Mexico

In 19th century America, a term came into use to describe the expansion and movement of Americans across our continent. The term was Manifest Destiny, this was the social theory or belief that USA. and its population of predominately white and Christian citizens were chosen personally by God, to divinely expand across the country, and they did, expansionists aspirations also included a geographical element marked by the perceived. God given, natural right of Americans to expand the nation. Despite the fact that there were preexisting landowners to the lands they settled so divinely in the name of God in the near future we will see that the practice of Manifest Destiny will share much in common with that of the policy of imperialism.

The term was coined in 1845 by a Democratic journalist. John L. O‘Sullivan, in an article about the annexation of the Republic of Texas. The theory of Manifest Destiny is based off the 19th century idea of continentalism . This was the belief that the United States would eventually engulf all of North America. The idea of Manifest Destiny was primarily directed to lands inhabited by Indians and Mexicans, this brought upon some dark time in our nations past. After the annexation of Texas to the Union, all diplomatic ties between the US. And Mexico was abandoned. But with war, comes land, In it’s height of popularity, Manifest Destiny brought onto our plate the Mexican-America War, and tensions with Mexico coincided with America’s quest for expansion.

With America’s territory hungry instinct’s and that of it’s high command, we drove into war in 1846. Dispute over land and border’s between Mexico and the United States was a pushing factor towards war. When rumors of Mexican invasion caught the capitals attention, 3,500 troops sent by President Polk were sent to the Rio Grande to defend Texas and met with Mexicans, a few of the troops were killed and war was declared, in this border dispute Mexico made the mistake of firing the first shots. After two years of fighting and bloodshed upon the frontiers of our southern neighbor, a peace was reached. And for America with peace, comes land. America gained a large sum of territory from the war. including the spoil of war, California.

Along with California we also procured the territories of Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and pan of Wyoming, Despite national morale over Mexican victory, some saw this as an aggressive, unprovoked war on disputed territory. The toll of Manifest Destiny was put hardest on the Native Americans. Westward expansion of American citizens, meant unlawful and just occupation of lndian‘s and Indians were encouraged by the US Government to sell their lands for money, and become civilized and give up all life that they already know, making them conform to a one-sided ethnocentric mindset. The American expansion across the Native American’s land similarly emulates the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, both harshly treating an indigenous group, injecting waves of ethnocentrism and inflicting terror and force, also using religion as an excuse for stealing land and eliminating a culture.

For more than a century Americans waged relentless war on Indian populations, killing men, women and children in the quest to rid themselves of the lndian menace. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 put into place by Andrew Jackson, eastern Indians were sent west to reservations of land set aside by the government, this land was flat and dry, and unable to farm due to the hard nature of the clay. The children of the Indians were taken, and forced to abandon their native, language, culture and religion. With a policy in place for Indian removal, more lands now became available for white settlement. To the American expanders, the Indians were nothing more than rabid savages that were in the way of their goalt However while the removal was intended to be voluntary when many Indians refused to leave they were forcibly removed by US, Troops(Allard, 5). During the age of Manifest Destiny the idea of Indian removal became growingly popular.

The government also made much of the land on the western territories cheap or even free. With Indians confined to only their reservations, the white men ascends to prosper and start a new life in the west, leaving behind the past, and kicking another man off his land. The effects of Manifest Destiny are clear today, the country we live in wouldn’t be what it is, if we hadn‘t so vigorously scoured it for every piece of possible land. The idea of Manifest Destiny was demonstrated for many years, and to an extent still very much is. Influenced by change and war, hate and curiosity, the idea of spreading democracy to every corner of this Earth, Fueled by ethnocentrism, towards the Indians, practically wiping them out, and telling them where they can live. This had an all driving effect as well. The imperialistic nature of our country, sought them to take Manifest Destiny to a more global scale, which leads us to today, having garnered the United States overseas territories. Our idea of democratizing and pushing on our American interests has proven to be detrimental to many and successful to others. Why we keep doing this is beyond the realm.

The Broken Spears of Miguel León Portilla, describes the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the struggle of the Aztecs to protect their cultural space in those times. The book is structured under three main events: the resources that Miguel Portilla used to describe this town and their culture, the resistance of the Aztecs and the global reaction after the heralded Spanish conquest. When we talk about resistance, we focus in the effect of diseases during the war. The Aztecs were defending their territory in spite of the epidemics.

The broken spears is an assessment of the difficult relations that have existed between the descendants of the Aztecs and the contemporary Mexicans. These relations are strictly defined by the language, for the cultural manifestations and factors of identity. The book has as mission, bring the voices of past to the audience: present the indigenous people to the rest of the world; contribute to the global history with this review of struggle. There are many copies around the world. Copies have appeared in Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, among others.

This title is described for many experts like a unique and powerful story that relates perfectly the Aztec struggle in those times of Spanish colonization. The Broken Spears is a way to know better and chronologically so many topics in the mentioned context. The object of study during those years is the arrived of the Spaniards, the resistance of Aztecs and finally, the surrender. One of the chronicles of this book describes the place where the drums were played and the rituals started. The part where the Spaniards cut the head of the man who was drumming was a socking event and perhaps the beginning of the war for this town.

