Mcdonalds

Teens and Jobs In the essay, “Working at McDonald’s,” Malta Textron talks about his belief that working, especially at fast food chain restaurants can be bad for teenagers. Working, for teenagers under some circumstances can be bad for them but sometimes its good depending on the daily schedule of whomever is working. If the teen is still in school, working is bound to affect their involvement and attendance in negative ways. Though it’s true that while working you gain on the Job experience, Edition believes it ant really help If it comes at the cost of education while teens think the opposite.

Fast food Jobs do have an advantage earning money while also learning how to manage the money they make. It boils down to whether or not risks outweigh the benefits when working Jobs like this which all depends on the current situation of the teen. To begin, the Edition writes how he believes Jobs don’t go well with keeping up schoolwork and can get In the way of attendance. This is the same for nearly all extracurricular activities most are after school so It’s likely to get In the way.

When I as in high school I had a friend John who tried to juggle a job, schoolwork and a football altogether but in the end he chose to give up football because he couldn’t make it to any of the practices. The author also takes into account that if students don’t have enough time to study their grades will drop without question. It comes down to the decision of which activity to give up to make room for work. More than half the time students will abandon the sport to find more study time Like in my friend John’s case. Second, the author addresses the problem that I think has two sides to the coin.

He believes that jobs generally don’t give any training that would help outside of the work they would be currently doing. This is true because most of the skills taught in fast food restaurants are for the simple things like running the register or working the fryer. Many of the Jobs themselves could be done as good or better by a nine- year-old because of how simple the work Is. Most aspects of this type of job wouldn’t help anyone In the future much less a teenager. Once they no longer work there anymore, the skill is useless unless they still plan on working in the same type of Job.

There are a couple of things that can be learned from a fast food Job that might help with other Jobs the future. If you’ve ever been too McDonald’s or any other fast food restaurant and had a bad worker serving you, you might have gotten a little annoyed. Work ethic Is very Important at a fast food place or any workplace for that matter. In other Jobs, If you are not quick and efficient, you might not make It very far in your work. Also, workers learn how to work with different types of people this helps them in later experiences in a work force.

Getting an impatient customer is a good example, when presented with a problem like this it helps prepare you for other situations like it in the future. This is not always easy but will serve as great experience for jobs in the future. Lastly, Textron explains that working doesn’t teach teens how to manage their is that you learn the value of a dollar from your own mistakes. Having money and working for that money helps teens to understand that money isn’t free and shouldn’t be wasted. When teenagers want to buy something they’ll simply go buy it only to mind later that they could have gotten it at half price had they waited on a sale.

Also teens will try to rent things they want from “pay later” businesses like rent a center instead of buying it when they have the money to do so Just to learn that not only is it more expensive this way but if they miss a payment the rightful owners could repossess it at any time. Often times this could lead to debt, but if they are lucky their parents might help them out. “Students who worked at least 25 hours per week while in school, their unemployment rate four years later was half of the noirs who did work. This means that most of those that began in fast food Jobs stayed in that area of work or simply became unemployed. There are plenty of pros and cons to working at an early age, while it could interfere with school it can also help teens develop a good work ethic and learn from their mistakes. If they don’t get the chance to make these mistakes before they move away, the consequences could be a lot more devastating. The question the author wants the reader to consider in all this is, can the risk worth the reward?

McDonald’s and Obesity Case Study Reaction Paper McDonald’s Corporation is encountering a paradigm shift in the manner in which society views responsibility and ownership of issues. Society appears to be moving away from personal responsibility and to one of corporate responsibility. The question that McDonald’s must continually face is “Should s person be able to sue a company because the coffee is too hot or because a video game caused them to become addicted? (Schmaltz, 2010) A review of violent incidents at the G-8 Summits highlight the view dominant in a part of society – that corporations are not to be trusted. The 2001 G8 Summit evidenced “massive street protests” against “global capitalism”. Media outlets termed the riots of 2001 as staples of the Summit process. (G8 summit braces for more violence, 2001) The mob unrest issues at the Summits continued with excessive violence as shown at the G20 Summit in Toronto in 2010. Violence, vandalism rock G-20 protests, 2010) In Toronto, 1118 protestors were arrested because of massive and violent mob retaliation at the G20 Summit venue. (2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests, 2010) American corporations such as, McDonald’s were the targets of vandalism. (2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests, 2010) Financial abuse by corporations such as Enron, AIG, Bear Stearns, (StockMarket Crash of 2008, 2011) have contributed to the view that corporations and especially global and multinational corporations are trustworthy.

It is this current view of global corporations that McDonald’s faces which lead to a cultural view that is negative against the corporation. In the realm of personal responsibility, the 2004 Congress passed a bill called “The Cheeseburger Bill” (Munger, 2004) the purpose of which was to ensure that “food manufacturers and sellers should not be held liable for injury because of a person’s consumption of legal, unadulterated food and a person’s weight gain or obesity”. Munger, 2004) Americans do not believe that eating fast-food falls into the same category as smoking as it related to addiction, health consequences and responsibility. (Munger, 2004) According to a July 21, 2003 Gallup poll, most Americans – 89 percent – do not think that the fast food industry is legally responsible for diet related problems. (Munger, 2004) Europeans, and this is case is a UK based case, are more open to tighter controls on advertising and specifically advertisements that are targeted to children. Munger, 2004) MP Debra Shipley has been trying to pass bills limiting food advertisements to children but has been unsuccessful to this point. (Fast food firms face screen test, 2003) (Poulter, 2011) The research shows that society still looks to parental authority and parental responsibility to address the issue of childhood obesity. First Lady Michele Obama has taken Childhood Obesity as her personal platform. (Lee, 2010) The first of the four key pillars of Mrs. Obama’s platform is: Getting parents more informed about nutrition and exercise. Lee, 2010) In July, 2011, Mrs. Obama praised McDonalds for the changes that the corporation has made to their Happy Meal program whose market audience is children. (Jackson, 2011) Mrs. Obama is quoted in national media outlets with the following statements: Obama’s statement: “McDonald’s is making continued progress today by providing more fruit and reducing the calories in its Happy Meals. I’ve always said that everyone has a role to play in making America healthier, and these are positive steps toward the goal of solving the problem of childhood obesity.

McDonald’s has continued to evolve its menu, and I look forward to hearing about the progress of today’s commitments, as well as efforts in the years to come. ” (Jackson, 2011) This positive statement and attention from the First Lady and the Oval Office is a strong, positive and powerful response to all of the media fire that McDonalds has received in the past several years. In this single announcement, McDonalds has strengthened its position as a socially responsible corporation.

September is known as Childhood Obesity Month helping to inform and bring awareness to healthy eating for all ages. The State of Georgia has an excellent ad campaign on this topic that gives focus to the prevailing view that is supported by research, that the children who eat thee foods are not the ones driving to the locations to eat nor are they the ones who are paying for the food. The real issue becomes parental responsibility. McDonalds Corporation will continue to benefit strongly form the support that they are receiving from First Lady Michelle Obama.

It is obvious that McDonald’s aggressive reworking of their children’s menu is reaping strong benefits and receiving praise. For the long-term, McDonald’s needs to continue to remain focused on ensuring that they strengthen this segment of their market. McDonald’s has phenomenal logo and brand recognition as a provider of fast food. Ronald McDonald is recognized by 99% of all American children, (Munger, 2004) and eliminating his precense from the McDonald’s name would hinder their performance and damage their brand.

The McDonald’s Happy Meal Marketing Strategy in the UK does not include any of the healthy food options that are available in the US. Since the UK and EU are more favorably predisposed to legislation against children’s advertising, (Munger, 2004) the UK division needs to move decisively to capitalize on what has been learned from the revised US menu. The UK division must rapidly conduct focused market research to determine the items that would be appealing for UK parents and children and look at a timeline for including such items in their menu. Baker, 2011) In another positive development for McDonald’s in the UK, the popular website, Mumsnet. com, reversed their three year ban on McDonald’s being allowed to advertise on their website. (Chapman, 2011) Mumsnet regulates the companies that are allowed to interact on its website through a vote of members. The fact that Mumset has allowed McDonald’s to place ads on its site, does appear to signal a shift in the viewpoint of UK parents. As marketing blogger, Stuart Smith, comments in the article “McDonald’s put in the mincer over Happy Meals marketing”. Smith, 2010) Controlling the media imagine especially in the current easy availabilityof social media, McDonald’s must be ever vigilant about its image and marketing strategy. McDonalds in the UK has implemented a website called Make Up Your Own Mind. At this site, any type of question about McDonalds and their product (Make up your own mind, 2011) can be asked and then are answered by McDonalds staff. Included on this site is an interactive tab entitled “The Happy Meal Unpacked”. McDonald’s happy Meal unpacked, 2011) McDonalds utilizes “Quality Scouts” who visit various supplier locations, make videos and publish them and written reports on the website. (Meet the Quality Scouts, 2011) The website for McDonald’s in the UK is excellent and a good marketing strategy. In utilizing this outlet, McDonald’s UK is able to rapidly address the questions that the public raises as well as garner responses from the public. Charlotte’s response to how Chicken Nuggets get into Happy Meals is delightful. (Haile, 2010) Not only is their website an accurate, nformation and excellent marketing tool, McDonald’s UK actively supports the programs that are central to the UK populace – Free Range egg production, Open Farms (http://www. mcdonalds. co. uk/openfarms/) To help ensure future successes in this realm of the industry, McDonald’s UK needs to focus a timeline strategy on researching nutritional food products that can be placed in the Happy Meal product. They should consider entering into sponsorship with family fitness centers to promote the importance of a healthy lifestyle as they already promote sports such as football and sponsors a variety of recreational club. http://www. mcdonalds. co. uk/sports/football/football-hub. shtml) As many popular companies, branding is significant to success and appropriate branding is even more substantial. Ronald McDonald has become the staple brand for McDonald’s especially in their Happy Meals and children advertisinments. To take a brand such as Ronald McDonald for a food company and compare it to that of Joe Camel in the cigarette industry is unfair. The target markets (and messages thereto) that each one of these companies is after are completely different.

