Mother

Parenting- the process of raising and nurturing children in a family Caring- the process of looking after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness or disability Biological parents- the parent who has provided the genetic material, either sperm or an ovum, to create a foetus Pregnancy Planned- involves a strategic choice on when to parent. There are physical, emotional and economic impacts that result from this decision Unplanned- may result from poor knowledge about contraception, the fertility cycle or failure with contraception such as a condom tearing IVF and GIFT

In-vitro fertilisation •Occurs outside the body •Drug treatment is used to stimulate the maturation and number of ova •Egg follicles are monitored through ultrasound •Eggs are collected under general anaesthetic •Fresh sperm sample is obtained •Egg and sperm is prepared and cultured, combined and then fertilisation takes place •Following microscopic examination, viable embryos are transferred back into the uterus •Once implanted, pregnancy has occurred •Spare eggs are frozen for the future •Success depends on age, viability of sperm and level of expertise Gamete intra-fallopian transfer Occurs inside female body •Drug treatment is used to stimulate the maturation and number of ova •Egg follicles are monitored via ultrasound •Eggs are collected under local anaesthetic •Eggs are combined with fresh sperm sample •They are returned to the fallopian tubes where fertilisation may occur •Once fertilisation occurs, embryo implants in uterus and pregnancy is monitored •Fertilisation occurs inside the body •Much more successful Social parents- individuals with a parenting responsibility towards a child whom they do not share a genetic relationship with.

Social implications are the positive and negative effects on an individual or group that occurs as a result of an action or choice made either by the individual, themself or by another person or group Legal implications are the positive and negative legal consequences or commitments that occurs as a result of an action or choice made b an individual or group FASS Fostering- an alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are temporarily unable to care for them in their family home Legal implications Children and young persons (care and protection Act) 1998 (NSW) •Any person fostering children who is not related to them msut have a license to foster issued by the Department of Family and Community Services •Foster carers must consult with the DCS about various parenting issues such as type of school the child will attend and faith practices •The foster cannot make medical decisions •The foster parents may be compensated for deliberate damage to child Social implications Carers must encourage contact with the young person’s birth family and accept that he or she will probably return to their birth family •carers and their family may have mixed feelings about this especially if the young person has become part of their family •when allocating foster placements, families are sometimes split up as all children cannot be accommodated and stay together •foster children may been to have multiple placement changes such as schools and new siblings influencing their satisfaction of emotional, social and intellectual needs •30% of foster children have been abused by biological family, affecting how they meet new people as they feel angry and abandoned •problems between biological family and foster child may result in a restraining order by fostering family Adoption- the process by which the legal responsibility of parenting a child is given to a family mother than the than the biological family Legal implications Regulated by the legislation, including Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) and Family Law Act 1975 (cth) •All legal rights and responsibilities are transferred to the adoptive parents •Change in parenting is permanent; birth parents lose all rights to the child. However they may maintain the right of information and contact, if permitted by the Family Court •If the child is older than 12 they must consent the adoption. If the person is from an ATSI background, they must receive counselling about their customs and culture •Step parents must be married or in a de-facto relationship or a child whose lived with them for 2 years •Needs to be assurance from governing bodies such as DOCS that all aspects of the wellbeing of the child can be met Social implications Societies changing attitudes have resulted in fewer adoptions, the use of the contraceptive pill and development of birth technologies •Family relationships change, which can be significant as the child ages •The decision to tell a child they are adopted may be distressing •May cause different emotions for adopted child as they have the right to know their origins •The child must overcome feelings of being rejected by birth parents. May impact on sense of identity and self esteem •No knowledge of child’s medical history which can cause problems in diagnosing illness or most appropriate medical treatment •Family and community acceptance, example if the child looks different to parents the adoptive relationship is apparent •Child should have the opportunity to maintain cultural heritage •Acceptance of adoptive child if parents have biological children Step-parenting- when a man or woman marries or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner who has a child or children from a previous relationship Legal implications A step parent has no legal responsibilities towards the child •A step parent who has acted as a parent to a child for a long time, and is now being divorced from the biological parents, may have visitation rights if a judge decides its in the Childs best interest •In the event of the death of a step-parent the rights of the step child are different from those of a biological child in regard to inheritance, child support and making decisions •If a child is adopted by step-parents, rights to inheritance from biological parent are lost Social implications •Community perception holds that an intact original nuclear family is superior as blended or step may be seen as deficient •There is often a ower struggle between the child/ren and step parent, which may lead to issues for their relationship and the family •Conflict can occur between the children and step parent and between step children from both partners. Primary relationships and responsibilities can become blurred •Old family traditions may be changes. This can be difficult for all •Partners may have different visions of family life and parenting styles that need to be reviewed, discussed and adjusted •Poor relationships with step parents are recognised as a significant factor in causing young people to leave home and decrease in academic performance and self esteem and depression

Surrogacy- an arrangement made between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman who gets pregnant on the couple’s behalf. The child is handed to the couple after delivery Legal implications •It is legally a grey area as it is neither prohibited nor encouraged •Very specific criteria needs to be established for both parties based on an honour agreement that is not legally binding •Payment cannot be made •Adoption process needs to be successfully undertaken •Egg and sperm must be from commissioning couple •Commercial couple must be able to prove medical reasons as to why they can’t biologically conceive and that they’ve been trying to conceive for 3 years with unprotected intercourse, and still cant conceive Social implications The surrogate mother may have an ongoing attachment to the baby after birth •Emotional pain may be experienced by the surrogate mother and her family by giving up the child •If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be disappointment and animosity between parties •Community acceptance may be mixed as surrogacy isn’t a widely accepted practice •Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the social parents economic status •Surrogacy is a long, exhaustive process •Social parents may change their mind, leaving the baby with the surrogate mother whom may not have adequate resources or family support •The woman’s body is not an object, it’s a form of prostitution •It’s unethical and unmoral Carer relationships Carers are people who look after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability.

Carers may be paid or unpaid. Many circumstances may lead to a person requiring care. Some circumstances are planned and may have been anticipated. Example: a planned pregnancy, adoption or fostering, grand parenting, looking after an ageing parent. Unplanned circumstances are unexpected and thus afford a few preparations in the short term such as: a unplanned pregnancy, grand parenting, a health problem such as operation failures, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, AIDS, multiple sclerosis or cancer, an accident, birth abnormalities and unexpected age deterioration. Some of the implications of caring will relate to management of: was there time to prepare or not?