Immediately, the Spaniards started to cut the head of all the celebrants, no matter how the Aztecs tried to save themselves, they only found the death. The history says that the conquest wasn’t the result of a spontaneous deal between the Aztecs and Spaniards. We are talking about a sequence of various events; the stronger one against the weak. The Spaniards conquers were available to use the best weapons in those times, they had the best technology, the best army and the best organization as civilization.

In this brief review of the ancient history, we can appreciate all the stages during the colonization and how Mexico suffered the biggest cultural change. We can define this process like the Christianism era. For Mexicans was an era of introduction, fear, resistance, adaption and a lot of changes. The development of new continents appeared with the first human beings upon twenty thousand years ago. In Mexico, for example, the development of the famous pyramid of Teotihuacan has probably no more than ten thousand years ago.

To make a global analysis of America, we must see until the middle of second millennium before we can discover the earliest vestiges of systemic agriculture and the making of ceramic. Egypt and Mesopotamia for example, had contrived modes of writing as far back as the fourth millennium before Christ. The architecture in Mexico was the main attractive to Spaniards; those structures indicated the presence of ceremonial centers and rituals. A number of extraordinary artifacts have been found there, they Spaniards also found the oldest calendar.

Mexicans were suffering the construction of the Spaniard empire and the introduction to the Christianism. The Spaniards started the foundation of many cities and structures inside of temples, pyramids and jungles. An example of transitions is the changed that suffered the ritual centers in Teotihuacan during the colonization and the implementation of Christianism. The Maya area started to decline in the eighth and ninth centuries and was eventually abandoned.

We can appreciate the lost of culture and essence, the Aztecs stop to make their rituals in those places because the Spaniards constructed cities based in a new civilization. The new civilization had as mission to build a new stage based on the Christianism. The Spaniards were looking for a new place where they can teach their culture and especially the religion.

For the Spaniards, Mexico was a perfect place to impose the religion. With the correct organization and use of weapons, they started to encroach and trespass the Aztec territory. The Spaniards wanted the Aztec lands, theirs treasures and the thousands of natural resources. Actually, the greatness of some places in the Aztec culture is considered as a result of a mixture of many ethnic groups. This people were especially gifted as warriors and administrators.

Tenochtilan is known as the Metropolis of the Aztecs, at the beginning this capital was founded on a low-lying island. To describe the history of the indigenous is necessary to focus in this stage. The sights in this place were so clear; in this capital the indigenous were available to make rituals and a lot of temples. The main temple was the scenery where the Spaniards were invited to a party, they started to know and study the place; they knew it well: the conquest was the plan.

The Spanish soldiers described the Aztec city as a special place to start a new civilization. They definitely had a good reason to describing the city in such enthusiastic terms. The main reason was the richness of the land and all the virgin territorial. It seems like the biggest wars in the history have been product of fights for conquer a territory. Is very important to say that maps, artefacts and evidences have disappeared during the conquest. This is corroborated by the ancient’s writers and experts in the topic; they said that the Aztec city lost a lot of characteristic elements of their culture.

Perhaps one of the principal arguments of the author is that the Spanish empire contributed to the downfall of the Aztecs. In this review, we can appreciate how the Spaniards exploited them and took a big advantage because the cultural difference. The Spaniards were viewed as a giant at the first time. As we said before, the Spaniards were invited to a cultural party. The Aztecs welcomed them with a lot of representative gifts and festivities. The Spaniards realized they were superior when Aztecs made a ceremony with various rituals.

They made this kind of rituals for someone who is considered a god. Spaniards started to create a thought of superiority in their minds and they changed the kindness for submission. Basically, the main factor of study in this review is the massacre to the Aztecs and a recompilation of stories from the survivors. These stories represent the more realistic point of view of what really happened during the Spanish colonization.

Most of the history about the Aztec town was based on actions and events produced by the Spanish conquest. Leon Portilla has contributed to the global history with illustrations of the survivors. This is about to explain the conquest since the beginning with the respective evidence like maps of the ancient city, for example. This book is strictly focus on how the Spaniards exploited the Aztecs resources to the point where they started killing people to exterminate them.

One of the turning events in this context during the Spanish conquest was the massacre in the main temple during the celebration of Toxcatl. This book is definitely different than others because it gives with real illustrations accounts of the fall of the Aztec empire. The text is especial too because it was written from the vantage point of the Aztecs rather than the Spaniards. The author describes many different reasons why the Spaniards were successful in the defeat of such a strong empire.

At the beginning, the author starts out by giving a review of the culture and religion of both towns. The reader can structure many theories of how this carried over to the Aztecs way of thinking and fighting. When we talk about culture and religion, we appreciate how Portilla shows the technology over the Aztecs. The author also goes on to describe the poor leadership of Motecuhzoma.