It is agreed that both types of ads have promoted incorrect messages to children in one form or another, however one cannot compare cigarettes to food. McDonalds has made several changes and modifications to their menu to help lessen the effects of their food and better comply with a healthy lifestyle. They have started to offer a variety of different options to their customers so that they are given the opportunity to choose if they will take the healthier route of the route not as healthy. That option is ultimately completely up to the consumer, but at least it is there for them.

Cigarettes on the other hand cannot be mad healthier or safer. Tobacco is tobacco and smoke is smoke and both lead to the same unfortunate results. As hard as companies try, cigaretts cannot be modified to become healthier for the consumer. As far as the elimination of Ronald McDonald to their advertisements, McDonalds would be taking away part of the brand that they have become. Everyone will recognize the golden arches and if a consumer wants a Big Mac, they will find a McDonalds to purchase one. The ultimate choice on what to eat lies within the consumer purchasing.

At least McDonald’s is providing them with more options to ponder when making that choice. Following scandals in regards to obesity being caused by the Fast Food industry, new and innovative legal solutions linked advertising, nutrition, and public health communities in constructive ways. Under a law put into effect in France by spring 2007, for television and radio advertisements that deal with food or beverages (other than water), marketers can either add a government-proscribed health message to the advertisement or pay a tax equivalent of 1. % of their annual advertising budget. Money from the levy goes directly to the French national institute for health prevention and education, the body that promotes healthy living in France (Jardine and Wentz 2005). One of the following four short messages, created by government should be added to any advertisements for processed, sweetened, or salted foods on television, radio, billboards, and the Internet for products processed or sold in France: * ‘For your health, eat at least five fruits and vegetables a day’ * ‘For your health, exercise regularly’ ‘For your health, avoid eating too many foods that are high in fat, sugar or salt’ * ‘For your health, avoid snacking between meals’. On television and in cinemas these health messages are shown on a thin horizontal band (corresponding to only 7 per cent of the height of the screen), or as a screened notice displayed just after the advertisement. On radio, the message is broadcast immediately after the advertisement. Printed materials include a horizontal message strip also corresponding to 7% of the total height of the advertisement.

This law was adopted as result of concerns about rising levels of obesity and especially childhood obesity, coupled with unease about the influence of United States’ fast food and soft drink companies on consumption of food and beverages in France. The increasing availability of foods high in fat, sugar and salt (so called junk foods) across the world has made eating healthily a challenge. This law was designed to encourage healthy eating habits and exercising and a healthy lifestyle.

Along with another French law requiring all nutritional valued to be displayed on the product package, the fast food tax law helped create awareness among French people in regards to the downside of unhealthy eating habits- quantitative and qualitative. However, this law did not discourage fast food advertising. MacDo France has almost one broadcast advertisement for each of the products offered to French consumers. For example, French channels broadcast a 23 seconds movie for the new burger CBO. It presents it to McDonald’s lovers as a sandwich with a new Chicken, Bacon, and Onion recipe that offers the perfect mix as its advertising shows.

Also, they use a lot of billboards in all cities which could be explained by the huge amount of restaurants present in France. McDonald should adopt adding the healthy message to their advertising rather than paying the tax. In the past years McDonald’s enhanced their menu with healthy choices and published nutritional values of their meals. The healthy message plays along the company’s current marketing strategy. McDonald’s can use this law requirement as a marketing strategy and they can position themselves as health promoters rather than encouraging unhealthy meals.

Below is a clip with a current French advertising. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=px2VxWmjR-o&NR=1 The message written on the advertising reads, “For your Health eat at least 5 fruits and vegetables per day”. This is the healthy message required by law. This is McDonald’s choice for advertising in France and rather than paying 1. 5 percent in tax they chose to help spreading the health message. Whether or not obesity rates fall in countries that ban food advertisements, will not be a result of if the advertisement campaign was successful or not, but more on the consumer themselves.

Every consumer is free to make their own choices when it comes to any purchase they make; therefor they will make the one that resonates best with what they want. The companies have the responsibility to provide healthier choices to offer their customers so that those looking to change their lifestyles or try something different, healthier, trendier, etc. have that opportunity. McDonald’s is making all of the right moves to provide healthier choices and better options to those consumers who choose to purchase those. References: G8 summit braces for more violence. (2001, July 21). Retrieved October 2, 2011, from www. cnn. com:

BACKGROUND

American restaurant chains have been opening their doors more and more during the last five years. Wherever you go, if you are traveling in your car in Caracas City, you can see McDonalds, Bennigan’s, Chili’s, Pizza Hut and Burger King. McDonald’s is one of the world’s biggest food service retailers which every day serves 50 million customers in 119 countries across the world through 30,000 restaurant outlets. McDonald’s opened its door in India in October 1996 in Vasant Vihar a colony of New Delhi. From 1996 till today McDonald’s has successfully a total of 58 restaurants and is also planning to add another 90 new restaurants within the next three years.

THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN FOOD AND RESTURANT AVAILABILITY

India is a country of tradition and culture, its tradition and culture is like a pearl necklace where every beautifully white pearl represents customs like respecting elders, joint family tradition, and strong religious perspective that even extends to their food habit.

The Indian people are mostly fond of their own regional foods such as samosa, kababs, chola bhatura, pakoda, aloo-paratha, poori-bhaji, dosa, and sambar vada are popular among Indian consumers and are available in both specialty and multi-cuisine restaurants throughout India. Home – cooked foods are not only a preference but are also a matter of pride for most Indians. There are approximately 22,000 registered restaurants in India.

In addition, there are more than 100,000 dhabas (small roadside food stalls) that sell a variety of foods in cities and on highways. By1998, there were approximately 1,568 registered hotels in India, half of which have their own restaurants. In addition, large to medium-range canteens serve the food needs of various institutions such as hospitals, prisons, defense establishments, schools, colleges and universities, railways, airlines, government establishments, and private companies.

EXPLOSION IN THE FAST FOOD BAZAAR

A noticeable increase in the India’s food service sales in the early 1990s has changed the whole scenario. Several factors like growing income, percentage increase in urban population, dual income households and a shift in the traditional Indian food habits have increased the processed and fast food sales.

INCREASING INCOME INCREASES SPENDING ON FAST FOOD

It is due to India’s decade long liberalization of economic policies that the GDP growth rate increased to 6% from 1992 to 2002and is likely to reach 7% by 2010.

If this rate is maintained then GDP per person will double in only 18 years. However this rise in economic growth is mainly enjoyed by the fastest – growing states like Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal, and Gujrat. Moreover 20% of the richest Indians share more than 40% of the national income The growth in incomes in the top band has been experienced by both urban and rural households, both of which have roughly doubled as a share of the total population over the 1990s.

SPEEDS UP SPENDING ON FAST FOOD IN URBAN AREA

From 1975 to 2004 the percentage of urban population has increased from 21% to 28% and is likely to increase to 36% by 2025. As the urban areas like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Ludhiana, and Nagpur are mainly populated by high income Indians and the number of The number of dual income households, where both husband and wife work, is slowly increasing in urban areas.

Nowadays packaged rice, prepared yoghurt, packets of flour, frozen chickens, and marinated mutton (goat or lamb meat) are fast replacing curdling, grinding, and handling of market-bought fowls and haunches of mutton.

A SHIFT IN THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN FOOD HABITS

In today’s fast life and due to globalization the world has become pretty small people from different countries are now familiar with their neighboring countries and also other countries culture to some extent.

High-income urban dwellers are seeking variety in their choice of foods and are willing to spend more on international cuisine, including fast foods. Consequently, a growing number of domestic fast food outlets, home delivery, take-away restaurants, and American restaurant chains, such as Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), TGI Friday’s, Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut, McDonald’s, and Baskin Robbins, have opened in the last few years.

SWADESHI MANTRA

As India was controlled and dominated by the British government so after its ndependence in 1947 Indian political leaders propounded vigorously the swadeshi mantra. At the same time they put into action the policies of economic nationalism in which heavy state intervention in economic matters and preference for domestic companies continued until the late 1980s. India’s sensitivity to cultural imperialism, the so-called Western cultural domination over Indian values, traditions, religious beliefs, customs, and food habits, made the entry of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs), particularly in the food industry, difficult.