What is the expected financial expenditure>> how will it impact on the satisfaction of needs and overall wellbeing? What will be, and who will take on, the roles and responsibilities associated with caring? Voluntary They are unpaid. They are usually family members such as parents, partners, brothers, sisters, friends or children. They provide care and support to children or adults who have disability, mental health problems, chronic condition or a temporary illness. Some are eligible for government benefits, while others are employed in their usual job and undertake caring responsibilities after work and on weekends. The burden of caring can affect the satisfaction on physical, intellectual, social and emotional needs. Paid

They take on the role of caring as a form of employment and therefore receive financial payment. Type of paid carerDescription Family day careProvides home-based care up to five children in a family setting Nanny Provides home-based care to children in their family home Doctor Provides medical advice, treatment and assistance to those in care Foster carerIs licensed to provide care in their own family home Teacher Has a duty of care and primarily encourages learning skills, knowledge and behaviours; plays a valuable tole in socialisation Nurse Provides medical assistance in community centres, homes, hospitals and nursing homes Palliative carerProvides assistance to people who are terminally ill, as well as support to family members

That is the question I am going to answer in the following essay. We will be looking at two persons who gave there opinion about the principal of population growth and their solutions. One called, Robert Malthus, the other person called Ester Boserup. They both differ a lot of each other in opinion. Boserup was more optimistic about it, although on the other hand Malthus was very sceptic and pessimistic. I will include their arguments and their way of looking at population growth later on, combined with my own view. Several facts are concurring about population growth. When the world would collapse of its own infirmity, it will be due different factors. One of them will be due global warming. This is also one of the arguments of Malthus which influences his credo1.

Population growth is a very important issue for geographers now a day. These geographers are certainly divided into 2 groups. One group focuses more on the Malthusian-way of thinking and the other support Ester Boserups her ideas, which are more optimistic. Worries about population growth are not new. About 200 years ago, Malthus published a essay called; The Principal of Population Growth. His main arguments in this essay were about the geometrically grow of population, while the resources available to support it tend to grow arithmetically. He presented his theory in response to optimists who thought that mankind can master environment bottomless.

They verified this idea with some new cures such as DDT which eliminates misquotes born with malaria, anti-biotics. During the same period, the “Green Revolution” greatly boosted food output through the cultivation of new disease-resistant rice and other food crops, and the use of fertilizers and more effective farming methods. These changes have contributed to a dramatic increase in human population growth rates2.

Global Warming is causing a big impact on population growth. The carbon dioxide is sacrificing the earths nature causing a enormous impact on water altitude. Increasing water altitude causes the sea level to rise. This will finally result in floods of areas were people life. Due this fact, people will have to move because otherwise they risk another deluge. Because of this process it will contribute to the fact that the earths living surface can decrease. As more people are settling on earth then people leaving it will result that there isn’t enough space for such an amount of inhabitants.

If you look at the facts of Population Growth, it will tell you that, every minute there are 5 babies born. This means that every year 87 million people are added to the world. In 1999 the World Watchers institute said that population growth is slowing down due the fact of rising Death Rates. They estimated a 8,9 billion people on the world instead of the predicted 9,4 billion. Two-thirds of this drop is because of falling birth rates, but one-third is due rising death rates. Three factors are pushing the death rates up, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent3:

the HIV epidemic

the depletion of aquifers

shrinking cropland area per person.

We analyze the worlds carrying capacity with Net Primary Productivity. It represents the total food resource on earth. It has been calculated that we are using 40% of the terrestrial food supply. This leaves 60% left on earth, theoreticly human population would therefore be 2.5x the current level that is 2.5×5.9 = 15 billion, a number that will be reached within the next century if present trends continue4.

Overall, the answer would be No to the question we asked earlier. Mother earth cannot sustain continuing population growth. Scientist keep making solutions to provide human better health care, but when you look at it, medicine cure people, which influences Mortality rate obviously. So on the other hand it speaks against itself. Population growth is increasing last few years as it never did before and it is going to move on. As there are coming more inhabitants, there won’t be enough space one day, to grow crops and shelters at the same time. Global warming is causing the world the heat up, increasing sea level and destroy rainforest (one of our big food resources on earth)

Historical Milleu of the development of the bioethical issue

The reproductive revolution is upon us. The past half-century has seen the development of reproductive technologies previous generations could not even imagine. The term reproductive technology refers to various medical procedures that are designed to alleviate infertility, or the inability of a couple to produce a child of their own.

These include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (or “test-tube” babies), and surrogate motherhood. These technologies have radically expanded human control over the biological process, and have been designed both to prevent and to achieve successful pregnancy. When successful, these technologies are for couples who have often spent years trying to have a child, and who have exhausted all other avenues for conceiving a child of their own.

We are so often amazed how science and medicine have brought human reproduction to new heights. It is not uncommon for us to hear news about a mother giving birth to multiple babies, national geographic and discovery channels showing the process of human reproduction in a laboratory, and the likes, that leave us in awe “Nakakabilib, and galing naman” is what we often say. But should we accept these technologies as it is. What we often see is already the end of a means. Have we dared assessing the morality of such means?

While this new reproductive technologies give great hope to infertile couples and make many new reproductive arrangements possible, they also raise many difficult and complex moral issues and questions. What is the morality of these procedures? What does it mean to separate conception from the act of sexual union? To whom should these technologies be made available? What is the moral status of the fertilized embryos? Those who dismiss these questions as irrelevant or inconsequential show disrespect for human dignity and human life. B. Presentation of the bioethical issue and other related ideas/ issue

Definition and Types of Artificial Insemination

• Artificial Insemination – refers to an assisted method of reproduction in which a man’s semen is deposited into the woman’s reproductive tract through the use of instruments to bring about conception unattained or unattainable by natural fertile intercourse. Two basic types of A. I.
• Homologous insemination/ AIH – semen is obtained from the husband a. 2 methods employed:
• Homologous artificial insemination – a technique used to facilitate human conception through the transfer into a woman’s vagina of the sperm previously extracted from her husband ii.
• Homologous in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer(ET) – a technique used to facilitate human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells (sperm and ovum) of couple followed by transfer of the newly conceived embryo into the wife’s uterus for gestation.

Justification for AIH

• Husband’s impotence
• Anatomical defects of husband’s urethra
• Oligospermia – deficient sperm count

Some types of spinal injury, and certain physical and psychological problems that hinder normal intercourse.

Husbands with previous vasectomy for contraceptive purposes who decides to have a child using his stored semen

Physiological obstruction in the genital apparatus in virtue of which sperm cannot the ovum in the oviduct

• Heterologous Insemination /AID –a technique in which the semen is acquired from a donor other than the husband
• Heterologous artificial insemination – obtain human conception through the transfer into the genital tracts of the wife of a sperm previously extracted from a donor other than the husband. ii.
• Heterologous IVF and ET – a technique used to obtain human conception through in vitro fertilization of the generative cells (sperm and ovum) taken from at least one donor other that the two spouses in marriage

Justification for AID

1. Husband is sterile
2. Husband carrier of a hereditary disease
3. Wife’s oocytes are defective or also a carrier of a hereditary dse.

