile manufacturers to improve productivity, adapt to product variations, with fewer errors and less labor by distributing information and quick decision making with real-time data collection systems. (Intermec Technologies, 2007).

Lean and Agile paradigms, though distinctly differerent, are mutually complementing and can be combined in the operations of an enterprise in order to compete in the age of uncertainties that exists today. ( Naylor et al, 1999). The business environment in the 21st century calls for a market centric approach to production rather than a production centric approach to the market. From the era of making a product in huge quantities at lowest costs using lean production strategies and then finding buyers for it, manufacturers have to start the production process after they get the order from the customer. (Sanchez, Nagi, 2001)

Lean Manufacturing: Lean manufacturing as a concept emanated from a series of processes aimed identifying and reducing waste at every stage of production, introduced by Toyota in their Japanese facilities which was later hailed as Toyota Production System (TPS) (Ohno, 1988). TPS advocated a series of measures such as, “Pull” systems to avoid over-production, use of visual controls for quick identification of problems, a culture of continuous improvement etc. (Kochnev, 2007). With a clear emphasis on efficiency and quality, Lean manufacturing looks at optimum utilization of resources such as raw materials, inventory, labor and machinery.

“Lean techniques are not limited to production operations and often extend to receiving, materials management, inventory and distribution” (Intermec Technologies, 2007). Effective Supply chain management systems are used and suitable arrangements are made with the suppliers and customers by companies to avoid building up of inventories of raw material on the input side and finished products on the out put side resulting in the reduction of inventory duration from days to merely hour basis. Lower inventories mean less storage space, better utilization of the saved space, reduced intra-factory movement of materials etc.

Agile Manufacturing: Agile manufacturing, also known as “flexible manufacturing,” was first introduced in 1991 by the Iacocca Institute of Lehigh University, USA. (Kidd 1994). Agile manufacturing focuses on the ability to respond quickly to changes at an acceptable cost.. These changes could be in terms of demand volume, variety or mix of products. (Gunesakaran 1998). Manufacturers today are facing challenges like continuous customization needs, shorter product development time availability, more product variations, and higher uncertainty in terms of market dynamics and demand.

To overcome these challenges organizations need to achieve a level of flexibility in their manufacturing set up. (Ngamsirijit, 2008). This flexibility requires real time data capture, efficient communication channels and quick decision making, which in turn requires application of state-of-the-art information technology systems that enable the standard for the exchange of product model data (STEP), concurrent engineering, virtual manufacturing architecture, component-based hierarchical shop floor control system, information and communication infrastructure, and organizational and behavioral changes (Cho et al.

1996) Agile manufacturing concepts are adopted by organizations in order to quickly respond to changing market situations. The concepts are an extension of lean production techniques and are essential for manufacturing concerns across the world especially in environments where the product mix is complex and customer demand is highly variable.

The traditional dependence on economies of scale using large, central facilities has given way to a high degree of customization, the range of variations and multiple configurations driving organizations towards achieving agility, by operating multiple, small production facilities closer to their customers keeping them in the loop of a highly flexible supply chain. By doing so, manufacturers are able to allow frequent product customization resulting from changing customer preferences, just-in-time and just-in-sequence delivery, shorten the setting up of a work flow for a new product etc.

( Intermec Technologies, 2007) Comparison of Lean and Agile Manufacturing Concepts: 1. Lean manufacturing is a methodical approach to manufacture products with systematic approach to find and avoid wastages in raw materials, machinery, labor force and defects. This is done over time by consciously reviewing and correcting the aspects all processes with aim of achieving more efficiency at a higher quality levels with lesser expenses.

Agile Manufacturing, takes the concept further to adapt organizations to the changing business paradigm of uncertainties in customer preferences and market dynamics leading to infrequent demands and higher product variations. 2. Lean manufacturing provides organizations with concepts, techniques and strategies aimed at producing high quality products more economically while agile manufacturing equips the organizations with the flexibility that’s required to survive in the changing world and the changes in the customer demands.

