Military

After the failed U.S. attempt to overthrow the Castro regime in Cuba with the Bay of Pigs invasion, and while the Kennedy administration planned Operation Mongoose, in July 1962 Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev reached a secret agreement with Cuban premier Fidel Castro to place Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba to deter any future invasion attempt.

Construction of several missile sites began in the late summer, but U.S. intelligence discovered evidence of a general Soviet arms build-up on Cuba, including Soviet IL–28 bombers, during routine surveillance flights, and on September 4, 1962, President Kennedy issued a public warning against the introduction of offensive weapons into Cuba.

Despite the warning, on October 14 a U.S. U–2 aircraft took several pictures clearly showing sites for medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) under construction in Cuba. These images were processed and presented to the White House the next day, thus precipitating the onset of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Kennedy summoned his closest advisers to consider options and direct a course of action for the United States that would resolve the crisis. Some advisers—including all the Joint Chiefs of Staff—argued for an air strike to destroy the missiles, followed by a U.S. invasion of Cuba; others favored stern warnings to Cuba and the Soviet Union.

The President decided upon a middle course. On October 22, he ordered a naval “quarantine” of Cuba. The use of “quarantine” legally distinguished this action from a blockade, which assumed a state of war existed; the use of “quarantine” instead of “blockade” also enabled the United States to receive the support of the Organization of American States.

That same day, Kennedy sent a letter to Khrushchev declaring that the United States would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under construction or completed, and return all offensive weapons to the U.S.S.R. The letter was the first in a series of direct and indirect communications between the White House and the Kremlin throughout the remainder of the crisis.

The President also went on national television that evening to inform the public of the developments in Cuba, his decision to initiate and enforce a “quarantine,” and the potential global consequences if the crisis continued to escalate.

The tone of the President’s remarks was stern, and the message unmistakable and evocative of the Monroe Doctrine: “It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.” The Joint Chiefs of Staff announced a military readiness status of DEFCON 3 as U.S. naval forces began implementation of the quarantine and plans accelerated for a military strike on Cuba.

On October 24, Khrushchev responded to Kennedy’s message with a statement that the U.S. “blockade” was an “act of aggression” and that Soviet ships bound for Cuba would be ordered to proceed. Nevertheless, during October 24 and 25, some ships turned back from the quarantine line; others were stopped by U.S. naval forces, but they contained no offensive weapons and so were allowed to proceed. Meanwhile, U.S. reconnaissance flights over Cuba indicated the Soviet missile sites were nearing operational readiness.

With no apparent end to the crisis in sight, U.S. forces were placed at DEFCON 2—meaning war involving the Strategic Air Command was imminent. On October 26, Kennedy told his advisors it appeared that only a U.S. attack on Cuba would remove the missiles, but he insisted on giving the diplomatic channel a little more time. The crisis had reached a virtual stalemate.

That afternoon, however, the crisis took a dramatic turn. ABC News correspondent John Scali reported to the White House that he had been approached by a Soviet agent suggesting that an agreement could be reached in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba if the United States promised not to invade the island.

While White House staff scrambled to assess the validity of this “back channel” offer, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a message the evening of October 26, which meant it was sent in the middle of the night Moscow time.

It was a long, emotional message that raised the specter of nuclear holocaust, and presented a proposed resolution that remarkably resembled what Scali reported earlier that day. “If there is no intention,” he said, “to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this.”

Although U.S. experts were convinced the message from Khrushchev was authentic, hope for a resolution was short-lived. The next day, October 27, Khrushchev sent another message indicating that any proposed deal must include the removal of U.S. Jupiter missiles from Turkey. That same day a U.S. U–2 reconnaissance jet was shot down over Cuba. Kennedy and his advisors prepared for an attack on Cuba within days as they searched for any remaining diplomatic resolution.

“The Spanish American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish Colonial rule in the Americas.”(history.com 1) The Spanish American War was very important to the United States. At first, the United States was not going to join. Then, they did, to get those places their freedom from spain. The United States was a very important part to the Spanish American War.  The United States had gained many places from the war. I am going to be talking about the causes, what happened, and the aftermath of war.