PROTECTIVE GOVERNMENT BEFORE 1990

In the late 1980s the government took control over the economy by means of protective trade policies; price control; licensing requirements for companies to relocate existing facilities, establish new plants, expand production, and introduce new technology or new product lines; severe constraints on the in-flow of foreign capital and technology; and extensive regulatory intervention on market activities. Government – fixed exchange rate were imposed on companies causing a huge loss thus slowing down the Indian economy.

Moreover India started borrowing money heavily from the commercial sources, World Bank and Asian Development Bank to finance its growing budget deficits. This very deficit arose due to the failure of the government to control the public sector employment, subsidies, military expenditure, and interest payments. By 1990, India’s economic situation was in a critical stage.

It is only due to the flexibility of the economic system that lead to the market friendly environment which attracted the MNCs and FDI. Whereas a number of U. S. ased fast food chains like KFC and Pizza Hut rushed to the Indian market in the early 1990s as result of the Indian government’s liberalization policies, McDonald’s did not enter the Indian market until 1996 as they took six tears in order to plan and went through a deep research regarding Indian consumer tastes, product development and supply chain arrangement.

AN INTRICATE DESIGN FOR MCDONALD’S

Every organization has its own style and techniques of achieving their goal. Organizations thrives to meet their goal but actually meeting it takes a lot of hard work, teamwork, tactics, techniques, unique ideas and many more.

Customer satisfaction, employee loyalty, profit are some of the scales based on which a company can conclude whether that very organization is performing well or not.

MCDONALD’S – A GLOBAL COMPANY ACTING LOCAL

McDonald’s India is a joint-venture company managed by Indians. It is a 50-50 joint venture partnership between McDonald’s and two Indian business men from Mumbai and Delhi respectively. Through their knowledge that revolves around the core of Indian business and their good relationship with the government. In Western India, Amit Jatia’s company, Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited owns and manages McDonald’s restaurants.

In Northern India, McDonald’s Restaurants are owned and managed by Vikram Bakshi’s Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited. In order to avoid any conflict with the government and respecting the religion culture of the Hindus and Muslims McDonald’s does not offer any beef and pork item in their restaurants in India. They only allow chicken, fish and vegetable products. Moreover they have re formulated some of their products using Indian spices. They offer items like ‘Maharaja Mac’ McAloo Tikki Burger (breaded potato and pea pattie)—were added to the menu to lure India’s middle class. Approximately 75% of the menu available in McDonald’s.

A STEPPING STONE FOR MCDONALDS – EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY

One of the main important reasons for such flexibility is the employment opportunity that McDonald’s provide to the local people of India. McDonald’s restaurant in India employs more than 100 people in all kinds of positions— cashiers, cooks managers, etc. Besides, every expansion also brings additional income and employment opportunities to India’s agricultural work force, which is very pleasing to government officials.

COUNTER NEGATIVE ATTACKS – GREEN SENSITIVITY

According to this group’s campaign, junk food chains like McDonald’s and KFC destroy ecological balance and cause severe behavioral disorders because of their fatty and unhealthy foods, which have excessive levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Moreover their target is only the rich kids. In order to counter such negative attacks McDonalds came up with several initiatives called Green movement containing, “We love green”,“Keep your city clean”—to promote environmental consciousness, “Olympic Day Run” – to increase awareness for an active and healthy lifestyle, McCurry Pan – baked health food.

GIVING BACK IS GOOD BUSINESS

McDonald’s believes in giving back to the community it serves. Wherever McDonald’s goes, it becomes a part of the community it operates in and contributes towards the development of the locality. McDonald’s has introduced the concept of projects that mainly revolves around children containing

• McDonald’s Spotlight
• World Children’s Week
• Blue Dot initiative
• Pulse Polio program
• Millennium Pune Festival
• Millennium Dreamers Global Recognition program

PRICING STRATEGY

Thus McDonald’s came up with several lucrative offers like Veg Surprise (a veggie burger) for Rs 17, Happy Price menu under which it sells four of its burger products at Rs20 each. This has led to a 25% increase in customers. Moreover McDonald’s has also been offering value meals in a range of prices—Rs 29, Rs 39, Rs 49, Rs 59, Rs 79,and Rs 89. Another strategy that seems to have gone well with Indian customers is what the company calls the 80-20 menu board—80% visual and 20% descriptive this is a form of value ladder that McDonald’s uses in its pricing strategy to attract all class of customers.

The main objective of the company is to make it easier for customers to understand what the 29, 39, 49, 59, 79, and 89 rupee options are. Coupled with the pricing range, McDonald’s quick service, convenience, and no-tips environment have attracted many school- and college-going customers, as well as young middle-class families.

VALUE MAXIMIZATION – INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, COLD CHAIN QUALITY, SERVICE, CLEANLINESS AND VALUE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

McDonald’s in India only imports the process control equipment that allows it to dish out burgers and other orders within its super-fast time frames.

The company, however, sources 95% of its raw materials from 38 local suppliers. These local suppliers provide McDonald’s with the highest quality, freshest ingredients. They also maintain complete adherence to the Indian government regulations on food, health and hygiene while maintains their own international standards.

SERVICE

McDonald’s restaurant in India employs more than 100 people in all kinds of positions— cashiers, cooks managers, etc. Besides, every expansion also brings additional income and employment opportunities to India’s agricultural work force, which is very pleasing to government officials.

CLEANLINESS AND VALUE

McDonald’s prices its products in such a way that a very large cross section of the Indian population can afford it. McDonald’s does not sacrifice quality for value rather McDonald’s leverages economies of scale to minimize costs while maximizing value to customers. Customers in McDonald’s get quality products in a clean and pleasant environment; and all at a fair price.

QUICK SERVICE RESTAURANT (QSR) BUSINESS

As a part of its Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) business, McDonald’s has initially decided to open its outlets only within a 500-km radius of its main distribution centers in Delhi and Mumbai.

This is the reason why McDonald’s has not opened a single outlet in metropolitan cities like Kolkata in the eastern part of India, despite the city’s huge urban and cosmopolitan character. Besides Delhi and Mumbai, other places where McDonald’s has opened up restaurants are satellite cities located near Delhi (such as Noida, Gurgaon, and Faridabad), or Mumbai (such as Pune); places with tourist appeal (such as Jaipur, Mathura, and Shimla); and cities with an eating-out culture (such as Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, and Bangalore).

The McDonald’s outlet in Ahmedabad in the state of Gujrat is an interesting case. Ahmedabad is largely a vegetarian city. But, like other metropolitan Indian cities, Ahmedabad has a significant number of eating-out customers. Given long lines of people at the counter, it seems that McDonald’s well-balanced menus of vegetarian and nonvegetarian items has provided enough choice and space for customers of this city.

PARTNERSHIP WITH STATE-OWNED OIL COMPANY, RAILWAY STATION AND BUS STATION STATE-OWNED OIL COMPANY

BPCL is the leading petroleum retailer in India and has the largest number of petroleum stations in and around Delhi. It is important to note the shift in government attitude toward MNCs that led to a successful partnership between McDonald’s and the largest state-owned company.

RAILWAY STATION AND BUS STATION

In order to hit the lower middle-class Indians, McDonald’s has partnered with a railway station and bus station in Delhi to open its outlets. Two drive-through outlets on the Delhi-Agra and Mumbai-Pune highways have proven to be successful.

RESPECTING THE CUSTOMER’S CULTURE

In India, McDonald’s opened with a beef-less and pork-less menu and special product formulations to accommodate Indian culture and palate. Amit Jatia, the joint-venture partner for McDonald’s India (western region), says, “McDonald’s has spent considerable amount of time to understand Indian culture”. The menu consists of chicken, fish and vegetarian products that include milkshakes, soft serves and the world-famous French fries. French fries in India are not flavored with beef tallow, as is the case in the United States and elsewhere. Even the mayonnaise and ice cream contain no eggs.

MCDONALD’S – A CHILD FAMILY RESTAURANT

McDonald’s more often known as “McDonald’s Family Restaurants,” provide a clean, comfortable, and stress-free environment especially suited for working families. In weekends it becomes an attractive place for working and busy young parents on weekdays. McDonald’s targets children as their main clientele in India by containing,

• Children’s parade – along the popular Marine Drive, led by McDonald’s mascot, Ronald, who was accompanied by a 40-feet long float depicting the various tourist destinations in Mumbai.
• Fun Zones—appeal to children and their parents, because they are considered safe, reliable, hygienic, and kid-friendly.

PROMOTIONAL OFFERS IN MCDONALD’S MUSIC MEAL

This is launched in April 2005 in association with Coca-Cola India and Universal Music India—became extremely popular with young men and women. Through this promotional campaign, young people were offered free tickets to an exclusive hugely popular Bombay Vikings show upon collection of four McDonald’s mini-CDs, which come with a large meal combo order.

COLD KIOSKS

Cold Kiosks, which are located either inside the main outlet or adjacent to the McDonald’s outlet, offer customers an innovative range of cold desserts such as ice creams with unusual flavors like bubble gum, green apple, and peach.

These prizes have become enormously popular for the fate-driven Indian psyche, i. e. , “if you are lucky, you are successful and win big. ”  It’s been nine years that McDonalds first set up in India; the burger giant has yet to make any net profit. McDonald’s strategy of positioning itself as a family restaurant with an emphasis on local menus and local values seems to be working well in India. But to what extent McDonald’s can continue its growth in India remains uncertain.