Agile manufacturing gives a new lease of life for organizations that are looking for new initiatives to compete with the matured lean manufacturers especially in the south east Asian countries like China and Japan. 3. The techniques and strategies of Lean Manufacturing has cemented its place over the years as a very reliable means to increase productivity, maximize resource usage, reduce costs and achieve consistently high quality.

In markets that offer constant demands for products with little or no variations, lean manufacturing is well suited to provide organizations a profitable run. On the other hand, agile manufacturing enterprises are equipped to respond to rapid changes in the market and by doing so, they are in a position to take advantage of the windows of opportunities offered frequently in the highly turbulent market place of the 21st Century. ( Kidd, 2000)

3D printing is on the forefront of revolutionary technologies that can change the landscape of technology and manufacturing. It is said that with the advancements being made in 3D printing technologies, that manufacturing and craftsmanship is being brought back to the hands of the people where anyone with a 3D printer could manufacture anything at their own leisure. This is especially convenient for consumers who wish to replace a product they have broken and not have to deal with contacting the manufacturer, waiting for the specs, and being told you have to buy a certain amount for it to be profitable for them.

Although the technology is still in its early stages it has shown a great deal of promise in the social manufacturing field in the past with the key being consumer convenience as I stated earlier with manufacturing and craftsmanship being brought back to the hands of the people. One of the key terms in the 3D printing field is Additive Manufacturing which is defined as the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data and it is usually layer upon layer as opposed to Subtractive Manufacturing which is what it sounds like ; removing layer upon layer.

This allows designers to create complex parts at a fraction of the cost and time of standard means like forging, molding, or sculpting all examples of subtractive manufacturing. Carrying this idea forward this process is what gives 3D printing its namesake and what has hackers and makers raving the way the printers work is first the user would need to create a blueprint of their desired 3D print using modelling software such as Tinker cad or Shape ways.

Once that step is done the user can send it to the printer, the printer receives the data and will use whatever material being used usually some type of plastic since it melts easily and deposits it onto a plate where it will cool instantly. However, the class of materials that can be used on a 3D printer is limited as there are materials that cannot be used yet to 3D print mainly because it cannot be melted to be used by the printer such as certain metals or ceramics. The object will be created using layering where the printer will add one layer at a time until you have a finished 3D structure. With the use of certain materials, the users of the technology have been able to achieve and create amazing feats such as being able to make 3D printed food or edibles which has also started to become a popular.

The 3D printing revolution has also made its emergence in the medical field; One of the spectacular things a 3D printer can do is print a fully functioning kidney that can match a patients cells and be transplanted, something like this can bridge the gap for those who are on long waiting lists for available organs for transplant which could save their lives and many do not make that waiting time because no donors or matches could be found in time. In a ted talk presented by Anthony Atala , the surgeon demonstrates how an early-stage experiment could someday solve the organ-donor problem using a 3D printer that uses living cells to output a transplantable kidney(Atala 2011).

Using similar technology, Dr. Atala’s young patient Luke Massella received an engineered bladder 10 years ago. This was only achievable after 20 years of experimenting, trials and errors because the problem was they initially could not get the body to produce enough cells outside of the body and there are still cells that to this day they have not been able to such as liver, pancreatic and nerve cells (Atala 2011). However with cells they have been able to produce and control they have been able to use those biomaterials to weave and knit them to produce a fully functioning kidney for the patient in need and help him live a longer and healthy life.

In other 3D printing and science news, researches at the Georgia Institute of technology have created a one-step approach to creating complex origami structures by merging the ancient craft of origami and 21st century technology. These lightweight structures have strength and expandability that can have applications in everything from biomedical devices to equipment used in space exploration (Thompson 2018).

According to the article on Science Daily “The researchers used a relatively new kind of 3D printing called Digital Light Processing (DLP) to create groundbreaking origami structures that are not only capable of holding significant weight but can also be folded and refolded repeatedly in an action similar to the slow push and pull of an accordion” (Thompson 2018.) This has only been achievable as of late regardless of the technology being present for over 20 years because it has been difficult to create these 3D printed structures with the complex hollow features that are present in intricate origami design.

