Movie Review

The Nun is another movie in the conjuring series that focuses on the evil spirt of a former nun. In this trailer Warner Brothers’ studios reaches out to horror movie fans to convince them that this film will be full of scares and the best movie yet of this series. Throughout this trailer, the rhetor and effectively draws in the audience with deliberately chosen scenes with specific visual and aural effects such as lighting, lettering, camera angle and music. In doing this, they formulate a well-fitting response through an appropriate medium that is successful in attempting to convince viewers to see the movie in theaters.

To begin, the intentional choice to open with a painting of the nun while zooming out slowly is an effective rhetorical device. It successfully grabs the audience’s attention by bring a familiar image a viewer of the franchise would know and evokes a sense of curiosity in others. This helps the rhetor achieve their purpose once they gain the audience’s attention they can go more into the details of the story, so they can further convince the audience to go see the movie.

This image is creepy with the black eyes and mouth which makes the audience from the start feel scared. Movies of this genre aim to establish this tone and it is what fans search for. Therefore, felling this way would make the audience want to go see the movie like the rhetor wants them to. Overall, this seen sets the stage and establish a fearful feeling.

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In this medium, visual aspects are very important in conveying a tone that reinforces a message and enhancing purpose. Throughout The Nun trailer dark lighting and text effects are used to help create a scary tone. For example, the text which says Before The Conjuring and Before Anabelle is written in a sharp silver font with blood stains.

This strengthens the tone and message that this movie will be the scariest yet because it not only references the other movies of the franchise which were successful but adds blood which is a symbol of death and fear. Moreover, much of the trailer is dimly lit. For instance, the scene where the nun is walking alone down the dark halls of the old, abandoned Romanian Abbey. Again, this scene is influential to assisting the Warner Brothers purpose by invoking a sense of fear in viewers.

They want to know what is lurking in these shadows and will see the see the movie to find out. Both these visual effects are creating this fearful tone fans of this genre want and will go see the movie because they want to be scared. This is why the author created the trailer. Therefore, by creating this tone and convincing the audience of their message the rhetor is more likely to be successful in accomplishing their rhetorical purpose.

On the other hand, sound also plays an important role in helping to advance the rhetors rhetorical purpose. Sound, like visuals, also helps establish the tone but also give some background onto what the story is about. For example, in the opening scene the music swells as the camera zooms out from the nun and then a loud bell sounds as the light on the picture of the nun.

This arises suspense and fear in the listener and makes them want to see the movie because they believe this tone will continue throughout the movie. Another example, the silence with the whispers when the nun is walking through the dark halls alone praying. This shows the fear of the main character and if she is scared it make the audience fearful for her as well. They want to Mattice 3 see what will happens to her, so they will be likely to want to see the film and find out as the author intends for them to.

Lastly, dialogue is another important aural device used to accomplish the rhetors purpose. For instance, the young nun says, “when word of my visions reached the church and I was asked to accompany a priest to an abbey in Romania.” This helps readers to understand why the character is involved in this story and a little into the background of the story. Since the audience knows more the story line they are more to become interested in going to see the movie. In summary, the aural effects of this trailer draw in the audience by explaining a little about the context and adding to the tone.

Finally, the choice of an ending scene is an important rhetorical decision. In this case Warner Brothers studios decides to end with the young nun getting attacked by the ghost nun in the dark halls of the abbey. This scene serves as a jump scare because the audience suspects the one following her will attack not from the side. This gives the audience the final jump in adrenaline that they need to be convinced to see the movie. They will expect many of these to be present and will be more likely to see the movie. Also, they will want to watch it because it leaves the audience with the question of what will happen to this character and emphasizes that this spirit nun is not a passive ghost. The ending is what the audience will remember most so it must be convincing.

Overall, this trailer is a good example of a fitting response because it is informing, motivating and intriguing. As mentioned earlier the dialogue explains the concept behind the story, a haunted abbey with an evil spirit nun, and motivates the audience with suspenseful and fearful tone calls them to see the movie. Also, it is intriguing with the way it ends on a cliffhanger and its choice of words such as, “pray for forgiveness” and “god ends here” leaving Mattice 4 the watcher wanting more. Additionally, the choice of medium is appropriate because the movie itself is a similar medium and a youtube video is accessible for most of the genres fanbase. In the end, this trailer is a fitting response that likely inspires fans of the horror movie genre to want to go and see The Nun in theaters.