They need to expand more but due to poor transportation new transportation technologies should be built up which would add to the cost of its products. Despite these challenges McDonald’s definition of value is broader than most restaurants of its kind – it is more than even the price. Value at McDonald’s is the sum of the total McDonald’s experience: quality food; fast, friendly service; a clean and pleasant environment and products priced for the largest segment of Indian consumers possible. That is value at McDonald’s.

In response to this severe macroeconomic crisis, India’s newly formed government introduced a series of economic reforms designed to decrease government control in the economy and move toward an increasingly market-based economy. India’s economic liberalization policies were designed to create a market-friendly environment to attract MNCs and foreign direct investment.

As Indian government has abolished industrial licensing, control over capacity expansion, reduced income taxes, it will attract more and more investment. As a result of that there would be more job opening and unemployment rate will decrease as well. At the same time, McDonald’s will also enjoying the same benefits because of such liberalization. As the core of McDonald’s success is their unending desire and lust for perfection.

They believe that perfection is earned by means of customer satisfaction and by means of their efficient supply chain and in case of McDonald they made it possible. Radhakrishna Foodland distribution center maintains high-quality standards in cleanliness, including personal hygiene for the drivers, packing, and checking temperatures of the food it transports to various restaurants. The company maintains detailed data logs to track the movement of each batch of food items. In case of a complaint about a food item at any McDonald’s restaurants, the data logs help the company to identify the batch from which the particular food item came. Then the company issues a warning or decides to discontinue the batch from which the food item came.

THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN MCDONALD’S AND THE STATE-OWNED OIL COMPANY, BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LTD.

(BPCL) McDonald’s has partnered with the state-owned oil company, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), to set up restaurants at the latter’s petrol stations in and around Delhi to make it more convenient for automobile-driving consumers. BPCL is the leading petroleum retailer in India and has the largest number of petroleum stations in and around Delhi.

Every day a huge variety of people from different state travels and stops in these petrol stations and McDonald being situated in these places will now be able to earn customer satisfaction of a greater number and variety of customers. This successful expansion of McDonald’s means more profit which ultimately would end up benefiting the existing workers and would also lead to more employee opportunity.

THE CONCEPT OF ‘PURCHASING POWER PRICING”

McDonald’s throughout the world has achieved success by tapping middle-class households. But in India, while McDonald’s has been able to get a larger share of rich and upper-middleclass population, it has not been as successful at effectively tapping the middle-class and lower middle-class segments which lead to the model called “purchasing power pricing”. Thus McDonald’s came up with several lucrative offers like Veg Surprise (a veggie burger) for Rs 17, Happy Price menu under which it sells four of its burger products at Rs20 each. This has led to a 40% and 25% increase in customers. Moreover McDonald’s has also been offering value meals in a range of prices-Rs 29, Rs 39, Rs 49, Rs 59, Rs 79, and Rs 89. Thus being able to increase its sales volume even making its products available at an affordable price.

DISTRIBUTION CENTRE – RADHAKRISHNA FOODLAND

McDonald’s believes in mutual benefit; they believe if they benefit their suppliers they will get benefit in return i. e. it is a two way street. The distribution centre of McDonald’s i. e. Radhakrishna foodland have focused all their resources to meet McDonald’s expectation of ‘Cold, Clean, and On-Time Delivery’ and plays a very vital role in maintaining the integrity of the products throughout the entire ‘cold chain’.

In order to enhance their efficiency McDonald’s has helped to set up a trucking fleet to move supplies to restaurants at short notice. Each of the company’s delivery trucks has three degrees of refrigeration—a freezer section for meats, a cold refrigerator section for vegetables, and a nonrefrigerated section for paper cups, napkins, and plastic cutlery.

CREATING OPPORTUNITIES TO INDIAN LABOR MARKET

There was a time when the Indian government was not at all interested to let the MNCs enter into India whereas today they encourage every expansion move of McDonald’s in India.

One of the main reasons for such change in attitude is that McDonald’s around the world traditionally operates with local partners or local management. In India too, McDonald’s purchases form local suppliers. McDonald’s hires local personnel for all positions within the restaurants and contributes a portion of its success to communities. In India McDonald’s employs more than 100 people in all kinds of positions— cashiers, cooks, managers, etc. Besides, every expansion also brings additional income and employment opportunities to India’s agricultural work force thus reduces the unemployment to a great extent at the same time uilding a goodwill in the government eyes; thus unlike KFC, McDonald’s to a great extent is free from being in any political problem which itself is a huge profit for them.

QSC (QUALITY, SERVICE, CLEANLINESS AND VALUE)

It is QSC (Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value) with which the meshwork of success of McDonald’s is made. It is important to understand that delivering highest quality doesn’t come easily. Customers, who walk into a McDonald’s restaurant, expect to be served food that is hot and fresh, made from the highest quality ingredients, served within minutes of placing their order and at a price, which is affordable.

And this is achieved through the McDonald’s unique cold chain network which ensures that food products move from farms to restaurants absolutely fresh, at the lowest possible cost and the unconditional and tips free service that the employees of McDonald’s provide their customers. Thus leading to the expansion of restaurant numbers to improve convenience and large scale investment in supplier development, training and people.

GROWING AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH IN GDP

The long-term growth trend in India is improving. The past three decades have seen a steady acceleration. Average annual growth in GDP per head climbed from 1. 2% in the 1970s to 3% in the 1980s and 4% in the 1990s. The growth rate climbed to 6% from 1992-2002 and is likely to reach 7% by 2010. If this rate is maintained, GDP per person will double in only 18 years. High GDP refers to more income and consumers are able to spend more, so it shows strong business potentiality in India. McDonald’s might enjoy smooth expansion because of increase GDP.

And at the same time, McDonald’s will require a large number of skill labors to expand in the country which also shows a good opportunity for the labor force of India as well.

The executives of McDonald’s understand it well that giving back to society is not just a one-way street. It is also a critical element of a company’s brand and reputation. Thus, as a part of its corporate citizenship strategy, McDonald’s has been involved in many community-related projects in India. Most of its projects are, however, directed toward children.

Giving back to the community brings benefits that far exceed any costs, whether it’s in terms of strengthening the brand name or generating positive political capital that is helpful for expansion strategy. McDonald’s such strategy will create a positive among Indians and will be helpful for further expansion in India. In some cases, Indian companies like Dynamix Dairies had the technology but no market for their milk derivative products.

By associating with McDonald’s, Dynamix Dairies has seen a regularly growing expansion of its market. Now, it not only supplies products to McDonald’s restaurants in India, but also has an export order of approximately US$12 million per year. As McDonald’s assist its suppliers with necessary technology and training to offer better service to the customers, suppliers are also becoming more competitive and their efficiency is increasing as well. Competitors are learning from them and as a result of that whole infrastructure are changing.

New jobs are opening as more investments are going on because of established infrastructure.

Keeping an eye on the huge potential for eating out venues for lower middle-class Indians, McDonald’s has partnered with a railway station and bus station in Delhi to open its outlets: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, and the overcrowded Delhi’s Inter-State Bus Terminus, where thousands of people pass through daily on their way to different destinations.

More importantly, to tap the automobile- driving consumers, business travelers, and tourists, McDonald’s has set up drive-through outlets in Delhi and along national highways. McDonald’s has already successfully captured the High income segments in Indian market and now focusing on lower middle income segment. Because this segments is dominating the market currently. To attract them and make McDonald’s service reliable, they are focusing on community service.

GROWING ACCEPTANCE OF AMERICAN CULTURE AMONG YOUNG GENERATION

In India’s metropolitan cities, the young and rich have embraced the spirit of American culture.

This growing acceptance corresponds to the big impact of the American influence on Indian business, education, and entertainment. The growing popularity of Western pop culture, MTV, Hollywood movies, and American-type fast food are all a part of this new social acceptance of the urban-based Indian rich and middle class. McDonald’s is becoming more popular among the young generation who can easily adopt with changes and this young generation is creating a positive image to other consumers’ as well. Young generations are also working for the promotion of McDonalds, so more opportunities are being creating regularly.

CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS FESTIVAL SEASONS

Indians typically spend more money on eating out and purchasing new products during festival seasons. Some of the major and popular religious festivals in India during September and, in September 2001, achieving an impressive sales figure 40% higher than what the company expected. Likewise, Paneer Salsa, a vegetarian wrap, was introduced in 2003. Given its growing popularity, this product is likely to be adopted by McDonald’s in global markets soon. During festivals, the consumption rate for Indians increase and to attract consumers on that time McDonald’s is taking different initiatives. At the same time, number of employment increases to meet the demand and showing more potentiality in the economy of employment as well.

CAPITAL INVESTMENT BY OUTSIDE COUNTRY AND STOCKHOLDER

Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was amended to make it easier for foreign firms to take more than 40% stake in Indian firm. Foreign institutional investor such as pension funds and mutual funds were allowed to invest in Indian capital market after registering with the independent authority called security and exchange board of India (SEBI). Indian firms were allowed to raise debt and equity in global capital market. It is no longer necessary to purchase raw materials and capital goods at government fixed exchange rates.

UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS OF MCDONALD’S IN INDIA DIVERSE POPULATION WITH THEIR DISTINCT FOOD TRADITIONS AND PREFERENCES

With more than five thousand ethnic communities represented, India has a very diverse population. Each region and subregion in India has distinct food traditions and preferences. The Indian people are mostly fond of their own regional foods such as samosa, kababs, chola bhatura, pakoda, aloo-paratha, poori-bhaji, dosa, and sambar vada are popular among Indian consumers and re available in both specialty and multi-cuisine restaurants throughout India. Most Indians prefer to eat home-cooked foods and take immense pride in the varieties of food cooked at home. Moreover most of the people in India are vegetarian and even the non vegetarian people do not eat beef and McDonald’s being a popular hamburger chain it was quite a challenge for them to establish themselves in the heart of these Indian peoples.

COMPETITION WITH NUMBERS OF RESTAURANTS AND DHABAS THAT SELL A VARIETY OF FOODS IN CITIES AND ON HIGHWAYS

There are approximately 22,000 registered restaurants in India.

In addition, there are more than 100,000 dhabas that sell a variety of foods in cities and on highways. By 1998, there were approximately 1,568 registered hotels in India, half of which have their own restaurants. Having an image of multinational organization, not only they have to struggle to acquire a position in the heart of Indian people but also fight with the local food and beverage companies. McDonald’s also has to be concern about the price as local restaurant are providing food at a very cheap price and Indians are very price sensitive.

GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ECONOMY AND PROTECTED TRADE POLICIES WAS A GREAT CONCERN FOR MCDONALD’S TO ENTER INTO INDIAN MARKET

Government control over the economy was maintained through protective trade policies; price control; establish new plants, expand production, and introduce new technology or new product lines; severe constraints on the in-flow of foreign capital and technology; and extensive regulatory intervention on market activities. Companies were forced to import at the government-fixed exchange rate.

Because of such political barriers very few foreign companies were interested to invest in India. McDonald’s being the first food company will face more difficulties as government will always keep an eye on their activities. If government imposes such barriers, decision making process also delayed which ultimately result in low productivity.

In India, there is a vocal group of environmental and animal activists who oppose the entry of fast-food chains like KFC and McDonald’s.

According to this group’s campaign, junk food chains like McDonald’s and KFC destroy ecological balance and cause severe behavioral disorders because of their fatty and unhealthy foods, which have excessive levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Besides, they also campaign that these food chains are anti-poor and cater only to the rich segment of the Indian society. Such anti-McDonald’s activities might happen any time in future and if happen they will face real difficulty to operate in India. Still they have the image that McDonald’s foods are expensive even though they are trying to offer economy food items for middle class segments.

McDonald’s often uses an outsourcing model in all its markets. In some cases, it also actively imports. But given India’s relatively higher import duties and foreign exchange fluctuations, McDonald’s decided early on to source its raw materials from the local suppliers to the maximum extent possible. Currently, McDonald’s only imports the process control equipment that allows it to dish out burgers and other orders within its super-fast time frames.

As McDonald’s is totally depending on local suppliers, they impose a great threat to the production of the company. Because if any conflict arises between supplies and manufacturer or suppliers increase their demand, ultimate suffers will be McDonald’s. Depending highly on suppliers also make it difficult to control quality as well.

It is too early to say that McDonald’s has succeeded in India. Nine years after McDonald’s first set up in India, the burger giant has yet to make any net profit.

According to McDonald’s management, each McDonald’s store in India takes about five to seven years to break even. Part of the reason for this long break-even period has to do with the investments required per store in terms of expensive process control equipment. Whenever McDonald’s wants to open a new store, they have to invest not only for equipments but also to build a efficient supply chain which requires huge investment and this is why it took more time to reach to break even. But it might risk in some cases because new competitors are coming and things might changes in future.

INSUFFICIENT FOOD CHAIN BETWEEN FARMERS AND CONSUMERS IS ONE OF THE MAJOR WEAKNESSES WHICH HAMPER THE GROWTH OF FOOD INDUSTRIES

India’s food imports have been growing more than 37% per year. Half of India’s food imports are agricultural items such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, wheat, and nuts. One of the significant problems of the Indian food industry is an inefficient food chain between farmers and consumers. About 20% of India’s food production is wasted because of too many intermediaries, poor infrastructure, and poor transportation facilities.

Even though other industries wanted to invest in India, they would face difficulty as India does not have an established distribution channel. Because of that not only farmers but also consumers are suffering a lot. Considerable inefficiency in the food distribution system cuts farmers’ income while raising consumer food prices.

INDIA’S TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE WAS POOR AND ALSO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WERE LOWER QUALITY

Setting up a well-coordinated supply chain was not easy, given India’s poor transportation and storage infrastructure, as well as its lower-quality agricultural products.

Thus, six years prior to the opening of its first restaurant in India, McDonald’s and its international suppliers worked together with local Indian companies to develop products that meet the rigorous quality standards McDonald’s demands. Because of poor transportation and storage infrastructure, McDonald’s cannot collect its necessary ingredients on time and another problem was that because of lack of advanced knowledge agricultural products are not up to standard. Because of such negative concerns, McDonald’s cannot maintain its standard quality in India.

Logistics play a critical role in McDonald’s location strategy. As a part of its Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) business, McDonald’s has initially decided to open its outlets only within a 500-km radius of its main distribution centers in Delhi and Mumbai. This is the reason why McDonald’s has not opened a single outlet in metropolitan cities like Kolkata in the eastern part of India, despite the city’s huge urban and cosmopolitan character.

If McDonald’s open an outlet in a crowed city like Kolkata, it would fail to maintain its standard as would not be successful with its home delivery service on time because of traffic congestion. Though cities like Kolkata have high potentiality but companies are afraid either they would face difficulties to maintain the standards only because of lack of logistic support.

McDonald’s outlets in Delhi and Thane have been the targets of violent protests from the Hindu militant groups after the company was sued in the United States over the use of beef extract on its French fries. McDonald’s public assurance that it does not use any animal extract in vegetarian foods in India and the clearance certificate the company got from the government agency. As once it had happened, it might happen again, this is what most of the people in India might be thinking.

Beef is strongly prohibited in India and McDonald’s is modifying its products according to the needs of the Indian People but after that incident it would be difficult to gain trust of most of the people in India.

DEVELOPING NEW PRODUCTS ADDS COMPLEXITY AND INCREASES COST AND RISK

McDonald’s is likely to face constant pressure to increase its product range. Until now, the company has responded well to varying customers’ tastes and preferences by introducing new products. McDonald’s needs to develop new products on a regular basis.

Moreover, it will be difficult for the company to meet the range of different competitors, mostly other homegrown restaurants, which offer a variety of products at reasonable prices. As time passes, consumers’ choice and preferences also changes. To increase the consumption rate, they have to introduce different food items in certain interval. If McDonald’s does not do it on a regular basis, the company’s popularity will be short-lived. But developing new products adds complexity and cost and raises the risk of error to its service level.

For expansion to succeed, McDonald’s can no longer depend on its processing and distribution centers in and around Delhi and Mumbai. Given India’s poor transportation and road facilities, the logistical bottleneck of transporting food items from one place to another will add to the cost of its products. It needs to build new processing and distribution centers in other cities for operational efficiency. This requires additional investment, and the cost cannot be easily passed on to the consumers.

McDonald’s is depending on its own supply chain but if they want to extent their outlet in other part of the country, they also have to invest for efficient distribution channel which will increase price as well. By increasing production cost, McDonald’s will not be able to attract average consumers in India. In regiocentric staffing approach, recruitment is done on a regional basis. In October 1996; McDonald’s opened its first Indian outlet in Vasant Vihar, an affluent residential colony in India’s capital, New Delhi.

As of November 2004, McDonald’s has opened a total of 58 restaurants, mostly in the northern and western part of India. While McDonald’s opened 34 restaurants in five years (by 2001), 58 restaurants in eight years (by 2004), it is now planning to add more than 90 new restaurants in the next three years. 2 Although the initial scenes of crowds lining up for days outside the McDonald’s restaurants in Delhi and Mumbai are no longer seen, Indian consumer response to McDonald’s products still remains very strong.

McDonald’s in India is a locally owned and managed company run by Indians, employing local staff, procures from local suppliers to serve its customers. McDonald’s is one of the world’s biggest food service retailers which every day serves 50 million customers in 119 countries across the world through 30,000 restaurant outlets. McDonald’s India opened its first family restaurant at Basant Lok in Oct, 1996; today it has 169 Restaurants across India. This vibrant decade has seen McDonald’s evolve Indian menus.

FIRM-SPECIFIC ISSUES

STAGE IN INTERNATIONALIZATION

McDonald’s in India only imports the process control equipment that allows it to dish out burgers and other orders within its super-fast time frames. The company, however, sources 95% of its raw materials from 38 local suppliers. These local suppliers provide McDonald’s with the highest quality, freshest ingredients. They also maintain complete adherence to the Indian government regulations on food, health and hygiene while maintains their own international standards.

TYPE OF INDUSTRY

This is a food service industry which is totally public limited company. McDonald’s decided to set up two joint ventures on a 50:50 basis with two local entrepreneurs in Mumbai and Delhi. In Mumbai, Amit Jatia’s company, Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited, was selected to own and manage McDonald’s restaurants in the western region. In Delhi, Vikram Bakshi’s Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited was chosen to own and manage McDonald’s restaurants in the northern region. Both Vikram Bakshi and Amit Jatia are responsible for running McDonald’s in India.