This was because it is difficult to remove the supporting materials necessary to print the structures and unlike paper the materials could not be folded several times without breaking however this was before the introduction of DLP which has been around but had only been commercialized about 5 years ago. With the usage of the recently commercialized DLP, new resin they developed and cured, and some creative engineering they created the origami structures that have been previously discussed.

All of the printed structures were subjected to tests that ”showed they were not only capable of carrying about 100 times the weight of the origami structure, but also could be repeatedly folded and unfolded without breaking. “I have a piece that I printed about six months ago that I demonstrate for people all the time, and it’s still fine, “said Qiang Zhang one of the lead researchers of the emerging field. (Thompson 2018). Qi states that next on the agenda is working to make printing easier than it currently is and exploring ways to print more materials with different properties as his team has been working on a new pattern so complex that they have not been able to print physically.

Since the creation of additive manufacturing in 1981 there have been many significant advances and innovation in the technology behind the process. Thanks to those advances, the speed and accuracy of the technology will soon become ready for commercialized and mainstream adoption. Many credible sources claim that a new era of consumer manufacturing is just around the corner and with good reason, the future is saying goodbye to ordering and waiting for things or pieces to whatever object we need. Instead we will fire up our domesticated 3D printer, give it a design file and have it within a few hours depending on how far the technology has advanced without ever leaving the comfort of our own home.

In the article on the Guardian Labs discussing the matter, Richard Hague, a professor of innovative manufacturing at the University of Nottingham, compares the current situation of 3D printers, with how the revolution has not happened due to the machines still being too fiddly to be commercialized, to the dotcom crash of the late 90s. “There were all these expectations about what the internet would do, and then it [the hype] disappeared,” he says.

“But quietly, in the background, people were forging ahead, and actually some major industries emerged after that point. I think that’s where we are now.”(Jefferies 2018) now we have seen what a big conglomerate the internet has become since then and it has barely been 20 years since it commercialization and it’s a big part of everyday life for majority of the population in todays society.

Furthermore the article discusses how in the past few years the issues that have been plaguing the 3D printing revolution have been slowly but surely fading away. This is due the availability of faster and cheaper machines as well as reliable and efficient that uses a wider range of materials for printing. Carrying this idea forward, Michael Todd, global head of innovation at Henkel a company that produces high performance materials for additive manufacturing, states that “This technology will impact pretty much every market sector we serve, whether it’s shoes, whether its clothes, automobile parts, aero plane parts, medical devices or electronics.”(Jefferies 2018).

There are already technology/3D printing Companies such as Carbon doing things like this, they had recently worked with Adidas to produce a line of Adidas shoes that feature a 3D printed midsole. Carbon also has their hands dipped in the dental market partnering with companies like Dentca and Dreve to create 3D printed removable artificial gums, dentures and even dental impression trays.

Going back to Michael Todd something interesting that he says in the article is that he envisions a future where one could walk into a shoe store and they are printed to his fitting at that moment “shoes are made on the spot for me. They fit better, there’s no logistics, there’s no inventory and, more importantly, no tooling has been created in order to create those shoes.” (Jefferies 2018).

Moving forward Chay Allen, rapid manufacturing manager at Renishaw, believes that “on-demand manufacturing will ultimately help to minimize obsolescence issues and reduce inventory costs and waste “this is good news for the manufacturing in America and may impact the economy in a positive and more efficient way, he continues forward by saying “I don’t think additive manufacturing is an emerging technology any more. I think it’s emerged, and people are using it – and using it successfully.” (Jefferies 2018).

The technology has been around for years and it’s only been as of late that we have begun to perfect it and make it more mainstream and available, for additive manufacturing the cost needs to drop further to gain more of a market share. With additive manufacturing becoming more widely available as well as the 3d printing revolution around the corner one has to think about how this could affect the market and the economy for consumers as well as manufacturers.