The Issues

1. Is it morally permissible to procreate outside marriage?
2. Is it morally permissible to separate conception from the act of sexual union?
3. Is it morally permissible to allow fertilization outside the womb?
4. Is it morally permissible to allow a couple to use AI as justification for childlessness?

Application of Ethical Theories

Pro-ideas regarding Artificial Insemination Situational Ethics (Fletcher 1954) endorses AI as “our right to overcome childlessness. Marital Fidelity is more than a legal requirement or a sexual monopoly. It is rather a personal agreement nourished by love for each other which is fulfilled in ensuring that a child born into this world by whatever means. Under Utilitarianism, AIH and AID may promote more good than harm, more happiness than unhappiness, more pleasure than pain for a childless couple.

The eugenic justification of AIH (i. e. to prevent the birth of potentially defective child, thus improving the human race) is in conjunction with the principle of greatest happiness for the greatest number. To minimize suffering instead of aggravating it seems to be the rationale in AIH. For a moral pragmatist, AI is the most practical, beneficial, and useful technique to be undertaken by spouses who are beset with the problems of impotence, hereditary disorders, defective genes, and anatomical defects. The decision however must be optional and volitional. What is practical and workable to one individual may not be the case to another.

Its practicality must be gauged on a case –to – case basis. b. Anti- ideas regarding Artificial Insemination According to Natural law Ethics, artificial insemination, whether it is within the bounds of marriage or not, is considered immoral. AI is immoral within marriage. More so, if when it is done outside marriage. Worst is when AI is done by a donor. Natural ethicians consider AI to be immoral, insofar as the AI child is not the fruit of the conjugal act as an expression of personal love. Fertilization is more than a mere union of to germs, the sperm and egg, which can be brought about artificially.

And that the conjugal act which is planned and willed by nature needs a personal cooperation of both spouses who are joined together in marriage. In marriage, AI by a donor is substantially an adulterous procedure. The element of adultery technically resides in the use and placement of semen into the body of a woman from a man who is not her lawfully wedded husband. This procedure is detrimental to the unitive property of marriage. Only marriage partners have mutual rights over their bodies for the procreation of a new life, and these rights are exclusive, non-transferable and inalienable.

Moreover, the husband has neither a moral nor a legal right to give anyone permission to inseminate his wife. Nature imposes on whoever gives life to an infant the task of its preservation and education. Impotency and sterility are also not excusable reasons for the moral justification of artificial insemination. Morally, no amount of good intention and surrounding circumstance however great can make an objectively evil act good. The end does not justify the means.

Personal Critique on Artificial Insemination

The Church’s teachings are reflected in my stand on this bioethical issue of Human Artificial Insemination.

While you may say that choosing it is a convenient way for me to justify my stand, because we know that using these teachings silence many of other reasons. On the contrary, I used this as my guide in deciding on difficult moral issues because I believe that these teachings truly demonstrate great reverence for life. Procreation must be within the bounds of marriage. And procreation is the fruit of a conjugal act which is an act of love in which two people are united “in one flesh. ” It is from this act which expresses it that human procreation is meant to result.

This is God’s design for human procreation. Marital love is essential to human procreation and thus they are inseparable. It is not just an act by which two life germs are united. In artificial insemination procreation is separated from this conjugal act and thus it what makes A. I. morally not permissible even within marriage. Separating human procreation from conjugal love and reducing it to the union of two germ cells also depersonalizes and dehumanizes it. Artificial insemination by a donor is more immoral than homologous insemination.

So-called donor insemination was not considered morally acceptable since it involved an invasion of the marriage bond. Techniques that use eggs or sperm from someone outside the married couple are unacceptable as they do not respect the marriage bond and also deny the child the right to be born of a mother and father known to him. Impotency and sterility are also not excusable reasons for the moral justification of artificial insemination. Morally, no amount of good intention and surrounding circumstance however great can make an objectively evil act good.

The end does not justify the means. The desire for a child — a completely legitimate desire of the married people — does not prove that artificial insemination is legitimate because it would satisfy such a desire . A defect of nature may be corrected. But, if the defect is beyond the possibility of correction as it is irreversible, nothing can be done but to just leave it to its own course. Spouses who find themselves in this situation must not forget that even when procreation is not possible, conjugal life does not for this reason lose its value.

It can be the occasion for other important services to the life of people, for example adoption, various forms of educational work, and assistance to other families and to poor handicapped children. During the process of in vitro fertilization, because of a great number of failures, women seeking pregnancy by this means receive multiple embryos to ensure its occurrence. Some of these embryos maybe found weaker or with defects are discarded or simply aborted in a process called pregnancy reduction. Such process is plain and simple abortion and therefore has no regard whatsoever on the importance of life.

Hence this is definitely morally unacceptable. To summarize, Artificial Insemination is immoral on the following grounds:

1. Arbitrary exclusion of the Marital Act from Procreation – the naturally devised means of transmitting life is no other than the marital act. Now, by AI, the said act is deliberately excluded from procreation and replaced with a medical means ,that is, the insertion of a thin and soft catheter containing sperm into the wife’s reproductive tract – a procedure enormously contrary to nature.
2. Usurpation of God’s Creative power of Authorship over Life – by its very procedure AI usurps God’s authorship over life through the employment of artificially concocted means other than His designed way of transmitting life. It is also an expression of man’s abusive and manipulative act of going beyond the border of his power of stewardship by , more or less, assuming that which exclusively belongs to God – the power of authorship over life.
3. Against Human Dignity – the claim of a right to the baby’s life implies that the child is an object to own and to possess which reduces him/her to a mere biological property over which one has right thereby violating his/her human dignity, value, and worth.

Summary and Conclusion

I have nothing against the advances in reproductive technology. Technologies can actually assist nature, or even supply for the deficiencies of nature, and when used for these purposes, they can be commendable rather than objectionable. It is not because technologies are artificial that they are condemned. It is only when they go contrary to moral requirements.

In examining technologies for their morality, our interest is not whether they are natural or artificial, but whether they are in violation of God’s design for procreation. The Church recognizes the legitimacy of the desire for a child and understands the suffering of couples struggling with problems of fertility. Such a desire, however, should not override the dignity of every human life to the point of absolute supremacy. The desire for a child cannot justify the “production” of offspring, just as the desire not to have a child cannot justify the abandonment or destruction of a child once he or she has been conceived. A child is not something owed to one, but is a gift” (No. 2378). It is not a mere piece of property, and, likewise, there is no “right to a child. ” Points that provide a useful orientation in the midst of constant scientific developments. In these cases, there need be no intention of intrauterine monitoring (although there could be) with a view of abortion should the child conceived suffer from any abnormality. Nor need there be, in these cases, the use of immoral means (masturbation) to obtain the husband’s sperm, since it can be retrieved in morally acceptable ways.