There is no doubt about the technology in the Spanish empire was the main reason of the fall in the Aztec town. Portilla describes the strategy that worked well for the Spaniards as they made alliances with other cities.  Another factor that contributed to the Aztec fall was the plague that wiped a big part of the cities. This may have been the greatest factor in the fall of the Aztecs.

All of these factors combined effectively show how Spaniards prevailed over this great Aztec empire. The culture of Aztecs played an important role in the way they thought and fought. The religion of the Aztecs, for example, carried some ridiculous rituals such as human sacrifice along with using magicians and wizards. In the war context, the Aztecs made human sacrifices to the gods to obtain protection. They did not want to fight with weapons against the Spanish empire.

The Spanish empire always knew how to take advantage because the cultural difference and religion. An example of this fact is when the Spaniards attacked the man who was drumming and cut off his head and it rolled across the floor. They attacked all the celebrants with no compassion. They attacked and slashed others in the abdomen, and their entrails all spilled to the ground.
This book should be required for Latin-American studies, since it gives a very detailed description of the events. To present a material that would reveal the side of Aztecs, and how they viewed the event, would very helpful because it will dramatize how the Aztecs took the colonization. How they lost their identity, their culture and religion after the invasion.

Is a fact that more of the negative opinions could be drawn on the description of the Azteca king: Motecuhzoma. What his weakness were, and which mistakes made him lose his throne and his town. In those times, the Spaniards were men who craved for gold and treasures, but in the Aztec lands, they wanted more. The Broken Spears is a complete review of the Spanish colonization; it is well written and easy to understand, which ends up being really fascinating because of the descriptions.

The Aztec empire was one of the first places in the world to have mandatory education for everyone. As education was becoming more and more important around the world the people of the Aztec empire were already way ahead. Many countries had education for the upper classes, but Aztec education was important no matter your gender, rank or age. The Aztecs built a huge city over over a lake and was called Texcoco, which is now Mexico City.

Throughout the Aztec empire they built temples and pyramids of stone. They built pyramids to get closer to their gods, they were built based on astronomy in shape and size. The Aztecs were also good at making tools to make work easier, they used wood and metal for farming tools and used volcano rocks for blades. The Aztecs had no iron or bronze with which to make their tools and weapons.

They had to develop a means for creating effective tools and weapons without the benefit of these metals. Many Aztec tools were made with obsidian and chert. Near the time they were overcome by Spanish conquistadors, advances in Aztec technology had lead to the making tools with copper. Axe blades were being made with either stone or copper. Aztec technology was so advanced that they even made drills that were made of reed or bone. The Aztecs came up with their own calendar Xiuhpohualli that had 365 days and it divided the days and rituals between the gods.

The Aztecs made pottery of all shapes and sizes depicted a variety of designs that were meaningful to the Aztec culture and religion. The designs typically placed on the pottery were meant to depict or pay respect to specific Aztec gods or to represent an Aztec tribe. In addition to the pottery made of clay, the Aztecs showed their religion through a variety of sculptures made of stones. They spent days carving idols as well as wall sculptures to be placed within their temples.

In general, the stone sculptures were created to represent their gods or the sacrificial victims. The Aztecs carved small but realistic figures of animals and people out of jade, obsidian, and quartz. A famous form of Aztec art is the ancient pictographs. Pictographs were small pictures that represented objects or sounds. These Aztec drawings were used within their counting system. The Aztec counting system was based on 20. A picture of a flag was used to represent this number. A picture of a fir tree was used to represent 400 and a picture of a pouch represented 8000. This highly advanced form of Aztec art was also used to record their history and to do business.

The exact origins of the Aztec people are unknown, but are believed to have begun as a northern tribe of hunter gatherers whose name came from their homeland, Aztlan. The Aztecs were also known as the Tenochca, which is the name for their capital city, Tenochtitlan, but would later be replaced with Mexica. The Aztecs appeared in Mesoamerica as the south-central region of pre Columbian Mexico is known in the early 13th century.

Their arrival came just after the fall of the previously dominant Mesoamerican civilization, the Toltecs. When the Aztecs saw an eagle perched on a cactus on the marshy land near the southwest border of Lake Texcoco, they took it as a sign to build their civilization there. They emptied the swampy land and constructed artificial islands on which they could plant gardens and established the foundations of their capital city, Tenochtitlán.

In 1325 AD typical Aztec crops included maize,corn, along with beans, squashes, potatoes, tomatoes and avocados they also supported themselves through fishing and hunting local animals such as rabbits, armadillos, snakes, coyotes and wild turkey. Their relatively sophisticated system of agriculture including intensive cultivation of land and irrigation methods and a powerful military tradition would enable the Aztecs to build a successful empire.

Aztec rituals and religious symbols fill the civilization’s life with religious meaning throughout the year. Every month had at least one major religious ceremony honoring the gods. Most of the ceremonies were related to the agricultural season for the sowing of corn or the harvest of fruits. In almost all major ceremonies an individual was chosen to impersonate a god and dress as him or her. This person would be treated as if he was the god until the time of sacrifice.