A study on Science Direct.com attempts to evaluate the dynamic service matching strategy for social manufacturing in a cloud environment. Social Manufacturing is a “social-cyber” complex system where the source of enterprise services is of sociality that exacerbates the diversity, uncertainty and dynamics of service supply. At the same time, users with independent decision making are able to continue self-adjusting and dynamically evolving according to environment changes.

This results in that the entire social manufacturing system is no longer static and fixed, but always dynamically changing. As a result, it is highly significant to realize the adaptive service supply–demand matching to maintain the sustainable development of social manufacturing. (Jun & Wang 2018)

Abstract

A polymer is any number of natural or synthetic compounds which can contain thousands of atoms held together by covalent bonds. This is made up of a chain of monomers linked together. There are two different types of polymers, cross linking and linear. Linear polymers the individual strands are not connected. Therefore, they can slide past each other easily. The more a linear polymer is stretched causes the loss of shape or even breakage. cross linked polymers are connected. This makes the polymer harder to stretch but will eventually turn back to the original shape. Nylon, snake and puff, green slime, polyester and gloop are all forms of polymers made in this experiment.

Purpose

Distinguish various polymers and their properties. Determine which polymers are cross-linked and linear. Compare and contrast polymers using functional groups.

Results

Nylon-66 is an example of a condensation polymer. One component is dissolved in an aqueous layer and a second is dissolved in a dense organic layer. This reaction occurs where the two layers meet and a linear polymer forms. Throughout this reaction, sodium hydroxide is often added in small amounts. The reason for this is to remove the HCl molecule in order to drive the reaction. This polymer is stringy, strong, flexible so it will match up with A and D from figure 1. This fits with the polymer because the reactions are both linear.

In the Snake and Puff demonstration a small amount of p-nitroaniline is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid to form a paste. The paste is heated until the reaction produces long, plastic like polymer snakes and puffs of smoke. p-nitroaniline has two different functional groups. The puzzle piece from figure 1 that fits this is c because it has two different symbols for the functional group. In this reaction the sulfuric acid dehydrates the p-nitroaniline. This means during dehydration, water is removed from the reaction and is replaced with sulfuric acid.

In part B, the alcohol that is given is ethylene glycol and one is glycerol. In this experiment a person is to determine which is which by making two polymers and comparing their properties. In order to complete this task obtain two test tubes and label them A and B. Clamp each on a ring stand in the hood. Add approximately 2.5 grams of phthalic anhydride and 0.2 grams of sodium acetate. Add 2.0 mL of alcohol to each tube. Then heat the tubes gently. Continue heating gently to effect a degree of polymerization where the properties of the two polymers can be compared. One polymer will be reddish purple.

The other appears a light brown. Once this has been done pour out the contents of the test tubes on two separate pieces of aluminum foil. Let the polymers cool and then examine the results. Based on the results the polymer in test tube A is a cross linked polymer. The texture is rigid and resembles rungs on a ladder. Test tube B is a linear polymer, this is stringy and flexible. Patterns A and D from figure 1 fit test tube B which is linear. Patterns F and D are the best model for test tube A because it is cross linked. The proper name for the alcohol in test tube B is ethylene glycol. Test tube A, is named glycerol.

The next experiment is green slime. This is when borax is added to the linear polymer, a new polymer like slime is formed. To make this happen, place 20 mL of poly(vinyl alcohol) solution in a zip-lock bag. Add 3 mL of sodium borate solution along with a few drops of food coloring. Gently knead the bag with your hands to mix around the solution. When a solid gel has formed, remove it and investigate the characteristics. The polymer that is formed is a slimly substance.

It does not flow when placed on a countertop. When the polymer is held it slowly slides and stretches down. It does not show any signs of breaking or cracking. It can be flattened when pressed against a countertop. When the polymer is rolled into a ball it is able to bounce. In handling the polymer it mainly stays at room temperature. Based off of figure 2 from the lab manual, model B describes the formation of the poly(vinyl alcohol)/borate polymer. This is best, because the model shows two chains fit together and it gives a spot for alcohol to attach to it.