McDonald’s decided to set up this food industry in India because with more than five thousand ethnic communities represented, India has a very diverse population. Each region and subregion in India has distinct food traditions and preferences. Indian consumers typically maintain their distinct food habits even after migrating to different parts of the country.

EXECUTIVE ATTITUDES

The office executives are having totally conflict free organization system which is a key point to succeed. Executives have good understanding with their colleagues. Executives at McDonald’s were aware of India’s deep suspicion of foreign companies.

After all, India’s colonization by the British for over three centuries started with the East India Company’s trade linkages. India’s sensitivity to cultural imperialism, the so-called Western cultural domination over Indian values, traditions, religious beliefs, customs, and food habits, made the entry of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs), particularly in the food industry, difficult. STRATEGY: In the beginning, McDonald’s was faced with two challenges of the Indian market:

1. how to avoid hurting religious sensibilities of Indian consumers;
2. how to avoid political confrontation with Indian government and political activists.

McDonald’s managers were well aware of the fact that political activists can create trouble for foreign-based fast food chains, as demonstrated in the case of politically organized agitation against KFC in Bangalore in January 1996. With two local managing directors (Bakshi and Jatia) playing critical roles, McDonald’s took a series of politically correct strategies to deal with the initial challenges of the Indian market. Since India’s majority Hindus (80% of India’s population) revere cows as sacred and 150 million of Indian Muslims do not eat pork, beef and pork have been a “complete no-no” from the start.

Instead, McDonald’s introduced a mutton-based “Maharaja Mac” in India, as opposed to its flagship beef-based Big Mac elsewhere.

HANDLING THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITY

In India, there is a vocal group of environmental and animal activists who oppose the entry of fast-food chains like KFC and McDonald’s. Maneka Gandhi, former environment minister in the central government, and Dr. Vandana Shiva, director of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, are the prominent leaders of this group.

According to this group’s campaign, junk food chains like McDonald’s and KFC destroy ecological balance and cause severe behavioral disorders because of their fatty and unhealthy foods, which have excessive levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Besides, they also campaign that these food chains are anti-poor and cater only to the rich segment of the Indian society. In some of its restaurants in Delhi’s residential areas like Vasant Vihar and Noida, McDonald’s has put up pro-environment advertisements. As a part of its attempt to increase awareness for an active and healthy lifestyle, McDonald’s has sponsored and promoted several highly visible sports related activities, including the recently concluded and very well attended. McDonald’s is currently focusing on fine tuning its fast food image by adding health food options to its product lists in terms of offering more baked or toasted options as opposed to fried patties. McDonald’s has been participating in World Children’s Day on November 20 that coincides with United Nations’ Universal Children’s Day.

On this day, McDonald’s restaurants all over the world come together to raise funds for a charity of their choice. Since India has already been celebrating Children’s Day on November 14 (that coincides with the birthday of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru), McDonald’s thought it appropriate to link these two days in India. One such popular initiative by McDonald’s in Mumbai is known as the BLUE DOT initiative that supports educational programs for the girl-child.

In the Indian society, where the girl-child is always less favored than a boy, such an initiative by McDonald’s has generated a lot of goodwill among Mumbai’s politicians and community organizations that are working toward improving the status of the girl-child. McDonald’s is the PULSE POLIO PROGRAM that aims to make India polio-free by the year 2005.

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

The organizational culture of McDonald is very friendly and free of conflict. A well planned and systematic departmental co-ordination works to materialize the philosophy of the company.

India’s sensitivity to cultural imperialism, the so-called Western cultural domination over Indian values, traditions, religious beliefs, customs, and food habits, made the entry of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs), particularly in the food industry, difficult. But at last, In October 1996 Whenever we think about McDonald’s, first thing come into our mind is, it is an American company and it might serve American dishes as well. It also carries a symbol of American cultural imperialism. They fail to remove such image, their expansion in India would be uncertain.

Organizational culture is the manner that the totality of the company operates according to a set of established values. McDonalds operates according to four values: quality, service, convenience and value (1995). Organizational culture is part of the knowledge and information transmitted by McDonalds to the franchisees in India such that there is a uniform quality of food and service wherever the branch is located. The good reputation of the company and the expectation of an excellent service no matter which branch people eat constitute the McDonalds company culture.

Despite this basic standard, the company expects the different stores to adapt to the needs of the local market by managing their stores in a manner that makes the employer-employee relations, customer service and the food products served acceptable and satisfying to the local community.

SITUATION VARIABLES STAFFING COMPLEXITY

McDonald’s India is an employer of opportunity, providing quality employment and long-term careers to the Indian people. The average McDonald’s restaurant employs, on an average, 60-80 people from crew to restaurant manager. Not only McDonald’s will employ people from local area but also rain them to get the best output from them and maintain their world class service level quality. This will open employment opportunity for local young generation. The more outlets McDonald’s will open, the more employees they need and that will be constructive news for job market in India. At the same time, if McDonald’s offer part time employment to students that will also help needy students to run their studies as well. Moreover, these employees will be able to use their experience to other place and might be able to get better jobs in future.

Because while working in good working environment in a multinational company, they will earn many experiences and that will be added qualification for them. McDonald’s cannot outsource for required employees as India still do not have sufficient skill labors required for McDonald’s, so McDonald’s is providing extensive training to its newly employed employees. As India has very high potentiality for investment and in future more competitors come here seeing the success of McDonald’s, then skill labor force will be the main differentiating elements among the competitors.

As the demand for efficient workers are increasing, it is a good opportunity for those who are having required qualification. Efficient training program might be helpful to meet the demand in future.

NEED FOR CONTROL

In general, control is the process by which one entity influences the behavior and output of another, and a wide range of bureaucratic, cultural and informal mechanisms. In cases where full-ownership is not feasible, other less formal forms of control may be necessary to ensure successful performance. Such informal forms of control include participation in the planning process, reporting relationships, and staffing.

Control is very important for a company. McDonalds has putted Indian employees in every level in the company to control.

LOCATION OF ASSIGNMENT

The initial openings of McDonald’s outlets in Delhi and Mumbai were driven by affordability and brand recognition factors. Given the metropolitan culture and wide Western exposure of these two large cities, where most of India’s rich and upper middle-class population live and are aware of McDonald’s foods, it was logical for the company to open its initial outlets in these two cities.

Besides, the inhabitants of both Mumbai and Delhi love to experiment with a wide variety of foods. This obviously suited McDonald’s brand of foods. In addition, McDonald’s has two large distribution centers in these two metros. Needless to say, opening up restaurants in these two cities would drive down the opportunity and transaction costs. Logistics play a critical role in McDonald’s location strategy. As a part of its Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) business, McDonald’s has initially decided to open its outlets only within a 500-km radius of its main distribution centers in Delhi and Mumbai.

This is the reason why McDonald’s has not opened a single outlet in metropolitan cities like Kolkata in the eastern part of India, despite the city’s huge urban and cosmopolitan character. Besides Delhi and Mumbai, other places where McDonald’s has opened up restaurants are satellite cities located near Delhi (such as Noida, Gurgaon, and Faridabad), or Mumbai (such as Pune); places with tourist appeal (such as Jaipur, Mathura, and Shimla); and cities with an eating-out culture (such as Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, and Bangalore). The McDonald’s outlet in Ahmedabad in the state of Gujrat is an interesting case.

Ahmedabad is largely a vegetarian city. But, like other metropolitan Indian cities, Ahmedabad has a significant number of eating-out customers. Given long lines of people at the counter,it seems that McDonald’s well-balanced menus of vegetarian and nonvegetarian items has provided enough choice and space for customers of this city.

CONTEXTUAL ISSUES LEGAL SYSTEM

McDonald’s carefully planned entry and expansion strategy in accordance with India’s changing political, Legal, economic, and cultural landscape in the 1990s. While a number of U. S. based fast food chains like KFC and Pizza Hut rushed to the Indian market in the early 1990s as result of the Indian government’s liberalization policies, McDonald’s did not enter the Indian market until 1996. Instead, it spent about six years in planning, extensively researching Indian consumer tastes, product development, and supply chain arrangement before opening its first outlet in 1996. In response to this severe macroeconomic crisis, India’s newly formed government introduced a series of economic reforms designed to decrease government control in the economy and move toward an increasingly market-based economy.

India’s economic liberalization policies were designed to create a market-friendly environment to attract MNCs and foreign direct investment. As Indian government has abolished industrial licensing, control over capacity expansion, reduced income taxes, it will attract more and more investment. As a result of that there would be more job opening and unemployment rate will decrease as well. At the same time, McDonald’s will also enjoying the same benefits because of such liberalization.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Since the mid-1980s, Indian society has undergone a dramatic shift in social values.

The traditional caste-defined view of Indian life, which undervalues social and economic mobility, and the dominance of the Brahmanical culture’s disdain toward commerce have been challenged by the middle class in contemporary Indian society. Getting rich and enjoying a good life has become the new mantra of social existence for the Indian middle class. With more income and more purchasing power, the status-conscious Indian middle class now seek to buy good quality consumer products and spend more money on food and entertainment.