The main reason the Spanish American started was because Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico wanted independence from Spain. Then something happened to make the United States to decide to help the places get freedom. The United States joined because of the sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor. Then president McKinley got a letter calling him weak. Then war got declared by Spain on the United States on April 24th, 1898. “ The United States declaration of war was on April 25th which was made retroactive to April 21st.” (History.com 1)

When the war was declared, the first part of fighting started in the Philippines. George Dewey was a naval commander in the United States. He sailed from Hong Kong with Emilio Aguinaldo on board to the Philippine islands to start fighting. He had sailed into the Manila Bay. Dewey destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet there. “ His forces sank and took 10 Spanish ships. The war in the Philippines was a quick victory for the United States.” (Harcourt, 698)

Then, war went into Cuba. Unlike the war in the Philippines, the US Army was not prepared like the US Navy was. “The Army only had 28,000 people in the Army.” (Harcourt, 5) At least that didn’t last for long and more people joined. They then had 280,000 people but, during war, they lived in harsh conditions in Cuba. “They had to eat canned meat most likely from the Civil War and they were stricken with yellow fever and other deadly diseases.”(Harcourt,699) During war in Cuba, the Rough Riders came to help win the war. The Rough Riders were led by Teddy Roosevelt. “The Rough Riders happened to be the most colorful soldiers out there.

During war, the U.S. force then attacked and captured San Juan Hill and then turned into its own war. Still in the Cuban war, on July 3 the commander fleet of the Spanish fleet decided to try to break through the US blockade.” (Harcourt 698) The American forces only suffered two casualties and destroyed every Spanish war ship. “ Two weeks later Santiago surrendered. Then President Mckinley started peace negotiating with Spain, which was an assured defeat. A few days after U.S. troops came into Spanish-held Puerto Rico, which surrendered with little resistance. “Spain then signed a cease-fire agreement on August 12, 1898.” (Harcourt, 699)

After all of the war, there was a peace treaty that place Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under the United States control. So, now the United States had to make some “rules” for each of these territories. In Cuba, the United States had made the teller amendment. “The teller amendment states that the United States would not annex Cuba, but then President McKinley wanted to created stability and increase U.S. economic activity there, so he set up a military government.” (Harcourt, 699)

Since the United States wanted to start taking more control over Cuba, they made the Platt amendment and completely looked over the Cuban constitution. “The Platt Amendment was something that limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs.” (Harcourt, 701) The Cubans reluctantly accepted the amendment. The Platt Amendment was in effect until 1934.

What the United States did to Puerto Rico was, even though Puerto Rico wanted independence, the United States made it a territory. “On April 12, 1990, the Foraker Act was established civil government in Puerto Rico”(Harcourt, 701). Soon, there was a debate over the new territory. To resolve the debate they made the Jones Act which gave Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship.
At this time, Spain had not yet surrendered the Philippines. Spain had only surrendered it for 20 million dollars from the United States. Americans then had agreed that the United States would benefit the islands.

From this war, the United States had gained a lot of new territories from this war. The pish american war was also a very important turning point. “ It turned the nation’s attention away from colonial adventures and inward on domestic needs.”(history.com)
The Spanish American War was very important to the United States. It is a good thing that they had joined the war. They had gained Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines. They had indeed gained a lot of territories, at the time. Even though the United States had gone through some tough conditions in war, they had succeeded and freed those places from spain.

The Spanish-American War was once a hostility in 1898 between Spain and the United States. It was once the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. American assaults on Spain’s Pacific possessions led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and eventually to the Philippine-American War. 

Revolts in opposition to Spanish rule had been endemic for a long time in Cuba and have been intently watched through Americans. “With the abolition of slavery in 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the city working-class” (History) many wealthy Cubans misplaced their property, and the number of sugar mills declined. Only corporations and the most effective plantation proprietors remained in business, and for the duration of this period, U.S. economic capital commenced flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba commenced relying on the United States economically. Coincidentally, around the identical time, Cuba saw the upward shove of labor movements.