In conclusion, Warner Brothers studios purpose for creating this trailer is to get people to go see The Nun by convincing them that the movie will be full of suspense and scares. They use a wide array of visuals and aural effects to create a scary, fearful tone and leaves the audience in suspense with its purposeful choice of starting and ending scenes. Additionally, this choice of medium (youtube video) is appropriate because it is accessible to movie watchers and allows them to experience a small bit of what they would in the theaters. Overall, this fitting response successfully appeals to the audience in attempting to convince them to see the film.

Last Saturday, we watched an Indian movie entitled “3 Idiots”. It is my first time to watch an Indian film and I must tell you that it is a great experience. At first, I actually taught that it is a typical comedy movie but I was wrong. There are so many lessons to be learned in the film. The first lesson is we should always follow our passion. Very often, we deceive ourselves by giving in to the demands of the people around us, rather than following what our minds dictate. We go by the set standards of the society and ignore our real passion.

We end up becoming average professionals in the field that we enter and on the other hand, the field that happens to be our real passion loses a potential talent. An example given in the movie is a person who has a passion for photography walks into an engineering college and ends up becoming an average engineer, while the fine arts industry loses a good photographer. The second lesson is do not learn to get success, learn for knowledge. When we strive hard to learn and improve our knowledge, we move ahead in life.

Never run after success but let it automatically happen to your life. The third lesson is we should enjoy the present. We either lose ourselves in the maze of past success and failures, or worry ourselves sick about the future. We cannot change what has already happened and we cannot predict what happens in future. Instead, we should focus on doing our day to day work with eagerness and excitement, then we end up positively influencing the future. Lastly, we must help others and respect them.

Helping others helps you grow mentally and easily associates you. A lasting relationship is created by helping others. In the film, Rancho helps Raju and Farhan in choosing right careers for them and follow their dreams. This creates an everlasting bond between friends, not only friends but with anyone whom we help. You grow as a person and never have to look back in life. This movie is an eye opener to each one of us. I recommend that every student should watch this film, they will not only apply it to their studies but to their everyday life.

American History X Movie Review American History X is a powerful movie about racism in today’s society. It follows the life of a troubled teenager Danny Vinyard played by Edward Furlong, who looks up to his neo-Nazi brother Derek. Derek, played by Edward Norton is the leader of the local skinhead gang in Venice Beach, California. Derek was sent to prison for committing a hate crime against a black man, who tried to break into his house. Danny decided to continue down Derek’s path of becoming a white supremacist while he did time for the hate crime.

Derek’s mother played by Beverly D’Angelo visits Derek while in prison and tells Derek about his little brother following in his footsteps. Derek realized the errors to his ways and began to transform his life while in prison. In prison Derek met a black man that helped him transform his life. He helped teach Derek that hatred is why he ended up in prison. Derek turns his life around in prison after a traumatic experience with the help of one of his old history teachers, a black man, played by Avery Brooks.

When he is finally released from prison he comes home to find that his little brother Danny was on his way right to where Derek just came home from. After leaving one of the neo-Nazi parties, Danny and Derek finally get on the same page as Derek shares his brutal prison rape story with him. The character development showed Derek transforming from a dedicated white supremacist to a deeper, more compassionate human being. While the depiction of his brother Danny who was following in the earlier footsteps of Derek gave this film depth, and draws the viewer into the plot.

This film is rated R for the violence and language, which is essential to accurately portray the life and attitudes of this culture. Scenes showing the hate crimes committed by the gang members emphasize the ugliness of this group. The one scene that kept replaying in my head was the one that ended up sending Derek away for murder, a black and white scene of a black man with his mouth on the street curb and Derek brutally stomping on his head. The movie goes back in forth from black and white, then to color.

When it’s shown in black and white, it’s metaphorically showing Derek’s narrow perception of his life. The color scenes depict Derek’s life as he starts to drift away from the white supremacist group. Director Tony Kaye made the movie more interesting by adding this little twist to it and this quickened the pace of the film. With a run time of 158 minutes there are some moments where the film could bog down, but my attention was fixed to the story line the entire time. I definitely did not stop thinking about this film when it was over.