In metropolitan cities, extensive foreign media exposure and the Internet revolution have contributed to the emergence of a new social attitude which accepts Western values and culture. The contemporary Indian society can be understood on the basis of a 70/30 dynamic. While 70% of Indians are still traditional, poor, and live in rural areas, 30% of Indians (more than 300 million people) have emerged as rich, modern, Western-exposed, English-speaking, urban dwellers. In India’s metropolitan cities, the young and rich have embraced the spirit of American culture.

America has come to be associated with success, productivity, and a good life. This growing acceptance corresponds to the big impact of the American influence on Indian business, education, and entertainment. In India, McDonald’s opened with a beef-less and pork-less menu and special product formulations to accommodate Indian culture and palate. Amit Jatia, the joint-venture partner for McDonald’s India (western region), says, “McDonald’s has spent considerable amount of time to understand Indian culture. The menu consists of chicken, fish and vegetarian products that include milkshakes, soft serves and the world-famous French fries.

French fries in India are not flavored with beef tallow, as is the case in the United States and elsewhere. Even the mayonnaise and ice cream contain no eggs. Some of the major and popular religious festivals in India during September and November are Navratras, Dussehra, and Diwali, when even nonvegetarian Hindus turn vegetarian. Given this dynamic, McDonald’s decided to launch a new product called Veg Surprise, a vegetable burger laced with Indian spices, in September 2001, achieving an impressive sales figure 40% higher than what the company expected.

With increased globalization of organizations, there is an increased proliferation of research in international human resource management (IHRM). However, understanding and addressing methodological issues in IHRM research is critical and must take priority over the rush to embrace IHRM studies and the associated findings. McDonald’s is one of the world’s biggest food service retailers which every day serves 50 million customers in 119 countries across the world through 30,000 restaurant outlets.

McDonald’s more often known as “McDonald’s Family Restaurants,” provide a clean, comfortable, and stress-free environment especially suited for working families. With India’s changing family system in metropolitan cities, where the extended family is no longer the preferred way of living, McDonald’s has become an attractive place for working and busy young parents on weekdays. In the midst of cultural significant cultural differences in India, McDonalds is operating along with other MNC that have taken the opportunity of a recently liberalized Indian economy.

In the name of ‘Globalization’ many companies specially food companies like KFC, TGI, Domino’s Pizza, and Pizza Hut haunted the economy and the food market like anything. But McDonald’s took much time to judge before entering into the Indian market. The IHR issues they were able to stand out according to the given scenario have been exercised in the below. McDonalds came into the market on 1996 at that time the first thing that they must have looked for was good political relations. Ultimately they go it by going into a joint venture of 50:50 with two Indian businessmen Vikram Baksh and Amit Jatia who were politically well connected.

Until today they have be advantaged by the political strings that the partners hold and on top of that McDonalds is gaining the support of the government by crating job opportunities for the agricultural workers who remain at the far end of their supply chain, through their market expansion. If we consider the fact that India is actually allowing more and more MNCs to enter the market and at the same time attracting them with their lucrative policies for them. So in McDonald’s quest to expand further might be more politically viable that it seems.

So this opens new frontier for McDonalds as they would now have the opportunity of hiring cheaper labor from cities where there has been low level of urbanization and those that are far from the coastal areas. The plan of McDonalds to expand their operation could be planned to first enter those cities that have lower labor wage rate and then go further towards the metropolitan cities. McDonald’s has partnered with the state-owned oil company, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. BPCL), to set up restaurants at the latter’s petrol stations in and around Delhi to make it more convenient for automobile-driving consumers. BPCL is the leading petroleum retailer in India and has the largest number of petroleum stations in and around Delhi. In order to hit the lower middle-class Indians, McDonald’s has partnered with a railway station and bus station in Delhi to open its outlets: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, and the overcrowded Delhi’s Inter-State Bus Terminus, where thousands of people pass through daily on their way to different destinations.

More importantly, to tap the automobile- driving consumers, business travelers, and tourists, McDonald’s has set up drive-through outlets in Delhi and along national highways. Two drive-through outlets on the Delhi-Agra and Mumbai-Pune highways have proven to be successful. Every day a huge variety of people from different state travels and stops in these petrol stations and McDonald being situated in these places will now be able to earn customer satisfaction of a greater number and variety of customers.

This successful expansion of McDonald’s means more profit which ultimately would end up benefiting the existing workers and would also lead to more employee opportunity.

MCDONALD’S IS CREATING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY IN THE NAME OF GLOBALLIZATION

McDonalds every expansion brings in additional employment opportunity for the agricultural sectors and they are already providing 100 workers on the average in various positions like cashiers, waiters and the like. McDonalds is already building their firm roots into the soil of India and integrating its blood, which is the people, into their business successfully.

Many Indian think tanks prefer to think that Americans and that includes the American companies as well, take a more imperialistic approach to everything and its business is no exception. These critiques spoke when McDonalds first decided to enter the Indian markets and they might speak again whenever McDonalds will start to achieve a high rate of growth. One reason that they will speak then is that the expansion of McDonalds will mean that the local restaurants are being over run by the Bigmacization. So this is one of the issues that McDonalds might have to face.

In order to expand deep into the market and at the same time have the above mentioned issue covered, they are taking an approach of adaptation of the Indian culture and at the same time start contributing to the Indian economy. In fact they are doing just that as their expansion is bringing in more work not only for the city workers but also the agricultural sector by creating more supply chains with them for the delivery of the raw materials into the McDonalds kitchen. In addition to that McDonalds is employing 100 employees on an average in all their outlets in India.

McDonald’s India has established close relationships with local suppliers who provide McDonald’s with the highest quality, freshest ingredients to make its products. The fact that McDonalds is creating job opportunities even in the root level of the company’s operation is actually creating goodwill of the company within the labor force.

Trikaya Agriculture successfully grows iceberg lettuces and has refrigerated truck for transportation. Dynamix Dairies has fully automatic international standard processing facility. Now, it not only supplies products to McDonald’s restaurants in India, but also has an export order of approximately US$12 million per year. Radhakrishna Food land responsible for getting products from various suppliers and delivering products to various McDonald’s outlets, has earned an excellent reputation in maintaining a tight “delivery-on-time” schedule.

Vista International supplies the pies, nuggets, and vegetable and chicken patties, built a new facility in 1996 with help from McDonald’s. Vista International has obtained American Institute of Bakers an Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) certification for quality standards.

Contemporary World Culture Globalization of has affected almost every aspect of life in most all countries around the world from economic to culture with the exchange of goods, services and ideas influencing cultural changes around the world. Food is an important element in defining culture and the globalization of McDonald’s is huge. Most people when they hear the name McDonald’s immediately think of America. Equating McDonald’s with America is sensible since they opened their first restaurant in America back in 1953 and over the years directly influenced American culture in a tremendous way.

From the days of a child’s first words McDonalds naturally comes off their lips as a place they want to eat. McDonald’s terms such as super size me have influenced teen culture by making its way into slang. McDonalds is the cool place to eat while at the same time driving our fast past give it to me now American culture. McDonald’s made it easy for Americans to get what they want fast and move on with life. McDonald’s has and still is a strong expression of American culture. When a McDonald’s opens in a new neighborhood in a different country, people think of Americanization of the local culture.

In reality McDonald’s more times than not has conformed to the local culture, not the other way around. McDonald’s also alters its regional menus to conform to local taste. McDonalds is in the business of making money and has found it makes the most money by giving people what they want. Different countries and cultures around the world have different needs and wants thus becoming an expression of global culture bring a common thread to pull together different cultures from around the world into one global fast food culture.

 The era of fast food restaurants was sociologically the time of the rise of service industries and mass society and culture. Fast foods such as McDonald’s came to represent the major trends and values of mass society in the United States in the 1950s, including conformity, uniformity, standardization, efficiency, instrumental rationality, and technology. It was part of a process of social transformation that substituted commodified products and pleasures for traditional goods and practices.

Whereas previously people raised and cooked their own food, as advanced industrial societies evolved activities such as food production and consumption were themselves mechanized and rationalized. And whereas food was once a largely regional phenomenon, in a massified society, millions consumed the same modes of fast foods, just as they consumed the same TV programs and read the same magazines.

With our busy lives, it is very tempting and convenient to eat fast food on a regular basis.  Need to know: Fast food is literally everywhere. A January 2004 article in Body Bulletin, noted that every day about 25% of Americans eat in a fast-food restaurant (“About 25%”: 2). So why do people consume this food? Everybody, including those 25%, knows that fast food tends to be high in calories and salt.

An article from the Nutrition Action Healthletter said, “It’s tough to walk out of a fast food restaurant without blowing at least half a day’s artery clogging fat. A large fries will do it. So will a Big Mac, a Whopper, a Burger King Chicken Sandwich, or nine Chicken McNuggets. ” The meals keep getting bigger. “Fast food chains are tripping over each other to build bigger burgers. Fries have swollen to ‘super sizes’ that have as many calories as a Big Mac” (Hurley and Liebman: 13–15).

It seems only natural for young or very busycpeople to gravitate toward fast food. Since fast food may be eaten on the go, it fits into their busy schedules. Transition sentence: Nevertheless, before we go into the discussion and facts about fast food industry today, we need to understand lays underneath the current situation we are facing.