In these cases there is, apparently, only the intent to help a couple, despite their physical incapacity (either by reason of the husband’s low sperm production or the wife’s blocked Fallopian tubes) to have a child with whom they ardently desire to share life and to whom they are willing to give a home. Do not such couples have a “right” to have a child of their own? Why, many people reasonably ask, is it morally bad–indeed a sin, an offense against God Himself – to make use of artificial insemination by the husband and homologous in vitro fertilization in such cases?

Is not the Church’s position here too rigid, too insensitive to the agonizing plight of involuntarily childless couples who are seeking, by making good use of modern technologies, to realize one of the goods of marriage? Do not married couples in this situation have a right to make use of these methods so that they can have a child of their own? It is definitely true that married men and women have rights (and responsibilities) that nonmarried men and women do not have.

They have the right, first of all, to engage in the marital act, that is not simple a genital act between two persons who happen to be married but is an act of interpersonal communion in which they give themselves to one another as husband and wife. In direct contrast to genital sex between an unmarried man and woman which merely joins two individuals who are in principle replaceable, substitutable, disposable, the marital act unites two persons who have made one another absolutely irreplaceable and nonsubstitutable by giving themselves to one another in marriage.

In addition, husbands and wives, by giving themselves to one another in marriage, have capacitated themselves, as St. Augustine put it, “to receive life lovingly, to nourish it humanely, and to educate it religiously,” i. e. , in the love and service of God. Unmarried men and women to the contrary have not so capacitated themselves. God, in short, wills that human life be given in the marital embrace of husbands and wives not through the random copulation of fornicators and adulterers. Husbands and wives, thus, have a “right” to the marital act and to care for life conceived through this act, but they do not have a “right” to a child. A child is not a thing to which husbands and wives have a right. It is not a product that, by its nature, is necessarily inferior to its producers, rather a child, like its parents. And this is the moral problem with the laboratory generation of human life, including artificial insemination by the husband and the “simple case” of in vitro fertilization.

Logan Rogers ENG 102 Childless Women; Victims At Their Jobs? In today’s economy there are many women beginning to enter the workforce; mothers and childless women both. However, are childless women victimized in the workplace? Often times working mothers have to work half days or leave the workplace suddenly to go care for their children. Childless women tend to feel that working mothers are given priority to requested time off.

The result of these aspects are childless women feeling that they have to take on more hours, denied personal and vacation time, resented by working mothers, and not offered special benefits that working mothers receive. When one commits to a full time job, he or she only plans to be working an average of forty hours per week. However, that is not always the case with childless women in the workplace. Studies show that childless women are working more hours on average than working mothers.

They feel that extra work is often put on their shoulders, a consequence of working mothers having to leave the workplace due to time conflicts with their children. A situation where this is a problem is when working on a group project. Every member of the team is given their own responsibilities and if a working mother has to leave because of her child, the rest of the team is burdened with her tasks.

Kristen Bossert, a graphic designer who is sick of feeling like a second-class employee, states, “I’m the one who always gets stuck at work,” she says, “If you have no kids, you have no excuses. ” (Backaitis) Many childless women feel that workplaces are less strict on working mothers because they have to balance between work and family. In an article by Wendy Williams, she presents statistics that show females without children work an average of more hours per week: “As can be seen, for each child a female professor has, she works slightly less at her academic job each week.

A female professor with 3 children works…2. 5 hours less than her childless female colleagues” (Williams) Therefore childless women feel that working mothers get special treatment in the workplace because childless women have to take on extra work and more hours when mothers must leave to take care of their children. On top of taking on extra hours, working childless women often feel that they are deprived of personal and vacation time to which they are entitled.

When asked about the subject, Lori Hanes, a working mother of two children, said “ In my workplace, childless women continuously complain that working mothers get priority to vacation time due to wanting to spend time with their children. ” The following situation shows that working women get precedence over childless women: When she asked her manager if she could leave early to go to a doctor’s appointment, Diana Antholis expected to get an unequivocal yes.

After all, her co-workers were always coming in late or taking off ahead of schedule because their kids needed to , didn’t feel well at day care, were in a performance at school and so on. So when the boss gave her a hard time and suggested that her medical appointments be scheduled for her “own time,” the media-agency associate almost lost it. First she thought of asking when her “own time” was, given that she typically put in more than 12 hours a day. And, second, she wanted to know why the mothers she worked with were getting time off for the asking. (Backaitis) It may not be fair but that does not mean it is not widespread. As the workplace has become more family-friendly over the years, there has been an unintended consequence: complaints from childless women that they are second priority to those who have chosen to have a family. Some childless workers complain that their lives outside of work seem to be irrelevant to both their coworkers and their employers. Childless workers’ completion of a triathlon, participation in a community chorus, or volunteerism do not merit the same informal celebration as little Johnny’s first Little League hit.

The Center for Talent Innovation performed a study that shows that 46 percent of childless women say that their outside commitments are perceived as less important at work than that of working mothers’. Sylvia Ann Hewlett, president of the Center for Talent Innovations, states this: “Not only are [working women without children] denied easy access to flexibility, but they’re made to feel like their lives aren’t significant and they get very little recognition of their non-work activities. (Hewlett) Childless women feel that working mothers often get priority to requested time off over them and that their achievements outside of work are not important. Supreme Court Justice, Sonia Sotomayor, Homeland Security Secretary, Janet Napolitano, and former Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, are all highly respected, successful women. They are all also childless women. Greater success may be one reason for the resentment that childless women feel working mothers have towards them. Studies show that childless women are more successful professionally than working mothers.

Childless women also report feeling constantly judged by working mothers because they do not have children. Findings show that 25% of professional women without children feel that working mothers refer to them as hardened career women for not being mothers. Childless women also feel envy from working mothers due to the significant amount of less stress that they have to deal with because they are not balancing a full time job and a family. Another reason for this resentment is the disparity in wages between working mothers and childless workers.

Kelly Hagen stated in her article, that “Mothers are 44 percent less likely to be hired than women without children, and they are paid $11,000 less, according to a 2005 study from Cornell University. ” (Hagen) Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, Executive Director of MomsRising. org in an interview with “Good Morning America. ” stated that, “Women without children make ninety cents to a man’s dollar, while women with children make only seventy three cents to a man’s dollar”. Less stress, greater success, and more pay are all reasons that are causing resentment of childless women by working mothers.

Many companies offer an array of benefits for their full time employees. However, many of these benefits favor soley working mothers rather than all women in the workplace. For example, companies give working mothers benefits that go beyond their essential needs. These include maternity leave and phase-back programs, programs that allow working mothers to work part-time for full-time pay after childbirth. Many companies also offer working mothers what are called family days. These paid days off are designated for use if a child is sick or has some kind of appointment.

Therefore, childless women have less availabe paid time off than working mothers. New mothers must lactate three or more times per day. Several companies are now giving these new mothers designated times throughout the day to take care of this issue and special rooms are being put in place for this reason only. This special care is resulting in three more breaks during the day for new moms, not childless women. Childless women are never granted such generous benefits like these, making the benefits between them and working mothers unequal. Working women who have chosen not to have children often feel victimized in the workplace.