It really makes the viewer feel the need for tolerance. Edward Norton did a phenomenal job in the role of Derek Vinyard. He made the character come alive with hate and then was able to morph his character into a changed man. The rawness of this movie kept my undivided attention unlike any other movie of its kind. I would recommend this movie to anyone who likes drama filled movies. The viewer will leave the movie touched and have a new grasp on how racism affects our world.

At the end of the movie Danny realizes his beliefs of a white nation were misguided. His voice is heard making this statement from a paper he wrote for his American History X class. “’We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory will swell when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. ” But is it too late from Danny to change his ways?

Gallant After watching the film A&P In comparison to the discussion In the classroom, a lot of the topics are current trends and Issues In the 20th century. There can be much discussion about many things in the film. After watching the film however rather than from the reading and discussion in class, I pictured things differently in my own mind. Upon first trying to relate it to the sass’s, I actually thought the film was pretty odder and could be possible in today’s times, depending on a store and its’ management, whether an independently owned little store or a big box grocery store. The main character, Sammy, who displays an 18 or 19 year old male teenagers’ feelings are very much alike as all boys during the adolescence years. John Update himself reported In his Interview of when he was young and married and 29 years of age that he could relate to these types of feelings and fantasy dreams which prompted him to write the story.

I could not envision however In the sass’s of actually seeing any young girls in bathing suits that would be daring enough to walk in a store dressed in such a way. Personally, I do not recall seeing any young teenage girls do this during those times. I did grow up in the sass’s. I recall most young women being more demure and even seeing something such as this might result in a police arrest possibly. Perhaps I am being naive as I was a young child during this period but don’t recall families allowing their young girls to behave in such a way.

Sammy appears to be bold In that time period In my opinion of how he chose to Just quit his Job because he TLD believe the same beliefs as his manager, Mr.. Lange. While growing up In the sissy, many children and adults alike, from what I saw and remember were taught to work hard and success would then follow. Many of the male adult family relatives were away serving in the Navy or Army and those at home, especially the women, had chores at home, like laundry and cooking, were working hard still because they had larger families to feed.

My grandmother who had 13 or 14 hillier had also worked part time in a retail chain called J. J. Newbury. Our family would never have heard of a teenage boy being able to quit his job Just because he didn’t agree with his manager who was his elder. Teenagers growing up in the sass’s whom I was exposed to had to respect their elders and do as adults around them expected and work hard for their families with chores to do along with school work in order to receive allowances from the family In return for the hard work. The Job was Important If a teenager had one to share the wages with their family.

Regarding consumers as a society of pigs, cows, and sheep, and an older woman’s’ attitude compared to a witch that should be burned in Salem was never even a be rebelling to soon becoming an adult in the near future and possibly could be one of these people. He is suppressing some self-discovery and trying to figure out where he fits in a society and perhaps wondering if he belongs working in a grocery store for the rest of his life or if he really should be having fun like the young girls laughing and running about in the store.

Discuss some of the labor and living condition issue in this film In the film, Mexican miners were living under terrible situation. They had been treated inhumanly. Their living environments were extremely unhygienic, there was no fresh running water or appropriate place to dispose garbage. Because of the unfair treatment between Anglo miners and Mexican miners, most miners and their families were suffering from starvation. Moreover, Mexican miners ‘ working conditions were inconceivable.

They were working for 12 hours a day, averagely. Due to “Duel – wage system”, Mexican miner ‘s pay rate was deducted by half of what an Anglo miner would be paid. 2. What events affected the miners (Mexican Revolution, WWI, Depression, WWII) Mexican Revolution was a changing point for the miners. Some labor organizations began collecting labor forces long before the revolution stared, such as the Obreros Libres (Free Workers), leaded by Praxedis Guerrero. The Obreros Libres was a major labor union in southeastern Arizona (P. 106).

After the revolution, in order o protect the rights of Mexican labors, Mexican government passed the constitution of 1917. Meanwhile, WW I offered another chance for the Mexican labors. Because of most American labors were fighting the war, the whole country was experiencing a productivity impairment. It provided a lot of employment opportunities for Mexicans, such as in mining and agriculture industries. They became an important labor force in the U. S. 3. What were the relationships like between the Anglo miners and Mexican miners? Mexican miners and the company 00b, segregation, ) ?