Depending on if the ceremonies celebrated or invoked fertility, sacred mountains, planting, renewal, trade or hunting, people fasted and feasted, dressed in their finest and danced to music in the great public plazas of Aztec cities. The priesthood organized and guided all the religious ceremonies, arranging for every necessary component and making sure they ran smoothly. Human sacrifice was the important, even vital, to the Aztecs.

They embraced human sacrifice because their gods, all the gods, had sacrificed their blood and lives in creating the world and everything in it, including humans. To honor the sacrifice of the gods, man had to sacrifice his blood and life. To this end, most Mesoamerican cultures featured human sacrifice, and most Aztecs went to the sacrifice willingly. We will discuss this in greater detail in another article.

In November 1519, Cortes and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan, where Montezuma, and the Aztec people greeted them as honored guests according to Aztec custom. Though the Aztecs had large numbers, their weapons were inferior, and Cortes was able to immediately take Montezuma and his lords hostage, gaining control of Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards then killed thousands of Aztec nobles during a ritual dance ceremony, and Montezuma died under while he was imprisoned.

Cuauhtemoc, Montezuma’s young nephew, took over as emperor, and the Aztecs tried to drive the Spaniards from the city. With the help of the Aztecs’ native rivals, Cortes mounted an army against Tenochtitlan, finally defeating Cuauhtemoc’s resistance on August 13, 1521. In all, about 240,000 people were believed to have died in the city’s conquest, which finally ended the Aztec civilization. After his victory, Cortes razed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City on its ruins, it quickly became the premier European center in the New World.

NAFTA is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to create a North American trilateral trade bloc. It was established on January 1, 1994 (Twenty-Five years ago). It consists of two highly industrialized countries – the United States and Canada, and a developing country, Mexico.

The goal was to advance free evolution of goods, services, and capital across the general boundaries of the three countries. The implementation of the NAFTA on January 1st,1994 which resulted in the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than half of Mexico’s exports to the United States and more than a third of US exports to Mexico. It also included the protection of intellectual property and implementing labor and environmental safeguards between the member nations.

Strengths

One obvious advantage that Mexico had when it joined into a free trade agreement with the United States was that, as a developing country, its wages were much lower than the United States and had a competitive advantage in the production of goods requiring relatively more labor intensive inputs. NAFTA has profited largely from large US firms that now have access to a massive and cheaper range of inputs in the form of Mexican workers. NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) more than tripled. Since the implementation of NAFTA, U.S. foreign direct investment has more than tripled in Canada and Mexico. U.S. oil imports from Mexico cost less because tariffs have been removed from NAFTA. That reduces America’s dependence on Middle East oil. Low-cost oil lowers gas prices, which lowers the cost of transport. In 2003, NAFTA produced a significant net benefit for Canada, with long-term productivity rising by up to 15% in industries with the deepest cuts in tariffs.

Unemployment in Canada has fallen. The agreement helped with government spending. Manufacturers in all three member countries had access to government contracts for each nation, increasing competition and reducing costs. The trade area of NAFTA produces more than 28 EU countries. NAFTA advanced all three countries’ economic growth, advantage, and jobs. It also lowered consumers’ cost.

Weaknesses

NAFTA’s disadvantages are significant. The negative impact of NAFTA has been greater on the U.S manufacturing sector compared to U.S service and agriculture sectors. In other significant ways, US workers have also suffered from NAFTA. Most of the jobs displaced because of trade were high – wage jobs that enabled U.S. workers to attain middle – class status. This has also had the effect of increasing income inequality in the United States, as labor has lost and investors have gained because of the large profits earned by the companies in which they have invested.

Farmers from rural Mexico could not compete. At the same time, Mexico reduced farmers’ subsidies. Another NAFTA agreement has never been implemented. NAFTA would have allowed trucks from Mexico to travel beyond the current 20-mile commercial zone within the United States.

High levels of industries moving plants to Mexico, including motor vehicles, textiles, computers and electrical appliances in these industries. Yet, not all companies moved to Mexico in these sectors. When workers chose to join the union and lose the factory, workers opted to the option of planting. The workers had little bargaining power without the union’s support to them as members.

Opportunities

NAFTA was renegotiated by the United States, Mexico, and Canada on 30th of September 2018. The new deal is called the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. It still has to be ratified by the legislature of each country. As a result, it would not actually be implemented until 2020.

The Mexican constitution has been amended to allow foreign investments in the exploration of oil and natural gas. Renewables are an absorbing opportunity. If NAFTA countries could reduce regional energy costs for industry and consumers, the region could have a significant economic advantage over Asia, Europe and other parts of the world. The discovery of San Oil in Western Canada enabled U.S. and Canadian companies to participate in desired results. Pipe and tubular manufacturers in Mexico will be able to export their products to the United States and Canada faster.