Statistics show that they work significantly more hours on average than working mothers and that working mothers resent their greater amount of success. Childless women also feel that working mothers have priority to paid time off and company benefits. The consequence of all of this is growing tension between childless women and mothers in the workplace. Work Cited: Hagen, Kelly. “Childless Women Succeed More. ” ABC news. N. p. , 22 Aug 2012. Web. 8 May 2012. <http://abcnews. go. com/GMA/JobClub/study-shows-childless-women-succeed-mothers-worplace/story? id=11448102 2012. Web. 8 May 2012. <http://www. ypost. com/p/news/business/jobs/mommy_and_me_FXFHi8ikTY2FHG8xEimnSJ Hanes, Lori. Personal Interview. 5/3/2012. Williams, Wendy. “Teacher-Facilitator materials for Cornell Institute for Women in Science video series, Defining the Problem. ” www. human. cornell. edu. N. p. , n. d. Web. 6 May 2012. <http://www. human. cornell. edu/hd/upload/CIWS-video-Defining-the-Problem. pdf>. Lepore, Meredith. “The Woman With Kids In Your Office Does Resent You. ” The Grindstone. N. p. , 18 Jan 2011. Web. 8 May 2012. <http://thegrindstone. com/mentor/the-woman-with-kids-in-your-office-does-resent-you-190/>.

One Door Closes, as another Door Opens Growing up in San Diego, California in a full blooded Portuguese family, complete with the grandparents from the old country and the western more contemporary parents was a very colorful upbringing. My grandmother and mother had many old wives sayings and tales that were the foundation of they way the reacted to life. Although raised in the fear and guilt that is known as the Catholic religion, my mother always reminded me that even when something bad happens, something good will come of it. Now in my Christian life, our Pastor Aaron refers to it as “When one door closes, another will open in its place”.

In this reflective paper I will describe how my life experiences, some which were tragic and traumatic and closed that chapter in my life, many times a new door opened, usually with a more positive outcome. Child molestation, becoming a widow at 26 years of age, and alcoholism are just a few of the obstacles I endured in my life. I will explain how some wonderful experiences evolved from these obstacles. I was raised in family of four daughters. I was the second youngest and considered the middle child. My two older sisters were seven and eight years older than me.

My mother use to say it was like raising two daughters, two at a time. By the time my older sisters married and moved out, my younger sister and I were just starting adolescence. My siblings and I cohabitated in one small bedroom with two sets of bunk beds in our small two bedroom home. My father was a hard working painting contractor and my mother was a stay at home housewife. My father drank everyday, and my mother spent her days meticulously cleaning our home. My childhood memories were full of large family get togethers with aunts and uncles and all the cousins, grandparents and other Portuguese friends.

The women would cook cultural cuisine and the men would play cards, gather around and play musical instruments like the guitar, mandolin, and drums. My father played the spoons and bones that were carved from ivory. My father was the comedian, center of attention, and the guy who would put the lamp shade on his head after a few beers. I have shared that personality trait with him since I was very young. My sisters and I would sing and dance for the large gatherings. As a young girl, maybe eight years old, I remember reading a National Geographic Magazine article about Oregon.

I told my mother I was going to live there some day. The tall trees and the mountains of green versus the San Diego hills of houses piled on top of one another, was very pleasing to me. Even at that young age, Hollands’ personality theory of career satisfaction (Witt and Mossler, 2010) was apparent. My need for self expression came out through drawing pictures of those beautiful mountains and sharing them with my friends and family. I was already leaning towards the artistic and social aspects of his theory. When I was around 11 years old a neighbor who was in his forties sexually molested me.

His wife could not have children, so they would invite me and my younger sister for sleep overs. She had no clue the molestation was happening. She was always so sweet and caring to us. I was so terrified to go over there any more that I started making excuses. Having to give up my interaction with her is my first memory of a door closing. I started to become rebellious as the anger and resentment ate me up inside. Alcohol became my escape at the early age of 12. I would sneak vodka from my dad’s liquor cabinet, and take it to middle school to put in my lemonade at lunch. My world was closing in all around me.

It was in 8th grade that I had an art class that opened another door to me. I would engulf myself in that class everyday and work hard on projects at home. I had found a release for the anger, and a way to channel it into something positive. I was modifying my behavior without realizing it. Art became a prevalent part of my life. I would write poetry which was my form of a journal and I would draw for hours on end. It was in high school where I met my first love. I had run away from home after an argument with my parents and stayed at a friend of my younger sister’s house.

His parents were understanding and let me stay there for a week. My parents knew where I was at, and they probably welcomed the break from me, as much as I did from them. I fell head over heels for him. The closeness and love was so wonderful. I had not been that happy since I was a little girl. We stayed together for two wonderful years. I began to trust again which opened another door that was once closed. I graduated high school with a 4. 0 GPA and wanted to join the military. That dream would change when I met my first husband. Mac and I met at a co op softball game that some friends took me too.

He was muscular and athletic. We flirted a bit. I started to have those warm fuzzy feelings again. We moved in together after dating for 6 months. My parents were furious, but I was an adult. He had been to Oregon for a summer and I was fascinated with his stories. That same year we loaded up the Volkswagen bug and headed to Oregon. Mac wanted to be a fisherman so we moved to Newport. We gave birth to our daughter April in 1976 and my son Smokey in 1977. Life was hard but we managed to get by. In 1980, Mac had decided he wanted to go to Alaska for a season because the money was much better up there.

He left in May of that year, came back to see me and the kids for my birthday in June and headed back up in August. That was the last I saw of him. He drowned on Labor Day weekend, 2 days before April was to start Kindergarten. Smokey was 4 years old. Needless to say, the children and I were devastated. How were we going to live and how on earth was a 26 year old mother of two going to survive? I moved inland to the Willamette Valley and started our new life. It was then that my career in the food and beverage industry came into play.

I had worked a few waitress and bartending jobs part time, but now I had to make all the income to support us. Mac hadn’t paid much into Social Security so that check was more like a stipend than enough to live on. I worked and worked sometimes 2 and even 3 jobs to get by. I finally got a great fulltime, good paying job at the Red Lion Inn as a pantry chef. This door helped to strengthen my artistic and social characteristics even more. Creating beautiful food was an art form and the plate was my canvas. All the colors and placement of the final product was very satisfying.

Having a network of co workers really enhanced my social life. I was moving on and becoming the person I wanted to be….. happy. My children were now in high school and growing into their own wonderful beings. I also worked 2 nights a week as the Karaoke hostess at the Inn. That job was a great outlet for my self expression and social life. I gained the courage to audition for a local band and became the lead singer and keyboard player. Another door opens. Both of my children graduated and moved on. My daughter went on to Oregon State University and my son went to work installing home and auto audio systems.