Following his 2d deportation to Spain in 1878, modern José Martí moved to the United States in 1881. There he mobilized the aid of the “Cuban exile community, especially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Spain” (History); however, he additionally lobbied in opposition to “the U.S. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.” (History)

By 1897–1898, American public opinion grew angrier at reviews of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. “After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley” (History) into warfare he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, ensuing in the United States, sending an ultimatum to Spain that demanded it straight away lay down manipulate of Cuba, which the Spanish rejected. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war. 

Although the critical problem used to be Cuban independence, the 10-week fighting used to be fought in each of the Caribbean and the Pacific. American naval electricity proved decisive, permitting U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba in opposition to a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide rebel assaults and wasted by way of yellow fever.

The Spanish-American War was once swift and decisive. During the war’s three-month duration, now not a single American reverse of any significance occurred. A week after the assertion of war, Commodore George Dewey of the six-warship Asiatic Squadron (then based totally at Hong Kong) steamed his fleet to the Philippines. Dewey caught the whole Spanish armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed it, barring dropping an American life.

Cuban, Philippine and American forces received the capitulation of “Santiago de Cuba and Manila as a result of their numerical superiority in most of the battles” (History) and spite of the accurate overall performance of some Spanish infantry gadgets and spirited defenses in locations such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace after two out of date; Spanish squadrons have been sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay. A 0.33 greater modern-day fleet was once recalled domestic to defend the Spanish coasts. 

The result of the struggle used to be the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on phrases favorable to the United States. It allowed transient American management of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines following their buy from Spain. The defeat and cave in of the Spanish Empire was once a profound shock to Spain’s countrywide psyche, and provoked a motion of thoroughgoing philosophical and inventive reevaluation of Spanish society regarded as the “Generation of’ 98.” The victor received numerous island possessions pning the globe, which brought on a rancorous new debate over the knowledge of expansionism. 

The conflict marked American entry into world affairs. Before the Spanish-American War, the United States used to be characterized by way of isolationism, a method to overseas coverage that asserts that a nation’s pastimes are great served via preserving the affairs of different nations at a distance. Since the Spanish-American War, the United States has had a heavy hand in more than a few conflicts around the world and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 used to be over via this point, and the United States entered a lengthy and affluent length of financial and populace boom and technological innovation that lasted via the 1920s. The warfare redefined countrywide identity, served as an answer of kinds to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and supplied a mannequin for all future information reporting.

The battle additionally correctly ended the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining as imperial electricity in view that the early nineteenth century as a result of Napoleon’s invasion. The loss of Cuba prompted a countrywide trauma due to the fact of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which used to be considered as every other province of Spain alternatively than as a colony. Spain retained a handful of remote places holdings solely: Spanish West Africa, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Technology, in its various forms, has existed for centuries, From the wheel to the android, technology has proved to be a major staple in society. Just think, without technology, humans would still be huddled in a cave somewhere, arguing about how to cook their food. Technology is wonderful; no denying that. Just in the field of medicine alone, technology has granted humans a chance to research new cures and find new treatments to save lives. Like all good things, however, technology has its imperfections. For example, social media, according to an article by Jenny Q. Ta, has some negative impacts on productivity, privacy, and real-world communication in people, So, what? Do humans give up on technology simply because of its drawbacks? No.

People do, however, need to understand how technology affects them on a psychological level; specifically their sense of instant gratification, Neil Patel, a contributor to Entrepreneur, defines instant gratification as the instinctual desire to receive whatever one wants instantly, without any delay or determent. Technology, in conjunction with this natural human desire for instant gratification, has created a population of people who are spoiled, readily overwhelmed with information, and have substantially lowered attention ps. In order to delve deep into the heart of technology’s effect on the human sense of instant gratification, one must have a good grasp on what, exactly, instant gratification is.