Threats

Environmental degradation in Mexico is a massive threat to the nation. Mexican agricultural industry used more fertilizers and other polluting chemicals in response to NAFTA’s competitive pressure. Rural farmers have expanded into marginal land and deforestation has led to an increase.

Canadian fears that manufacturing jobs will be lost to the United States did not materialize with “steady” manufacturing jobs. Canada has strict requirements or quality indicators and language demands. For example, recently U.S. cosmetic exporters are facing stricter rules for sale in Canada. US President Trump wants to withdraw the United States from NAFTA. If the United States were simply to withdraw from NAFTA without a replacement agreement, the result would be higher duties, but US exports to Canada and Mexico would have the highest duties.

Conclusion

NAFTA has created winners and losers in Mexico in the United States. NAFTA’s winners were U.S. agricultural industries, which used cheap labor in Mexico and American consumers. The biggest losers of NAFTA have been poor Mexican farmers.

Because of NAFTA from small businesses to large companies, from a farmer to a manufacturer of heavy machinery, trade has never been so successful before. Companies are now able to sell goods across borders using eliminated or reduced tariffs. But on the other hand, the new replacement agreement should fix or lessen the threats that the member states may face.er

Around 70 million people migrate between countries each year. This type of migration is less common than internal migration such as rural to urban migration. There are two reasons why international migration is less common. Firstly the longer distance involved and political controls make it difficult for migrants to move freely between countries.

The border between the USA and Mexico is more than an international frontier. It is a boundary where the rich are divided from the poor, Because of the economic contrast that exists on the other side of the border people are constantly attracted to the bright lights and big money that the USA holds.

At least 1 million Mexicans try to cross the border every year most of them illegally although the USA has an elaborate security controls along the border, it is impossible to stop everyone. Those illegal immigrants who are caught are deported back to Mexico. Increasingly Mexican immigrants are unwelcome in the USA as they are seen to drain the nations social security and welfare system.

In some places the scale of emigration is so high that population levels have fallen steeply. Santa Ines in NorthWest Mexico has lost two thirds of its population. But people leaving the village were not exactly poor. They left the country not out desperation but mainly to improve their quality of life. At one time only the men migrated and when they made enough money they would return home and share the wealth with their family. It is mainly young adults who migrate and so they leave ageing communities behind. With few children left, these communities will gradually die.

Immigrants have a deep impact on America. There is an ideal of America as a destination of hope and opportunity where the poor and the oppressed can make a new life but they bring with them a trail of tension between natives and newcomers, hostility expressed in job discrimination and riots, and laws designed to keep immigrants out rather than welcome them in. These newcomers were the people who built America. They dug canals, cut the timber and laid down the foundations for the megacity.

The greatest flow of immigrants took place between 1820-1920 when more than 30 million people poured into the USA. Around 8 million come from Mexico which created a mass overload on the country. One impact of the great diversity of people who have immigrated to the United States is frequent racial and cultural tensions. Clashes have forced America to confront the difficulties of accommodating such differences while remaining a democracy.

This model presents a strategy framework built over variables like surrounding political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects, which actually shape the initiatives ND decisions of any organization In the global market. As far as global oil industry Is concerned; It Is more adequate to state that since offs, the entire Industry Is facing an economic slump due to unsuccessful exploration results faced by all the major oil and gas companies.

Furthermore, incidents and naturally occurring accidents (along with their respective costs of elimination) are causing extra damages to this industry which produces one of the biggest daily consumption commodities – oil.. This reflects the significance of product this industry Is producing and providing globally. In this regard, The PESTLE analysis for this particular Industry (with respect to BP) suggests that: 1. The global oil industry has become increasingly politicized in the recent years.

More specifically, with the critical position of Middle East and other major oil producing regions, the global investments have increased into the areas of alternative energy sources, suggesting a close figure of USED 336. Bib In the last financial year. And expected to rise up to USED 653. Bib (Perl, 2009). BP has been moving with the trend, and also putting heavy investments in the area of alternative energy. Therefore, with the increase of volatile elements in the Middle East, oil giants including BP are looking for other alternatives to secure their respective businesses. 2.

According to Manning (2010) and Arenas (2010) the current financial year has shown an Increase in oil demands, leading towards Increase In petroleum prices. This Increased demand and supply has profited the BP Pl with E. B only In the first quarter of 2010. Further, the dependence of countries’ economies on OLL Imports Is also found increasing (extracted from the fact that decrease in the price of dollar increased the global oil prices) which is an indication that economic factor for companies like BP is always promising, even amid the consequences like Deep Water Horizon (Madame, 2010). . The global oil industry is getting much more criticized (and as a result, regularities) due to increasing concerns of global warming and production of carbon doodle In the environment. For this reason, OLL Industry giants including BP have shifted their focus on exploiting more and more natural resources in order to produce alternative energy from wind, water, sunlight, etc. This shifting is also a result from global media campaign against oil hazards and their other byproducts.