Back then, Anglo communities had some serious racial discriminations on Mexicans. Compare to Mexican miners’ living conditions, Anglo miners were living in “pleasant surroundings”. They received twice as much money as Mexicans. However, as Anglo miners, they did not have to work for 12 hours a day and their Jobs were less dangerous than Mexicans In addition, they had their own “county club”, where they can relax and socialize. The quality of a Mexican miner ‘s life was far below an Anglo miner’s. How did WWII affect the Mexican American miners? Community?

Employee of the Month After watching “Employee of the Month,” it was clear to see that there were two main issues. These issues were motivation and ethics and they both came up throughout the entire movie. It was almost immediately shown that moviation was an issue at the Super Club (where they all work) with almost all of the employees, each seemingly being motivated in a different manor.

Since the main protagonist of the movie was Zack (played by Dane Cook), an in-depth look at how his motivation changes throughout the movie would be a great comparison to the real life problems of motivation that employers face. The best way to understand Zack’s styles of motivation would be to look at them through Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy states that people have five basic types of needs: physiological, security, affiliation, esteem, and self-actualization.

Through the accomplishment of these, a person would be able to work their way up the hierarchy and eventually come to the point at which they are maximizing their personal achievement with self-actualization. When looking at how this applies to Zack, it is clear that he was not at the top of the hierarchy at the beginning of this movie, and it is only through many different events and realizations that he begins to achieve what he is personally capable of.

As the movie starts, Zack seems to be somewhere between the stages of affiliation and esteem. It seems that he is finding the physiological, security, and most likely also the affiliation needs all achieved, but that is where it seems to stop. The physiological needs, which include basic survival needs such as food, water, air, and shelter, are all being provided as he has a home to go to and seems to be fairly well nourished throughout the film. The next stage, the security needs, also seem to be satisfied.

Being able to live with his grandmother and not engaging in any kind of dangerous activities seems to prevent him from being in danger of any pain or life-threatening situations. This leads him to the affiliation stage, which seems to be the last stage of the hierarchy that he has satisfied at the beginning of the movie. Affiliation needs are those that involve being loved, and having friendship, both of which Zack seem to have. Again, living with his grandmother seems to fulfill the part of being loved, as they have a very good relationship.

Along with that, his close group of friends at work seem to fulfill the part of having friendship, as he is seen constantly talking to them and hanging out with them. However, this seems to be the extent of what he has fulfilled at the start of this film. The next stage in the hierarchy is the esteem stage. Esteem focuses on respect, recognition from others, and feelings of self-worth. It seems apparent that other that his close friends, there aren’t many people that truly recognize Zack and probably even less that actually have respect for him.

Therefore, though it seems that he is content with his position at the beginning, he is not actually happy about where he is at and doesn’t have the feelings of self-worth that come with achieving the esteem stage of the hierarchy. This, however, soon begins to change with the arrival of a new cashier, Amy. When she transfers to the store, Zack suddenly has a reason to achieve a higher stage, both with a challenge against the lead cashier (Vince) and also challenging himself that he can become the employee of the month.

During this competition with Vince, Zack begins to focus more on being recognized by others for the work that he does, begins to be respected by both his peers and his supervisors, and finally starts to have a sense of self-worth because he is able to compete with the reigning 17 time employee of the month. This is probably the longest stage throughout the movie, leading to many changes in both his behavior and his relationships with his friends and his enemies. The final stage of Maslow’s hierarchy is the self-actualization.

Though it is a long time coming for Zack in the film, he eventually reaches this stage by losing everything that he has. It is towards the climax of the movie that everything seemingly falls apart for the main protagonist, and it is only after he apparently loses all that he has been working for that he realizes that he shouldn’t be working just to impress others, but instead take pride in the work he does and do the best he can simply for himself. When he reaches this stage, he is able to focus on what he must do and eventually makes right everything that had previously gone wrong.

He discovers the fact that trying to please everyone around him will only end up stretching him too thin, and the only way to truly achieve his own maximum personal achievement is to take pride in his work. Throughout the movie, it is possible to see the different stages of Maslow’s hierarchy and what kind of characteristics come with being in a certain stage. When only worrying about the lower levels of the hierarchy, it is easily possible to simply become complacent with your job and lack the motivation to achieve your personal best.