I moved back to the coast because my younger sister, who had since moved to Oregon, was going through a rough time. Her husband was losing his battle with cancer. He died later that year. It was while living in Waldport, Oregon, that I posted an ad in the matchmaker section of a local newspaper. I was lonely. It was there that I met my last husband. We dated for a while and life seemed pretty good. We ended moving in together where he owned a home in Lebanon. So back to the Valley I went. I obtained a job as a teacher’s aide working in the title one program with elementary school students.

I also coached the high school cheerleading squad. Life was going well…or so I thought. My husband became very controlling and pressured me into getting a better paying job. He had a great job and money was never an issue, but he was extremely materialistic. He convinced me that I should become a Realtor, so I took the course, received my license and sold real estate for 8 years. The verbal and now physical abuse had escalated. I finally packed my bags, filed for divorce and moved out. That door slammed shut! By now I had become pretty numb to bad things happening in my life which I had little or no control over.

Once again alcohol reared its ugly head in my life. This went on for about a year when I finally decided I had had enough. I started writing my thoughts again and decided I am going back to school. I was 52 years old. I enrolled at a local community college and focused on academics for the first term. Then I signed up for a couple of art classes and that became the door that opened up my life so dramatically and positively. My creative juices were flowing again. I had my self- confidence back, and I was expressing my artistic and social self again.

I entered several of my works in art shows and won a few awards. I felt like I was back on top. I believe that even though I had some terrible life experiences that I will never forget, they all opened up doors for me to grow and become the woman I knew God had created me to be. “Divorce often leaves emotional scars that last a long time. Both men and women usually experience emotional challenges after divorce, including loneliness, lower self-esteem, worry about the future, difficulty forming new relationships, fear of failure in new relationships and depression (Amato, 2006).

I can honestly say I have experienced all the above mentioned, but I am learning to cope effectively and the impact has lessened for me. My goals for my future are emphasizing the importance of an education to my grandchildren, accomplishing and receiving my Bachelors in Fine Arts with the focus on Early Childhood Education and using what I have learned to teach art to children and to volunteer teaching art to senior citizens.

I feel with my artistic and social personality characteristics as explained by Holland’s theory, (Witt and Mossler, 2010) that I will have the opportunity to make a difference in the lives of children. Art and the expression of art have saved my life…numerous times. Another door that has opened for me is very exciting. I have reconnected with my first love from high school on face book. He still lives in California and we talk and text everyday on the phone. He will be visiting me soon. We have rekindled our love and I truly believe that we are going to be together again.

With all I have learned from my past relationships I feel this will be the best ever! “Relationship history is not your relationship future (David Niven Ph. D). Your Relationship future is not limited by your experiences of the past or by your disappointments of the past. You can learn from your experiences and avoid mistakes of the past. ” In conclusion, I have learned a great deal about myself through my life experiences. I know that I am a strong, resilient individual.

I have had numerous negative circumstances happen in my life, several of which were beyond my control. I did manage to survive them all, and grew from this multitude of trials and tribulations. Wisdom has prevailed and blessed my soul and heart. I embrace the adventures that lie ahead. “When one door of happiness closes, another opens: (Helen Keller); but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us. ” I have learned to move forward through the open door and to welcome all that it has to offer.

Day care clearly has a significant impact on the health of young children. How many hours children spend in day care before they go to kindergarten plays a major role in how they develop later. According to thoughtful social scientists, “in teachers’ reports of kindergärtners social behavior, the effect of hours spent in day care is greater than the effect of the quality of parenting, and comparable to the impact of poverty’ (Jennet Jacob Erickson ). From personal observation, the negative effect of too much time spent away from the mothers is regrettably apparent, and even obvious.

Unfortunately, oftentimes the mothers themselves do not recognize the negative effects of separation between mother and child. A low level of maternal sensitivity, paired with more time spent in day care, and/or a lower quality of day care, will cause undesirable results. Children will tend to feel more insecure and less attached to their mothers. Children need a significant amount of one-on- one time with their mothers in order to create a stable foundation for growth. If little children are deprived of that essential time, it is sure to show later in some way.

Throughout the US and around the world, more and more mothers are starting careers. Therefore, more children are going to day care. In 201 0, one in four children with a working mother went to day care. These rates are increasing. Even though most people in the modern world would agree that it is admirable that so many women are becoming independent, it is unavoidable that there are consequences for the family. For children, more time in day care during early childhood results in a lowered social ability to be competent and cooperative with others, more problem behaviors, negative ND even depressed moods, as well as aggression and conflict.

It is troubling to think that many young children are suffering unnecessarily. Regrettably, the role of stay-at-home-mom is becoming less and less desired as the world takes on a more prominent feminist view. Although it is understandable that some mothers are working to put food on the table, there are plenty who are simply trying to climb the corporate ladder. The neglected children Of these mothers are unfortunately often left wondering if they are as important to the mothers as the job. Mothers need to exhibit sensitivity throughout childhood.

Many can agree it is the best way to ensure a healthy social-emotional development. It is proven that “children whose mothers exhibit low levels of sensitivity and who are in child care more than ten hours a week or in lower quality childcare are more likely to experience attachment insecurity’ (Jennet Jacob Erickson). Attachment insecurity can lead to negative behavior outcomes. It is likely that neglect from mothers can even slow development. Research shows that “children who experienced more hours of child care had significantly fewer social skills ND poorer work habits in the third grade” Genet Jacob Erickson).

Preteens with extensive child care backgrounds continued to show similar results. What many mothers fail to realize is that the stability and quality of the where they are sending their children does not make up for the lost positive mother- child interactions. Whether an individual chooses motherhood or not, she must understand the importance of adapting to the role. To take on the responsibility of becoming a mother, she must understand that this is not a role that can be done carelessly in any way.

The absence of quality mother- child time can result in bad behavior later, particularly in adolescent-teenage years. Children tend to have better social-emotional development when they have a healthy attachment to their mothers. It is proven that “at age 15, children who had experienced more non-relative (non-family) child care reported more risk-taking behaviors and impulsively, including using alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs; behaving in ways that threatened safety; and not being able to control impulses appropriately’ (Jennet Jacob Erickson).

Clearly, children who do not have enough sufficient one-on-one time with their mothers are the ones who grow up to be “misguided teens. ” Of course, this is not the only factor and not the only answer to every situation. But, statistics imply that many cases could be cured simply with some tender love and care. With an answer as straightforward as this, it is discouraging that many insensitive and uninvolved mothers are still left wondering later why their child has developed behavioral issues. Many could argue the fact that the ever-growing day care business across the country is a growing issue.