The idea of instant gratification seems simple enough: when one wants something, one desires to receive it immediately; however, some interesting genetic studies have been conducted on the issue of instant appeasement. A sense of instant gratification exists in all humans–one can obviously see this when watching an infant–yet, little is known about whether instant gratification is hereditary, circumstantial, or coincidental. John J. Ray and Jackob M, Najman discuss the statistical inconsistencies of the prevalence of instant fulfillment in children in their article “The up; how angry do people get when they are out of a service range on their phones? The question is: why would a person, who is otherwise rather calm, become so quick-tempered and angry when something as menial as a “no service” symbol pops up on his or her phone?

According to Tara Parker»Pope’s article “An Ugly Toll of Technology: Impatience and Forgetfulness”, excessive exposure to technology can cause people to become “impatient, impulsive, forgetful and even more narcissistic”. In her article, Parker-Pope discusses the prevalence of the human addiction to technology, claiming that, according to the psychological journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, college students are two times more likely to be addicted to the internet than to gambling Technology and its effects are seen everywhere from the lack of communication that now exists in families to the people who, when forced to wait for a few seconds, pull out their phones to close the door on any possible boredom that may result from their wait, Technology and instant gratification are directly related.

Without technology, the human need for instant gratification wouldn’t be as easily fulfilled, and “high speed” internet would never have been invented if humans didn’t have the need for immediate satisfaction, One cannot exist without the other. Instant gratification, therefore, is directly related to the spontaneous irritation and profound impatience resultant of excessive technology. Since people are able to access anything instantly, man dictates that the rest of the world move just as quickly to accommodate him, When the world fails to do this, man become irritable and angry, just like a child when he or she is told “no”. As well as becoming more and more spoiled because of instant gratification and technology, humans are becoming increasingly overwhelmed by the vast amounts of information available to them, Information addicts, as Jenny C, McCune coins it in her article “DATA DATA Everywhere”, are constantly and efficiently looking up new information that is readily available to them at the touch of a button.

Because there is such an incredibly large database of articles, blogs, news reports, andjournals to choose from–all of which being immediately available via cell phones–, information addicts are constantly consuming large amounts of data; too much data to handle. In her article, McCune discusses the “side effects” of information overload such as a sense of feeling burned out, a shortened attention p, a decrease in proactive behavior, a feeling of stress, an inability to make decisions easily, and an overall declination in the quality of work With these profound effects, it’s really no wonder that humans feel so disconnected, Even though people aren’t always doing extensive scholarly research, they are almost always spending time on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, which provide another type of information: personal information.

People are constantly researching the lives of their friends on these sites, absorbing more and more of their history, rumors, gossip, and for what purpose other than cheap, fleeting entertainment? Humans take in so much information that it is overwhelming them, making them miserable. David Shenk discusses this overload of information and its effects in his article “Data Smog: Surviving the Info Glut’fl In his article, Shenk describes the predicament in which so many people find themselves: new information is being produced faster than they can take it in. He reveals that this is a fairly new situation, addressing that for thousands of years, humans could only examine information about as quickly as they could create and circulate it.

So, why are humans suddenly so overcome with this expanse of knowledge? Simple: this knowledge is easily accessible instantaneously and is simply waiting for someone to snatch it up In other words, humans cannot help but consume this information if it’s right in front of them; it goes against their nature to refrain, Regardless of how much information is absorbed, humans can’t retain this information for any real length of time; they are instantly able to satisfy their fleeting desire for knowledge, but they forget that information shortly afterward, This is mostly because the need for retaining information, sadly, has fallen by the wayside. People just don’t need [0 remember things like they used to. Not just scholarly knowledge, either, No one has to remember telephone numbers, important dates, addresses, bank numbers, etc., because one’s phone contains and organizes all this information Nicholas Carr addresses this in his article “Is Google Making Us Stupid’K.