As a result, the social aspect of global oil industry is much more worsened in the past few years. 4. With the decreasing resources of global oil and Increasing demands from around the globe, BP along with other OLL giants have been putting much more Investments Into proactively Increasing techniques Walt ten Nell of technology induction. Furthermore, the recent incident in the Gulf of Mexico has led the technology giant to spend times more in the technology driven safety and regulatory procedures.

A reflection of this can be given by BSP recent initiatives like Local and Bridgewater, which are both productivity increasing initiatives led by technology which ensures secure and environment friendly way of operations. 5. This particular aspect has been most challenging for oil producing companies (including BP), which are obliged to reduce their carbon emission rates by 80% by the year 2020. This indicates that BP and other oil giants are under great pressure from external forces to shift their focus mainly from oil and its production. B.

Internal Environment Analysis (BP): The internal environment analysis of an organization is a multi-dimensional aspect of business management studies. Internal environment of an organization refers to the culture it pertains, its financial status, its employee relationship with each other and behavior towards business, its strategic approaches, management philosophy and approaches, etc. An analysis of such an environment is never considered to be generalized in its nature, but only taken as a mere reflection of current organizational standing and strength.

In this regard, an appropriate tool of analysis is SOOT strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats): SOOT analysis tool was developed in early sass’s to evaluate any organization’s standing and position as compared to its competitors in the market. This type of analysis is preferred for succinct internal environment analysis (along with the consideration of facts) since its two elements I. E. Key strengths and weaknesses determine an organization’s reflection in a succinct, summarized, and neutral manner.

Following is the brief presentation of SOOT analysis (based on current facts) for oil industry giant BP Pl: 1 . Strengths: Strong market position. * Increased global production from last financial year. * Increased product (oil) refinement availability. * Sustained momentum and business growth. * Increased intangible/tangible assets. * Success in exploration projects. 2. Weaknesses: * Inefficient risk management practices (losses in thunder horse project). Decreased revenue and profits as compared to last year. * Decreased workforce as compared to last year. * Increased liabilities as compared to last year. * Decreased business goodwill. 3. Opportunities: * Globally sustained oil demands. New exploration initiatives in countries like Iraq, Indonesia, Pakistan & Jordan. B NT water Ana Local. * Increased demand for LONG (liquefied natural gas) in global market. * Penetration into Chinese oil market through Joint venture with Since. 4.

Threats: * Increased global natural disasters. * Decreasing earnings per share trend. * Decreasing market image. * Increasing costs in drilling safety operations. * Global initiatives for replacement of energy sources. C. The strategic options available to the oil company and what they need to follow o remain competitive Market development is used to imply to a strategy of growth in which case oil company BP will attempt to sell the products that already exist in the new Mexico market.

The achievement of this strategy is based on the adoption of different ways namely: * Exploration of new geographical markets such as exporting of the products of the company to new countries * Establishment of new dimensions of products * Establishment of new channels of distribution * Adoption of new policies of pricing for the purpose of attracting divergent customers in an attempt of creating new segments of the market.

The BP Company has striver to expand the capacity of production through the improvement of its rig equipments in addition to the level of technology coupled with expansions to other countries (Bag, 2007). Diversification Diversification in Oil Company BP is a growth strategy dealing with the marketing of new products in the new Mexico markets and the company will face a lot of challenges in the process of diversification because of lack of sufficient experience in the process of achieving diversification.

Oil Company BP therefore needs ideas of expectations and assessing the potential risks that are associated with the undertaking. The strategy taken in oil company BP involves the formation of Joint ventures in the countries dealing with the production and marketing of oils as well as bio-fuels aiming at the improvement of the production capacity coupled with gaining an access in to the non-traditional markets dealing with energy.

The company has also initiated an independent business that specifically deals with alternative renewable energy forms that are called the BP Alternative (Insofar, 2007). Entry Strategies Bp Global will use several strategies, which vary in aggressiveness, risk, and the mount of control that the firm is able to uphold when entering this new market. They include the following: Exporting which is a low risk policy in which few investments are going to be made Mexico.

Bp global should look for an importer to do a trade of marketing because it may be more difficult for the firm to enter on its own later if it decides that larger profits can be made within the country. Licensing and franchising where by Bp global should allow someone else to use its trademarks and accrue expertise. The associate puts up the money and assumes the risk. Bp lobar should use familiarity and expertise it has gained in one or more markets to provide a working project.

It can use help of investments already made in technology Ana expansion Ana snouts De addle to receive netter pronto since tense Investments do not have to be started from scratch again. Bp global should agree to administer a facility in Mexico, using knowledge gained in other markets. It should be able to transmit technology be able to work in Mexico with a different infrastructure, culture, and political environment. Direct entry strategies where by the Bp either acquires a rim or builds process involve the chief exposure, and has opportunities for profits.