In making silly putty or gloop, measure out 15 mL of white glue and 7.5 mL of laundry starch. Place in a plastic bag and add a couple drops of food coloring. Mix with popsicle stick then take the polymer out and knead it with your hands. In comparison to the slime, the gloop does not flow and it does not crack. The gloop cannot be flattened without breaking. While the slime could bounce, the gloop does not have this characteristic. The gloop can be separated with more work and effort unlike the slime. The gloop is more of a cross linked polymer while the slime is more of a linear polymer based on the observations.

Conclusion

Polymers are not hard to make. They are tricky to identify their physical properties and then classifying them. Based on the results from the reactions it can be determined that Nylon-66 and slime are linear polymers. This means snake and puff and gloop are cross linked polymers based on the characteristics observed. In the polyester procedure, test tube B, was figured to be ethylene glycol while test tube A was glycerol. Ethylene glycol is a linear polymer and glycerol is a branched polymer.

The way in which New York City (NYC) manages its waste is dominantly based upon landfill. Though this is not the best solution is sparks controversy throughout Staten Island where the waste is ‘dumped’ as many claim. Why is this so? NYC has a problem with managing its waste as NYC alone creates 26,000 tons of waste per day half of which is commercial and the remainder is residential. Nevertheless, private companies collect commercial waste leaving residential waste to NYC’s department of Sanitation. The sole destination for 13,000tons of residential waste is the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. The highest mound is 180feet high, twenty inches higher than the statue of liberty!

The Fresh Kills Landfill site on the Western side of The Staten Island is the -only- landfill site that remains open. It has served NYC for over half a century it was due to close on the 31st December 2001. It received 12-14,000 tons of solid household waste per day, by a barge from four other boroughs. The key problem with it is that it only has 5% of the city’s population and on top of that it is the smallest place.

Though not everything about Staten Island is a negative; this could be because the garbage industry provides economic development, jobs and increased spending power follow. To operate the landfill site requires 500 employees whose jobs range from crane and tractor operators to chemists and geologists. Although the daily volume of waste is high there has been a decrease in waste; it has fallen from 21,200tons per day in 1986 to 13,000tons per day in 1995.

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Fresh Kills Landfill site attempts every precaution to ensure that it is environmentally friendly. It does it by following these simple steps:

> Monitoring System – Allows checks to be made of the build-up of the landfill gas, as well as the effects of operation on ground and surface water supplies. And landfill slope stability is examined regularly.

> Litter Prevention – The barges are covered with nets during transport, while booms contain litter around the waters of the landfill site. Fences around the perimeter of the operation have the same effect on the island.

> Landscaping – Ecologists are working to introduce native plant varieties tolerant of the conditions in an attempt to establish the area as a wildlife habitat.

> Leachate Treatment Plant – To prevent percolating rainwater from becoming contaminated the plant removes pollutants prior to the water being returned to the waterways.

> Construction Debris Recycling Area – Processes 750tons per day of debris, e.g. concrete, asphalt and soil. Steel is extracted from the process and sold for recycling. The product is used to construct the roads throughout the landfill site.

> Composting Facility – Garden waste is collected and turned into compost. It is used in the landscaping process around the site. It is also made available to the public free of charge.

> Landfill Gas Recovery – Consisting of primarily methane and carbon dioxide, landfill gas is collected and customized at the facility onsite. The methane is purified into pipeline quality gas, which is then sold to a local company.

Nevertheless space is limited and a two decade estimate has been put on the Fresh Kills site meaning that a more long-term approach to wasted handling will have to be in effect.

Managing waste in the future

In spite of predictions in 1996 that the Fresh Kills Landfill site could operate for another two decades, Mayor Guiliani announced the closure of the site in 2001. He proposed that there had to be a new approach in dealing with the City’s waste, and he publicised the creation of a task force on the Fresh Kills closure. Five recommendations were put forward:

* Increasing Recycling

* Promoting waste reduction

* Encouraging waste prevention

* Refusing the exportation of waste elsewhere

* Supporting education about waste and recycling

Now there is a recycling drive throughout the City which now means that every household is part of the Curbside Program, where waste for recycling is collected from the roadside. A contracted was negotiated with Visy Paper (NY) Inc., who constructed and now operates a $150million recycled paper mill on Staten Island. It is the largest manufacturing project in NYC in 50years. It employed 1,000people during construction and now has a labour force of 115. Also, NYC’s mayor has pledged to not build or renovate any incinerators in the city.