It is only when you can become proud of your work and strive to achieve the very best that you personally can that the achievement of self-actualization is possible. Not only are employees motivated by their own needs, but they are also motivated by different techniques that employers use. In the movie, it appears that they are partially relying on the goal-setting theory. This theory assumes that the mere existence of a goal is motivating. One of the techniques the managers apply is a gold star sticker every day for the person that shows the most dedication and hard work.

Then at the end of the month the stars are counted up and the one with the most is the employee of the month. In order for this theory to work, however, there are some principles that must be met: 1) Set clear and specific goals, 2) Assign difficult but achievable goals, 3) Increase employee acceptance of goals, 4) Provide incentives to achieve goals, and 5) Give feedback on goal attainment. The first principle is met in this instance. The employees are aware of what they need to do to attain a gold sticker, and that they need the most stickers to achieve the goal of employee of the month.

The second principle is met as well. The goal is difficult in that you have to be better than everyone for most of the month, but there is always a winner every month so it is obviously achievable. The managers may need to work on the third principle, though. Not all the employees, like Zack in the beginning, accept the goal or think they are worth achieving. The managers could potentially involve employees in the goal-setting process to make them more accepting of the goals.

There may not be any monetary incentives for the employee of the month, but there is a higher status associated with the title. This fact means that the fourth principle is being met. When someone is made employee of the month, they receive the intangible incentive of being recognized by their co-workers and managers as being worthy and a hard worker. There is also feedback given on achieving the goal of employee of the month. In the movie, there is a banquet and a car that was going to be in Vince’s honor for being employee of the month for 18 months in a row.

One of the managers from corporate comes to the store to give recognition, also. Reinforcement theory is also apparent in the movie. The gold sticker method is an example of operant conditioning under this theory. Operant conditioning proposes that if a pleasurable consequence follows a behavior, the behavior will continue. When an employee displays good behavior or is an outstanding employee, they receive a gold star. This encourages employees to continue to get gold stars and continue their behavior so that they can eventually become employee of the month.

Operant conditioning is also apparent in how they deal with bad behavior. The managers use extinction for this. Instead of punishing employees for unwanted behavior, they ignore it. Zack never was really punished for not being his best, he was just ignored. But Vince was the center of attention because of his good behavior. Although there were many factors involved, ignoring Zack did help stop his bad behaviors, like being late and slacking off. The most popular approach to designing work for increased motivation in the U. S. is the job characteristics model.

The core characteristics are: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. These are all things that increase an employee’s psychological motivation because they feel their job is meaningful. Not all people, however, like jobs with enriched job characteristics. Zack at the beginning of the movie is a prime example of this. He is only working for the extrinsic values, like a paycheck. He wasn’t concerned with doing extra or with getting anything extra out of his job. Another big issue that was prominent throughout the entire movie was ethics.

There are many examples of common ethical situations that were broken and there was not much done to stop all the nonsense that went on during the workdays at Super Club. In our textbook it states that “Usually, procedures and policies in a company regarding social responsibility reflect the ethical values and decisions of the top management team. ” Now the top management team in the movie seemed out place and not really caring what went on with the employees. They were more worried about other things going on in the store and outside the store.

So while the managers worried about other activities going on most of the employees just goofed off most of the day and made work seem more like a hang out than actual work. Everything the employees did during the movie made it funny, but in all reality most of the employees would have been fired for what they have done. There were three main managers in the movie: Glen Gary (store manager), Dirk (Assistant Manager), and Glen Ross (CEO). Glen Gary and Dirk most of the time were walking around with a check board looking for good things that were happening and figuring out who they could give the gold star to that day.

They were only aware of the good things going on in the store and were really missing out on what the employees really did at work. Glen Gary was more worried about impressing corporate and making his older brother Glen Ross happy and keeping him out of their store. Dirk was just there doing the same things as Glen Gary and was sucked into his management style. It seemed that their store was performing exceptionally well under the circumstances of the management style and the work ethic of some of the employees, but they probably could be doing a better job than what was really going on.

Ethics was something never talked about in the movie, and one can clearly see that the managers were not concerned with the ethical dilemmas of the store. In our textbook it has a section in Chapter 4 named “Ethical Philosophy”. There are two traditional views discuss under this topic in the chapter. The first view is teleological ethical theories, which is the morality of an act or practice that comes from its consequences. There are several different examples throughout the movie that prove this theory correct.