In his article, Carr discusses the implications of immediate access to information on attention p through his own personal experiences as well as research from various scholars and psychologists. According to Carr, a five-year study conducted by University College London showed that people would never spend a substantial amount of time reading online or written materials, mostly skimming the material, These people would read a few pages of a source, then bounce off to another source for more information and rarely return to the previously visited materials. Maryanne Wolf, to whom Carr also refers in his article, is likewise of the opinion that the reading people do online focuses on “efficiency” and ”immediacy”, which alters the human brain in such a way that reading and interpreting long texts without becoming distracted proves to be rather difficult. The immediate graLification humans feel when discovering new information is satisfactory, at the time, even if this new information doesn’t last.

Humans will perpetually find themselves in a supposed state of control, They will always believe that they can handle whatever problem exists, whether they are drowning in a sea, or drowning in a sea of information The hard truth, however, is that humans are drowning in a sea of their own making, and they don’t think they need to be saved. Humans are falling prey to their own desires, their own senses of narcissism and immediate satisfaction, and they can’t see what they’re missing. There is a world out there, a world that is barely holding on, and the people are too busy with their selfish desires, their Facebook, their need for pointless information that they won’t even remember, to notice that the world is falling apart. Look around.

For three years, beginning when Charles was less than five years old, the young princes life was plagued with familial scandal and conflict. In November of 1724, Clementina accused James of carrying on an affair with Marjorie Hay, a woman whom James had recently appointed as Lady Inverness. At the same time, James had announced that Charles and his younger brother, Harry, would be trained in both Catholicism and Protestantism. It is assumed that in efforts of absorbing the shock of the announcements, Clementina, an extremely devout Catholic, concluded that an affair was evident. Pope Benedict VIII investigated both the love affair and the educational dispute, settling the former through discussion and the latter through demand that the children be raised in the traditional Catholic manner.

Few specifics were known of Charles during these years. He was reared by his fifty-year-old cousin Sir Thomas Sheridan and taught trades of battle. Sheridan described Charles as a master of the bow and arrow by age six, and the boy seemed motivated in the practice. By age eight, Charles had vastly improved physically and seemed to fit his earlier, misconceived, proud descriptions. In the summer of 1734, when he was thirteen, it was deemed fit for Charles to travel to Gaeth to experience the territorial battle between Spain and Italy. Charles proved to be captivated and daring in the setting, as he showed extreme interest in witnessing all the most dangerous positions. Bonnie Prince Charlie, even though he had had no formal training in military strategy, decided that he would lead a military life. Through this international activity, Charles Edward began to accompany his father as the recipients of support for a Stuart return to the throne.

Charles became fascinated by his Scottish heritage as contact with the highlanders became more regular. With a return to the throne seeming more possible because of Englands newly-at-war status (Britain declared war on Spain in 1739), Charles sailed to the west coast of Scotland in July 1745. There he gathered clan members and instigated the 45, a rebellion which over its eight month duration brought the Stuarts within 127 miles of London and the throne. Charles was ultimately forced to retreat, flee, and return to Rome, where he died on January 30, 1788. The thoughts and feelings of the Scottish Jacobites began long before their final materialization in the Rebellion of 1745.

The faction definitively arose in 1688. It was in this year that Parliament forced James Ils abdication and ended the reign of the Stuarts. James successor, William of Orange, quickly exiled the Stuart family; the Jacobites were those who remained faithfully supportive of the Stuart line. In France, Louis XIV allied with the exiled family, giving them funds to maintain their court. He therefore established a stronghold against the British status quo and his personal enemy, William. Almost immediately following the Stuarts exile came the first attempt to restore their position. In July of 1789, John Graham of Claverhouse led the uprising, and met the English at the Battle of Killiecrankie. The Jacobites won the battle, but Graham was fatally wounded, and the movement lost its momentum. In 1701, James II died; the Jacobites regained support as they shifted attention to the new claimant to the throne, James IIIthe Old Pretender.