But then again, there are still problems because what is proposed of the commercial waste which accounts for the other half? After 2001, it will be recycling waste prevention and waste reduction schemes as good as they all may be, is it really probable that they will be able to ‘absorb’ 13,000tons of waste on a daily basis? One person who is not convinced is the state Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge.

Garbage Importers & Exporters

The state of Virginia is a number two importer after Pennsylvania, with NYC accounting for 60% of Virginia’s imports. A survey by Virginia Commonwealth University found that 87% of people were keen to limit garbage imports with only 9% opposing. Mainly the ones opposing argued that there would be a loss of revenue and would hurt communities where garbage is a big business. With imports totalling 4million tons per year there is hardly…

They are a company they will strive to keep focus on what is important and to continue to create trainees as they are needed to continue to compete against rivals they have and to show how they can perform. Ordain Manufacturing is a company focused on being the leader in manufacturing polymer materials for companies like automotive and aircraft parts manufacturers and beverage makers and bottlers. Achieving and maintaining a healthy profit helps the company ensure that they have enough financial strength, and the right amount of employees available for sustained growth.

Based on what they currently manufacture and market to and their goals the company Is Implementing a differentiation focus strategy. In the differentiation focus strategy, Ordain alms to set themselves apart from any competitors within all of their target market segments. The specialized needs of these segments mean that there are opportunities to provide products that differ from competitors who may be trying to target a broader group of customers. Ordain has already made some strides in expanding their operations globally with the acquisition of the China plant in 2000.

The company should continue using the differentiation focus strategy to improve the innovation and sustainability of the business. If Ordain stays on track with providing new polymer products to meet the current and future needs of its customers as well as attracting new clients with those Innovations. It will help to ensure the future success of the company. Ordain Manufacturing Is a worldwide plastics manufacturer that employs more than 500 people. Ordain manufactures products such as plastic beverage containers, custom plastic parts in its plants in China.

The company’s mission incorporates in remaining a leader in the plastic industry and staying focused on identifying industry trends (Ordain Manufacturing, 2012). Ordain promised to produce quality by exercising Six Sigma ideas and surpassing ISO 9000 standards allowing the corporation to produce the remedy for customers’ requests instead of the problem. The achievement of Ordain Manufacturing rests within its knowledgeable employees and braced by an innovative and team openness work environment.

The first key factor that provides Ordain a competitive advantage Is Its strategic planning. Strategic planning permits the company to malting a competitive advantage above Its competitors because the organization have the knowledge track trends and produce new and creative reduces. Ordain Corporation offers innovative products to companies in the meal Title Ana Department AT Detente. I Nils Detent TTS ten company Dye performing business as a one-stop company for customers who have several demands.

Ordain research and development team produces unique designs and merchandises produced for the future such as a pyramid shaped bottle. The pyramid bottle revolutionized the industry, as Ordain possesses exclusivity (Ordain Manufacturing, 2012). Developing a special product like the pyramid bottle permits the Ordain Company to sustain a competitive advantage. One more initiative for the company comprise of establishing environmentally friendly practices within the corporation.

As the pressure to be environmentally friendly rises, Ordain has tackled the challenge and created a plan to aid the environment. Like Wall-Mart, going green is a movement forward with concern to Radian’s social obligation and becoming environmentally friendly holds benefits for plastics companies. Areas that Radian’s business strategy would be affected in the global market would be creating a PEST analysis to determine different aspects of the area they were considering expanding. A PEST analysis is an analysis of the environment’s politics, their economy, and any technological trends in the area.