The firm gains more knowledge about the Mexico market and maintains greater control, and gains enormous investment All Bp products for example the solar products have some service constituent which include a warranty, documentation, and distribution, this service section is an integral part of the product and its positioning. Therefore, it may be more useful to look at the product-service field as one between very low and very elevated levels of tangibility of the service. Pressures that can be faced by Bp global in Mexican market:

Resource boundaries: * core instigate teams can rapidly be assembled, and specialist expansion can be done progressively, creating a large resource gap during the implementation phase Monetary pressure: * as financial targets and expectations can be set prior to launch, any unpredicted market activity and instigate delays can disturb initial customer take-up and revenue generation Time restriction: * rapid use can be crucial to avoid increase in market share cost and to deliver predicted financial results Market Segmentation To segment customer goods and service markets, Bp global will use market information that has collected based on definite key customer-, product-, or situation- related criteria. These are classified as segmentation basis and include profile; behavioral (where, when, and how does my market behave? ); and psychological criteria (. Why does my market behave that way? ). The demographic basis implies that differences in causes for buying, in brand choice influences, in occurrence of use, or in susceptibility will be reflected in differences in age, sex, income, and geographical location.

The Mexican Market should be inspected for vital differences in buyer attitudes, usage patterns, motivations, values, aesthetic preferences, or degree of susceptibility. These may not have demographic correlatives. Bp global must never suppose in advance that it knows the best way of looking at a market. All habits of segmenting markets must be considered, and then Bp global must choose out of the various methods available the ones that have the most imperative implications for action (Steel, 2004). Having determined the more general segmentation characteristics BP GLOBAL should analyze the Mexico market through the following of ways: Size – employees, revenues, locations Based on volume gallants resources snouts give greater value, Ana teen ten target should be the larger ventures.

Job position BP GLOBAL will be offerings positions ranging from managers and cleaning agents for Time related factors Some services in this category are vacation related industries in summer and tax planners in the spring. Language An example off language specific service is a Mexican TV channel. Status in the industry BP GLOBAL can target businesses that are the technology leader or revenue. Accessibility To minimize promotion and sales expense BP GLOBAL can to target urban rather Han rural or local rather than nationwide prospects. Ability to make a quick purchase decision of its products. By targeting individual purchasers versus business committees can considerably reduce BP GLOBAL marketing expense and increase the probability of a quick close in the Mexican market (Palinode, 2008).

Infrastructure such as roads and electricity Is only completed In some areas. What’s a “growth pole”? An urban center targeted for development of key economic and social infrastructure to promote regional economic development ( roads, electric grids, schools, markets, and medical facilities) Brazil Chapters 13 & 15 What are the historical, economic, and cultural factors which make Brazier’s Atlantic coastal plain region different from the rest of modern-day Brazil? From where and why did Brazil move its capital to Brasilia in the sass? Strategic reasons: ROI De Jeanine is on the coastline and they wanted to move the capital inland n case of an Invasion. It Is much easier to defend a capital Inland because you have more time to prepare versus a capital that Is on the shore. – to Develop the heart of Brazil. Until the construction of Brasilia, there wasn’t anything there. The central region of Brazil was totally undeveloped as the population lived mostly along the coastline. They figure that if they moved the capital inland, people would move there and develop that area.

They were proved right! Fact shaped the social & economic geography of the region? “backwoods” lots of drought, rolling hills, mountainous Be able to locate the areas of Brazil in which populations are either mostly European or African (in terms of origins) the majority European population is in the far south Brazier’s recent foreign policy has been to promote a “polytechnic world” – what does that mean? IA world n which one or two countries cannot dominate global affairs (as was the case during the Cold War). What is the nature of U.

S-Brazil relations? Latin American Socio-Economic Development Chapter 16 What’s the difference between Rosters “Stages of Economic Development” and the Dependency Theory proposed by Latin American economists? Roosts: Says that they are poor because they are not fully integrated into the global economy. Dependency theory: Argues that countries are poor because of how they were integrated into the world economy. Are there any geographic patterns to development in Latin America? If so, what are they? What might be the explanations for these patterns?

What’s the difference (in terms of advantages & weaknesses) between the “import- substitution” model of economic development and the “export-led growth” model? [also discussed in Chapter 18] Import-substitution: a country should attempt to develop as much of its industrial opacity as possible internally, without depending on foreign imports +: creates Jobs, protectionism -: protectionism leads to dynamic inefficiency; domestic producers have no incentive from foreign competitors to reduce costs or improve products; impedes growth through poor allocation of resources; effect on exchange rates harms exports.

Export-led growth: a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage -: less economic diversification; subsidies for specific industries runs a risk of encouraging the wrong industries What are “the Washington Consensus” and “structural adjustment plans” and how are they related? A set of free market economic ideas, supported by economists and international organizations, like the MIFF, the World Bank, the EX. and the US; advocates free trade, floating exchange rates, free markets and macroeconomic stability.

What is meant by internal regional differentiation (in terms of development)? In particular country are greater than between countries; Mexico and Brazil The Pampas (& Southern Cone) Chapter 17 Where are the Pampas? (be able to locate) Why is Buenos Aries often referred to as the “Paris of South America”? It’s architecture is influenced by European architecture and rich European heritage In which ways is urban primacy evident in the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay)?