It was in 1708 that he made his motion for the throne. With the backing of the French, James VIII of Scotland, as he strategically dubbed himself, landed near Edinburgh; quickly the English responded with naval counter-forces and the French retreated. Small Jacobite uprisings came again in 1715, but none held force until thirty years later in the 45. After many failed attempts for the Stuart Restoration, the Jacobites were hesitant to rise again; thirty years brought the ideal opportunity. In 1739, Britain declared ware on Spain, ending the long-held peace under Robert Walpole and opening the door for foreign interference.

With such enticement, Louis XV planned a massive invasion of England in 1744 with intentions of replacing George II with a puppet king. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, son of James III, sailed with the French fleet as the Stuart representative, but weather deterred the invasion, which, in historical retrospect, could have held great potential; the English soon proved weak and may have easily fallen to the 10,000 French troops. Instead, Charles proceeded by himself and landed on the West Coast of Scotland on July 25, 1745 with minimal ammunitions. He sent letters to populating clans requesting support, and on August 19 at Glenfinnan in northwestern Scotland, troops gathered, the Stuart standard was raised, and the Rebellion of 1745 was initiated with Bonnie Prince Charlie as its leader. Charles moved his 1,200 troops eastward, gathering more support and more soldiers.

An English army under the command of John Cope was immediately mobilized northward to Scotland. Cope, instead of meeting Charles, marched to his northernmost fort, Inverness, and left a southern route to Edinburgh unguarded and available to the Jacobites. Charles army, on September 17, entered Edinburgh with almost no opposition and took the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the residence of Stuart heritage. With new fervor, the Jacobites met the English forces of Cope (who had taken ship to the coast east of Edinburgh) at Prestonpans, and were victorious in less than ten minutes. Charles had thus gained control of Scotlands entirety.

On November 1, the Jacobite forces began their march to London. The English forces surrendered at Carlisle on November 16, Charles marched through Manchester on the 28th, and reached he Derby on December 4. By this point, word of the approaching army had spread to London and produced surprising support. Additionally, 10,000 French troops had been sent to assist Charles. But in the field, the commander could not gauge these aids, and in fear of the converging English forces, Charles and the Jacobites retreated on December 6Black Friday, only 127 miles from London.

The Jacobites marched slowly northward back to Scotland and established winter residence in Inverness. Meanwhile, the Duke of Cumberlandthe second son of King George Ilhad received 5,000 troops from Germany and mobilized his men. The Duke reached his winter mainstay, Aberdeen, on February 27. In waiting for better weather, the Jacobite forces dispersed and Charles intelligence of the English status dwindled. Cumberland departed Aberdeen on April 8 and marched west toward Inverness; Charles knowledge of the approaching officers position was inaccurate by thirty miles. On April 14 Cumberland was sighted and the Jacobite forces frantically tried to gather themselves at Culloden Moor. Only about 7,000 of Charles 8,000 men were in the Culloden vicinity; only about 1,000 could take the field for battle by eleven oclock in the morning on April 16 when the Duke of Cumberland arrived. Even with newly contacted clansmen considered, the forces of Cumberland still outnumbered those of Charles by three thousand men.

After Cumberland signaled for the unleashing of the English artillery, the broadswords of the Highlanders fell, and the final battle of the 45 was decided in less than an hour. Bonnie Prince Charlie gave instructions for his men to retreat and he fled to Italy, where he lived for the rest of his life; the Jacobite standard was permanently silenced. Although the Battle at Culloden lasted only an hour, its outcome impacted the entire future of the Scottish highlands, the English throne, and the world. From the view of the English Government, the rebels and their sympathizers were guilty of treason. Consequently, the Privy Council in London decided that all prisons of the rebellion should be tried for treason in England. This demonstrated a firm distrust of all Scots and a blatant violation of 1707s Act of Union. In addition, the English fortified military bases in the highlands and built new forts, including Fort George, just miles north of Culloden Moor.