Global marketing plans would be key elements in a global strategy. The plan would decide on the countries and even the means to concentrate their activities. Building up good loyal customer support would be involved in these activities. Ordain would also have to investigate the financial aspect of global expansion. The company would have to determine that the necessary funds would be available for the expansion and also that the necessary employees would be available for training purposes in the new country.

In the organization which I am employed, there are numerous types of technology software used Including IT procedures, Interfaces, and networks to computer design. All of the software is used to analyze the operation of the organization. In week two I discuss a time-tracking software project recognized as the Kronor Workforce Timekeeping Program. I want to acquire more education and experience about the human resource system of my organization.

To educate myself about the proper procedures and requirements needed to perform a work-related analysis project; I will design ND develop Ordain Manufacturing Human resource Information System (HRS), project. Ordain Manufacturing organization Is widespread. The organization has essential services Georgia, China, Hangout, Albany, Pontiac, Hangout, Michigan, and San Joss, California. The organization has established a Railroads project that malignant a yearly Income of approximately $46 billion. The company has a leading Human Resources Information system with the purpose to be the initial focus for the company.

The next progress is an existing structure, which is a financial systems parcel component that tracks the worker information. A new addition to the newest analysis of the current HRS is to instruct verification on validating the system requirement incentive to accommodate Radian’s growing demands. Ordain made arrangements to update the existing HRS system to a larger complex HRS system, which will incorporate and consist of appliances, accomplish the advancement of technology, and will be implemented into the organization’s system.

Plan The plan for Radian’s HRS project will be to produce strategic software for Implementation of an additional top-quality system. This report will focus on Radian’s existing HRS dilemmas. The key reason for ten Investigation segment Is to unreason Ana document ten company requirements and the dispensation supplies of the original system (Stringer, J. Jackson, R. B. , Burr, S. T. , and Johnson, R. , Para. 26, 2004). Adjustments to Radian’s HRS will incorporate revisions to the latest financial system. Currently every area will experience some difficulties in their financial and clerical system.

Consequently the problems derive from each area by channels from an unbalanced system. The organization must ensure that every area implements the best compatibility from the standard working system, although the existing HRS system will integrate utensils. The company anticipated the new system will launch in six months, and will be used in the next quarter in the following year. The development of the Radian’s HRS system will have a group of manufacturers that will outline the project organization and demand that the proper assets are involved for the project to be a success.

The project objective is to explain the problem, the effect areas, and investors. These are considered as the core measure of the project goal. Additionally, forming meetings with a mixture of consumers will distinguish important system issues to stimulate a concrete solution. Data Flow In the development of the San Diego shared lead office, the data will be in retreat. Employees who update private information and distinguish ownerships, will earn access to a share of the HRS report. The achievement of controlled region cabins will be a resourceful technique to ensure that all employees have acquired the approach to the Radian’s intranet.

Processes At the shared head office, the human possessions structure will accrue all files related through the HRS sector events on the main attendant. The most recent HRS structure will be composed of the following, and will be available to all employees in the development of Radian’s intranet: a) Employee files – Consist of recommences, presentation appraises, and significant material. B) Job descriptions – List of employment duties and informative obligations. C) Electronic Job posting – Will tender many settings with a record of occupation openings. D) Employee handbook – Electronic instruction manual accessible for the employees. ) Policies and procedures – Documentation of the corporate guidelines forces and working standards. F) Employee file updates – Delegates the employees to advice about individual information. G) Recruitment – For significant Job opportunities, employing skilled applicants. The following records stream graph will display the process that the HRS sector will use for new employees. The process will be performed by on-site recruiters. Administrators of the HRS plan will get total access, and subordinate evils of administration will be allowed access to the information relevant to their Job functions.

By the restricted area computers, the consumer reference point will authorize the HRS panel to approach the workstation assistant. Interfaces and Networks Explanation of the new system will connect the information in different sites, and will be the primary step in mounting the system building. Ordain Manufacturing has an equipped system in arrangement that will subscribe to every site to converse and release ten International. I en Inventive unman resources system installed on shared H. Q. NAS Omega system storage space.