Argentina: Buenos Aries Chile: Santiago Paraguay: Asuncion Uruguay: Montevideo Which technological advancements changed the agricultural economy of the pampas and Argentina in general? What are the physical and human geography factors behind the robust wine industries in Chile and Argentina? Latin America and the Global Economy Chapter 18 What are some of the problems associated with dependency on a few primary commodity exports? How does Chile’s physical geography & location provide it comparative advantage in the export of agricultural products?

Many countries in South America are dependent on commodities and looking toward “economic diversification. ” In which ways can “diversification” be understood? Numerous vs.. FETA What is going on here in the competition between these two visions of free trade in the Americas? What is the role of China in the Latin American economic boom of the sass? How does Latin America’s growing middle class further integrate the region into the global economy? The Amazon Basin is what type of physical feature? Which 5 countries have significant land area in the basin?

What are some reasons why there is global interest in protecting the Amazon rainforest’s? What are the main drivers of deforestation in the Amazon Basin? What were some of the resource booms of the past which affected natural and human systems in the Amazon? What have been the primary objectives of Brazilian government projects in the Amazon region (e. G. March to the West”, growth poles, road building)? Latin American Diaspora – Chapter 20 What are terms used to describe the Latin American Diaspora in the U. S.? How have these terms caused confusion?

Hipic- most widely used in the eastern US states; Latino- most widely used in the West and Midwest of the US Chicane- a term used by Mexican political activists; lots of Aztec and messiest pride associated with this term Hipic- used by the Spanish speaking natives of the Upper ROI Grandee Valley in New Mexico and Colorado. Which areas in the U. S. Are home to large Latin American populations – and why? Typically the southwestern US is home to large Mexican populations, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, California, New York, Florida, Illinois have the largest Hipic population stretching from Texas to California.

They settled in the areas that once used to be a part of Mexico. Mexican workers and immigrants also reached the Midwest in small numbers. Areas with Jobs in agriculture, manufacturing, construction work To which other countries have Latin Americans tended to migrate – and why? Spain, Italy ,UK, Germany, Portugal From Student Presentations Cooling Christian’s presentation – who were the Sandiness and why did the U. S oppose them? Sandiness: a social democratic political party in Nicaragua; the U.

S opposed them because they were afraid that they were going to become a Cuban- style communist government allied and Reagan wanted to prevent the spread of Eric Dodson presentation – What were the San Andrea Accords and what did they promise and to whom? San Andrea Accords: Allowed indigenous people to have the right to self-determination of an autonomous government, full access to Justice, representation in politics, increased employment opportunities, and the promotion of culture and education. Mike Kennedy’s presentation – Why does the Quiches language struggle for status & domain even in countries such as Bolivia and Peru?

The Quiches language has to compete with Spanish language which is seen as a vehicle for upward social mobility. Rural to urban migration has also caused many to stop speaking the language Low prestige of the language and stigma surrounding Quiches also prevents people from speaking the language The domain of the language has been reduced to rural Andean villages and the homes of native speakers, there are few places in public and urban settings where the language is spoken Alice Millard – Why/How might the U. S. Trade embargo on Cuba been seen as a positive situation? It has forced Cuba to become self-reliant and invest in their own healthcare and pharmaceutical industries since it was not allowed to but American medical equipment or use American drug patents. – It also opened up more markets for Cuba to sell its cash crops to since American refused to import their goods. Ron Trumann – What is the Panatela and why is it important? One of the most immense and biologically rich environments on the planet Wetlands provide countless economic, ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values

Concentrated and diverse flora and fauna Cumulative (from Exams 1 & 2) Why is Latin America considered a region? Which countries in Middle & South America are often excluded from the region and why? To what do the terms messiest and mulatto refer? Where were the two main Meridian cultural hearths? What is a cultural hearth? How did the Incas (as well as modern-day Andean peoples) utilize latitudinal conation in food production? What were/are the impacts of the Columbian Exchange? What basic patterns (physical and social) did the Law of the Indies establish in terms f city planning in colonial Spanish America?

What was the one fundamental difference between western Europeans and indigenous Americans in their understandings of land and its value? In which ways are haciendas and plantations distinct forms of latitudinal? What are masqueraders and what explains their geographical distribution? masqueraders are manufacturing plants that are typically located near the US-Mexico border. Their close proximity to the border helps reduce transportation cost to send the finished products to the US, which is their biggest consumer. What tectonic process has/is creating the Andes?

What cultural and economic role does coca have in the Andean region, especially Bolivia? Why did population projections for Latin America made in the sass end up incorrect? They didn’t take into account the changes in healthcare and the economy. Birth control was introduced to the population which helped to reduce births and population. What makes an Meridian a “decent” or “reasonable” person (gent decent or gent De razz¶n) in the minds of many Latin Americans? The economies of Central American countries traditionally have been dependent on …? What is CAFTAN and how has it changed Central American economies?