Because of the rebellion, the new English policy toward Scotland was one of control, distrust, and suppression. The most influential implication of the 1745 Rebellion was in regards to the English throne. The uprising finally made a Stuart return to the throne impossible; the issue was, for the fist time in centuries, relatively secure. But Bonnie Prince Charlie and his armies had reached Derby, less than 130 miles from London. Had Charles decided to press on, the results of his uprising could have been extremely different. The French, for the third time since 1688, had sent thousands of men to invade Britain. Considering the success of the Jacobite army in the preceding months, it is fair to say that they, with French support, stood a chance for success. Their deterrent was a lack of Jacobite support in the English countryside.

It seemed to Charles that as he traveled south, fewer and fewer men joined his ranks. He did not understand, though, that support was growing surprisingly quickly in London itself. The city would have presented him with very little opposition. If Charles had continued his march, the Stuart line could have returned to the British throne. Britains greatest asset of the coming centuries, Parliament, which gave Britain order when Europe was in turmoil, would have been subordinate again. The new king, most likely Charles father, James III, would have been Louis XVS ideal.

France would have held influence over a country that in the next two hundred years became one of the most powerful nations in the world. The French Revolution of 1789 would have shaken the English as it did the French, and the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte at the start of the nineteenth century would have been magnified by control of Great Britain. Charles Edwards retreat and eventual defeat also plays a historical role overseas.

Only thirty years after the Jacobite Rebellion came the American Revolution. By quarrelling with and weakening the English, the Jacobites may have helped the Americans. Even more importantly, if Charles had regained the British throne for the Stuarts, the American Revolution may have been unsuccessful. Historians have partly attributed the success of the Revolution to the incapabilities of King George. King James may not have let the colonies eventually gain freedom. The Rebellion of 1745 held many historical implications on many levels. As an uprising, it decidedly brought suppression to the Scottish Highlanders. As a near overtaking of the throne, it contributed to nearly every aspect of European and World History since. Because Great Britain has emerged as a superpower, it can be assumed that France, with a puppet king in England, would have had influence in all British colonies and territories. It is even possible to speculate that the United States would not exist; the world would be a different reality had Charles not retreated.

In history there are few people who can be termed “Great” and even fewer who deserve to be called 50. Alexander, the son of King Phillip of the Macedonians, was one of these truly “Great” people He not merely ruled the largest know empire, was declared a God, lead his troops in battle, and conquered foreign cities, his first being at the age of sixteen, but he did it all within a thirteen year time periods Not only did he do all of this, but also it was done within thirteen years When Alexander became the new King of Macedonia, many believed him to be too young to rule They felt that he didn’t have the experience needed to be their new leader. They had no way of knowing of the many things that he would come to accomplish in such a short time period Alexander’s first great accomplishment occurred when he was just sixteen years old.

At this time, his father went away to war leaving Alexander to serve as a regent of Macedon, During his father’s absence, Alexander led an expedition to a wild region that is now known as modern day Bulgaria. Once there, he subdued the rebellious barbarians and established his first city, Alexandropolis. On the return from his trip, King Philip was so impressed by his son’s achievement that he appointed him a general in the royal armyi When Alexander turned his attack towards Persia, his forces were much smaller than his opponent’s Alexander’s army conquered Persia anyway, by winning a series of battles in which his troops were better trained and organized than the Persian army. His soldiers also admired Alexander because of his personal participation in the battles.

He led his soldiers into battle instead of remaining behind the lines as was common for military leaders to do at that time, This allowed the troops to see that Alexander was sharing their danger, and was not asking them to take any risks he would not take himselfi Later on, he once again went to march with his troops across a large body of water on their way to a surprise attack on Craterusi During this invasion, Alexander becomes the first commander to use something like a platoon. A platoon is a military unit that is composed of two or more squads or sections, normally under the command of a lieutenant His method of crossing the river so long ago is still used today (Dodge, 19) In 332 BiCiEU Alexander moved southward into Egypt where he rested his troops, The Egyptians welcomed him as a hero since he freed then from the ruthless Persian rule.