One example is in one of the opening scenes where a young boy wants a remote control truck, but his mom tells him no and that it is too expensive for them to buy. Zack overhears this conversation as he casually rolls by and cuts the box open and states that there is now a 40 percent discount on the box because it is open. Although it is not in the best interest of the store to sell it a low, discounted price, Zack is just being himself and trying to help the boy out in getting the new toy.

The consequences of this act could be brutal for Zack or nothing could happen to him. If he gets caught on surveillance or another employee reports him, he could very easily be fired or put on some sort of probation for disobeying store policies. On the other hand if Zack does not get caught he will continue to do this for other customers and therefore lower the stores income. The people that Zack is giving the discounts to are going to think that he is very nice for doing that or may question the ethics of the store. So their response may either be a good or bad as well.

They can either return to the store and expect to receive the same treatment with a good deal or someone will cut a package open for them again. The good outcomes would be like utilitarianism. Cutting a box open for a customer, to lower the price of the product, is crucial to Zack, because he wants to make customers happy. The bad outcome would be that the customer would not come back to the store because they were offended by the act that Zack committed. There are many different ways one can analyze the situation, but the consequences can be good for some and bad for others and vice versa.

This is when the deontological theory comes into play. The theory focuses on actions that have a good or bad morality regardless of their outcomes. One should simply follow their companies ethic guidelines, even if that means that the customers you are working with aren’t happy. In the end, motivation and ethics played a big role in the film, “Employee of the Month. ” Having motivation and having there be ethics in a workplace, is a big part in most companies today. Without these the company would most likely fail.

aI always enjoy watching a documentary. It makes me to discover a new world. Especially logically well-developed documentaries give me a new stream of thoughts and allows me to discover another way to look at the world. The movie Man on Wire gave me this type of experience, helping me to re-discover the adventurous part of me that I hide deep inside of my soul. Man on Wire is a documentary directed by James March about a Philippe Petit and his journey to walk across in the middle of the World Trade Center on a wire back in 1974.

What made me interested in the film in a point of view of student who is freshly leaning elements of film is how the director managed to tell this story without making the audience confused of timeline. Often times in our lives, when we are listening to such a long story like Petit’s journey, we get lost in time frame. On the top of that in the movie, there is no necessarily main stream of story. Different types of footages and films drive the story by putting them together as a unit.

However March has used different visual effects and devises to give distinctive feelings for the audience to focus on the story. This movie shows interviews of Philippe Petit, interviews from Petit’s friends, his girlfriend, Annie Allix, and other people who were involved in the scene. As well as footages from Petit’s own camera, re-directed past sequences, scenes from the news, also animation as transitional device between scenes. The director March has given distinguishable color differences to each types of footage in the order of how currently there were filmed.

All of the interviews that were filmed while March was directing the movie are in modern style, high-definition color, which gives an impression of present. In the past sequences, the footages from the news and Petit’s footages during planning how to walk on the WTC are in color film with dimed colors. This gives the distinctive visual effect between the past prior to the construction of WTC. All of the sequences before WTC is in black and white and has noises all over the film.

This gives impression that it is in the farther past. However the sequences of Petit and his crew getting into the WTC is in high-definition black and white with no noises on the film, this gave me an impression that this event happened a long time ago, yet still has powerful impact on people’s soul while drawing a parallel with the passion of interviewees talking about the story. One more visual devise that was used in the film that I found interesting was the use of vignette.

Vignette effect was used in the sequences that were prior to the time Petit had a passion to walk across the twin towers. This device also makes it easy to follow the flow of the story. Without those visual devises, because of the big scale of the story, it wouldn’t be easy to enjoy the film. The portion that touched my heart and made me aware of the part of in my soul that used to dream such things that are not possible in the point of view of adults was the expression that the interviewees still have inside of them when they talk about this event.

Although as a result, this event did not make any of them in a better position, their memories of achieving what had seem impossible made me admire of their heart what was once beating enormously to make their dreams come true. As there is a saying ‘even an old house dreams of the open field’. I wish I could be free of fear and live for a dream that inspires other people like Petit has.