Introduction

Our society today is focusing on a very problem regarding early motherhood. The primary cause of early motherhood is premarital sex. Sexual intercourse nowadays is very common and an open topic between lovers, friends, parents and their children especially in the third world countries such as the US and UK, and also in school. Parents are the ones who would advise their children not to engage in premarital sex as much as possible but if ever it’s an open subject to them, they should advise their children not to forget their condoms or even have their Depovella injection.

Our country, Philippines, is not considered a first-world country but since we are westernized, this topic has been open to us. Teenagers and young adults who are not married are already engaging in premarital sex thus becoming young mothers. Premarital sex is not just the one involve here but also the different vices that women are engaged in. different vices such as drinking alcohol and taking drugs will also lead to early motherhood. Many factors are involved in becoming young mothers. These factors may push an adolescent or teenagers to engage in premarital sex and become pregnant.

Being pregnant at an early age has different risks. It’s not just the mother that is at risk but also the baby inside the womb. And after giving birth, women at early age still do not know the responsibilities of being a mother in order for the baby to live happily and healthy. Background of the Study Most women today are engaging in pre-marital sex and some of them do not know much on how to protect them from getting pregnant. It’s really sad that when young women are already pregnant, their primary option is to abort the baby inside them.

I my opinion, you can’t correct a mistake by committing another mistake. Getting pregnant at an early age is not the baby’s fault; it’s the one making or engaging on pre-marital sex who are to be blamed. Abortion is not just a sin to us humans but most of all to God. Statistics show that a report by Save the Children found that, annually, 13 million children are born to women under age 20 worldwide. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2. 9 per 1000 in South Korea. Fertility rates in South Asia ange from 71 to 119 births per 1000 women aged 15–19. 30% of all Indian induced abortions are performed on women who are under 20.

In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. The 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) reveal that 3. million of our teenagers got pregnant. In 92 percent of these teens, the pregnancy was unplanned, and the majority, 78 percent, did not even use contraceptives the first time they had sex. Many of the youth are clueless that even on a single intercourse, they could get pregnant. Being a mother at an early age is a very difficult part to handle because at this point most likely they are not yet finished in their studies and having not graduated from college is very difficult to find noble jobs to sustain a family or the baby’s needs.

Even if you have a partner, the father of the child is helping; it still doesn’t change the fact that the nether has the responsibility of taking care of the baby. In this study, we shall discuss the different impacts of being a mother at an early age in relation to their behavioral processes. We shall discuss how early motherhood affects their five (5) aspects: physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially. We shall also discuss the factors that pushed teenagers and young adults to engage in pre-marital sex. A thorough study, research and interview will be done. Statement of the Problem

The prime objective the study is to know how the behavioral processes of women are affected by early motherhood. Null Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between women engaged in premarital sex and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women engaged in different vices and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between women with family problems and their experience as early mothers. There is no significant relationship between different forms of media and women experiencing early motherhood.

Significance of the Study

To the young women This study will enable them to understand the importance of being a mother if they are still young. If they would really absorb the findings of this research paper, they will be more careful in handling themselves in relation to premarital sex. If they are mothers already, their knowledge about handling and understanding their baby’s needs will be broadened. To the Parents This study will enable them to be more alert and responsible in educating their children towards sex.

Parents would learn something from the findings the importance of teaching their children the responsibility of being a mother to their baby. To the Government From this study, they will be encouraged to plan and organize programs for the benefit of the teenagers of today to be more careful in having an intimate relationship towards the opposite sex. They should also do something about the problems on widespread porno websites that even an eight year old kid who knows how to operate the computer can access.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research focused on the behavioral processes and factors of women experiencing early motherhood. This study includes a number of fifteen (15) young women, their age ranging from 16 to 25 years old, residing near us and they are even our friends. Questionnaires were given for them to answer.

Definition of Terms

• Mother – a female parent; especially, one of human race; a woman who has given birth to a child.
• Motherhood – the state of being a mother; the qualities of a mother; the kinship relationship between an offspring and the mother.
• Behavior – manner of acting or conducting yourself; the aggregate of the response or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation.
• Process – the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents; a series of actions, motions, or occurrences.
• Behavioral Processes – the manner of acting or conducting yourself towards a series of actions, motions, or occurrences.

Related Literature

Buergo, Ramon H. “Teenage Pregnancy”. Healthbeat. The official Publication of the DOH. Issue #53. March-June 2009.

This article talks about the reasons and repercussions of being pregnant at an early age, that a lot of young people today have children of their own and the Philippines is not far from this situation. Globally, there are 1. 2 billion youth today. In the Philippines, the total population is 88. 7 million, of which, 27. 3 million (31%) belongs to the 15-24 year old population. By age 17, a total of 7% of young women have been pregnant; by age 18, 11. 9% have been pregnant; and by age 19, 23. 5% have been pregnant. Majority of these pregnancies are out of wedlock and teenage pregnancy is higher among young girls with premarital sex experience.

Imagine how sad to know the percentage of these young women in the Philippines is in this situation. Many reasons are involved in this kind of situation. These reasons are of women living away from home, smoking, drinking and using drugs. These risky behaviors may put many young women at risk of teenage pregnancy and thus become early mothers. Many young women got pregnant even for the first time women engaging in sex because they do not know about contraception and they do not know the fertile period of their menstrual cycle. The consequences of what they are doing are still unknown by them.

These consequences involve the risk for malnutrition, risk for inadequate prenatal care, and risk for fetal deaths, risk for abortion, and risk for acquiring cervical cancer. These could be avoided if there is proper education to the young ones of today. There should be the responsibility and obligations from the parents, government, and schools. Related Studies Mother is synonymous with responsibility(service), opportunity(special membership in the home), and accountability(day-to-day molding of children’s character and future). Being a mother is having great love to your child whether you are young or not.

According to Nestor Casugan Rillona, Th. D., a loving mother is patient; a loving mother does not push her children into doing things he way; a loving mother is not relieved when her disagreeable child finally disobeys her directly and she can punish; a loving mother bears much of the responsibility for her children; and a loving mother never really dies. A research was made about a myth that a women’s ability to think was impaired by pregnancy and mothering a new born – this condition was referred to as “baby brain” and they have discredit it.

An Australian National University team conducted a 20-year study on health and ageing analyzed the mental function of a group of women before and during pregnancy and in the early stages of motherhood. They didn’t find any difference between the women before and after pregnancy, or before and after motherhood, and there were no difference between the non-mothers and the mothers, and the pregnant women. These women that they used as subjects were given memory and cognitive speed tests three times over eight years which tracks their mental health.

The subjects were not told that they are into a pregnancy study when they signed up. The study had found some limited impact on cognitive speed in late pregnancy and the result showed that carrying a baby had no permanent effects on a woman’s mental function. It was found out that “baby brain” is not inevitable and the perceptions of impairment may reflect emotional or other unknown factors. The attitude of adolescents towards sex is a behavior motivation. The sex behavior of the young has become a problem, not only to themselves but more so to parents, school, people, religious leaders, civic associations, and the government.