For his remarkable accomplishment, the Egyptians crowned him as their new pharaoh and declared him a god. Shortly afterward, he founded the magnificent city of Alexander Egypt, which became the foundation of learning and Egyptian culture. (Burns, 205) These things are not easy tasks that everybody is capable of doing. In order to conquer such a great landmass, this king must not only have to be an excellent military leader, but a trusted person as well, Then to be named a god is something that very few mortal people have been able to accomplish. Alexander the Great was indeed a person with a trail of great accomplishments, which entitles him to bear the name “Great.”

There were different levels of successes and failures at different areas of D-day. The British airborne had many successes. Not only were they the first units to fly over the Channel Islands, dropping ruperts and windows on Roven, but they captured all their targets (including the town of Sainte Mere Englise). The Germans thought there was no chance of attack due to the abominable weather conditions that day which left them venerable. They did, of course, also experience failures. There was fierce German resistance.

This obviously made it very difficult for them to reach their specific targets. Source G mentions that “much has been made of the poor quality of the German troops defending the Channel coast” I think this probably depends in which country you are in. If you are German then the story is probably told very differently. Even here in England we know that the resistance form the Germans was fierce and was indeed hard to overcome. However, with the allies good troops and their excellent new technology they managed to overcome this obstacle.

Source G also mentions that the German troops brought the allies close to defeat on Omaha beach. I don’t believe this too be true. Although Omaha was one of the most difficult areas of D-day, the allies won the battle and the defences were breached. Overall, the British airborne area of D-day was very successful. Helping to capture many of the D-day targets. The US airborne was not as successful as the British. They landed 25 miles off course and lost 60% of their equipment.

The postponement of D-day had meant a 48 hour vigil on the sea floor, crews endured horrific cramped conditions. The US could have been more organised, this may have led to less mistakes. However, they did eventually recoup and secure their targets. At Utah, troops pushed inland and secured the beach. US reports said operations at Utah were “smooth, perfectly coordinated and magnificent”. Nevertheless, the beach was heavily lined with mines. Overall, all went well, only real problem was with the mines, but even that was overcome.

At Omaha the battle was won and the defences breached. Anyhow, there were huge amounts of casualties. Some were caused by rough seas, some by underwater beach obstacles and some by enemy fire. Lots of tanks were lost and fog and heavy cloud made off course bombs. In conclusion, although there was a devastating amount of casualties, they did finally liberate Omaha beach. At Gold the troops used Hobart funnies, which helped to keep the losses relatively light. The troops pushed into Bayeux and by 8. 00am villages were celebrating liberation.

The beach was extensively mined and covered by heavy guns and the villages provided cover for the German snipers. Moreover, although there was strong resistance, the losses were relatively light. At Juno beach the Canadians also used Hobart funnies to get round the huge obstacles. By the evening the troops were heading for Caen. Although the area was protected by heavy guns, perhaps the most difficult part was getting around the obstacles such as a tall concrete wall, which all made up parts of the Atlantic wall. Source H shows some of those parts.

The pictures infer ally failure. They also seem to be posed, as if they are trying to impress people with their fierce looking defences. You can see this because in the first picture, for example, there is no one on the beach, and on the third the soldier looks like he has been told to stand there for the picture. Even with all these drastic defence mechanisms, the allies still managed to clear them using the Hobart Funnies. At Sword, the biggest worry was the very strong Le Havre battery, with guns across the landing area, there was also very poor visibility.

Even so, the seafront defences were breached and the population of Ouistreham was delighted to find that their liberators included a “free French” battalion. The mulberry harbours were constructed, and the teams of surgeons came over with them. Both the Americans and the British used Mulberry Harbour’s. Despite the American harbour being wrecked by heavy weather after 4 days use, the Harbours played a vital part in the success of ‘Operation Overlord’.

In the first 6 days of use of the British Mulberry, 326,000 troops, 54,000 vehicles and 100,000 tons of supplies were handled. Source D is the British harbour at Arromanches. The mulberry in the picture looks very successful, with everything appearing to be in working order. Some people even go as far as saying that mulberry harbours were the greatest invention that came out of D-day. In conclusion, I think the D-day landings were very successful for the allies. After all, not only did they breach all of the German defences, they fought a victorious and courageous battle.