Fast food restaurants emerged, as well, during a time of processed food, in which science, technology, and industry entered into the food production process. Artificial foods appeared with chemicals to promote flavorsome tastes, substances to make the food last longer before spoilage, and additives to accelerate the production process and substitute cheaper processed material for more natural foodstuffs. McDonald’s helped acclimatize the consumer nation to an artificial culture and environment, involving individuals in novel culinary practices and products, whereby processed and artificial food replaced traditional fare. Describe the size and structure of the food retailing sector

Capitalist society presents itself to consumers as a collection of commodities. The commodity spectacle promotes corporate commodity goods and services through a multiplicity of media and sites. McDonald’s, for instance, is ubiquitous through its distinctive architecture, its products, its imagery, and its role in individual fantasy lives. McDonald’s signs and images circulate through its “golden arches,” billboards, movies, TV and print ads and, more recently, the Internet.

The McDonald’s spectacle plays out when a Midwestern father announces to his family that “we’re going to McDonald’s tonight” and the kids break out with joy. The spectacle unfolds in Beijing when a couple’s only child announces to the family that they will eat out at McDonald’s and proceeds to consume a bagful of Big Macs. In Korea, a family celebrates its child’s birthday by taking his friends out for a Big Mac party, while a homeless boy in Mexico City spends the money he has begged to buy a McDonald’s burger and fries.

The spectacle is reproduced any time that someone in the world follows the McDonald’s script, thinking that they will get some fast food, good times, and fair value – and then proceeds to McDonald’s golden arches to consume its food. In an interview published in 2003, Kelly Brownell, a national expert on weight control, commented that “fast food is infiltrating our culture. There are fast food restaurants inside some schools. Malls have food courts. Fast foods are showing up on airline flights and in airports” .

The explanation of an external influence means anything outside the control of the business itself. This includes competition, the economic conditions, and environmental laws. The local Government process and economic circumstances e. g. the interest rates for the bank you are borrowing from. Also the needs to maintain the Local environment e. g. have restrictions on the air pollution and river and waste pollution. The definition of External means the pressures from outside the business and internal is from inside from the business. Jaguars Competition Jaguar’s main rivals are BMW, Mercedes, Rover, Toyota, Volvo and other companies.

Jaguar produces cars for luxury division of the market. The existence of rival companies will have a big effect on Jaguar. McDonald’s competition McDonalds main rivals are KFC, Burger King, Wendy, Little chef and other companies. This can affects both of the companies as this can cause market share. This can cause effect of the existence of rival competitions The price changes- Jaguar is doing so well in price changes because they are selling there cars at a low cost price. Another thing is that jaguar is going to have to decrease this to get as much customers as the other.

However, this may change because Jaguar may advance with some special offers. For example, the 1 year AA cover, this may encourage other car companies like BMW and Mercedes. Therefore other companies will have wanted to promote special offers to attract more attention and customers. This will possibly occur because of the quality of standard of their products (cars). This will have some kind of affect on other rival companies because they might possibly want to be just as better as Jaguar because they want all of the attention, also they can get more customers.

They may want to keep their costs down so that other car companies won’t be able to compete with them. It is a good idea to have a good range of cars models because it is a positive way to target different market segments. For example an XK car model is more of a sporty type of car. This is because it is targeted mainly at younger people (19-24). Also it is aimed at young business people, whereas the s-type model is more targeted for richer and luxury people. McDonalds McDonalds also make good offers to attract and get more attention of more customers. Read about 

McDonalds Ansoff Matrix

For example they give free vouchers to anyone. They do this by handing them out and they also send them through peoples letter boxes. The McDonalds store is open 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. McDonald’s products are also freshly made to the customers. However, if you are not satisfied with your food you can also send it back to the counter and get a refund or get another product of the same kind. e. g. (hamburger, cheeseburger). Economic Conditions In this I am going to explain how important the exchange rate is economics.

The exchange rate of the pound is higher against the dollar. This is good news for jaguar because for example if jaguar wants to sell there cars abroad it would be cheaper for jaguar and therefore expensive for America if they want to buy Jaguar cars in America. This is a great advantage for jaguar because the exchange rate of the pound against the dollar is almost double. All of jaguar’s main cars are sold in America and also the exchange rate changes. In Jaguar, they import and export things. E. g. (cars). Export means that jaguar get stuff outside the business.

Import means where Jaguar get stuff within the country. My business which is McDonalds which is a franchise company, they sell their products all over the world and the prices in America or any country are very different to the English prices, e. g. if I brought a happy meal in America for $3, in English money I would only have to pay about i?? 1. However if you were to go to a McDonalds in England, the price of a happy meal would be i?? 1. 99 and therefore if you were paying in American money you would have to pay about $4-5 dollars.

Executive Summary

The purpose of this report is to investigate past trends and forecasts of the energy drink market. Included in this report, is information on market size, target population and statistical data on growth history and growth projections. The aim is to determine if adding energy drinks to McDonalds offerings will create a profitable segment for their menu. The market research collected and contained in this report consists of secondary data. This research was authorized by: McDonalds Corporation. Current market research shows that the energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. The US energy drink industry is expected to more than double in the 5 years preceding 2013. (Comprehensive Reviews) Eighteen to twenty-four year olds or college students are the largest segment of energy drink consumers. NutritionJ) The conclusion of this report suggests that the growth of the energy drink market has been greater than most other liquid refreshment beverage sectors in the US in the past five years and that this trend will continue. It is recommended that McDonalds Corporation add energy drinks to their offerings and target college-aged students. Introduction Fast food consumption in the US has declined during the recent economic crisis. To stay profitable, many fast food chains have introduced low-cost or “value” items too keep sales up.

Along with low-cost items, many fast food chains have added specialized items or niche items to attract customers that can more conveniently buy these at a fast food store. McEnergy  drinks have continued to gain popularity since Red Bull was launched in 1997. More than 500 new energy drinks were launched worldwide in 2006 and beverage companies are reaping the rewards of the exploding energy drink industry. This report examines the energy drink market and its potential to become a niche item in a fast food chain along with the population to target.

Methods

This report was conducted using a secondary statistical data and secondary research that was gathered using a focus group and survey of college age participants. The statistical data was obtained from New York City-based Beverage Marketing Corporation which is the leading research firm dedicated to the global beverage industry. The statistical data regarding the previous growth patterns and growth forecasts will be discussed in the results. The focus group and survey were done by Nutrition Journal and focuses on energy drink consumption patterns among college students.

The survey was based on responses from a 32-member college student focus group and a field test, a 19-item survey was used to energy drink consumption patterns of 496 randomly surveyed college students. (nutritionj) The population was defined as undergraduate students at a state university located in the Central Atlantic Region of the United States. 85% of the undergraduates were 18-24 years of age, 12% were 25-40 years of age and 3% 41 years of age or older. Sixty two percent of the entire student body is female. The sampling units were individual college students that were generated with a McEnergy non-probability method of asking students around campus if they would like to participate. (Nutritionj) Results Fifty one percent of participants reported consuming at least one, energy drinks a month. Thirty four percent of participant reported consuming at least two energy drinks a month. From 2004 to 2009 the McEnergy overall growth of the energy market is up over 240% (Wiley) The shift from consumption of sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade towards energy drinks should continue. In the last year, carbonated soft drinks remain the largest liquid refreshment beverages category but their volume slipped 0. 8% from 13. 9 billion gallons in 2009 to 13. 8 billion gallons in 2010, which resulted in their market share decreasing.

Conclusion

The energy drink market has grown into a multi-billion dollar business, which has been reported as being the fastest growing segment in the beverage industry since bottled water. Having grown 240% in the past five years, the only beverage sectors to grow faster that energy drinks last year were ready-to-drink tea, ready-to-drink coffee and sports drinks.

McDonalds already distributes these other three beverages and would benefit by adding the next fastest growing beverage sector, energy drinks. Despite the large market share that carbonated beverages owns, there is a demand and shift towards other beverage sectors as evidenced by a decrease in carbonated beverage market share last year. A large segment of energy drink consumers is the college-aged consumer. With over 50% of college students drinking at least one energy drink a month and 34% at least two a month, this would be a good population to target.

Recommendations

Include energy drinks to the offerings at McDonalds fast food restaurants. Target college-aged students with initial locations and marketing strategies.

References

1. Gonzalez de Mejia, E. & Heckman, M. A. & Sherry, K. (2010). Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in The United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 1541-4337. 2010. 00111. x/pdf –
2. West, T. (2011). The Energy Market is Still Full of Growth Potential Reports. Wholesale News. Retrieved from: http://web. ebscohost. com. lib. kaplan. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=12&hid=123&sid=eeec713f-80bc-4ca6-b6ce-02c68e0f1f50%40sessionmgr112 –
3. The US Liquid Refreshment Beverage Market Increased by 1. 2% in 2010. (March 2011). Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports. Retrieved from: http://www. beveragemarketing. com/? section=pressreleases –
4. Aeby, V. G. & Barber-Heidal, K. & Carpenter-Aeby, T & Malinauskas, B. M, & Overton, R. F. (2007). A Survey of Energy Drink Consumption Patterns Among College Students. Nutrition Journal. Retrieved from: http://www. nutritionj. com/content/6/1/35