There is a current need to make our growing girls and boys understand sex and the role it plays in an individual’s life as well as the development of wholesome and desirable sex behavior. Sex is a collective word signifying one of the two divisions of any organism, the male or female and which involves distinction between the two and the relationship of one to the other. Most people today realize the need for sex education, but there is a problem as to when, what and how of sex education. Sex education is not a matter of teaching but it is rather a matter of training, which parents are the best qualified to give.

There are 4 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 27% and 11 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 73% and it means that majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare and life of her baby. There are 3 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 20% and 12 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 80% and it means that most of them didn’t expect that they’ll be a mother at an early age.

There are 15 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 100% which means that all of the respondents changed a lot on their attitude towards patience to their baby and other things. There are 13 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 87% and 2 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 13% and it means that most them considered motherhood as an obligation; that the welfare of their child lies on their hands.

There are 8 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 53% and 7 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 47% and in this question the respondents are divided in according to their emotions whether they are stable or not. There are 14 respondents who answered yes which is equivalent to 93% and 1 respondents who answered no which is equivalent to 7% and it means that almost all of the respondents’ social life is affected in the sense that they already have the responsibility to take care of.

There are 5 women who answered yes and 10 answered no which means that some of women have regrets and some are happy for having child. There are 11 women who answered yes and 4 answered no which means that they have the confident that they have to raise their child with the full development of all 5 aspects. There 12 women who answered yes and 3 answered no which means that most of them want marriage. There are 13 women who answered yes and 2 answered no which means that love is the reason that motivates them to engage in premarital sex and they don’t have control that is why they got pregnant not at the right age.

There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that they have the feelings of hatred after giving birth maybe in what happened they can’t accept. There are 2 women who answered yes and 13 answered no which means that some of their parents hurt them maybe the parents will not accept in what happened to their daughter for having a pregnant at early age. There are 8 women who answered yes and 7 answered no which means that their self-esteem lowered during pregnancy. Graph Presentation There are 100% who answered yes in question no. 1 in which there lifestyle change when they become mothers. There are 80% who answered yes and 80% who answered no in which their education was affected by early motherhood. There are 27% who answered yes and 73% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are God-fearing and considered the welfare of the child. There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents are expecting or planning to be a mother soon. There are 100% who answered yes wherein the respondents have become more patient when they become mothers.  There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents considered motherhood as an obligation. There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which the respondents are almost divided in half in the question of being emotionally stable or not. There are 93% who answered yes and 7% who answered no in which almost all of the respondents’ social life are affected when they become mothers. There are 33% who answered yes and 67% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents didn’t have regrets in getting pregnant at an early age. There are 73% who answered yes and 27% who answered no in which the respondents are confident in developing the five aspects of their child. There are 80% who answered yes and 20% who answered no in which the majority of the respondents gave importance to marriage. There are 87% who answered yes and 13% who answered no in which the respondents are motivated by love when they had sex. There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which the respondents didn’t feel regret in having a child at an early age. There are 13% who answered yes and 87% who answered no in which some of the respondents were hurt physically and morally by their parents upon learning that they are pregnantю There are 53% who answered yes and 47% who answered no in which they are divided almost half towards the lowering of their self-esteem.

Research Design

This research utilized narrative survey method to gather all fats and data concerning the behavioral processes of women experiencing early motherhood. The method utilized further to look into the profile in terms of age, location, and behavioral patterns.

Research Setting

This research was conducted in the house of the respondents in Lower Loboc, Pob. 1, and Lopez Jaena. Research Respondents The study utilized 15 women ages 16 to 25 years old.

Research Instrument Utilized

This research utilized questionnaires to gather all data and investigation concerning their behavioral process.

Data Gathering Procedure

We, the researchers asked the permission of the respondents. After the permission, the researchers asked about their profile and there was the submission of profile to the adviser. Questionnaires have been given to the respondents for them to answer.

The data gathered in this study were analyzed with the aid of the following questions.

Summary

The study deals with early motherhood and how it affects their behavioral patterns in terms emotional, physical, spiritual, mental and social aspects. Being a mother at an early age is not just a problem here in the Philippines but all over the world. It is a question of how you will be able to raise your child when you are not yet finish schooling, you don’t have stable jobs to have an income to support the child’s needs.

You don’t have the idea how to raise a child when in fact you’re still a child inside. Motherhood means having the qualities of a mother and as for this statement a woman with a child should be loving, caring, responsible, patient, understanding, and merciful, etc. Having all these qualities of a mother should start from the first day of conception up to the day you die. Motherhood is lifetime commitment. It doesn’t end when your child goes to school or have family of their own. We the researchers were able to gather data and wereable to interpret and analyze them with the best.

Conclusion

After conducting the study entitled; Early Motherhood, the researchershave come up into a conclusions that there is no significant relationship between engaging in different vices and women early mother not just because you don’t have enough knowledge about it and aside from that the baby will burden the consequences and in effect, it leads to poor family upbringing. There is no significant relationship between women experiencing early motherhood and premarital sex. Because you are not at the right age and at the right time. Engaging premarital sex is not allowed in the church especially in the catholic faith.

Recommendations

The case of early motherhood is increasing year after year because of the widespread of all forms of media. The television, radio, newspapers and internets contains things not suitable for minors and these can be easily accessed, seen, heard, read by ages from 7 up who are able to read and write. These widespread medals should be restricted by the governments, parents, and the schools. The education of sex and everything should start at home by the parents. Parents should educate their children as early as possible as long as they already understand. Sex education is not just about mating but introducing first reproductive organs.

An example is that parents should say to their until child the correct name of their genital organs like this not a “flower” or a “bridge” but it is your vagina or penis and you have to take care of them until you grow up. When watching televisions, parents should guide their children of what they are watching. The government should widen the campaign for sex education among you’ve women. They should implement programs on making the youth understand the importance of education before entering motherhood. They should also do something about the internet sites that even a 1st grader can access.

The school administration should include sex education in all curriculums in high school or college. It should be well explained to the students the importance of finishing school and have stable job before having a baby. There should be counseling about having intimate relationships towards the opposite sex. As to the young women, they should have discipline in taking care of their honor and dignity. They should never engage in premarital sex if possible so to avoid pregnancy. If they can’t avoid engaging in premarital sex, they should know the different kinds of contraception.

References

1. Rilloma, Nestor C. “Mandate of Motherhood”. Health and Home, May-June 2003.
2. Buergo, Ramon H. “Reasons and Repercussions. Teenage Pregnancy”. Healthbeat. Issue No. 53.
3. The Official Publication of DOH, March-June 2009. “
4. Australian researchers put paid to “baby brain” myth”. Psychology and Psychiatry. Psyorg. com. 5 Feb 2010.
5. http://www. physorg. com/news184570915. html
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